MORMON OUTRAGES--POLYGAMY, ETC.
As to the alleged outrages and wrongs by Mormons against Gentiles,
we found public opinion at Salt Lake much divided. The Mormons, as a
class, of course, all repudiated and denied them; while the Gentiles,
as a class, were equally earnest in affirming them. Before arriving
there, we were very skeptical on this subject; but before leaving,
and afterwards, heard so many ugly stories, that we were compelled
to believe somewhat in them. It is a delicate subject to touch at
all, and I would fain avoid it; but no account of Salt Lake would be
complete without some allusion thereto. Space would fail me to speak
of them at length; so that I shall content myself with recording
only a case or two, and from them the reader must judge for himself.
The Mountain Meadow massacre, and the Brassfield murder, were old
stories; but just previous to our arrival, a party of Gentiles had
been threatened with drowning in the Jordan, and indeed, while we
were there, the atrocious murder of Dr. Robinson occurred. The editor
of the little _Vidette_, the plucky Gentile paper then at Salt Lake,
was one of the Gentiles above referred to, and his story was that a
band of masked men seized them on the street one night, and taking
them out to the Jordan tied them hand and foot, and then gave them
the option--either to leave Utah in one week, or to be tossed in
and drowned. Their only offence was, that they had been too bitter
against Mormonism, and Salt Lake they were informed was "an unhealthy
place" for such people. They all agreed, we believe, to emigrate.
But the _Vidette_ man, on getting home, concluded such a promise
under duress was not very binding, and proceeded to strengthen his
conclusion by securing a guard from Camp Douglas. Loaded down with
revolvers, he went about his business as usual in the day time, but
at night kept within doors, and so far had remained unmolested.
The others, however, as a whole, thought it safer to keep their
agreement, and accordingly duly quitted Utah.
The murder of Dr. Robinson (Oct. 22d), it must be admitted, was a
cold-blooded atrocity, worthy only of fanatics or savages. He had
come to Salt Lake originally, as Surgeon or Ass't-Surgeon of a
regiment of volunteers, ordered there from California during the war,
to replace the Regulars sent east. When his regiment was mustered
out, he concluded to settle at Salt Lake, and soon after "pre-empted"
the quarter-section containing the Hot Sulphur Springs. Associating a
Dr. Williamson with him, who had also been in the army, they put up
a bath-house and refreshment-saloon at the Springs, and by liberal
advertising were soon in a fair way to make some money. Now, all at
once, two Mormons living near suddenly discovered that the property
belonged to them, although they had never claimed it before, or
regularly "pre-empted" it, or made any "permanent improvement" there,
as required by our pre-emption laws. They accordingly brought suit
in ejectment against Messrs. Robinson and Williamson, in the U. S.
District Court there; but before the cause reached trial, became
convinced there was nothing in their case, and concluded to abandon
it. Now, however, Salt Lake City itself stepped in as plaintiff in
the cause, and claimed the Springs also as corporation property, by
virtue of some old ordinance, though two or three miles beyond the
city limits. Immediately, without waiting for the Court, Messrs. R.
and W. were declared trespassers, and the Mayor ordered the city
police to eject them from the premises, which was done one night by
tearing down the buildings over their heads, and dragging them both
off bodily. This summary proceeding, no better than a riot, naturally
created much excitement among the Gentiles, and was still being
talked of when we reached Salt Lake. Meanwhile, Dr. Robinson took it
very coolly, and moving into Salt Lake, opened an office for practice
there, proposing to abide the judgment of the Court. Shortly,
however, before this could be reached, he was roused up one night by
a man at his door, with the plausible story, that a friend down the
street had broken his leg and needed his immediate services, being
already in great agony. His wife, newly married, fearing treachery,
begged him not to go. But the Doctor felt bound by the vows of his
profession, and while proceeding forth upon this supposed errand
of mercy and benevolence, he was waylaid on one of the most public
streets, knocked down, and shot through the head, three or four
times, as if his assassins meant to make sure work of their victim.
