convex, glabrous or minutely tomentose, rarely squamulose,
ochraceous-brown, tawny-brown or reddish-brown. =Flesh= white. =Tubes=
plane or convex, depressed around the stem, nearly free, whitish,
becoming pale flesh-colored, their mouths subrotund. =Stem= _long,
slender_, equal or slightly tapering upward, pruinose or minutely
branny, even or marked by slender elevated anastomosing lines which form
long narrow reticulations. =Spores= subferruginous, 12.5–17.5×5–6µ.
Var. _l[oe]´vipes_. =Stem= even.
=Pileus= 1–2 in. broad. =Stem= 3–5 in. long, 2–4 lines thick.
Woods. New York, _Peck_; New England, _Frost_; Ohio, _Morgan_.
The slender habit separates this species from all the others here
included in this tribe. Its spores are not a clear incarnate in color,
but incline to dull-ferruginous, and by this character this and the
preceding species connect this tribe with Versipelles. In color B.
gracilis resembles some forms of B. felleus, but in size, habit and
color of spores it is easily distinct. The tomentum of the pileus
sometimes breaks into tufts or squamules. This is Boletus vinaceus,
Frost MS. _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
B. gracilis, var. lævipes, was found by the writer in Woodland Cemetery,
West Philadelphia, August, 1897, and at Mt. Gretna, Pa., September,
1898. The stem of some specimens spreads at the top. The pileus is often
cracked on the margin, and the upturning of the margin often exposes the
tubes. Painting, as of this species, identified by Professor Peck.
The taste is at first sweet, then bitter. The bitterness is lost in
cooking. Edible, good.
=B. indeci´sus= Pk.—undecided. (Plate CXXII, fig. 1, p. 468.) =Pileus=
convex or nearly plane, dry, slightly tomentose, ochraceous-brown, often
wavy or irregular on the margin. =Flesh= white, unchangeable; taste
mild. =Tubes= nearly plane or convex, _adnate_, grayish becoming tinged
with flesh color when mature, changing to brownish where wounded, their
mouths small, subrotund. =Stem= minutely furfuraceous, straight, or
flexuous, _reticulated above_, pallid without and within. =Spores=
oblong, _brownish flesh color_, 12.5–15×4µ.
=Pileus= 3–4 in. broad. =Stem= 2–4 in. long, 4–6 lines thick.
Thin oak woods. New York, _Peck_.
The mild taste and darker colored spores will separate this Boletus from
any form of B. felleus. Its stem reticulated above distinguishes it from
B. alutarius. It resembles B. modestus in some respects, but its tubes
are not at all yellow. _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
Kentucky, _Lloyd_, Rep. 4.
Woodland Cemetery, Philadelphia, July, 1897, _McIlvaine_; Trenton, N.J.,
August, 1897, _Sterling_. In open mixed woods.
Boletus indecisus so closely resembles B. felleus in some of its forms
that until the color of the spores is ascertained, the sweet taste,
without trace of bitter, is the only thing that will enable the finder
to discriminate between them. Young B. felleus are at first pleasant to
the taste and do not, at once, develop their intense bitter in the
mouth. They may readily be taken for B. indecisus. If, by mistake, a
single B. felleus is cooked with mild species, the dish will be spoiled.
Specimens believed to be B. indecisus should be tested. A minute will
perfectly satisfy anyone.
The B. indecisus is delicious.
[Illustration: Grouped by F.D. Briscoe—Studies by C.
McIlvaine. PLATE CXXII.]
FIG. PAGE. FIG. PAGE.
1. BOLETUS INDECISUS, 468 2–3–4. BOLETUS FELLEUS, 460
=B. aluta´rius= Fr.—_aluta_, tanned leather. =Pileus= convex, then
nearly plane, soft, _velvety_, becoming glabrous, _brownish tan color_.
=Flesh= almost unchangeable, taste _mild, watery_. =Tubes= depressed
around the stem, plane, short, round, white, becoming brownish where
wounded. =Stem= solid, bulbous, nearly even, _small, irregular
prominences at the top_. =Spores= 14×4µ.
=Pileus= 3–4 in. broad. =Stem= 4–5 in. long.
Grassy woods. Minnesota, _Johnson_. _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
West Virginia mountains, 1882–1885. Margins of woods. Cheltenham, Pa.
