CHAPTER V._The Nile in 1904

_The Oases and the Geology of the Nile valley, by Mr. H. J. L. Beadnell,

F. G. S., F. R. G. S._

40. =The Oases.=--The chief oases[6] of the Libyan desert--Dakhla,

Kharga, Baharia and Farafra,--occupy extensive depressions cut down

through the horizontal Eocene strata[7] to the underlying saddle of

Cretaceous rocks; some of the more porous beds of the latter are

water-bearing and from them, either through natural passages or through

artificial borings, the water rises to the surface, often under

considerable pressure. The floor level varies considerably but the

cultivated lands in general lie between 70 and 115 metres above sea

level.

[6] See Geological Survey reports, P.W.M., Cairo.

[7] With the exception that Dakhla is almost entirely cut out in

Cretaceous strata.

41. =Dakhla oasis.=--This, by far the most important and prosperous of

the Egyptian oases, lies three days’ march west of Kharga, or about 300

kilometres due west of Armant in the Nile valley. The site is a

depression lying at the foot of the great east and west Cretaceous

escarpment, bounded to the south by the undulating desert of Nubian

sandstone, which stretches unchanged almost to the heart of the

continent. The inhabitants of Dakhla, numbering over 17,000, are

distributed among 12 villages and form a practically self-supporting

community. The cultivable land within the oasis (400 square kilometres)

amounts to nearly 50,000 acres, of which one half is under cultivation;

in addition several extensive areas of alluvium covered ground exist

outside the oasis proper, notably on the Gabbari road between Dakhla and

Kharga. Owing to the difficulty of drainage, salines, saltyland, marshes

and pools occupy some 7,000 acres.

There are nearly 130,000 adult palm trees in Dakhla, a large export

trade in dates being carried on with the Nile valley; the finest crops

of wheat and barley are raised, while the fruits of the oasis, oranges,

apricots, mulberries, etc., are abundant and of excellent quality.

Taxes are levied as follows:--(1) Mature date-palms are taxed 1¹⁄₂

piastres each per annum; (2) Modern wells (i.e. biyâr, made with the

existing boring plant) pay 50 piastres per annum per qirat of water; (3)

Ancient wells (aiyûn) pay the same, except that in some cases those used

for irrigating palmgroves are exempt. There are 7¹⁄₂ trees and 1¹⁄₂

acres per inhabitant, and the total tax paid by the community is about

£E. 2,500.

The water-supply of the oasis is derived from an underground bed of

sandstone, 55 metres thick, underlying a dense impervious red clay 45

metres in thickness; the upper part of the latter is conspicuous

throughout the oasis, underlying the alluvium and forming the base of

the surrounding escarpments in many localities. Below the water-bearing

sandstone lies a black clay, never yet penetrated by the boring rods; it

is probable that other water-tables exist below and such would be

invaluable for the irrigation of those parts of the oasis where the

present supply is unsatisfactory. There seem to be no natural springs

extant at the present day, the whole of the water-supply being through

boreholes, both ancient and modern. The old wells, known as _ain_,

_aiyûn_, appear to be mostly of early Egyptian and Roman construction,

and number over 400; exactly similar wells have been sunk by boring

plant during the last few decades and are called _bîr_, _biyâr_; there

are over 160 of these; all are true artesian wells. At the present day

the method in vogue is as follows:--a two metre square timbered shaft is

sunk by hand to the base of the red clay and within this is built up a

watertight wooden pipe, 35 cm. in diameter, made of ‘sunt’ (a species of

thorny acacia), the surrounding space being packed with clay. Sinking is

continued in the sandstone with the boring machine until a satisfactory

flow of water is obtained. Many of the older wells in the oasis have

become choked up, and although some have been successfully cleaned out

by the inhabitants, but the process is costly and laborious and

frequently fails. The work is done by divers, a small but hardy class

only found in Dakhla and Farafra.

The output of wells is determined in a somewhat rough and ready manner

by measuring the depth of water passing over a weir fixed in the stream.

It is reckoned in qirats, one qirat being a water-section of 64 square

centimetres; from some test observations in Kharga Dr. Ball deduced the

average value of a qirat, as measured in that oasis, as 230 litres a

minute. The total water-output in Dakhla (1096 qirats) may thus be taken

as approximately representing a discharge of 132 million cubic metres

per annum, and taking the cultivated lands as 25,500 acres the duty is

6,130 acres per cubic metre per second. That the water-supply could be

largely increased, and the limits of cultivation greatly extended, admit

of no doubt, but with the free hand accorded the natives during the last

few decades a considerable amount of damage has been done throughout the

oasis by the injudicious sinking of wells. Promiscuous boring is fatal,

and strict and efficient control of all boring operations imperative.

Considering the number of wells abandoned owing to a slight fall in the

water-level having caused them to cease running at the surface, the

importance of lifting appliances, in the shape of shadûfs, saqias, or

windmills, is evident, but until a few years ago the oasis was destitute

of such appliances; a number of saqias have recently been fixed in the

village of Mushîa and have met with success, but it is not an easy

matter to persuade the inhabitants to have recourse to lifting

appliances of any description.

Some of the Dakhla wells are of considerable depth; Bir-el-Dinaria, the

most northerly in the oasis, is 144 metres deep and its water emerges

with a temperature of 39·5° C. The best wells yield 9 or 10 qirats,

though before the modern boring operations the output of some was as

much as 16. The terms ‘artesian’ and ‘thermal’ may fairly be applied to

the Dakhla wells, and it is noteworthy that the temperatures as a whole

increase from south to north. The thermal character of the springs may

be considered to be due to the great depths from which the water is

derived, the actual temperature at the point of exit being dependent on

local conditions, such as the depth of the well and the rate at which

the water finds its way to the surface. It is probable that the

water-bearing table has its outcrop in the rainy regions of Darfur,

although some of its water may be derived by direct infiltration from

the Nile in its upper reaches.

[Illustration: PLATE XXI.

THE EGYPTIAN OASES

Scale 1 : 6.000.000]

42. =Kharga oasis.=--Kharga, the easternmost of the two southern oases,

is a north and south lying depression, mostly bounded by steep and lofty

escarpments but open to the south and south-west. A great part of its

floor, which is composed of the Nubian sandstone, is buried under sand

accumulations. There are seven principal villages, besides numerous

hamlets and smaller settlements, with a total population of under 8,000.

Taxes are levied as in Dakhla and amount to slightly over £E. 1000. The

adult palm trees in the oasis number about 60,000 and the cultivated

lands have an area of some 4,500 acres, or half an acre and eight palm

trees per inhabitant. The crops raised do not appear to be sufficient to

support the population, as a certain amount of grain is imported from

Dakhla. Dates are exported to the Nile valley, though in less quantities

than from Dakhla and Baharia.

The general level of the floor of the oasis lies between 50 and 130

metres above sea level, though near Qasr Zaiyan a limited area appears

to lie below sea level. Water is met with in most localities on digging

to a moderate depth, but the best supplies are from deep wells; as in

Dakhla the majority of the wells are of considerable antiquity, though

some have been recently made with modern boring plant. With an increased

water-supply cultivation could be very much extended, as there are large

areas of unoccupied alluvium covered land within the oasis. The same

difficulties exist in Kharga as in the other oases, though here perhaps

aggravated by the encroachments and movements of blown sand, namely, the

lack of control of the wells and water-supply and the apathy of the

inhabitants generally.

43. =Baharia oasis=, lying 180 kilometres west of Minia, is a large

natural excavation 150 metres deep and entirely surrounded by

escarpments. The cultivated lands bear a very small proportion to the

total oasis-area; their general level is 110-115 metres above sea level,

rising to 155 metres at Ain-el-Haiss in the southern part of the

depression. There are four chief villages with a population, inclusive

of outlying settlements, of just over 6,000. The standard of public

health in this oasis is low, mainly owing to febrile disorders. The

total area of cultivated land is about 2,500 acres (barely ¹⁄₂ an acre

per inhabitant), largely made up of palmgroves; rice, wheat and barley

are grown, but the area sown with cereals has of late years being

decreasing in extent owing to a diminished output from the springs.

Baharia is _par excellence_ the date-producing oasis of Egypt and very

large quantities are annually exported to the Nile valley; besides

date-palms the gardens contain numbers of olive, apricot and other fruit

trees. Taxation is on palm trees and land.

The water-supply is derived from the Cretaceous sandstones forming the

floor of the depression, the water rising naturally to the surface of

the lowest areas. In numerous cases long adits have been driven into the

rock to obtain an increased supply; these tunnels communicate with the

surface of the ground by a series of air shafts; they mostly date from

early times. No deep wells appear to exist in the oasis and certainly no

borings have been made in modern times. The fall of the water-level is

probably due to the gradual choking of the passages; an unsatisfactory

and laborious method of cleaning out wells is in vogue but little

trouble is taken to prevent the deterioration of the water-supply

generally. Practically all the available land in this oasis is under

cultivation, although with the reduced output of the springs the supply

is barely sufficient for efficient irrigation.

44. =Farafra oasis= occupies a large semicircular depression 300

kilometres west of Assiut. The floor is formed of the white chalk at the

top of the Cretaceous, but at Ain-el-Wadi, a spring in the north part of

the depression at 26 metres above sea level, the underlying beds are

locally exposed. The solitary village of Qasr Farafra is situated on the

western side at 76 metres above sea level, and contained 542 inhabitants

at the last census. In the entire area there are some 20 springs, mostly

grouped round the village, each irrigating a small patch of cultivated

ground; the total area of the latter, including the few palmgroves,

probably does not amount to 500 acres. Wheat, barley, durra, rice,

onions and some fruit are grown, and small quantities of dates and

olives are exported; formerly the olives of Farafra were celebrated for

their quality, but of late years the trees have deteriorated.

The water rises as springs from the white chalk and does not necessitate

the use of lifting appliances, though the output appears to be

decreasing through natural causes. There are a few examples of

horizontal conducting channels of ancient date and two or three of the

springs appear to have deep vertical shafts as in the ancient wells of

Dakhla. Sweet and brackish water-holes occur in several outlying

localities within the depression, as well as in the neighbouring little

known oasis of Iddaila to the west. Owing to the absence of waste pools

and marshy land the climate of Farafra is more healthy than that of the

other oases.

45. =The Geology of Egypt=[8]. The north-east corner of Africa, lying

between the Red Sea on the east and the sand merged portion of the

Libyan Desert on the west, and stretching from the Mediterranean to the

22nd parallel of north latitude, both in its topographical and

geological characters is distinctly tripartite, as follows:--

(1) A rugged broken undulating sandstone desert, forming the southern

part of the country;

(2) Elevated plateaux, for the most part of limestone, stretching from

lat. 25° N. (approximately) to the Mediterranean;

(3) The mountainous igneous range of the Red Sea Hills, with peaks over

1800 metres (6000 feet) in height.

[8] In writing this note at the request of Sir William Willcocks I

have made free use of all sources, of information, but am chiefly

indebted to the publications of Schweinfurth and the late Professor

Zittel, Capt. Lyons, and my past and present colleagues on the

Geological Survey of Egypt.

As a whole one of the most waterless and desolate areas in the world,

the country is traversed from south to north by a narrow highly

cultivated and thickly populated strip of alluvial land, formed and

watered by the Nile. In the southern sandstone country the river

occupies only a shallow valley, but to the north flows over the floor of

a deep gorge cut down from the surrounding limestone plateaux. On either

side of the river are alluvial plains of varying extent, composed of the

finest loam, a fertile soil for the most part formed by the

disintegration of the volcanic rocks of the Abyssinian highlands,

annually denuded by rains and brought down by the Atbara and Blue Nile

floods and deposited in the lower courses of the river. Unlike most

countries therefore, the soil of Egypt has no connection with the

underlying rocks, being entirely of extraneous origin and owing its

existence absolutely to the peculiar conditions of rainfall in Abyssinia

and the direction of drainage from the watersheds of that country.