From the testimony of those awakened by the shots and his loud
outcries, it appeared there were over a half a dozen of his assassins
and their accessories--some doing the bloody work, while others stood
guard on the adjacent corners--and yet not one of them was arrested,
though it was a bright moonlight night, and a fresh fall of snow on
the ground. The city police, when sought, were all found collected at
the Central Police Station, as if purposely out of the way, and no
serious or concerted attempt was made to track the murderers. His
watch was untouched; his pockets, unrifled; there was no evidence
that he had a personal enemy; and the almost universal conviction
of the Gentiles then at Salt Lake was, that he had fallen a victim
to the Mormons, at the bidding or instigation of the Church--they
preferring to end their action of ejectment thus summarily, rather
than abide "the law's delay," or its "glorious uncertainties."
Subsequently, a leading Mormon, a son-in-law of Brigham Young's,
_admitted_ to me, indeed, that Robinson had probably been "silenced"
by some ignorant or bigoted brother; but repudiated, of course, all
connection of the Church therewith, or responsibility therefor.
The morning after the assassination, as the facts got known, the
Gentile population became greatly excited, and for a day or two there
was hot talk of a "Vigilance Committee," etc. Happily, however, this
last suggestion was abandoned, or the Mormons would have exterminated
them, as they outnumbered the Gentiles fully six to one in the city,
and immensely more than that outside in the Territory. To pacify them,
however, a coroner's inquest was ordered, and, as the excitement grew,
the City Government came out ostentatiously with a reward of $2,000,
for the apprehension and conviction of the murderers. So intense was
the feeling, Brigham Young himself thought it wise to start a private
subscription, and raised $7,000 more among the Mormon merchants
and "tender-footed" Gentiles. The sturdier Gentiles, however, and
many of the U. S. officials, refused to have any thing to do with
this; and one, at least, of the U. S. Judges, when asked to sign it,
unhesitatingly branded the whole movement, as only "a cheat and swindle
to throw dust into the eyes of people East." It was, however, a shrewd
dodge, worthy of such an old fox, and Brigham immediately telegraphed
to Gen. Sherman, at St. Louis, then commanding that Department, "We
have offered $9,000 reward for Dr. Robinson's murderers. The church
nothing to do with it!" No doubt, when interrogated by tourists about
such outrages and wrongs hereafter, he will refer to that "$9,000
reward," for many a day, with great unction, and extol his saints to
the skies accordingly. Of course, it was perfectly safe to "subscribe"
it; for it was never meant, that any body should be caught. The
coroner's inquest made a show of sitting several days, but nothing
came of their labors. Some Gentiles, indeed, went so far as to retain
Ex-Gov. Weller, of California, who happened then to be at Salt Lake,
and he prosecuted the inquiry with some vigor; but the verdict of
the jury was, "Killed by some person or persons unknown." The effect
of it all was, to deepen the sense of insecurity in the minds of all
Gentiles there, as to both person and property, and to intensify the
general feeling against Mormonism, which we found everywhere throughout
Colorado, Idaho, Oregon, Nevada, and the Pacific Coast generally. It
became at once another wall of division, another root of bitterness,
between Gentiles and Mormons throughout all that region; and will be
sure to be treasured up "as wrath against a day of wrath," when that
dark day comes. And justice, against even Brighamdom, we may depend,
will not sleep forever.
Mrs. Robinson, it should be added, subsequently returned to her
friends in California, and Dr. Williamson left for the East, both
abandoning their undoubted property, after such convincing arguments.
The City immediately leased the Springs and their appurtenances for
$2,000 per year; and thus this cruel assassination was apparently a
"paying" operation for the Saints, whatever may be its barbarism, or
however others fared.
This case I have given somewhat in detail, because it occurred under
my own eye--so to speak--and I endeavored to sift its facts pretty
thoroughly for myself. In my Official Report on Utah, attention was
called to it; and whatever else may be said or thought of it, one
thing seems clear, to wit, that such unlawful and wicked acts are but
_the logical fruit of the habitual teachings of the Mormon chiefs and
leaders_. Said Brigham Young some time before, in one of his pulpit
discourses, "Brethren, if any body comes here, and goes to interfere
with our lands or women, my advice is to send 'em to hell across lots."