Margins of woods, 1888–1889, grassy woods and margins. _McIlvaine._
Common in West Virginia mountains where it grows with B. felleus, from
which it is impossible to distinguish it without tasting. It is
delicious when cooked. But I long ago ceased collecting for the table
any Boletus questionable for B. felleus. I have been deceived so many
times—taken the bitter for the sweet—that, preferring the sweet, I take
no chances for the bitter.
=B. fel´leus= Bull.—_fel_, gall. Bitter. (Plate CXXII, fig. 2, 3, 4, p.
468.) =Pileus= convex or nearly plane, firm, becoming soft, _glabrous_,
even, variable in color, pale-yellowish, grayish-brown, yellowish-brown,
reddish-brown or chestnut. =Flesh= white, often changing to flesh color
where wounded, taste _bitter_. =Tubes= adnate, long, convex, depressed
around the stem, their mouths angular, white, becoming tinged with
flesh-color. =Stem= variable, equal or tapering upward, short or long,
sometimes bulbous or enlarged at the base, subglabrous, generally
reticulated above, colored like or a little paler than the pileus.
=Spores= oblong-fusiform, flesh-colored, 12.5–17.5×4–5µ.
Var. _obe´sus_. =Pileus= large. =Stem= thick, coarsely and distinctly
reticulated nearly or quite to the base.
=Pileus= 3–8 in. broad. =Stem= 2–4 in. long, 6–12 lines thick.
The variety is large and solitary in its mode of growth. It is
remarkable for the coarse reticulations of the stem which extend nearly
or quite to the base. After heavy rains the pileus is viscid. It may
prove to be a distinct species.
The flesh in the American plant does not always assume incarnate hues
where wounded. The color of the fresh tubes often changes to a deeper
tint where wounded. _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, North Carolina, _McIlvaine_;
Indiana, _H.I. Miller_.
A very common species in woods and on thin margins, on open grassy
places, and about decayed stumps. I saw hundreds of plants, var. obesus,
some a foot in diameter, in a wheat stubble near oak woods.
One of the most attractive of Boleti. Its cap resembles a handsomely
browned cake. Its solidity is inviting; its flesh, generous in quantity,
excites appetite. Until one experiences its intense lasting bitter, one
clings to it with hope. Even after tasting, it is thrown away with
regret. It is not poisonous, but a small piece of one will embitter a
whole dish. _McIlvaine_, Bull. Phila. Myc. Center. July, 1898.
=B. nigrel´lus= Pk.—blackish. =Pileus= broadly convex or nearly plane,
dry, subglabrous, _blackish_. =Flesh= soft, white, unchangeable. =Tubes=
plane or convex, adnate, sometimes slightly depressed around the stem,
their mouths small, subrotund, whitish becoming flesh-colored, slowly
changing to _brown or blackish where wounded_. =Stem= equal, short,
_even_, colored like or a little paler than the pileus. =Spores= dull
flesh-colored, 10–12×5–6µ.
=Pileus= 3–6 in. broad. =Stem= 1.5–2.5 in. long, 6–12 lines thick.
Woods and copses. New York, _Peck_.
The blackish color of the pileus and stem distinguishes this species.
From Boletus alboater Schw., the adnate, flesh-colored tubes will
separate it. The surface of the pileus sometimes becomes cracked in
areas. _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
Mt. Gretna, Pa., August, 1898. _McIlvaine._
Another distinguishing mark from B. alboater is the velvety pileus of
the latter. B. nigrellus is mild in taste and smell and an excellent
species for the table.
=B. eccen´tricus= Pk.—eccentric. (Plate CXVI, fig. 1, p. 420.) =Pileus=
thick, firm, convex, irregular, glabrous, more or less lobed or wavy on
the involute margin, gray or yellowish-gray. =Flesh= white,
close-grained, elastic, unchangeable, taste and odor farinaceous.
=Tubes= convex, depressed around the stem, not reaching the margin of
the pileus, somewhat uneven and pitted on the surface, yellowish-brown,
the mouths subangular, at first concolorous, becoming reddish or
reddish-purple. =Stem= eccentric, tapering downward, solid, uneven with
short irregular shallow grooves or obscure reticulations, tinged with
red at the top, grayish below, tinged with red or purple within at the
base.