46. =Igneous rocks.= The most ancient rocks in Egypt are found in the

central igneous ranges of the Red Sea Hills and in the crystalline floor

underlying the sandstones in the southern part of the country.

In Nubia the crystalline rocks consist largely of granite and gneiss,

with associated diorites and schists, traversed by basaltic and felsitic

dykes. Cataracts have been formed at those points where the river

crosses the hard igneous belts, which may be regarded as the summits of

the higher ridges of an old eroded continental land surface.

In the Red Sea Hills the most ancient rocks are the gneisses, schists,

and slates, constituting the metamorphic series of Jebel Meeteq. Next in

succession is a volcanic group, consisting of dolerite and sheared

diabases in the south and of dolerites, andesites, tuffs and

agglomerates in the north. These volcanic rocks are underlaid and

intruded by still younger quartz-diorites and grey granites, and like

them are pierced by masses of red granite and dykes of quartz felsite

and dolerite. The red granite is itself traversed by dykes of diabase,

which are thus the youngest of all, except for the still more recent

andesitic intrusions into the Eocene limestones (occasional occurrences

of which are met with on the plateaux on both sides of the Nile valley),

and the basaltic sheets which commonly mark the base of the Oligocene

sandstones in the north of the country.

The whole of the Red Sea Hills igneous complex has been planed down by

marine erosion, the oldest sedimentary deposits being laid on to the

smoothed denuded surfaces.

47. =Sedimentary rocks.= Geologically the sedimentary deposits of Egypt

are not of great age. Broadly they consist of a great development of

Upper Cretaceous and Eocene strata, followed by more restricted deposits

of Oligocene and Miocene age, the still younger formations being

represented only by comparatively local though important, accumulations.

As a general rule the different members of the Cretaceous and Tertiary

succeed each other in regular order from south to north, the strata

being undisturbed and dipping northwards at a very low angle.

48. =Upper Cretaceous.= The Cretaceous system in Egypt is divisible into

three main groups, (1) a great thickness of freshwater arenaceous

sediments known as the Nubian Sandstone, of Senonian age in the south

(Dakhla, Nile valley, and southern part of Eastern Desert), and

Cenomanian age in the north (Baharia, Abu Roash(?), and Wadi Araba); (2)

300 metres of argillaceous deposits with bone-beds near the base, of

Senonian age; (3) a deep water foraminiferal white chalk (Danian) 60 to

100 metres thick, especially developed in the region of the oases to the

west of the Nile.

The Nubian Sandstone, the oldest sedimentary deposit in Egypt, occupies

a very large area, especially in the south; wherever its base is exposed

and has been critically examined, the sandstone is found to be laid on

to the denuded surface of the underlying crystalline rocks. Thinner

argillaceous bands are almost everywhere associated with the sandstones

and the latter vary much in colour, texture, and hardness. In its widest

sense the term “Nubian Sandstone” includes deposits of much greater age

than Upper Cretaceous, undoubted Carboniferous fossils having been

detected in some localities. The formation must be regarded as

representing the slow accumulation of sediment in immense inland lakes

during a great lapse of time. Although temporary marine invasions left

their mark at intervals, it was not until the Cenomanian that continued

depression caused a steady recession of the shore line from north to

south, so that in Senonian times practically the whole of the country

was occupied by the Cretaceous sea.

North of Silsila in the Nile valley the sandstones gradually give way to

a series of flaggy ripple-marked sandstones alternating with sandy

shales and clays, at the top of which are beds rich in bones and

coprolites of fish, associated with hard oyster-limestones, overlain in

Wadi Hammama, E.-N.-E. of Qena, by a limestone containing abundant

remains of cephalopoda; these beds are of Upper Senonian (Campanian)

age. East of Sabaia, in the Nile valley, they are followed by a 200

metre series of finely laminated clays, separated by bands of marly

limestone, the greater part of which is of Cretaceous age and homotaxial

with the _Exogyra_ clays and white chalk (of Campanian--Danian age)

which in the southern oases follow on the rich bonebeds overlying the

Nubian Sandstone.

Anterior to and during the deposition of these clayey beds in the south,

thick accumulations of limestone were being formed in the more open sea

to the north and are visible to-day in the Cretaceous area of Abu Roash

near the pyramids of Giza, (and to a lesser extent in Jebel Shebrewet on

the Gulf of Suez), where a great complex of limestones of Turonian and

Senonian ages occurs. Finally a deep sea deposit of white chalk forms

the summit of the Cretaceous throughout the Western Desert.

49. =Eocene.= Our knowledge of the junction of the Cretaceous and Eocene

in several parts of the country leaves much to be desired. Where the

Eocene is most fully developed its basal member consists of a group of

green argillaceous deposits, known as the Esna shales, well seen at the

base of the cliffs throughout the Esna-Qena reach of the valley. These

beds everywhere pass conformably upwards into the Lower Eocene (Libyan)

limestones above, but in the Nile Valley and the Eastern Desert the

exact line of demarcation between them and the lithologically similar

Cretaceous clays below is still somewhat obscure. In Kharga and Farafra

they form a well-marked band between the White Chalk (and associated

clays) at the top of the Cretaceous and the Libyan limestone of the

Lower Eocene. The Esna shales may in fact be regarded as passage beds,

and where they exist appear to bridge over the lapse of time which is

represented by a decided unconformity between the Cretaceous and Eocene

in the north of the country, as in Baharia Oasis and at Abu Roash.

The thick mass of limestone which forms the plateaux and cliffs on both

sides of the valley from lat. 25° N. to Cairo is of Lower Eocene (Libyan

stage) and Middle Eocene (Mokattam stage) age. These limestones,

frequently nummulitic and typically marine calcareous accumulations,

exceed 500 metres in thickness, and over a wide area are unrelieved by a

single band of clay or sandstone. Towards the summit of the Middle

Eocene, however, terrigenous deposits were laid down, the Upper Mokattam

consisting of an alternating series of impure limestones, clays, and

sandstones. In the Fayûm the Middle Eocene is followed by a great

thickness of fluvio-marine deposits of Upper Eocene age, in which the

remains of the animals that inhabited the land to the south and the

adjoining seas at the time are abundantly preserved.

50. =Oligocene and Miocene.= Throughout Oligocene and Miocene times

conditions similar to those which led to the deposition of the Upper

Eocene formation in the Fayûm prevailed, accompanied by a continual

retreat of the sea to the north. In the littoral area marine beds were

intermingled with the sediments brought down by rivers from the land to

the south; and throughout these deposits the remains of land animals and

great quantities of large silicified trees are common. A considerable

part of the deserts east and west of the valley north of lat. 29° 30´ is

covered with deposits of this age, and shallow water Miocene beds,

unconformably overlying the Eocene, form marked flanking plateaux to

some of the igneous ranges of the Red Sea Hills.

51. =Pliocene, Pleistocene and Recent.= In Pliocene times the relative

areas of land and sea approximated to those of to-day and powerful

earth-movements initiated the formation of the lower part of the Nile

Valley. The determining faults and the huge blocks of displaced rock are

visible along the cliff walls in many parts of the valley, and at

Gebelain isolated ridges of highly tilted limestone protrude above the

floor of the trough, though as a rule, except near the cliffs, the

faulted rocks are invisible, being buried under great thicknesses of

lacustrine and fluviatile deposits. A few kilometres south of Jebel

Silsila, however, Eocene and Cretaceous limestones are met with at river

level in the centre of the valley and point to the Kom Ombo plain being

let down by a fault of over 400 metres throw.

The Nile Valley trough or “grab” became a marine fiord in later Pliocene

times, sea-beaches being formed up to 70 metres above present sea level.

Extensive terraces of gravel, perched up on the surrounding slopes of

the Fayûm, prove that the sea, or a great inland lake, stood at 180

metres in latest Pliocene or early Pleistocene times. From this time

also dates the Red Sea (in its modern aspect), the highest Older

Pleistocene coral reefs being now found at some 200 metres above

sea-level; younger reefs associated with later Pleistocene gravels occur

at a lower level. In later Pleistocene and early pre-human times, under

the very moist climate which preceded the present desert conditions, the

Nile Valley north of latitude 24° was occupied by a series of deep

freshwater lakes, perhaps co-existent with that in which the Fayûm

gravel terraces were accumulated. The denudation of the surrounding

country was rapid, and tributary streams from the plateaux on either

side brought down fine limestone detritus, which was deposited along the

margins of the lakes in the form of compact beds of re-made limestone,

interbedded with frequent layers of conglomerate and gravel, washed down

by the larger streams and by torrential floods. In the quieter parts of

these lakes clays and calcareous tufas were laid down and are visible

to-day from Kom Ombo to Heluan. Subsequently, owing to the breaking down

of the dividing barriers, or as the result of a general slight

elevation, drainage became more pronounced and the river cut its way

down through these lacustrine deposits. It was probably at this time

that, following the partial removal of the gravel ridge between the

Fayûm and the valley, part of the drainage obtained access to the Fayûm

depression and a lake, the precursor of the historical Mœris, was

formed. Subsequently, under climatic conditions similar to those of

to-day, the accumulation of Nile alluvium commenced within the wide

trough cut out in the older lake beds. Flood plains were formed on

either side of the river, and by successive deposits, at the rate of

about twelve centimetres a century, were built up to their present

level.

52. =Economic products.= Limestones for building and other purposes are

abundant in the Lower and Middle Eocene formations, though as a rule of

only medium quality. The chief quarries are those of Jebel Mokattam,

Tura, Heluan, Abu Foda, Harîdi, and el-Tarif. At Isawia, near Tahta, a

fine tough freshwater tufaceous limestone of Pleistocene age occurs, and

was largely used in the construction of the Assiut barrage. Clays of

good quality are not widely extended, though certain bands of the Esna

shales are very largely used near Qena in the manufacture of pottery.

For bricks the Nile alluvium is used throughout the country.

Sandstone is quarried for local purposes at J. Ahmar near Cairo and in

several localities in the south part of the country; it was formerly

extensively quarried at J. Ahmar for the temples of the Delta, at J.

Silsila for those of Upper Egypt, and at Girtassa, south of Assuân, for

the Nubian monuments. Although a fairly hard and good weather-resisting

stone when carefully selected, the frequent presence of soft uncemented

and clayey laminae gives it an unreliable character, and a good deal of

the decay of many of the ancient Egyptian monuments is attributable to

this cause.

Numerous rocks in the Red Sea Hills and the Nile Valley were worked in

Egyptian and Roman times for ornamental purposes; among them may be

specially mentioned the purple imperial porphyry of J. Dokhan, the green

breccia of Wadis Hammamat and Dib, the dolerite of Wadi Esh, and the

hornblende granite of the first cataract. In modern times local granite

was used throughout the Assuân dam and an Oligocene basalt is quarried

at Abu Zabel and used for road-metal in the capital and other towns.

Old workings and mining camps are of common occurrence in many parts of

the Eastern Desert and there is no doubt that considerable quantities of

gold were extracted by convict labour. The quartz lodes traverse not

only the metamorphic rocks but also some of the granites. Iron

(hematite, limonite), copper (chrysocolla, copper pyrites) and lead

(galena) bearing veins also occur, and turquoise, jasper and chrysolite

are found in certain localities. Petroleum and sulphur occur sparsely

near J. Zeit, and gypsum in large quantities in many parts of the

country.

Phosphate deposits in the form of accumulations of bones, teeth and

coprolites of fish in compact beds, have a wide distribution in the

Eastern Desert, the Nile Valley and the southern oases, though these

beds have not yet received the attention their importance deserves.

Better known are the nitrate bearing clays which are so highly valued

and largely used by the fellahin throughout the country. The chief

horizons are the Esna shales and the underlying cretaceous clays, but

disintegrated clays of every age are worked throughout the country,

though their nitrate content may be very low and their salt content

high; more prized still is the material from the middens marking the

sites of ancient towns.