Said the editor of the _Salt Lake Telegraph_, the chief Mormon paper
there, one day in my hearing, "If a man comes here, and don't like our
institutions, all he has to do is to leave. If he stops here, and minds
his own business, he will get along well enough--nobody will molest
him. But if he goes to denouncing President Young, or interfering with
our domestic relations, of course he will get into trouble mighty
quick, you bet!" I thought _that_ a fair statement of their position;
but failed to see wherein it differed from the hideous despotism down
South, which we had just had to break as with a rod of iron, and dash
in pieces as a potter's vessel. He indignantly denied, that Gentiles
were ordinarily ill-treated or tabooed; but his own statement, it
seemed to me, confessed away the whole case substantially of _Gentile
vs. Mormon_, involving as it does a thorough surrender of our cherished
freedom of speech and of the press. This editor was a bluff and
hearty Englishman, about forty years of age, and was reported engaged
to a daughter of Brigham Young's, only about seventeen. The current
criticism of him was, that he really believed no more in Mormonism,
than the most incorrigible Gentile; but he had found the institution,
or rather "destitution," (as Theodore Parker called its "twin relic,"
and would much more have branded _it_), to "pay," and so eulogized and
defended it.
Perhaps I can not do better, than relate just here a rather remarkable
conversation I had with a high judicial officer of the Territory, on
this and kindred subjects. He had been there several years, was a
man of ability and character, and I give the conversation at length,
because it seemed trustworthy, and also because it will probably answer
a variety of questions the reader may want to ask. It took place in his
own chambers, while I was at Salt Lake; and as no injunction of secrecy
was imposed, or apparently desired, I see no objections to publishing
it. He said he had come to Utah unprejudiced against the Mormons, but
at length had become convinced, however reluctantly, that they had a
secret organization--call it "Thugs," "Danites," "Destroying Angels,"
or what you will--whose sworn duty it was to "put out of the way" any
person, who became hostile or obnoxious to their views or interests.
For a long while after coming there, he had refused to credit this; but
at length was compelled to, by the most indubitable evidence, to wit,
his own multiplied observations and experiences as a U. S. judge. He
continued:
"I can't help believing, sir, that poor Dr. Robinson was killed in this
way, and when Brigham Young's hypocritical subscription-paper, for a
reward for the arrest of the assassins, was presented for my signature,
I indignantly spurned it. I told the committee in charge, that it was
only another of Brigham's tricks to throw dust into the eyes of the
people at Washington, and I would have nothing to do with it."
"Do you think his murderers will ever be discovered?"
"Suppose they are, they will never be convicted. No Mormon jury
would convict a brother Mormon, in such a case, even if indicted, as
everybody knows here. I know very well who murdered poor Brassfield
some time ago, and where the Church sent him abroad to keep him out
of the way. I suppose England would return him, under our extradition
laws, if requested. But _cui bono_? Our juries here are all summoned
by the Mormon sheriffs, and the jurors, of course, are either
Mormons, or dough-face Gentiles, worse than Mormons; so that, it
would be hopeless to expect a righteous verdict."
"Then you really think, the accounts we get East of outrages and
crimes by Mormons, against Gentiles or apostate Mormons, are, on the
whole, true?"
"Why, yes, I am sorry to say, I fear so--the most of them--as true as
holy writ. But the half of them never come to light. 'Dead men tell
no tales.' And what do we know of the mysteries and miseries of their
barbarous polygamy?"
"Do you think Brigham Young has much to do with such outrages?"
"In some cases, yes, directly. In others, only indirectly, by his
sermons and addresses. No doubt he advised, or at least suggested,
the 'taking off' of Brassfield and Dr. Robinson, to save trouble
and serve as examples. So, also, he was directly responsible for
the Mountain Meadow massacre, that occurred several years ago, when
a whole train of Gentile emigrants, _en route_ to California, were
murdered in cold blood, and their property and little children
distributed around among the Mormons. They had offended the Saints
while passing through Salt Lake, and this was their revenge. This
murder by wholesale they have always charged upon the Indians; but
I myself have seen the secret orders for their massacre, signed
'By order of President Young, D. H. Wells, Adj't.-Gen.' I was in
Washington in the autumn of 1865, and was at the White-House one day,
when these orders were shown to Andrew Johnson. He took the tattered
and discolored papers to the window, scanned them closely for awhile,
and when he returned them said, with much feeling, it was "high time
something was done to _clean out_ such scoundrels." It was a generous
impulse, while it lasted, and he meant it, too. But subsequently,
when I saw him again, in the winter, he had become embroiled with
Congress, and dismissed the Utah question with the curt remark,
that there was "practical polygamy in Massachusetts too, as well as
Utah." The property of these Mountain Meadow emigrants, I repeat,
was divided up, and distributed around among the Mormons. Some of
their furniture is in Salt Lake now, and can readily be identified.