=Pileus= 5–10 cm. broad. =Stem= 4–5 cm. long, 3–4 cm. thick at the top.
Sandy soil in grassy places in woods. Mt. Gretna, Pa. August and
September.
The species is well marked by its eccentric stem, thick irregular pileus
and the reddish or reddish-purple mouths of the mature tubes. Mr.
McIlvaine remarks that when it is cooked it is delicate and savory.
_Peck_, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, No. 27.
In commenting upon this new species to the writer, Professor Peck says:
“I suspect that the spores of this (B. eccentricus) are pinkish or rosy.
If so, it belongs here (in Hyporhodii). If not, it may have to go in the
Luridi, or possibly may be made the type of a new tribe.”
CARIO´SI—_caries_, rottenness.
Stem never reticulated, stuffed with a spongy pith, at length commonly
excavated. Tubes at first white, then often yellowish, their mouths
minute, round.
Fries adds to these characters, “spores white.” But in our species the
spores are pale-yellow when shed in a mass on white paper. They are more
elliptical in outline than the spores of most Boleti. The character of
the stem is peculiar and easily distinguishes the tribe. The exterior is
firm, the interior soft and spongy, becoming irregularly hollow or
cavernous in the typical species.
Flesh unchangeable 1
Flesh quickly changing to blue where wounded B. cyanescens
1. Pileus minutely velvety-tomentose B. castaneus
1. Pileus granulated B. Murray
_Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
=B. cyanes´cens= Bull.—_cyaneus_, deep-blue. =Pileus= convex or nearly
plane, opaque, floccose-scaly or covered with an appressed tomentum,
pale-buff, grayish-yellow, yellowish or somewhat brown. =Flesh= rigid,
white, _quickly changing to blue_ where wounded. =Tubes= free, white,
becoming yellowish, the mouths minute, round, changing color like the
flesh. =Stem= ventricose, hoary with fine hairs, stuffed, becoming
cavernous, contracted and even at the top, colored like the pileus.
=Spores= subelliptical, 10–12.5×6–7.5µ.
=Pileus= 2–5 in. broad. =Stem= 2–4 in. long, 8–18 lines thick.
Woods and open places. New York, _Peck_; New England, _Frost_,
_Bennett_; Minnesota, _Johnson_; Wisconsin, _Bundy_. _Peck_, Boleti of
the U.S.
High ground in woods. Solitary. West Virginia mountains, Springton
Hills, Pa., Kingsessing, Philadelphia, Mt. Gretna, Pa., _McIlvaine_.
Boletus cyanescens is a sparse grower. The quality of the juice varies.
That of young specimens stains the fingers blue, that of old, brown. The
caps are firm and make an excellent dish cooked in any way.
=B. casta´neus= Bull.—chestnut. (Plate CXIV, fig. 3, p. 414.) =Pileus=
convex, nearly plane or depressed, firm, even, dry, minutely
_velvety-tomentose, cinnamon or reddish-brown_. =Flesh= white,
unchangeable. =Tubes= free, short, small, white becoming yellow. =Stem=
equal or tapering upward, even, stuffed or hollow, clothed and colored
like the pileus. =Spores= 10–12.5×6–7.5µ.
=Pileus= 1.5–3 in. broad. =Stem= 1–2.5 in. long, 3–5 lines thick.
Woods and open places. Rather common and wide spread. _Peck_, Boleti of
the U.S.
Boletus castaneus is one of the neatest looking of fungi. The prevailing
color is cinnamon, that of the tubes white or very light yellow, spotted
with brown wherever insects have touched them. The pore surface of
mature specimens is usually irregular. Whoever has seen the stalagmites
of Luray Cave will recognize their color on the stems of B. castaneus.
These are brittle, snapping like pipe stems, with a small tube in
center.
The fungus is common from June until September. It is gregarious,
occasionally three or four individuals form a group. Either raw or
cooked the caps are edible and will become favorites.
=B. Mur´rayi= B. and C. =Pileus= hemispherical, _granulated, vivid red_.
=Flesh= yellow. =Tubes= decurrent, about 1 line deep, yellow. =Stem=
clavate, even, pale-yellow. =Spores= pale-yellow.