Natron (carbonate of soda) and salt are associated in considerable

quantities in Wadi Natrun, and the latter is widely distributed in

limited quantities throughout the country, the main supply being however

obtained by evaporation from the shore lagoons along the coast of the

delta. Rock salt of fine quality occurs in many localities, notably in

the Eocene limestones three to four days east of Assiut.

APPENDICES

TABLES PAGES

A. I. Areas of the catchment basins of the Nile 119

B. II. Slopes of the Nile in its different reaches 120

C. III and IV. Velocities of the Nile in its different

reaches 121

D. V to X. Distances of places on the Nile from each

other 123

E. XI and XII. Details of observed discharges 129

F. XIII to XXIII. Observed discharges referred to gauges 131

G. XXIV. Mean discharges of the Nile tributaries in

1902, 1903 and 1904 139

H. XXV. Maximum and minimum discharges in 1902 and

1903 141

I. XXVI. Monthly discharges at Khartoum, Assuân and

Cairo 142

J. XXVII to XL. Discharge tables for the different gauges on

the Nile 143

K. XLI to LII. Detailed information about the Nile, Assuân

to Cairo 153

L. LIII to LXIX. Gauges of the Nile and its tributaries 167

M. LXX and LXXI. Assuân and Cairo gauges, metres corresponding

to pics 209

N. LXXII and LXXIII. Table converting cubic metres per day to cubic

metres per second and vice versa 211

P. LXXIV. Bombay rainfall referred to the Assuân gauge 213

Q. LXXV to LXXXI. Meteorological data in the Nile Valley 214

N.B.--In Appendix L, the gauges are recorded in two different methods.

If the fall or rise of water surface is gradual throughout the year, the

gauges are recorded in five daily intervals. If, on the other hand, the

rise and fall is gradual for the first four and last three months of the

year, but the changes are abrupt in the remaining five months, the

gauges are recorded in five daily intervals for seven months and daily

for five months.

Appendix A.

TABLE I.--_Areas of Catchment Basins of the Nile._

=========================================+===========================

River. | AREA IN SQUARE KILOMETRES

+-------+---------+---------

| Area. | Total. | Grand

| | | Total.

-----------------------------------------+-------+---------+---------

Victoria Nile at Ripon Falls |244,000| 244,000| ...

Additional area drained into Lake Albert |135,000| ... | ...

Albert Nile at outlet of Lake Albert | ... | 379,000| ...

Albert Nile from Albert Lake to Gondokoro| 94,000| ... | ...

Albert Nile at Gondokoro | ... | 473,000| ...

Albert Nile, Gondokoro to above Sobat | | |

mouth |202,000| ... | ...

Gazelle River |240,000| ... | ...

Arab River |231,000| ... | ...

+-------+ |

|673,000| |

| | |

Albert Nile above Sobat River mouth | ... |1,136,000| ...

Saubat River |156,000| ... | ...

White Nile below Sobat River mouth | ... |1,292,000| ...

White Nile, Sobat River to Khartoum |393,000| ... | ...

White Nile at Khartoum | ... |1,685,000|1,685,000

Blue Nile in Abyssinian Hills and foot | | |

hills |247,000| ... | ...

Blue Nile foot hills to Khartoum | 53,000| ... | ...

Total Blue Nile | ... | 300,000| ...

| | |

Nile at Khartoum | ... | ... |1,985,000

Nile between Khartoum and Atbara | | |

junction | 54,000| ... | ...

Nile above Atbara junction | ... | ... |2,049,000

Atbara River in Abyssinian hills and foot| | |

hills |131,000| ... | ...

Atbara River foothills to mouth |106,000| ... | ...

Total Atbara River | ... | 237,000| ...

| | |

Nile below Atbara junction | ... | ... |2,286,000

Lybian Desert from Atbara junction | | |

to Sea |335,000| ... | ...

Arabian Desert from Atbara junction | | |

to Sea |386,000| ... | ...

Total Desert Area | ... | 721,000| ...

| | |

Nile from its sources to its mouths | ... | ... |3,007,000

| | +---------

| | |3,007,000

=========================================+=======+=========+=========

Appendix B.

TABLE II.--_Slope of the Nile in flood from the Ripon Falls to the Sea._

===========+================+===============+========+=======+========

| | | in | in |

-----------+----------------+---------------+--------+-------+--------

Nile |Ripon Falls |Kakoji | 64 | 57 |¹⁄₁₂₀₀

„ |Kakoji |Fowera | 237 | 12 |¹⁄₂₀₀₀₀

„ |Fowera |Murchison Falls| 68 | 377 |¹⁄₁₈₀

„ |Murchison | | | |

|Falls |Lake Albert | 30 | 3 |¹⁄₁₀₀₀₀

Albert Nile|Lake Albert |Dufile | 218 | 8 |¹⁄₂₅₀₀₀

„ |Dufile |Fort Berkeley | 155 | 223 |¹⁄₇₀₀

„ |Fort Berkeley |Bôr | 206 | 18 |¹⁄₁₂₀₀₀

„ |Bôr |Gaba Shamba | 196 | 10 |¹⁄₂₀₀₀₀

„ |Gaba Shamba |Lake Nô | 380 | 16 |¹⁄₂₅₀₀₀

„ |Lake Nô |Sobat | 134 | 2 |¹⁄₇₅₀₀₀

| |Khartum | 538 | 11 |¹⁄₅₀₀₀₀

„ |300 kilom. | | | |

|Khartum |Khartum | 300 | 3 |¹⁄₁₀₀₀₀₀

The Nile. |Khartum |Shabluka | 86 | 5 |¹⁄₁₇₀₀₀

| |6th Cataract | 18 | 6 |¹⁄₃₀₀₀

„ |6th Cataract |5th Cataract | 285 | 17 |¹⁄₁₇₀₀₀

| | „ | 160 | 55 |¹⁄₃₀₀₀

„ |5th Cataract |4th Cataract | 97 | 9 |¹⁄₁₁₀₀₀

| | „ | 110 | 49 |¹⁄₂₂₅₀

„ |4th Cataract |3rd Cataract | 313 | 26 |¹⁄₁₂₀₀₀

| | „ | 80 | 11 |¹⁄₇₂₅₀

„ |3rd Cataract |2nd Cataract | 110 | 17 |¹⁄₆₅₀₀

| | „ | 200 | 66 |¹⁄₃₀₀₀

„ |Wadi Haifa |1st Cataract | 345 | 28 |¹⁄₁₂₅₀₀

| | „ | 5 | 6 |¹⁄₈₀₀

„ |Assuân |Barrage | 964 | 75·4|¹⁄₁₃₀₀₀

| |Sea | 236 | 18·6|¹⁄₁₂₅₀₀

| | +--------+-------+--------

| | | 5535 | 1129 | ¹⁄₅₀₀₀

===========+================+===============+========+=======+========

Appendix C.

TABLE III.--_Velocity of the Nile in its different reaches._

============+===============+===============+========+==============+

of | | | in | IN METRES |

| | | metres.+------+-------+

| | | | in |in low |

------------+---------------+---------------+--------+------+-------+

Nile. |Ripon Falls |Kakoji | 64 | 1·2 | 1·2 |

„ |Kakoji |Lake Choga | 47 | ·7 | ·6 |

| | | | | |

| Lake Choga | 80 | .. | .. |

| | | | | |

„ |Lake Choga |Fowera | 110 | ·7 | ·6 |

„ |Fowera |Murchison Falls| 68 | 1·2 | 1·2 |

„ |Murchison Falls|Lake Albert | 30 | ·9 | ·7 |

| | | | | |

| Lake Albert | 10 | .. | .. |

| | | | | |

Albert Nile.|Lake Albert |Dufile | 218 | ·7 | ·6 |

„ |Dufile |Fort Berkeley | 155 | ·9 | ·7 |

„ |Fort Berkeley |Bôr | 206 | 1·2 | ·9 |

„ |Bôr |Gaba Shamba | 196 | ·9 | ·7 |

„ |Gaba Shamba |Lake Nô | 380 | ·6 | ·6 |

„ |Lake Nô |Sobat | 134 | ·35 | ·35 |

| |of Khartum. | 538 | ·6 | ·35 |

„ |300 kil. South | | | | |

|of Khartum. |Khartum | 300 | ·35 | ·35 |

The Nile. |Khartum |Shabluka | 86 | 1·6 | ·8 |

„ | 6th Cataract | 18 | 2·3 | ·8 |

„ |6th Cataract--5th Cataract | 285 | 1·6 | ·8 |

„ | 5th Cataract | 160 | 2·3 | 1·2 |

„ |5th Cataract--4th Cataract | 97 | 1·75 | ·85 |

„ | 4th Cataract | 110 | 2·3 | 1·2 |

„ |4th Cataract--3rd Cataract | 313 | 1·75 | ·85 |

„ | 3rd Cataract | 80 | 2·1 | 1·0 |

„ |3rd Cataract--2nd Cataract | 110 | 2·1 | 1·0 |

„ | 2nd Cataract | 200 | 2·3 | 1·2 |

„ |Wady Haifa--1st Cataract | 345 | 1·75 | ·85 |

„ | 1st Cataract | 5 | 2·3 | 1·2 |

„ |Assuân--Barrage | 964 | 1·75 | ·85 |

Branch.| Barrage--Mediterranean Sea | 236 | 1·75 | ·85 |

============+===============================+========+======+=======+

============+===============+===============+========+==============+

of | | | in |IN KILOMETRES |

| | | metres.+------+-------+

| | | | in |in low |

------------+---------------+---------------+--------+------+-------+

Nile. |Ripon Falls |Kakoji | 64 | 100 | 100 |

„ |Kakoji |Lake Choga | 47 | 60 | 50 |

| | | | | |

| Lake Choga | 80 | .. | .. |

| | | | | |

„ |Lake Choga |Fowera | 110 | 60 | 50 |

„ |Fowera |Murchison Falls| 68 | 100 | 100 |

„ |Murchison Falls|Lake Albert | 30 | 80 | 60 |

| | | | | |

| Lake Albert | 10 | .. | .. |

| | | | | |

Albert Nile.|Lake Albert |Dufile | 218 | 60 | 50 |

„ |Dufile |Fort Berkeley | 155 | 80 | 60 |

„ |Fort Berkeley |Bôr | 206 | 100 | 75 |

„ |Bôr |Gaba Shamba | 196 | 80 | 60 |

„ |Gaba Shamba |Lake Nô | 380 | 50 | 50 |

„ |Lake Nô |Sobat | 134 | 30 | 30 |

| |of Khartum. | 538 | 50 | 30 |

„ |300 kil. South | | | | |

|of Khartum. |Khartum | 300 | 30 | 30 |

The Nile. |Khartum |Shabluka | 86 | 140 | 70 |

„ | 6th Cataract | 18 | 200 | 100 |

„ |6th Cataract--5th Cataract | 285 | 140 | 70 |

„ | 5th Cataract | 160 | 200 | 100 |

„ |5th Cataract--4th Cataract | 97 | 150 | 75 |

„ | 4th Cataract | 110 | 200 | 100 |

„ |4th Cataract--3rd Cataract | 313 | 150 | 75 |

„ | 3rd Cataract | 80 | 180 | 90 |

„ |3rd Cataract--2nd Cataract | 110 | 180 | 90 |

„ | 2nd Cataract | 200 | 200 | 100 |

„ |Wady Haifa--1st Cataract | 345 | 150 | 75 |

„ | 1st Cataract | 5 | 200 | 100 |

„ |Assuân--Barrage | 964 | 150 | 75 |

Branch.| Barrage--Mediterranean Sea | 236 | 150 | 75 |

============+===============================+========+======+=======+

============+===============+===============+========+================

Name | From | To |Distance| TIME IN WHICH

of | | | in | THE WATER

River. | | | kilo- |TRAVELS IN DAYS.

| | | metres.+------+---------

| | | | in | in low

------------+---------------+---------------+--------+------+---------

Nile. |Ripon Falls |Kakoji | 64 | ·7 | ·7

„ |Kakoji |Lake Choga | 47 | ·8 | ·9

| | | | |

| Lake Choga | 80 | .. | ..