Many of their mules were sold by Capt. H.--subsequently our delegate
to Congress--to the U. S. Quartermaster then here, and the proceeds
shared by himself, Young, Wells, and others. There is plenty of
evidence of all this, that I can put my finger on at any time; but it
would be ridiculous to submit it to a Mormon jury, with any hope of a
conviction now. And so, the case rests."
"I suppose, this also is why our anti-polygamy laws prove to be a
failure?"
"Certainly, sir! It is an old adage, 'Dog won't eat dog!' There
didn't use to be much polygamy here. But as soon as Congress made it
a misdemeanor and a crime, Brigham and his Bishops set to work to
get as many of their people into it as possible, so as to make the
enforcement of the new law difficult, if not well nigh impracticable.
They argued very shrewdly, 'You can't indict and try a whole people.'
Polygamy, indeed, used to be only a matter of taste, and but little
talked about; but now it is constantly preached, as a civil and
religious duty, and all who can support more than one wife are
proceeding to take others. The women objected a good deal, at first,
and do still; but they were told, it was a New Revelation, 'thus
saith the Lord,' and submission would make them 'Queens in Heaven'
etc., and so they yielded. What else could they do in these mountain
fastnesses, with Gown and Sword both against them?"
"Well, judge, you must have seen a good deal of the 'peculiar
institution.' What are its practical workings?"
"Bad, and only bad--every way. It tends to make the men petty despots
and mere animals, of course, while it degrades American women to
the level of the Oriental harem. Their husbands, so-called, already
habitually think and speak of them, as their 'women'--not _wives_--as
you may have noticed, as a part of their goodly possessions, somewhat
more esteemed perhaps than their flocks and herds, but not so much
more either. Affection, sympathy, confidence--the finer instincts and
feelings--all true delicacy between husband and wife--are fast dying
out, and we have nothing half so good to show for them. Sometimes,
however, a first wife gets the bit into her teeth, and then the
others have to stand around, or leave. _Per contra_, sometimes
the first wife herself gets ejected. One of Heber Kimball's sons
married a second wife some time ago, and soon after she persuaded
his first wife--a wife of many years, with several children--to
vacate, by three shots from a revolver, and then installed herself
as _first_ wife instead! No doubt, the Saints have many a little
"unpleasantness," like this, to mar their domestic felicity; but they
hush them up, and keep quiet about it."
"What about their polygamous children?"
"Why, they are inferior of course, in many ways, _ex necessitate_, as
the fruits of such a practice always are, and must be. Go to the City
Cemetery, and you will find it a perfect Golgotha of infant graves.
If not feeble and tainted already in constitution, they must speedily
become so; or else all History is false, and Science a slander."
"And yet those we have seen on the road, and about the streets here,
seem bright and spry enough."
"No doubt. It is a good climate, and there has not been time enough
yet. But, then, have you considered the whole foul brood of downward
influences at work here, and what must be the logical result in due
season, by the very nature of things? Why, with our population of a
hundred thousand souls, we have not a _Free_ School yet in all Utah,
and outside of this city scarcely a _School_-House. Here, we have a
few Ward Schools; but the teachers are inferior, and the rates of
tuition, cost of books etc., so high, that only the children of the
better classes can attend. Brigham Young has a school of his own, in
his seraglio grounds, where his numerous progeny are taught music,
dancing, and some of the commoner branches; but the great bulk of our
rising generation here are growing up in a state of ignorance and
superstition so dense, as to be absolutely inconceivable elsewhere.
So, too, many of the Saints have two or more sisters for wives, at
the same time. Others, again, marry their own blood-cousins, and some
even their own step-daughters. And instances exist, where they have
had mother and daughter for wives, at the same time. Now, where
all this is to end, it seems to me, it is not difficult to predict,
unless Nature suspends her laws, and Evil becomes our Good."
"It is certainly very shocking, judge. But what do you propose to
_do_ about it?"