=Pileus= 2–3 in. broad, nearly 1.5 thick.
New England, _Murray_.
On account of the color of the spores this species has been placed with
the Cariosi. The description does not mention the character of the
interior of the stem, and the decurrent tubes depart from the character
of the typical species so that its true position is uncertain. The
species seems well marked by the character of the pileus. _Peck_, Boleti
of the U.S.
=B. isabelli´nus= Pk. =Pileus= convex, firm, minutely tomentose,
whitish, becoming darker and smoother with age. =Flesh= isabelline.
=Tubes= adnate, minute, sometimes larger near the stem, nearly round,
whitish. =Stem= nearly equal, subglabrous, hollow, whitish. =Spores=
subelliptical, 7.5–9×5–6µ. =Pileus= 2–3 in. broad. =Stem= 1–2 in. long,
4–6 lines thick.
Woods. Ocean Springs, Miss. June. _Underwood._
The species belongs to the Cariosi. _Peck_, in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club,
Vol 24, No. 3.
APPENDIX (Boletus).
The descriptions of the following species are scarcely sufficient to
permit of the satisfactory reference of the species to their places in
the tribes. It is to be hoped that these plants may again be found and
their proper relations be ascertained.
=B. Ana´nas= Curt. =Pileus= pulvinate, thickly and rigidly
floccose-verrucose, yellow, flocci white above, flesh-colored beneath,
the margin thin, membranous, lacerated; hymenium plane, depressed around
the stem, yellow or tawny-yellow, becoming greenish where wounded, their
mouths medium size, obtusely angular. =Stem= even, solid, somewhat
enlarged at the base, white. =Spores= ferruginous.
=Pileus= 3–4 in. broad. =Stem= 3–4 in. long, 6–9 lines thick.
Under prostrate trunks of pine trees.
South Carolina, _Ravenel_; North Carolina, _Curtis_.
This is said to approach S. strobilaceus in habitat, but to be otherwise
very different. It is placed among the Subtomentosi in Sylloge, but from
these it recedes by its floccose wart-like scales. _Peck_, Boleti of the
U.S.
=B. radico´sus= Bundy. =Pileus= thin, wide, recurved, yellow tinged with
brown, the cuticle easily removed. =Flesh= pale-yellowish tinged with
pink, not changing color when bruised. =Tubes= decurrent, large,
uneven-mouthed, compound, angular, tinged with brown. =Stem= flexuous,
yellow above, whitish below, rough with dark appressed scales,
fibrous-rooted.
=Pileus= 4 in. broad. =Stem= 3–4 in. long, 5 lines thick.
Wisconsin, _Bundy_.
The pileus is not described as viscid, but in other respects the species
appears to belong to the Viscipelles and to be related to Boletus
collinitus. _Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
=B. Po´cono= Schw. =Pileus= pulvinate, cervine (dun color), minutely
covered with bundles of tomentum on the closely-inflexed margin. =Tubes=
rather large, somewhat prominently angular, concolorous. =Stem=
subattenuated, thickened toward the base, pallid-striate at the apex,
elsewhere spadiceous, subfurfuraceous.
=Pileus= 1 in. broad. Stem 2–3 in. long.
Beech woods. Pennsylvania, _Schweinitz_.
[Illustration]
=STROBILO´MYCES= Berk.
_Gr_—a pine cone; a fungus.
(Plate CXXIV.)
[Illustration:
STROBILOMYCES STROBILACEUS.
Two-thirds natural size.
]
Hymenophore even. =Tubes= not easily separable from it, large, equal.
=Pileus= and =stem= distinctly rough-scaled, the =flesh= tough. Syl.
Fung., Vol. VI, p. 49.
I have given Professor Saccardo’s emended diagnosis of this genus,
because it expresses what appears to me to be the most important generic
character, that is, tubes not easily separable from the hymenophore. By
this character and by the tough substance the transition between Boletus
and Polyporus is made.
Tubes nearly equal in length S. strobilaceus
Tubes shortened around the stem S. floccopus
_Peck_, Boleti of the U.S.