| | | | |

„ |Lake Choga |Fowera | 110 | 1·8 | 2·2

„ |Fowera |Murchison Falls| 68 | ·7 | ·7

„ |Murchison Falls|Lake Albert | 30 | ·4 | ·5

| | | | |

| Lake Albert | 10 | .. | ..

| | | | |

Albert Nile.|Lake Albert |Dufile | 218 | 3·6 | 4·4

„ |Dufile |Fort Berkeley | 155 | 1·9 | 2·6

„ |Fort Berkeley |Bôr | 206 | 2·1 | 2·7

„ |Bôr |Gaba Shamba | 196 | 2·4 | 3·2

„ |Gaba Shamba |Lake Nô | 380 | 7·6 | 7·6

„ |Lake Nô |Sobat | 134 | 4·5 | 4·5

| |of Khartum. | 538 |10·7 | 17·9

„ |300 kil. South | | | |

|of Khartum. |Khartum | 300 |10·0 | 10·0

The Nile. |Khartum |Shabluka | 86 | ·6 | 1·2

„ | 6th Cataract | 18 | ·1 | ·2

„ |6th Cataract--5th Cataract | 285 | 2·0 | 4·1

„ | 5th Cataract | 160 | ·8 | 1·6

„ |5th Cataract--4th Cataract | 97 | ·6 | 1·3

„ | 4th Cataract | 110 | ·6 | 1·1

„ |4th Cataract--3rd Cataract | 313 | 2·1 | 4·2

„ | 3rd Cataract | 80 | ·4 | ·9

„ |3rd Cataract--2nd Cataract | 110 | ·6 | 1·2

„ | 2nd Cataract | 200 | 1·0 | 2·0

„ |Wady Haifa--1st Cataract | 345 | 2·3 | 4·6

„ | 1st Cataract | 5 | 0·02 | 0·05

„ |Assuân--Barrage | 964 | 6·4 | 13·0

Rosetta | | | |

Branch.| Barrage--Mediterranean Sea | 236 | 1·6 | 2·2

============+===============================+========+======+=========

TABLE IV.--_Time water travels along the Nile._

=============+===========+==================+===========

From | To | DAYS | Distance

| +------+-----------+ in

| | in | in |kilometres.

| |flood.|low supply.|

-------------+-----------+------+-----------+-----------

Lake Victoria|Lake Choga | 2 | 2 | 111

Lake Choga | .. | .. | 80

Lake Choga |Lake Albert| 3 | 3 | 209

Lake Albert | .. | .. | 9

Lake Albert |Gondokoro | 6 | 7 | 403

Gondokoro |Sobat | 16 | 18 | 885

Sobat |Khartum | 21 | 28 | 838

Khartum |Assuan | 11 | 22 | 1,804

Assuan |Cairo | 6 | 12 | 945

-------------+-----------+------+-----------+-----------

Lake Albert |Cairo | 60 | 87 | 4,875

=============+===========+======+===========+===========

Appendix D.

DISTANCE FROM THE SEA TO CAIRO, CAIRO TO ASSUAN, ASSUAN TO KHARTUM,

KHARTUM TO GONDOKORO AND GONDOKORO TO THE RIPON FALLS, AND BACK.

TABLES V AND VI.--_Distances in kilometres from the Barrage to the sea

down the Damietta and Rosetta branches, and vice-versa, measured on the

steamer track or Deep Channel in kilometres._

========================+========+========

Name of Place. |Distance|Distance

| from | from

|Barrage.| Sea.

------------------------+--------+--------

=Damietta Branch.=

Birshams | 23 | 213

Benha | 51 | 185

Mitbera | 62 | 174

Zifta | 88 | 148

Samanûd | 124 | 112

Mansurah | 142 | 94

Sherbin | 168 | 68

Ras el Khalig (Station) | 182 | 54

Mit Abu Ghaleb | 194 | 42

Faraskur | 203 | 33

Damietta | 221 | 15

Sea | 236 | 0

========================+========+========

Name of Place. |Distance|Distance

| from | from

|Barrage.| Sea.