"Well, I would do something, or at least _try_ to. I have thought a
good deal about it, since I got my eyes open; and, first of all, I
would have Congress authorize and instruct the U. S. Marshal here
to summon the jurors for the U. S. Courts direct. By some strange
oversight, I suspect by Mormon intrigue (for they watch Congress
closely, and boast they control it on all Utah matters usually),
this was omitted in our Organic Act, and consequently our jury-lists
are now taken from the county-lists, which are of course made up by
Mormon sheriffs. Therefore, all open and avowed Gentiles, who have
any back-bone in them, are left off, and we get nobody in our U. S.
jury-boxes even, except Mormons and doughface Gentiles. Of course, such
juries won't indict or convict for polygamy, or any other offence worth
mentioning, if a Mormon is to be mulcted for it. But if our jurors were
summoned by our Marshal direct, out of the whole body of the Territory,
as they are everywhere else, I believe, he could take good care to
put only reliable citizens on the lists, and thus give us juries that
_would_ indict and convict in all necessary or flagrant cases."[10]
"But would the Saints meekly consent to be thus overslaughed, and
ignored?"
"Of course, not! The first verdict we got and attempted to enforce,
there would be a riot, or threatened riot, and then we would have to
fall back on the Military. The Utah Militia, of course, could not be
depended on; for it is all officered and controlled by the creatures
of the Church. Therefore, we would have to call on the United States,
and it would be for Uncle Sam to decide at last. This, of course,
would necessitate an increase of troops here; for, if the garrison
were small, the Saints might make trouble. But give us a couple of
batteries, a regiment of cavalry, and say two regiments of infantry,
such as Sherman 'went marching through Georgia' with; and Brighamdom
can be made to obey the laws, the same as Dixie, or be ground to
powder."
"But, judge, will not the Pacific Railroad solve the problem in a
more excellent way--peaceably and quietly--by bringing in such an
influx of Gentiles, that Mormonism will be neutralized? This is what
we all hope East?"
"Perhaps so, if this 'influx' is _big_ enough, and _good_ enough.
But, you see, the Saints claim to have pre-empted about all the
land here, that is worth anything, and they won't sell or lease
to Gentiles, unless the Church says so. Besides, with the heavy
immigration the Mormons are constantly receiving--about three
thousand this year, to next to nothing by the Gentiles, and their
naturally rapid increase, I fear they will keep greatly ahead of
all outsiders, who won't be likely to come and stay long where they
will be ostracised and outlawed. It isn't natural, that they should.
Won't it be the same, as it was down South before the war, and has
been ever since? Northern brain and capital wouldn't go there, and
won't, because they believe in perfect freedom of speech and of the
press--absolute security of person and property--and won't settle
where these are wanting. How then can we expect them to emigrate
here, where we have no true enjoyment of either? What sensible man
would come to Utah, or bring his wife and children here, when he
could go just as well to Colorado or Montana, Oregon or California,
and escape the dismal drawbacks we have here? I admit I have great
hopes of the Railroad, in time; and yet I confess, I fear, our
_questio vexata_ here in Utah, like its "twin" question down in
Dixie, will find its solution only in gunpowder, if it is to find
it soon. When nothing else will do, I have great faith in the moral
power of bayonets--especially, when used on the right side."
"But, judge, is not Brigham Young the main cohesive power; and when
he dies, what then?"
"Well, when that happens they may split up, on the question of
his successor; but I suspect Brigham is too shrewd and far-seeing
for that. He already has Brigham Young, Jr., his smartest son, in
training for the succession--sent him missionary to England, and
now he is a Brigadier-General in the Mormon Militia here--and the
probability is, a "Revelation" will designate him for the Presidency,
if death don't come too suddenly. Brigham will undoubtedly keep the
succession in his own family, if he can; but he will not hesitate a
moment to designate some other person, if the seeming interests of
the Church require it. Of course, he is very illiterate; but he is a
very able and sagacious man, for all that--devoted to Mormonism, and
"dangerous" in every sense of that word."
"Have you no fear of him, yourself, judge? You speak your mind pretty
plainly."
"No, I think not. He would hardly strike so high. Besides he is reputed
to be a coward, personally, and I guess _that_ is so. I have seen
him charged with complicity in the Mountain Meadow massacre, and his
shirking and cringing then was pitiful. No doubt, my life is always in
danger here, more or less, as would be that of any other upright and
fearless judge. Indeed, I have good reason to know, that they cordially
hate me. After Dr. Robinson's assassination a friendly Mormon came to
me at night, and told me confidentially my turn would come next. But
I keep indoors after dark, or else go out only in company, or when
heavily armed, and am prepared to sacrifice my life, if need be, at any
time. I have lived too long in this world, to be much afraid of leaving
it; and I don't know as I could die better anyhow, than in upholding
and enforcing the laws of my country here in Utah."