=S. strobila´ceus= Berk. _Gr_—cone-like. (Plate CXXIV.) =Pileus=
hemispherical or convex, dry, covered with thick floccose projecting
blackish or blackish-brown scales, the margin somewhat appendiculate
with scales and fragments of the veil. =Flesh= whitish, changing to
reddish and then to blackish where wounded. =Tubes= adnate, whitish,
becoming brown or blackish with age; their mouths large, angular,
changing color like the flesh. =Stem= equal or tapering upward, sulcate
at the top, floccose-tomentose, colored like the pileus. =Spores=
subglobose, rough, blackish-brown, 10–12.5µ.
=Pileus= 2–4 in. broad. =Stem= 3–5 in. long, 4–10 lines thick. _Peck_,
Boleti of the U.S.
West Virginia mountains, Pennsylvania, _McIlvaine_; Indiana, _H.I.
Miller_.
Common in woods and their margins, under the overhanging sods of washes
and road-cuts. Often in troops, occasionally cespitose. The rough fuzzy
cap reminds of short fur that has been wet and dried. Its appearance is
unique among Boleti. Before cooking the stem and tubes should be
removed, unless the latter are very firm and fresh. The squamules must
be cut away or the dish will be rough.
With many this Boletus is a prime favorite. It has a strong woody taste,
sometimes musky, sometimes faintly of anisette. It cooks well by any
method.
=S. floc´copus= Vahl.—floccose-stemmed. =Pileus= convex, soft, covered
with areas of bunched rough, scaly tomentum, cinereous, at length
blackish, appendiculate with the silky, thick annular veil. =Tubes=
_shortened behind_, their mouths large, whitish-gray. =Stem= stout,
pitted above, umber-tomentose below. =Spores= perfectly globose, brown,
9µ broad.
=Pileus= 4–5 in. broad. =Stem= 4–5 in. long, 1 in. thick.
Woods. North Carolina and Pennsylvania, _Schweinitz_; Ohio, _Morgan_;
New York, _Peck_.
According to Fries this is a larger and firmer species than S.
strobilaceus but manifestly related to it. The New York specimens which
I have referred to it differ from S. strobilaceus in no respect, except
in the tubes being depressed around the stem. Unless there are other
differences in the European plant, it scarcely seems to me to be worthy
of specific distinction. Boletus floccopus, Rost. tab. 40, is referred
to Boletus scaber, as is B. holopus, Rost. tab. 48. _Peck_, Boleti of
the U.S.
I agree with Professor Peck that this species is not worthy of specific
distinction. During 1898 I found a bunch containing eight individuals
which varied through all botanic characteristics given to both species.
The largest individual was 4½ in. across cap, the smallest 1½ in. On
some the tubes were adnate, on others shortened behind. There was no
difference in flavor excepting that due to age.
[Illustration: PLATE CXXV.]
FIG. PAGE. FIG. PAGE.
1. FISTULINA HEPATICA, 477 2. POLYPORUS SULPHUREUS, 485
=FISTULI´NA= Bull.
_Fistula_, a pipe.
Hymenium formed on the under surface of a fleshy hymenophore, at first
warted, the warts developing into cylindrical tubes that remain distinct
and free from each other, producing in their interior cellular processes
each bearing four spores. Conidia are produced in cavities of the old
hymenophore.
With the outward appearance of a Polyporus, but separated by the tubes
being free from each other.
A small genus of which F. hepatica is the principal species. This is
known and valued in Europe and wherever found in this country.
Unfortunately it is rare or unknown in many localities. A new species
has recently been found in the United States—Fistulina firma, by Mrs. A.
M. Hadley, Manchester, N.H.—a white-flesh species whose edibility is not
reported. Torrey Bull., 1899. F. pallida B. and Rav.; F. radicata,
Schw.; F. spathulata B. and C., are reported from Alabama. Edible
qualities not stated. The writer has not seen them or he surely would
have tested them. The spread and cultivation of F. hepatica is possible.
Experiments in this line are desirable.
=F. hepat´ica= (Huds.) Fr. _Gr_—resembling the liver. (Plate CXXV, fig.
1, p. 476.) Juicy-fleshy, not rooting. =Pileus= entire, blood-red.
=Flesh= thick, soft, viscid above, transversed with tenacious fibers,
hence variegated-red. =Tubes= at first pallid.