------------------------+--------+--------

=Rosetta Branch.=

Ashmun | 23 | 213

Geres | 31 | 205

Khatatbeh | 45 | 191

Gizaï | 63 | 173

Tenoub | 95 | 141

Kafr Zayat | 119 | 117

Kuddabah | 140 | 96

Shibrakhit | 154 | 82

Dessouk | 168 | 68

Fuah | 181 | 55

Atfé | 184 | 52

Rosetta | 221 | 15

Sea | 236 | 0

========================+========+========

TABLE VII.--_Distances in kilometres from Barrage to Assuan and back in

kilometres measured on the steamer track or Deep Channel.--Upper-Egypt._

===========================+========+========+===========

Name of Place. |Distance|Distance|

| from | from |

|Barrage.| Assuan.|

---------------------------+--------+--------+-----------

Barrage | 0 | 968 |

Kasr El Nil (Bridge)--Cairo| 23 | 945 |

Rodah gauge | 27 | 941 |

Badreshen | 46 | 922 |

Aiyat | 73 | 895 |

Wastah | 108 | 860 |

Beni Suef | 143 | 825 |

Maghagha | 199 | 769 |

Minieh | 268 | 700 |

Rodah | 308 | 660 |

Derüt Escape | 340 | 628 |

Manfalut | 377 | 591 |

Asyut | 420 | 548 |

Sohag | 520 | 448 |

Girga | 561 | 407 |

Baliyana | 579 | 389 |

Dishna | 665 | 303 |

Kena | 685 | 283 |

Luxor | 749 | 219 |

Armant | 768 | 200 |

Esna | 807 | 161 |

Edfou | 859 | 109 |

Gebel Silsila | 898 | 70 |

Kom Ombo | 925 | 43 |

Assuan | 968 | 0 |

===========================+========+========+===========

TABLE VIII.--_Distances in kilometres from Assuân to Khartoum and back._

================+========+=========+===========

Name of Place. |Distance|Distance |

| from | from |

| Assuan.|Khartoum.|

----------------+--------+---------+-----------

Assuan (Shellal)| 0 | 1804 |

Kalabsha | 57 | 1747 |

Dekka | 109 | 1695 |

Korosko | 187 | 1617 |

Der | 209 | 1595 |

Ibrim | 229 | 1575 |

Toski | 251 | 1553 |

Abu Simbel | 283 | 1521 |

Wadi Haifa | 345 | 1459 |

Kaibar | 663 | 1141 |

Hannek | 735 | 1069 |

Dongola | 795 | 1009 |

Abu Hamed | 1255 | 549 |

Berber | 1460 | 344 |

Atbara | 1484 | 320 |

Shendy | 1621 | 183 |

Shabluka | 1700 | 104 |

Khartoum | 1804 | 0 |

================+========+=========+===========

TABLE IX.--_Distances in kilometres from Khartoum to Gondokoro and

back._

==============+=========+==========+===========

Name of Place.|Distance | Distance |

| from | from |

|Khartoum.|Gondokoro.|

--------------+---------+----------+-----------

Khartoum | 0 | 1723 |

Duem | 201 | 1522 |

Abou Zeid | 336 | 1387 |

Gebelain | 384 | 1339 |

Kaka | 639 | 1084 |

Kodok | 747 | 976 |

Tewfikieh | 830 | 893 |

Sobat | 838 | 885 |

Mouth of Zeraf| 886 | 837 |

Lake No | 972 | 751 |

Hillet Nuer | 1177 | 546 |

Sudd Block 15 | 1218 | 505 |

Gaba Shambe | 1352 | 371 |

Bor | 1548 | 175 |

Lado | 1711 | 12 |

Gondokoro | 1723 | 0 |

==============+=========+==========+===========

TABLE X.--_Distances in kilometres from Gondokoro to Ripon Falls and

back._

===============+==========+============+===========

| Distance | Distance |

Name of Place. | from | from |

|Gondokoro.|Ripon Falls.|

---------------+----------+------------+-----------

Gondokoro | 0 | 803 |

Fort Berkeley | 31 | 772 |

Dufile | 186 | 617 |

Wadelai | 331 | 472 |

Lake Albert | 403 | 400 |

Murchison Falls| 434 | 369 |

Fowera | 501 | 302 |

Mruli | 611 | 192 |

Lake Choga | 691 | 112 |

Kakogi | 739 | 64 |

Ripon Falls | 803 | 0 |

===============+==========+============+===========

TABLE XI.--_Distances from Khartoum to Rosaires and back along the Blue

Nile._

==============+=========+=========+===========

| Distance| Distance|

Name of Place.| from | from |

|Khartoum.|Rosaires.|

--------------+---------+---------+-----------

Khartoum | 0 | 615 |

Kamlin | 98 | 517 |

Rufaa | 151 | 464 |

Abu-Haraz | 188 | 427 |

Rahad mouth | 190 | 425 |

Wad-Medani | 198 | 417 |

Dinder mouth | 265 | 350 |

Sennaar | 343 | 272 |

Karkoj | 462 | 153 |

Rosaires | 615 | 0 |

==============+=========+=========+===========

Appendix E

TABLE XII.--_Details of observed discharges from Sir W. Garstin’s report

on the Basin of the Upper Nile._

=============+===============+======+=======+======+========+=========

| | | | of | metres | m³

| | | | Sec- | per | per

-------------+---------------+------+-------+------+--------+---------

|Falls | ·51 |22·1·03|2312·0| 0·237 | 548·0

|Murchison Falls| .. |20·3·03| 894·4| 0·65 | 577·0

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

Ruizi | .. | .. | 6·2·03| 9·0| 1·22 | 11·0

Nyam Gasha | .. | .. |16·2·03| 8·9| 0·55 | 4·9

Lukoku | .. | .. |24·2·03| 5·4| 0·53 | 2·8

Mbuku | .. | .. |25·2·03| 6·1| 1·16 | 7·1

Hima | .. | .. |25·2·03| 1·1| 0·70 | 0·7

Ruimi | .. | .. |26·2·03| 5·8| 0·74 | 4·3

Mpangu | .. | .. |26·2·03| 3·0| 0·88 | 2·6

Msisi | .. | .. | 9·3·03| 6·7| 0·40 | 2·7

Ngusi | .. | .. |12·3·03| 12·5| 0·50 | 6·2

Kagera | .. | .. |26·2·03| 412·0| 0·35 | 143·0

|Lake Edward | .. |18·2·03| 130·0| 0·70 | 90·0

„ |Inlet of | | | | |

|Lake Albert | .. | 4·3·03| 121·0| 0·96 | 116·0

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

Umi | .. | .. |22·3·03| 15·1| 1·20 | 12·3

Asua | .. | .. |28·3·03| 18·7| 0·58 | 10·8

Kit | .. | .. | ..| ..| .. | 0

Albert Nile |Wadeiai | ·52 |22·3·03| 770·9| 0·84 | 646·0

„ |Gondokoro | ·18 |28·3·01| 779·0| 0·73 | 566·0

„ | „ | ·84 | 9·9·02|1033·0| 0·93 | 960·0

„ | „ | ·50 | 1·4·03| 615·0| 1·07 | 641·0

„ | „ | 2·33 | 9·9·03|1347·0| 1·37 | 1847·0

„ | „ | ·84 |14·5·04| ..| .. | 1138·0

„ |Mongalla | | | | |

„ |(north of | | | | |

|Gondokoro) | .. |14·9·03|1487·0| 1·44 | 2046·0

„ |Bôr | .. |16·9·03| 770·0| 1·14 | 888·0

„ | „ | 2·03 |12·5·04| ..| .. | 813·0

„ |North of Gaba- | .. | 4·9·02| 498·0| 0·80 | 398·0

„ |Shamba | .. |18·9·03| 669·0| 0·80 | 532·0

„ |Hillet Nûr | .. | 1·9·03| 478·0| 0·78 | 375·0

„ | „ | .. |13·4·03| 392·0| 0·88 | 346·0

„ |North of | | | | |

|Hillet-Nûr | .. | 1·4·01| 485·0| 0·54 | 262·0

„ | „ | .. | 2·9·02| 511·0| 0·65 | 333·0

„ |South of Lake | | | | |

|Nô | .. |14·4·00| 262·0| 0·84 | 219·0

„ | „ | .. |14·4·03| 424·0| 0·71 | 285·0

„ | „ | .. |31·8·03| 441·0| 0·72 | 318·0

„ | „ | .. |22·5·04| ..| .. | 302·0

|mouth | .. |30·8·03| 52·0| 0·23 | 12·0

„ |32 „ | .. |21·9·03| 104·0| 0·19 | 20·0

„ |33 „ | .. | 2·4·01| 149·0| 0·18 | 27·0

„ |33 „ | .. |31·8·02| 86·0| 0·17 | 15·0

„ |50 „ | .. |15·4·03| 200·0| 0·20 | 23·0

„ |51 „ | .. | 1·4·00| 161·0| 0·21 | 34·0

Bahr El Zeraf|8 „ | .. |22·9·02| 240·0| 0·40 | 97·0

„ |14 „ | .. |29·8·03| 180·0| 0·61 | 110·0

„ |19 „ | .. | 3·4·01| 138·0| 0·24 | 33·0

„ |20 „ | .. |16·4·03| 179·0| 0·30 | 50·0

„ |20 „ | .. |22·9·03| 232·0| 0·66 | 158·0

„ |96 „ | .. |25·3·00| 91·0| 0·35 | 32·0

|junction | .. |30·8·02| 813·0| 0·41 | 336·0

„ | „ | .. |22·9·02|1054·0| 0·40 | 419·0

„ | „ | .. |22·9·03|1034·0| 0·44 | 450·0

„ | „ | .. |16·4·03| 710·0| 0·49 | 349·0

|mouth | 3·16 |26·9·03|1030·0| 0·87 | 895·0

„ |25 „ | 2·70 |26·8·03| ..| .. | 769·0

„ |40 „ | ·10 |17·4·03| 414·0| 0·12 | 45·0

„ |45 „ | .. | 6·4·01| 401·0| 0·22 | 87·0

White Nile |Tewfikia | .. | 6·4·01|1081·0| 0·28 | 381·0

„ | „ | ·24 |17·4·03|1068·0| 0·35 | 368·0

„ | „ | 2·65 |26·8·03|2174·0| 0·54 | 1046·0

„ | „ | 3·38 |26·9·03|2332·0| 0·56 | 1304·0

„ | „ | .. |25·9·02|1983·0| 0·66 | 1272·0

|Tsana | .. |31·1·03| 65·0| 0·64 | 41·8

=============+===============+======+=======+======+========+=========

Appendix F.

TABLE XIII.--_Observed discharges of the Victoria Nile referred to the

Jinja gauge on Lake Victoria._

1903

==========+===============+================================+===========

Date of | Locality | GAUGE AT JINJA | Discharge

Discharge.| where taken. |----------+----------+----------+in metres³

----------+---------------+----------+----------+----------+-----------

22 January|Ripon Falls | ·51 | .. | .. | 548

|Murchison Falls| .. | ·66 | ·70 | 577

==========+===============+==========+==========+==========+===========

TABLE XIV.--_Observed discharges of the Albert Nile at Wadelai referred

to the Wadelai gauge._

1903

==========+======+===========+========

Date of |Gauge.| Discharge |Remarks.

Discharge.| |in metres³ |

| |per second.|

----------+------+-----------+--------

22 March | ·52 | 646 |

==========+======+===========+========

TABLE XV.--_Observed discharges of the Albert Nile referred to the

Mongalla gauge._

1903

======+======+========+==========================================+=======

Loca- |Kilo- | Date. | MONGALLA GAUGE (32 kilom. north of | Dis-

lity. |metres| | Gondokoro) |charge

| from | +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-------+----+ m³ per

|Gondo-| | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | day | 1 |second.

| | | be- | be- | be- | be- | be- | dis- | af-|

------+------+--------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-------+----+-------

Gondo-| 0 | 1 April| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| 0·83 |0·83| 693

koro | | | | | | | | | | [9]

| | 9 Sep- | 2·73| 2·85| 2·90| 3·02| 3·16| 3·14 |3·08| 1985

| |tember | | | | | | | | [10]

Mon- | 32 |14 Sep- | 3·14| 3·08| 2·90| 2·84| 2·82| 2·82 |2·82| 2046

Der- | 156 |16 Sep- | 2·90| 2·84| 2·82| 2·82| 2·82| 2·84 |2·92| 888

Dem | | | | | | | | | |

North | 415 |18 Sep- | 2·82| 2·82| 2·82| 2·84| 2·92| 3·06 |3·12| 532

of | |tember | | | | | | | |

Hillet| 538 | 1 Sep- | 2·52| 2·52| ? | ? | ? | 2·52 |2·45| 375

Nur | |tember | | | | | | | |

Hillet| 542 |13 April| 0·87| 0·89| 0·90| 0·90| 0·87| 0·88 |0·88| 331

Nur | | | | | | | | | |

South | 741 |14 April| 0·89| 0·90| 0·90| 0·87| 0·88| 0·88 |0·89| 285

of | | | | | | | | | |

No | | | | | | | | | |

South | 742 |31 Au- | 2·49| 2·52| 2·52| ? | ? | ? |2·52| 318

of | |gust | | | | | | | |

No | | | | | | | | | |

1904

Gondo-| |14 May | 1·89| 1·89| 1·96| 2·03| 2·10| 2·03 |2·07| 1138

Bôr | 165 |12 May | 1·89| 1·89| 1·89| 1·89| 1·96| 2·03 |2·10| 813

South | 742 |22 May | 2·03| 2·03| 2·03| 2·07| 2·07| 2·17 |2·17| 302

of | | | | | | | | | |

No | | | | | | | | | |

[9] 641 + 52 for side channel.

[10] 1847 + 138 for side channel.

TABLE XVI.--_Observed discharges of the Bahr El Gazelle referred to the

Tewfikia gauge on the White Nile._

============+===========================+=======+===========

Date | GAUGE | Dis- | Remarks.

of +------+------+------+------+charges|

discharge. | Day. | 1 | 2 | 3 | m³ |

| | day | days | days | per |

------------+------+------+------+------+-------+-----------

21 September| 3·31 | 3·33 | 3·35 | 3·36 | 20 |

30 August | 2·74 | 2·75 | 2·76 | 2·77 | 12 |

============+======+======+======+======+=======+===========

TABLE XVII.--_Observed discharges of the Bahr El Zeraf referred to the

Tewfikia gauge on the White Nile._

1903

==============+==============================+===========+==========

Date | GAUGE |Discharge | Remarks.

of discharge. +-----------+-------+----------+ m³ |

| 1 | Day. | 1 |per second.|

--------------+-----------+-------+----------+-----------+----------

16 April | 0·24 | 0·24 | 0·24 | 50 |

22 September | 3·31 | 3·33 | 3·35 | 158 |

8 May | 0·25 | 0·26 | 0·26 | 61 |

29 August | 2·68 | 2·70 | 2·72 | 110 |App. gauge

1904

23 May | 1·35 | 1·38 | 1·40 | 124 |

==============+===========+=======+==========+===========+==========

TABLE XVIII.--_Observed discharges of the Albert Nile above the Sobat

junction referred to the Tewfikia gauge._

1903

=============+=================================+===========

Date | GAUGE |Discharge

of discharge.+-----------+----------+----------+ m³

| 1 | day. | 1 |per second.