"Do your Courts ever meet with real opposition to their ordinary
courses of procedure?"
"Why, no--not formally; though I never have much confidence in a
verdict, where one of the parties is a Gentile. Where plaintiff
and defendant are both Mormons, our verdicts are usually righteous
enough; though these are liable to be overruled or set aside, by the
High Council of the Church--a body of irresponsible ecclesiastics,
of course, unknown to the laws. This Council is composed of Brigham
Young, and a number of the chief dignitaries of the Church, and is
often appealed to by "big" Mormons, when the civil courts have gone
against them."
"No! Really? But is not this mere rumor, judge?"
"No, indeed! I could cite several such cases, but will only trouble
you with one. Not long ago, down in one of our Southern counties, a
laboring man--a Mormon--was working in a barn, for and with a Mormon
Bishop. In some way or other, they got into a quarrel, which ended in a
fight, and in the course of this the Bishop hurt the poor fellow very
badly. Among other things, he struck him with a pitchfork, harpooning
him--so to speak--through the leg, so that the poor man was laid up for
months, and made a cripple indeed for life. After his recovery, the
outrage was so atrocious, and the community so generally with him, he
mustered up courage enough to bring an action against the Bishop. The
cause was tried in the Probate or County Court, where of course, all
were Mormons. But the jurors, being neighbors of the injured man and
cognizant of all the facts, resolved to do justice, and accordingly
without much delay returned a verdict for $3,500 damages. The Bishop
being rich, as the high dignitaries all are, appealed the case to my
court, where I, after a full hearing, of course, affirmed the judgment
of the court below, with heavy costs.
"Well, now, I supposed this settled the case, as there was no higher
court here. But judge of my astonishment, when some weeks after
the plaintiff came to me one day, and said the Bishop had further
appealed the case to the High Council of the Church, where they had
tried it over again, and awarded him only $1,000 damages; and he
wanted to know if this was right and "good law" here? Of course, I
could do nothing for him myself, with the facts in that shape. But I
referred him to one of our Gentile lawyers here, and told him if he
would put the case in his hands, and have the facts brought regularly
before me, so that I could get hold of the matter judicially, I
would soon teach this "High Council of the Church" a lesson, as to
their rights and duties, as against a United States Court, that they
would be apt to remember for awhile. He thanked me, and took my
advice. But before the papers got regularly before me, the Mormons
somehow got wind of the matter, and hastened to settle with the man.
I believe they gave him $2,000, or something like that, and I suppose
frightened him into silence. Now, to think once of these insolent
villians, presuming--without law and in violation of law--to review
and overrule the solemn decision of a United States Court! I tell
you, it made my Quaker blood boil, when I heard of it.[11] I would
just like to have laid my hands on that "High Council of the Church,"
in a case like that. I feel right sure, I would have taught Brigham
Young and his lawless associates a wholesome lesson, they wouldn't
have forgotten very soon, if it had cost me my life to do it."
There was something grand and heroic--almost sublime--about this
man's talk at times, and I only reproduce it here very faintly. He
knew I was seeking official facts, and doubtless unburdened his
whole soul to me. He had had unusual opportunities for observation;
he seemed to be well-informed; and certainly was thoroughly
honest. Further than this, I cannot vouch for him, but report the
conversation substantially as it occurred, from notes made the same
evening. I must, however, do him the justice to add, that his views
in the main were everywhere corroborated by almost all the Federal
officers I met--both civil and military--as well as the vast majority
of Gentile settlers, throughout all that region. Such were the views
of Judge----; and subsequent events there, it must be confessed, have
pretty well illustrated them.
FOOTNOTES:
[10] Senator Wade's Bill (1867) met the Utah Question somewhat like
this, and I suspect Judge ---- had a finger in it. So, Senator
Cragin's Bill subsequently, and others since. The present imbroglio
in Utah hinges on this Jury Question, more than anything else, and
Congress ought to settle it speedily, on a just and right basis.
Judge McKean may be in the wrong technically; but substantially,
he is fighting for truth and justice, and if he lacks the
necessary weapons, should be furnished them. This is what Senator
Frelinghuysen's Bill, now pending, (1874) proposes well to do.
[11] He was originally from Pennsylvania.