Changeable in form, sessile or extended into a lateral stem. _Fries._
=Spores= salmon-color, nearly round with an oblique apiculus, 3µ
_W.G.S._; broadly elliptical, 5–6×3–4µ; conidia, 6–10×5µ _Massee_;
yellowish, elliptical, 5–6.5µ long _Peck_.
West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. August to frost. _McIlvaine._
Small specimens may be confounded with F. pallida, which follows.
Fistulina hepatica is celebrated in most countries, and known usually as
the Beefsteak fungus. It grows from decaying crevices in oak, chestnut
and other trees and stumps, but those named are its favorites. July,
August, September are its months, and after rains. In some localities
and years it is rare. At Mt. Gretna, in 1898, a hundred pounds of it
could be gathered almost any day.
August, 1899, at Mt. Gretna, Pa., I found several specimens in vicinity
which, though evidently F. hepatica, were remarkable for their
structure—2–4 in. across, irregularly cylindrical, with spore surface
covering the entire fungus. Stem curt, eccentric, almost central.
Specimens were sent Professor Peck, who writes:
“The sample of Fistulina which you send is a singular thing. Saccardo
has noted a somewhat similar form but without pore surface. Yours has
pore surface, but I do not find spores developed in it. I am inclined to
think it a monstrosity, as you do, but as you say you have found several
of them I think it would be well to put it on record and I will enter it
in my record as Fistulina hepatica monstrosa n. var. and indicate its
characters.” Letter from Professor Peck, August 28, 1899.
I have partially succeeded in transplanting the mycelium of F. hepatica.
Experiments in this direction, I feel confident, will introduce this
valuable fungus to localities where it is not now found, or is rare.
Experiments with the spores have not been as yet successful.
=F. hepatica monstrosa= n. var. Pk. Subglobose, supported on a short
stem or stem-like base, the external surface entirely covered with
tubules 2–4 mm. long.
Pennsylvania. _C. McIlvaine._ In color and texture resembling the common
form, but Mr. McIlvaine informs me that there is nothing in the position
or place of growth of the specimens to account for their peculiar
character. They are 2–4 in. in diameter. _Peck_, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club,
27, January, 1900.
Excellent.
=F. pal´lida= B. and Rav.—_pallidus_, pale. =Pileus= kidney-shaped,
pallid-red, pulverulent, 1–2 in. broad, about 1 in. long, margin
inflexed. =Tubes= more or less decurrent. =Stem= lateral, striate, when
dry, 1½ in. long, ⅓ in. thick.
Mountains of South Carolina on the ground. _Ravenel._ Alabama, base of
stumps of white oak. Peters. Grev., Vol. 1, No. 5. New Jersey, _Ellis_.
[Illustration: PLATE CXXVI.]
No. 1. POLYPORUS FUMOSUS. }
2. POLYSTICTUS VERSICOLOR. } About natural
size.
3. MERULIUS CORIUM. }
4. POLYPORUS PERENNIS AND }
SECTION.
5. DÆDALEA QUERCINA. }
6. FOMES IGNIARIUS. } Reduced in size.
7. TRAMETES GIBBOSA. }
=POLY´PORUS= Fr.
_Gr_—many; a passage, pore.
=Pileus= fleshy, moist, tough, becoming harder in age, internally
composed of radiating fibers; the spore-bearing surface is within
passages or pores which are made by the descending substance of the
pileus forming the dissepiments or separating walls, hence they are not
easily separable from the pileus or from one another. The pores not
appearing at first, then becoming rounded, angular or torn. They form a
distinct strata. =Stem= central, eccentric, lateral or absent.
With few exceptions growing from wood. Section Merisma contains species
which are conspicuous among fungi for their size and beauty.
The majority of this genus are unedible, because of their being woody,
tough or bitter. Few of the edible species are of the first class.
Excellent dishes are made by stewing the species well, serving them in
patties or in croquettes. The cooking of P. intybaceus is a guide to
all.
ANALYSIS OF TRIBES.
I.—MESOPUS. (_Gr_—middle; a foot.) Page 479.
Stem single, distinct, central or eccentric; not black at the base.
II.—PLEUROPUS. (_Gr_—the side; a foot.) Page 480.
Stem single, lateral or eccentric; base black.
III.—MERISMA. (_Gr_—to divide.) Page 482.