|day before.| |day after.|

-------------+-----------+----------+----------+-----------

16 April | ·24 | ·24 | ·24 | 349

22 September | 3·31 | 3·33 | 3·35 | 450

=============+===========+==========+==========+===========

TABLE XIX.--_Observed discharges of the Sobat River referred to the

Dulaib Hilla gauge._

1903

=============+===========+==========+==========+===========

17 April | .. | ·10 | .. | 45

26 August | 2·70 | 2·71 | 2·74 | 769

26 September | 3·16 | 3·17 | 3·19 | 895

=============+===========+==========+==========+===========

TABLE XX.--_Observed discharges of the White Nile just below the Sobat

junction referred to the Tewfikia gauge._

1903

=============+===========+=========+==========+============

17 April | ·24 | ·24 | ·24 | 381

26 August | 2·64 | 2·65 | 2·66 | 1046

26 September | 3·37 | 3·38 | 3·40 | 1304

=============+===========+=========+==========+============

TABLE XXI.--_Observed discharges of the White Nile at Duem referred to

the Duem and Khartoum gauges._

===========+======+==================================+=========

Date. | Duem | KHARTOUM GAUGES |Discharge

|Gauge | | cubic

| - +-------+-------+-------+----------+ metres

-----------+------+-------+-------+-------+----------+---------

| | | | | |

1902 | | | | | |

| | | | | |

May 13 | ·51 | -·06 | -·07 | -·04 | -·04 | 347

June 11 | ·95 | ·76 | ·75 | ·77 | ·84 | 650

July 8 | 1·42 | 1·70 | 1·70 | 1·85 | 2·03 | 788

August 5 | 2·20 | 3·52 | 3·62 | 3·71 | 3·79 | 867

September 2| 3·48 | 5·30 | 5·30 | 5·20 | 5·20 | 330

October 1 | 3·50 | 5·03 | 5·06 | 5·16 | 5·14 | 870

October 28 | 2·50 | 3·35 | 3·30 | 3·23 | 3·16 | 802

December 1 | 2·00 | 2·11 | 2·10 | 2·08 | 2·06 | 930

December 29| 2·04 | 1·54 | 1·50 | 1·48 | 1·45 | 1518

| | | | | |

1903 | | | | | |

| | | | | |

January 27 | 1·12 | 0·90 | 0·87 | 0·84 | 0·83 | 663

February 24| 0·86 | 0·36 | 0·32 | 0·29 | 0·28 | 462

March 24 | 0·46 | 0·02 | 0·01 | 0·01 | 0·02 | 559

April 21 | 0·38 | -0·14 | -0·12 | -0·12 | -0·16 | 415

May 19 | 0·38 | -0·26 | -0·23 | -0·21 | -0·19 | 447

June 16 | 1·09 | 1·41 | 1·56 | 1·65 | 1·75 | 658

July 1 | 1·31 | 1·61 | 1·54 | 1·54 | 1·54 | 884

„ 14 | 1·71 | 2·55 | 2·58 | 2·75 | 2·80 | 835

August 4 | 2·46 | 3·50 | 3·80 | 4·05 | 4·40 | 768

„ 11 | 3·28 | 4·95 | 5·06 | 5·06 | 5·10 | 579

„ 18 | 3·70 | 5·55 | 5·70 | 5·80 | 5·70 | 534

„ 23 | 4·08 | 5·80 | 5·90 | 5·95 | 6·00 | 654

„ 28 | 4·18 | 6·03 | 6·08 | 6·00 | 6·05 | 710

September 2| 4·33 | 6·15 | 6·28 | 6·24 | 6·30 | 571

„ 7 | 4·43 | 6·20 | 6·20 | 6·15 | 6·12 | 737

„ 12 | 4·46 | 6·24 | 6·14 | 6·15 | 6·05 | 653

„ 18 | 4·40 | 5·86 | 5·95 | 5·88 | 5·88 | 840

„ 24 | 4·28 | 5·95 | 6·00 | 6·10 | 6·10 | 763

October 7 | 3·93 | 5·57 | 5·40 | 5·32 | 5·10 | 1588

November 3 | 3·11 | 3·90 | 3·85 | 3·75 | 3·65 | 1563

„ 24 | 2·44 | 2·65 | 2·63 | 2·63 | 2·60 | 1665

December 8 | 2·06 | 2·30 | 2·28 | 2·20 | 2·15 | 1462

„ 22 | 1·80 | 1·90 | 1·90 | 1·88 | 1·88 | 1403

| | | | | |

1904 | | | | | |

| | | | | |

January 6 | 1·66 | 1·78 | 1·78 | 1·78 | 1·75 | 1508

„ 20 | 1·54 | 1·48 | 1·48 | 1·48 | 1·55 | 1466

===========+======+=======+=======+=======+==========+=========

TABLE XXII.--_Observed discharges of the Blue Nile at Khartoum referred

to the Wad-Medani and Khartoum gauges._

1902

============+==========================+=======+=========+=========

Date | WAD MEDANI GAUGES | Dis- | |

of +-------+-------+----------+charge | |

------------+-------+-------+----------+-------+---------+---------

9 May | ·39 | ·39 | ·37 | 184 | -0·05 |

23 „ | ·71 | ·61 | ·65 | 194 | 0·16 |

6 June | 2·07 | 2·03 | 1·97 | 604 | 0·76 |

20 „ | 2·97 | 3·27 | 3·39 | 695 | 1·06 |

27 „ | 3·04 | 3·89 | 4·29 | 837 | 1·30 |

4 July | 3·80 | 3·70 | 3·80 | 1032 | 1·75 |

11 „ | 4·56 | 4·38 | 4·48 | 1453 | 2·07 |

18 „ | 4·80 | 5·10 | 5·20 | 1612 | 2·33 |

25 „ | 5·70 | 5·66 | 5·76 | 1885 | 2·64 |

1 August | 7·06 | 7·28 | 7·56 | 3420 | 3·34 |

8 „ | 8·56 | 8·76 | 8·86 | 4880 | 4·20 |

15 „ | 9·14 | 9·02 | 8·96 | 4720 | 4·50 |

22 „ | 10·08 | 10·00 | 9·66 | 5540 | 4·93 |

29 „ | 10·46 | 10·52 | 10·32 | 7180 | 5·34 |

5 September| 10·42 | 10·32 | 10·30 | 6580 | 5·27 |

12 „ | 10·40 | 10·28 | 10·60 | 5800 | 5·35 |

19 „ | 10·32 | 10·00 | 10·30 | 5760 | 5·30 |

26 „ | 10·00 | 10·10 | 9·90 | 4800 | 5·10 |

3 October | 9·94 | 9·88 | 9·70 | 4880 | 5·03 |

10 „ | 8·40 | 8·20 | 8·00 | 3250 | 3·45 |

17 „ | 7·38 | 7·48 | 7·40 | 2460 | 3·73 |

24 „ | 6·94 | 6·88 | 6·78 | 2030 | 3·40 |

31 „ | 6·18 | 6·14 | 6·04 | 1244 | 3·00 |

7 November | 5·66 | 5·60 | 5·50 | 1272 | 2·77 |

14 „ | 5·10 | 5·06 | 5·00 | 1035 | 2·48 |

21 „ | 4·74 | 4·74 | 4·70 | 802 | 2·23 |

28 „ | 4·56 | 4·54 | 4·46 | 787 | 2·11 |

5 December | 4·08 | 4·04 | 4·00 | 654 | 1·94 |

12 „ | 3·73 | 3·74 | 3·66 | 486 | 1·80 |

23 „ | 3·43 | 3·32 | 3·26 | 476 | 1·58 |

1903

2 January | 2·90 | 2·88 | 2·84 | 348 | 1·39 |

9 „ | 2·64 | 2·60 | 2·58 | 270 | 1·22 |

16 „ | 2·48 | 2·46 | 2·44 | 248 | 1·09 |

23 „ | 2·34 | 2·32 | 2·30 | 250 | 0·94 |

6 February | 2·06 | 2·04 | 2·04 | 226 | 0·60 |

20 „ | 1·86 | 1·84 | 1·84 | 152 | 0·39 |

6 March | 1·60 | 1·60 | 1·58 | 202 | 0·18 |

20 „ | 1·36 | 1·34 | 1·34 | 201 | 0·04 |

3 April | 1·24 | 1·20 | 1·20 | 132 |[=0]·12 |

17 „ | 1·08 | 1·04 | 1·04 | 154 |[=0]·16 |

1 May | 0·98 | 0·98 | 0·96 | 121 |[=0]·16 |

8 „ | 0·88 | 0·88 | 0·90 | Nil |[=0]·23 |

15 „ | 0·88 | 0·92 | 0·98 | „ |[=0]·26 |

22 „ | 1·40 | 1·66 | 1·70 | „ |[=0]·09 |

28 „ | 2·74 | 1·51 | 3·43 | 374 | 0·53 |

6 June | 4·05 | 3·61 | 3·65 | 970 | 1·40 |

19 „ | 4·70 | 4·62 | 4·52 | 1500 | 1·90 |

26 „ | 4·25 | 4·51 | 4·31 | 1089 | 1·58 |

3 July | 4·71 | 5·27 | 5·61 | 1314 | 1·78 |

10 „ | 6·45 | 6·55 | 6·67 | 1952 | 2·48 |

17 „ | 6·74 | 6·57 | 6·91 | 2267 | 2·75 |

24 „ | 7·97 | 7·81 | 7·87 | 3183 | 3·40 |

31 „ | 7·77 | 7·67 | 7·70 | 2870 | 3·45 |

5 August | 9·81 | 10·11 | 10·11 | 7584 | 4·60 |

10 „ | 10·15 | 9·99 | 9·89 | 7100 | 5·06 |

14 „ | 10·59 | 10·71 | 10·57 | 9340 | 5·65 |

21 „ | 10·49 | 10·73 | 10·71 | 9519 | 5·90 |

28 „ | 10·47 | 10·41 | 10·61 | 9544 | ? |

4 September| 10·68 | 10·44 | 10·40 | 8474 | 6·20 |

11 „ | 10·74 | 10·52 | 10·46 | 8385 | 6·15 |

18 „ | 9·94 | 9·92 | 9·96 | 7070 | 5·88 |

25 „ | 10·52 | 10·46 | 10·32 | 8965 | 6·08 |

2 October | 9·22 | 9·48 | 9·36 | 6581 | 5·53 |

9 „ | 9·14 | 9·04 | 8·64 | 5749 | 5·15 |

16 „ | 7·97 | 7·94 | 8·07 | 3812 | 4·45 |

23 „ | 8·90 | 8·64 | 8·54 | 4198 | 4·56 |

30 „ | 7·53 | 7·33 | 7·29 | 2893 | 4·00 |

6 November | 6·86 | 6·68 | 6·32 | 2275 | 3·50 |

13 „ | 6·00 | 5·90 | 5·70 | 1790 | 3·10 |

20 „ | 5·71 | 5·65 | 5·55 | 1456 | 2·65 |

4 December | 4·90 | 4·88 | 4·84 | 1102 | 2·35 |

18 „ | 4·36 | 4·30 | 4·28 | 789 | 1·90 |

25 „ | 3·90 | 3·88 | 3·84 | 722 | 1·88 |

1904

1 January | 3·60 | 3·66 | 3·64 | 604 | 1·80 |

15 „ | 3·40 | 3·38 | 3·36 | 488 | 1·59 |

============+=======+=======+==========+=======+=========+=========

TABLE XXIII.--_Observed discharges of the Atbara referred to the Khasm

El Girba gauge._

1903

============+=====================================+=======+=======

Date of | GAUGES | Dis- |REMARKS

Discharge. +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-------+charge |

| 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | Date | m³ |

|days |days |days | days| day | of | per |

| be- | be- | be- | be-| be- | dis- |second.|

------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-------+-------+-------

16 July | 2·65| 2·31| 2·10| 2·10| 2·65| 2·28 | 381 |

23 „ | 2·37| 2·55| 2·74| 2·83| 2·70| 2·70 | 538 |

27 „ | 2·70| 2·70| 3·00| 2·62| 2·53| 2·60 | 780 |

2 August | 2·76| 2·80| 3·29| 3·54| 4·21| 4·00 | 758 |

5 „ | 3·54| 4·21| 4·00| 3·56| 3·25| 3·35 | 1448 |

14 „ | 3·29| 3·72| 4·61| 4·37| 4·53| 4·60 | 2318 |

15 „ | 3·72| 4·61| 4·37| 4·53| 4·60| 4·85 | 2931 |

27 „ | 5·12| 4·82| 4·54| 4·35| 4·20| 4·80 | 2632 |

30 „ | 4·35| 4·20| 4·80| 4·55| 4·55| 4·75 | 3088 |

5 September| 4·45| 4·52| 4·52| 4·60| 4·70| 4·55 | 2822 |

12 „ | 4·58| 4·50| 4·15| 4·30| 3·89| 3·95 | 2091 |

18 „ | 3·80| 3·84| 3·71| 3·88| 4·36| 4·20 | 1672 |

25 „ | 4·12| 3·80| 4·45| 3·30| 3·25| 3·10 | 1267 |

28 „ | 3·30| 3·25| 3·10| 2·89| 3·42| 3·10 | 902 |

2 October | 3·42| 3·10| 3·13| 3·05| 2·88| 2·78 | 925 |

4 „ | 3·13| 3·05| 2·88| 2·78| 2·78| 2·90 | 754 |

5 „ | 3·05| 2·88| 2·78| 2·78| 2·90| 2·75 | 703 |

============+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=======+=======+=======

Appendix G.

TABLES GIVING MEAN MONTHLY DISCHARGES OF THE NILE AND ITS TRIBUTARIES

DURING 1902, 1903 AND 1904.

TABLE XXIV.--_Mean discharges of the Nile tributaries in cubic metres

per second at the various gauge stations in 1902, 1903, 1904._

1902

=========+=======+====================+=====+======+=====+========+

| Ripon |lai. | koro.| Sobat | app.| | Tew-| Khar- |

| | | | tion. | | | kia.| |

| | | | | | | | |

---------+-------+-----+------+-------+-----+------+-----+--------+

January | 510 | 620| 660 | .. | .. | .. | ..| 950 |

February | 510 | 580| 640 | .. | .. | .. | ..| 550 |

March | 500 | 570| 660 | .. | .. | .. | ..| 420 |

April | 530 | 540| 550 | .. | .. | .. | ..| 370 |

May | 560 | 560| 630 | .. | .. | .. | ..| 350 |

June | 550 | 550| 550 | .. | .. | .. | ..| 600 |

---------+-------+-----+------+-------+-----+------+-----+--------+

July | 530 | 560| 600 | .. | .. | .. | ..| 900 |

August | 520 | 580| 1000 |340 | .. | 570 | 910| 600[11]|

September| 510 | 610| 820 |420 | .. | 810 | 1230| 600[11]|

October | 490 | 640| 780 | .. | .. | .. | ..| 900 |

November | 500 | 710| 900 | .. | .. | .. | ..| 850 |

December | 490 | 740| 860 | .. | .. | .. | ..|1202 |

+-------+-----+------+-------+-----+------+-----+--------+

Year | 520 | 600| 720 | .. | .. | .. | ..| 690 |

---------+-------+-----+------+-------+-----+------+-----+--------+

1903

=========+=======+=====+======+=======+=====+======+=====+========+

January | 530 | 710| 760 |400 | 0 | 600 | 1000|1000 |

February | 610 | 680| 740 |370 | 0 | 230 | 600| 600 |

March | 630 | 660| 700 |350 | 0 | 130 | 480| 500 |

April | 650 | 640| 700 |360 | 0 | 40 | 400| 420 |

May | 740 | 670| 900 |390 | 0 | 100 | 490| 420 |

June | 800 | 710| 1020 |400 | 0 | 320 | 720| 600 |

+-------+-----+------+-------+-----+------+-----+--------+

July | 840 | 760| 1100 |410 | 10 | 410 | 820| 700[11]|

August | 790 | 820| 1600 |420 | 10 | 680 | 1100| 400[11]|

September| 730 | 870| 2100 |430 | 20 | 870 | 1300| 600[11]|

October | 770 | 970| 1900 |360 | 30 | 1040 | 1400|1700 |

November | 810 | 1040| 1700 |350 | 30 | 1080 | 1430|1600 |

December | 810 | 1060| 1200 |380 | 30 | 1080 | 1460|1450 |

+-------+-----+------+-------+-----+------+-----+--------+

Year | 730 | 800| 1200 |390 | 10 | 550 | 940| 830 |

---------+-------+-----+------+-------+-----+------+-----+--------+

1904

=========+=======+=====+======+=======+=====+======+=====+========+

January | .. | 1060| 1100 |460 | 30 | 770 | 1230|1200 |

February | .. | 1030| 1060 |430 | 20 | 230 | 660| 800 |

March | .. | 1000| 1020 |430 | 20 | 130 | 560| 520 |

April | .. | 1000| 1060 |430 | 10 | 100 | 530| 500 |

May | .. | ..| 1200 |430 | 0 | 160 | 590| 500 |

June | .. | ..| 1200 |400[11]| 0 | 290 | 690| 550 |

+-------+-----+------+-------+-----+------+-----+--------+

July | .. | ..| .. | .. | .. | .. | ..| .. |

August | .. | ..| .. | .. | .. | .. | ..| .. |

September| .. | ..| .. | .. | .. | .. | ..| .. |

October | .. | ..| .. | .. | .. | .. | ..| .. |

November | .. | ..| .. | .. | .. | .. | ..| .. |

December | .. | ..| .. | .. | .. | .. | ..| .. |

+-------+-----+------+-------+-----+------+-----+--------+

Year | .. | ..| .. | .. | .. | .. | ..| .. |

=========+=======+=====+======+=======+=====+======+=====+========+

1902

=========+=====+======+=======+============+=======+========

| at | | White,|1^{st} Jan.-| |

|Khar-| | Blue |1^{st} July.| |

| | | Atbara|1^{st} July-| |

| | |rivers.|1^{st} Jan. | |

---------+-----+------+-------+------------+-------+--------

January | 280| 0 | 1230 | 1100 | 1000 | 20

February | 240| 0 | 790 | 720 | 290 | 40

March | 190| 0 | 610 | 600 | 40 | 40

April | 190| 0 | 560 | 530 | 0 | 0

May | 180| 0 | 530 | 510 | 0 | 0

June | 600| 50 | 1250 | 550 | 0 | 0

---------+-----+------+-------+------------+-------+--------

July | 1500| 500 | 2900 | 1100 | 0 | 0

August | 5000| 1200 | 6300 | 3600 | 800 | 400

September| 6200| 1200 | 8000 | 6600 | 2600 | 400

October | 2800| 80 | 3780 | 4950 | 2500 | 1300

November | 1000| 0 | 1850 | 2400 | 1400 | 700

December | 500| 0 | 1700 | 1700 | 1600 | 140

+-----+------+-------+------------+-------+--------

Year | 1560| 250 | 2500 | 2030 | 850 | 340

---------+-----+------+-------+------------+-------+--------

1903

=========+=====+======+=======+============+=======+========

January | 300| 0 | 1300 | 1300 | 1300 | 20

February | 240| 0 | 840 | 880 | 500 | 20

March | 180| 0 | 680 | 620 | 100 | 30

April | 120| 0 | 540 | 480 | 0 | 0

May | 280| 0 | 700 | 440 | 0 | 0

June | 1200| 200 | 2000 | 630 | 0 | 0

+-----+------+-------+------------+-------+--------

July | 2500| 600 | 3800 | 1400 | 0 | 150

August | 8200| 2300 | 10900 | 5700 | 1500 | 300

September| 8200| 1500 | 10300 | 8600 | 3300 | 2000

October | 4500| 0 | 6200 | 6300 | 3500 | 2200

November | 1700| 0 | 3200 | 3400 | 2500 | 1600

December | 800| 0 | 2253 | 2000 | 1100 | 800

+-----+------+-------+------------+-------+--------

Year | 2350| 380 | 3560 | 2650 | 1150 | 590

---------+-----+------+-------+------------+-------+--------

1904

=========+=====+======+=======+============+=======+========

January | 500| 0 | 1700 | 1400 | 1000 | 580

February | 300| 0 | 1100 | 1300 | 850 | 110

March | 210| 0 | 730 | 850 | 110 | 250

April | 200| 0 | 700 | 650 | 0 | 80

May | 300| 0 | 800 | 600 | 0 | 10

June | 500| 50 | 1050 | 950 | 0 | 30

+-----+------+-------+------------+-------+--------

July | 2600| 800 | .. | 1100 | 30 | 80

August | 5500| 1100 | .. | 5900 | 2000 | 1000

September| ..| 700 | .. | .. | .. | ..

October | ..| .. | .. | .. | .. | ..

November | ..| .. | .. | .. | .. | ..

December | ..| .. | .. | .. | .. | ..

+-----+------+-------+------------+-------+--------

Year | ..| .. | .. | .. | .. | ..

=========+=====+======+=======+============+=======+========

[11] Blue Nile water flowing up the White Nile and decreasing the

normal discharge.

Appendix H

TABLE XXV.--_Minimum and Maximum Discharges of the Nile and its

tributaries in 1902 and 1903._

1902

=============+===========+===================+===================

Name of | Locality. | MINIMUM SUMMER | MAXIMUM FLOOD

River. | | DISCHARGE M³ | DISCHARGE M³

| | PER SECOND | PER SECOND

| +----------+--------+----------+--------

| | Date. | Dis- | Date. | Dis-

-------------+-----------+----------+--------+----------+--------

Victoria Nile|Ripon Falls|December | 480|May | 580

„ |Gondokoro |April 15th| 540|Aug. 24th | 1360

„ |Above Sobat| | | |

„ |Duem |May, 11th | 340|Dec. 29th | 1500

1903

„ |Gondokoro |April 10th| 680|Sept. 23rd| 2600

„ |Above Sobat|April | 430| | 430

„ |Duem |May 9th | 400|Nov. 15th | 1670

=============+===========+==========+========+==========+========

Appendix I.

TABLE XXVI.--_Table of mean monthly Discharges at Khartoum, Assuân and

Cairo, for the maximum, minimum and mean years._

=========+==================+==================+==================

Month | 1877-78 | 1878-79 | MEAN OF

| MINIMUM YEAR | MAXIMUM YEAR | 20 YEARS

+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+------

| at | | | at | | | at | |

---------+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+------

June | 1000| 800| 600 | 1000| 500| 250 | 1000| 750| 500

July | 2800| 2400| 1100 | 3500| 2000| 900 | 2800| 2200| 1100

August | 5300| 5600| 3900 | 8200| 7900| 5200 | 7000| 7900| 5300

September| 4700| 5900| 4400 |12500|12100| 8600 | 8500| 9200| 7200

October | 2500| 4000| 3900 | 8000| 9300|10300 | 4500| 6000| 6900

November | ..| 2400| 2550 | ..| 4700| 6500 | ..| 3300| 3700

December | ..| 1500| 1600 | ..| 3200| 3600 | ..| 2200| 2300

January | ..| 1200| 1300 | ..| 2400| 2600 | ..| 1600| 1600

February | ..| 800| 800 | ..| 2100| 2100 | ..| 1200| 1200

March | ..| 600| 550 | ..| 1900| 1900 | ..| 850| 800

April | ..| 500| 400 | ..| 1600| 1600 | ..| 700| 620

May | ..| 400| 300 | ..| 1500| 1500 | ..| 600| 520

---------+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+------

Mean | ..| 2175| 1783 | ..| 4100| 3754 | ..| 3041| 2645

---------+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+------

NOTE.--The very high discharges at Assuân and Cairo in April and May

1879; the minimum discharge of that year was about 1500 cubic metres per

second. There has never been any discharge like that since.

Appendix J.

DISCHARGE TABLES OF THE DIFFERENT GAUGES OF THE NILE AND ITS

TRIBUTAIRIES.

TABLE XXVII.--_Discharges table of the Victoria Nile at the Ripon

Falls._

======+=========+=====================================================

Gauge.|Discharge| Remarks.

| m³ per |

| second. |

------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------

0·0 | 380 |This discharge table is the mean of two alternative

·1 | 410 |tables; one assuming that the width of the sill of

·2 | 450 |the Ripon Falls was 127 metres as stated by Sir

·3 | 480 |William Garstin, the other assuming that only half

·4 | 520 |this width was the working sill, the rest being more

·5 | 550 |or less shallow water. The constant has been taken as

------+---------+·57. Sir William Garstin makes the width of the sill

·6 | 580 |70 + 40 + 13 = 127 metres, while Chavanne gives it as

·7 | 620 |82 + 14 + 55 + 22 = 173 metres.

·8 | 660 |

·9 | 700 |The wider the sill, the quicker is the rise of

1·0 | 740 |discharge from the measured discharge at the gauge of

------+---------+·51.

·1 | 780 |

·2 | 820 |

·3 | 860 |

·4 | 900 |

·5 | 950 |

------+---------+

·6 | 990 |

·7 | 1040 |

·8 | 1090 |

·9 | 1140 |

2·0 | 1190 |

======+=========+=======================================================

TABLE XXVIII.--_Discharge table of the Albert Nile at Wadelaï._

======+============

| Discharge

Gauge.|cubic metres

| per second.

------+------------

0·0 | 520

·1 | 544

·2 | 568

·3 | 592

·4 | 616

·5 | 640

·6 | 668

·7 | 696

·8 | 724

·9 | 752

------+------------

1·0 | 780

·1 | 810

·2 | 840

·3 | 870

·4 | 900

·5 | 930

·6 | 962

·7 | 994

·8 | 1026

·9 | 1058

------+------------

2·0 | 1090

·1 | 1104

·2 | 1118

·3 | 1132

·4 | 1146

·5 | 1160

======+============

TABLE XXIX.--_Discharge Table of the Albert Nile at the Gondokoro

gauge._

======+============+===================================================

Gauge.| Discharge | Remarks.

|cubic metres|

| per second.|

------+------------+--------------------------------------------------

0·0 | 550 |There is a scour of a metre and upwards at this

·2 | 600 |gauge site during a high flood. The pit is

·4 | 660 |apparently filled with sand during a low flood.

·6 | 740 |

·8 | 820 |

1·0 | 900 |

------+------------+

·2 | 1060 |

·4 | 1220 |

·6 | 1380 |

·8 | 1540 |

2·0 | 1700 |

------+------------+

·2 | 1900 |

·4 | 2100 |

·6 | 2300 |

·8 | 2500 |

3·0 | 2700 |

======+============+==================================================

TABLE XXX.--_Discharge table of the Albert Nile at the Mongalla gauge,

32 kilometres north of Gondokoro._

======+============+=====================================

Gauge.| Discharge | Remarks.

|cubic metres|

| per second.|

------+------------+-------------------------------------

0·0 | 500 |This is a better site than Gondokoro.

·2 | 540 |

·4 | 580 |

·6 | 620 |

·8 | 660 |

------+------------+

1·0 | 700 |

·2 | 780 |

·4 | 860 |

·6 | 940 |

·8 | 1020 |

------+------------+

2·0 | 1100 |

·2 | 1300 |

·4 | 1500 |

·6 | 1700 |

·8 | 1900 |

------+------------+

3·0 | 2100 |

·2 | 2300 |

·4 | 2500 |

·6 | 2700 |

======+============+=====================================

TABLE XXXI.--_Discharge table of the Sobat river at Dulaib Hilla._

======+===========

Gauge.| Discharge

| in m³

|per second.

------+-----------

0·0 | 30

·2 | 58

·4 | 86

·6 | 112

·8 | 142

1·0 | 170

·2 | 218

·4 | 266

·6 | 314

·8 | 362

2·0 | 410

·2 | 500

·4 | 590

·6 | 680

·8 | 790

3·0 | 860

·2 | 950

·4 | 1040

·6 | 1130

·8 | 1220

4·0 | 1310

======+===========

This gauge is in backwater when the north end of the Sudd region is

flooded.

TABLE XXXII.--_Discharge Table of the White Nile at Tewfikieh downstream

of Sobat junction referred to Tewfikia Gauge._

======+============

Gauge.| Discharge

| in m³

|per second.

------+------------

-1·0 | 150

0·0 | 330

·2 | 376

·4 | 422

·6 | 468

·8 | 514

------+------------

1·0 | 560

·2 | 616

·4 | 672

·6 | 728

·8 | 784

------+------------

2·0 | 840

·2 | 906

·4 | 972

·6 | 1038

·8 | 1104

------+------------

3·0 | 1170

·2 | 1270

·4 | 1370

·6 | 1470

·8 | 1570

------+------------

4·0 | 1670

·2 | 1770

·4 | 1870

·6 | 1970

·8 | 2070

------+------------

5·0 | 2170

======+============

TABLE XXXIII.--_Discharge Table of the White Nile at Duem in Winter and

Summer when the Blue Nile is low._

======+===========+===================================================

Gauge.| Discharge | Remarks.

| in m³ |

|per second.|

------+-----------+---------------------------------------------------

0·0 | 330 |This gauge is in backwater when the Blue Nile is

·1 | 354 |high.

·2 | 370 |

·3 | 402 |

·4 | 426 |

·5 | 450 |

------+-----------+

·6 | 480 |

·7 | 515 |

·8 | 555 |

·9 | 600 |

1·0 | 650 |

======+===========+===================================================

This table is only very approximative.

TABLE XXXIV.--_Discharge table of the Blue Nile at Wad Medani._

======+===================

Gauge.| DISCHARGE

| IN M³ PER SECOND

+-------+-----------

| River | River

|rising.| Falling

| | and

| |Stationary.

------+-------+-----------

0·0 | 50 | 50

·2 | 80 | 64

·4 | 110 | 78

·6 | 140 | 92

·8 | 170 | 106

1·0 | 200 | 120

·2 | 240 | 146

·4 | 280 | 172

·6 | 320 | 198

·8 | 360 | 224

2·0 | 400 | 250

·2 | 450 | 284

·4 | 500 | 318

·6 | 550 | 352

·8 | 600 | 380

3·0 | 650 | 420

·2 | 720 | 406

·4 | 790 | 512

·6 | 860 | 558

·8 | 930 | 604

4·0 | 1000 | 650

·2 | 1100 | 720

·4 | 1200 | 790

·6 | 1300 | 860

·8 | 1400 | 930

5·0 | 1500 | 1000

·2 | 1630 | 1100

·4 | 1760 | 1200

·6 | 1890 | 1300

·8 | 2020 | 1400

6·0 | 2150 | 1500

·2 | 2320 | 1620

·4 | 2490 | 1740

·6 | 2600 | 1800

·8 | 2830 | 1980

7·0 | 3000 | 2100

·2 | 3200 | 2340

·4 | 3400 | 2580

·6 | 3600 | 2820

·8 | 3800 | 3060

8·0 | 4000 | 3300

·2 | 4300 | 3540

·4 | 4600 | 3780

·6 | 4900 | 4020

·8 | 5200 | 4200

9·0 | 5500 | 4500

·2 | 5900 | 4840

·4 | 6300 | 5180

·6 | 6700 | 5520

·8 | 7100 | 5860

10·0 | 7500 | 6200

·2 | 8000 | 6580

·4 | 8500 | 6960

·6 | 9000 | 7340

·8 | 9500 | 7720

11·0 | 10000 | 8100

·2 | 10600 | 8540

·4 | 11200 | 8980

·6 | 11800 | 9420

·8 | 12400 | 9800

12·0 | 13000 | 10300

------+-------+-----------

(1) These discharges include the Rahad river. They represent the

discharges below the Rahad river junction referred to the Wad Medani

gauge.

(2) During a high flood the river scours, and it silts during a low

flood; consequently for exact discharges below 5 metres, the section of

the river should be taken annually in December.

TABLE XXXV.--_Discharge Table of the Blue Nile at the Khartoum Gauge._

======+===============+================

Gauge.| RIVER RISING | RIVER FALLING

| | AND STATIONARY

+---------------+----------------

|Discharge in m³|Discharge in m³

| per second. | per second.

------+---------------+----------------

- ·2 | 100 | 100

+0·0 | 175 | 120

·2 | 260 | 145

·4 | 360 | 170

·6 | 470 | 195

·8 | 580 | 220

------+---------------+----------------

1·0 | 700 | 250

·2 | 860 | 340

·4 | 1020 | 430

·6 | 1180 | 520

·8 | 1340 | 610

------+---------------+----------------

2·0 | 1500 | 700

·2 | 1720 | 880

·4 | 1940 | 1060

·6 | 2160 | 1240

·8 | 2380 | 1420

------+---------------+----------------

3·0 | 2600 | 1600

·2 | 2980 | 1840

·4 | 3360 | 2080

·6 | 3740 | 2320

·8 | 4120 | 2560

------+---------------+----------------

4·0 | 4500 | 2800

·2 | 4980 | 3180

·4 | 5460 | 3560

·6 | 5940 | 3940

·8 | 6420 | 4320

------+---------------+----------------

5·0 | 6900 | 4700

·2 | 7560 | 5220

·4 | 8220 | 5740

·6 | 8880 | 6260

·8 | 9540 | 6780

------+---------------+----------------

6·0 | 10200 | 7300

·2 | 11000 | 7940

·4 | 11800 | 8580

·6 | 12600 | 9220

·8 | 13400 | 9860

------+---------------+----------------

7·0 | 14200 | 10500

·2 | ... | 11140

·4 | ... | 11780

·6 | ... | 12420

======+===============+================

This gauge is in backwater when the White Nile is discharging more than

the Blue Nile.

TABLE XXXVI.--_Discharge Table of the Atbara river referred to the Khasm

el Girba Gauge._

======+==========

Gauge.|Discharge.

------+----------

0·0 | 0·0

·2 | 20

·4 | 40

·6 | 60

·8 | 80

------+----------

1·0 | 100

·2 | 150

·4 | 200

·6 | 250

·8 | 300

------+----------

2·0 | 350

·2 | 444

·4 | 538

·6 | 632

·8 | 726

------+----------

3·0 | 820

·2 | 1012

·4 | 1204

·6 | 1396

·8 | 1588

------+----------

4·0 | 1780

·2 | 2078

·4 | 2376

·6 | 2674

·8 | 2972

------+----------

5·0 | 3270

·2 | 3596

·4 | 3922

·6 | 4248

·8 | 4574

------+----------

6·0 | 4900

======+==========

TABLE XXXVII.--_Discharge table for the Assuân, Assiut and Cairo

Gauges._

The gauges are in metres and are referred to mean low-water level as

zero.

The zero is:

at Assuân R. L. 85·00

at Assiut „ 45·55

at Cairo „ 12·25

=N.B.=--At Assiut R. L. 45·55, according to the reservoir levels, is

R. L. 45·05 according to the 4th Circle levels.

(The discharges are in cubic metres per second.)

This discharge table may be used approximately for any gauge on the Nile

north of Assuân with its zero at mean low-water level; adding ·5 to the

gauge in Kena Province, and deducting ·5 from the gauge in Minieh and

Beni-Suef.

If the river is rising, take the discharge corresponding to the higher

gauge; if falling or stationary to the lower one.

======+==========

Gauge.|Discharge.

------+----------

-1·0 | 360

- ·8 | 406

- ·6 | 452

- ·4 | 498

- ·2 | 544

------+----------

0·0 | 590

·2 | 668

·4 | 746

·6 | 824

·8 | 902

------+----------

1·0 | 980

·2 | 1086

·4 | 1192

·6 | 1298

·8 | 1404

------+----------

2·0 | 1510

·2 | 1652

·4 | 1794

·6 | 1936

·8 | 2078

------+----------

3·0 | 2220

·2 | 2408

·4 | 2596

·6 | 2784

·8 | 2972

------+----------

4·0 | 3160

·2 | 3404

·4 | 3648

·6 | 3892

·8 | 4136

------+----------

5·0 | 4380

·2 | 4674

·4 | 4968

·6 | 5262

·8 | 5556

------+----------

6·0 | 5850

·2 | 6150

·4 | 6450

·6 | 6800

·8 | 7200

------+----------

7·0 | 7600

·2 | 8000

·4 | 8400

·6 | 8800

·8 | 9300

------+----------

8·0 | 9800

·2 | 10300

·4 | 10900

·6 | 11500

·8 | 12100

------+----------

9·0 | 12800

·2 | 13600

======+==========

TABLE XXXVIII.

Discharge Table of the Wady Halfa Gauge, for use at Assuân when the

Assuân Dam is being regulated on, and consequently the Assuân Gauge no

longer represents the normal discharge of the Nile. At this stage of the

river it may be assumed that the water travels normally between Wady

Halfa and Assuân in 3 or 4 days.

======+============

| Discharge

Gauge.|cubic metres

| per second.

------+------------

0·8 | 370

1·0 | 440

·2 | 516

·4 | 592

·6 | 688

·8 | 804

------+------------

2·0 | 920

·2 | 1048

·4 | 1176

·6 | 1314

·8 | 1462

3·0 | 1610

------+------------

3·2 | 1800

·4 | 1990

·6 | 2180

·8 | 2370

------+------------

4·0 | 2560

·2 | 2802

·4 | 3044

·6 | 3286

·8 | 3528

5·0 | 3770

======+============

TABLE XXXIX.--_Discharge of the Rosetta Branch of the Nile referred to

the Delta Barrage north of Cairo._

1890

======+==============

Gauge.| Discharge

|m³ per second.

------+--------------

0·00 | 0

·25 | 50

·50 | 100

·75 | 150

------+--------------

1·00 | 200

·25 | 287

·50 | 375

·75 | 463

------+--------------

2·00 | 550

·25 | 700

·50 | 850

·75 | 1000

------+--------------

3·00 | 1150

·25 | 1312

·50 | 1475

·75 | 1638

------+--------------

4·00 | 1800

·25 | 1975

·50 | 2150

·75 | 2325

------+--------------

5·00 | 2500

·25 | 2700

·50 | 2900

·75 | 3100

------+--------------

6·00 | 3300

·25 | 3525

·50 | 3750

·75 | 3975

------+--------------

7·00 | 4200

·25 | 4450

·50 | 4700

·75 | 4950

------+--------------

8·00 | 5200

·25 | 5475

·50 | 5750

·75 | 6025

------+--------------

9·00 | 6300

======+==============

Zero of the gauge R. L. 10·00 metres above mean sea.

TABLE XL.--_Discharge of the Damietta Branch of the Nile referred to the

Delta Barrage north of Cairo._

1890

======+=========

Gauge.|Discharge

| m³ per

| second.

------+---------

0·00 | 0

·25 | 20

·50 | 40

·75 | 60

------+-----------

1·00 | 80

·25 | 110

·50 | 140

·75 | 170

------+-----------

2·00 | 200

·25 | 262

·50 | 325

·75 | 388

------+-----------

3·00 | 450

·25 | 537

·50 | 625

·75 | 712

------+-----------

4·00 | 800

·25 | 925

·50 | 1050

·75 | 1175

------+-----------

5·00 | 1300

·25 | 1450

·50 | 1600

·75 | 1750

------+-----------

6·00 | 1900

·25 | 2075

·50 | 2250

·75 | 2425

------+-----------

7·00 | 2600

·25 | 2800

·50 | 3000

·75 | 3200

------+-----------

8·00 | 3400

·25 | 3625

·50 | 3850

·75 | 4075

------+-----------

9·00 | 4300

------+-----------

NOTE.--Zero of the gauge R. L. 10·00 metres above mean sea.

Appendix K.

TABLES GIVING DETAILED INFORMATION ABOUT THE NILE BETWEEN ASSUÂN AND

CAIRO.

TABLE XLI.--_Date of Heights of Minimum gauges in summer and Maximum

gauges in flood at Assuan._