VERBENACEÆ: _Vitex chrysocarpa_ and _V. _West African forests and forestry

PIPERACEÆ: _Piper umbellatum_ and _Piperomia pellucida_.

GESNERACEÆ: _Streptocarpus nobilis_.

EUPHORBIACEÆ: _Alchornea cordata_, _Mallotus oppositifolius_.

MORACEÆ: _Chlorophora excelsa_, _Ficus Vogelii_ and other _spp._,

_Myrianthus serratus_.

ULMACEÆ: _Trema Guineensis_.

AMPELIDEÆ: _Leea Guineensis_.

POLYGALACEÆ: the cultivated _Polygala butyracea_ and the dwarf species,

_P. Clarkeana_.

BALANOPHORACEÆ: the root-parasite _Thonningia sanguinea_.

Amongst Monocotyledonous Orders the _Scitamineæ_ are more in evidence,

_Palisota thyrsiflora_ (_Commelinaceæ_) appears (along with a _Begonia_

on moist rocks—_B. rostrata_), and the water-loving Aroid, _Cyrtosperma

Senegalense_.

The Oil Palm, _Elæis Guineensis_, becomes locally common, ferns become

epiphytic, and the Elk’s-horn fern, _Platycerium Æthiopicum_, appears.

Northwards the savannah forests, with plenty of broad-leaved trees and

shrubs, or the open park-like formations with surface well covered with

grasses and herbs, give way in some places to still drier Acacia

forests, and in others to open areas of scrub, nearly treeless, the soil

possessed by grasses and low, scattered shrubs, often thorny.

Nevertheless, good pastures are often to be found, frequented by the

Fulani in the comparatively short rainy season, and only at some points

towards the French boundary do the conditions approach those described

by Barth in the latitude of Zinder and Timbuctoo. For example, part of

North Bornu, with a rainfall sometimes not exceeding 10 inches, may

exhibit features entitling it to rank with the upper region of

Chevalier’s “Zone Sahélienne.” A typical association in these scrub

regions is familiar to the Hausas in three of the plants mentioned

below, viz. the Sabarra, _Guiera Senegalensis_, the Magariya, _Zizyphus

jujuba_, and the Dashi, _Balsamodendron Africanum_. Sokoto, with an

average rainfall of 25 or more inches, still possesses thinly treed

savannahs and bush-lands, with a vegetation composed of grasses, small

sedges, low shrubs and the commoner leguminous and other weeds.

Nor does the transition occur evenly across the whole region. In the

eastern part between Kano and North Bornu the Acacia type prevails, and

whole areas may occur occupied largely by _Acacia Seyal_, with yellow or

rusty ochrey bark. On the western side Acacias, though present, do not

appear to prevail, and between Kano and Sokoto there exists a stretch of

broad-leaved forest in which most of the species found in Central

Hausaland reappear, but after all these differences may be found to hold

only over limited areas.

The wide and well populated circle around large northern towns, highly

cultivated and more or less stripped of trees to supply fuel does not

quite display the natural conditions of the bush, where uncontrolled

fires prevent natural regeneration of forest on cleared land, and where

open grassy formations with stunted vegetation tend to encroach on the

higher types of tree savannah.

The species more characteristic of the northern drier belt within the

Soudan Zone—if an arbitrary limit is allowed we may place it about 12°

North latitude—may now be briefly indicated, though it will be

understood that many of them are already present farther south.

CAPPARIDACEÆ: most of the species of _Capparis_, _Boscia_ and _Mærua_

existing farther south here prevail; the low shrub _Boscia Senegalensis_

is common, while _Cadaba farinosa_ is a characteristic shrub.

SIMARUBEÆ: the Aduwa, _Balanites Ægyptiaca_, is a typical species of

this region.

BURSERACEÆ: the Dashi, _Balsamodendron Africanum_, a shrub yielding

African Myrrh, is familiar, with its congener _B. pedunculatum_.

RHAMNACEÆ: the Kurna, _Zizyphus Spina-Christi_, usually planted in

towns, the Magariya, _Z. jujuba_, and the Magariyar kura, _Z.

mucronata_, the last two being very characteristic of the open savannah.

ANACARDIACEÆ: the Danya, _Spondias sp._, a fair-sized tree with yellow,

plum-like fruit having a leathery rind, is abundant.

LEGUMINOSÆ: Acacias are the most typical, but are not as a rule markedly

flat-topped, e.g. _A. Seyal_, _A. Senegal_, _A. albida_ var.

_saccharata_, _Dichrostachys platycarpa_, forming thorny thickets, while

_Entada Sudanica_, _Acacia Sieberiana_, _A. campylacantha_, _Albizzia

Chevalieri_ and others are also evident. _Parkinsonia aculeata_ is found

in towns; the Tripoli or Senegal Senna, Filasko, _Cassia obovata_, is

common, and the Tsamiya, _Tamarindus Indica_, becomes a predominant

tree.

ROSACEÆ: the Ginger-bread Plum, Gawasa, _Parinarium macrophyllum_, is

more familiar.

COMBRETACEÆ: the Geza, _Combretum sp._ near _C. altum_, a shrub or small

tree, with several gum-yielding trees of the same genus; the low shrub

Sabarra, _Guiera Senegalensis_, is perhaps the most typical plant of the

nearly treeless savannah.

CUCURBITACEÆ: the half-wild Gurji, _Cucumis Melo_, var. _agrestis_, is

common, and the Bambus, a variety of water-melon, is known in the North.

RUBIACEÆ: a characteristic species is _Randia Nilotica_, a thorny shrub;

_Gardenia Sokotensis_ is a new species found on low rocky hills.

APOCYNACEÆ: the Kariya, _Adenium Honghel_, an unarmed cactus-like shrub,

deciduous, with rose-coloured flowers, planted in towns, is

characteristic.

ASCLEPIADACEÆ: the small milk-weed, _Glossonema Nubicum_, and the

twiners _Oxystelma Bornuense_, _Pergularia tomentosa_ and _Leptadenia

lancifolia_, are all abundant, while the Karan masallachi, _Caralluma

Dalzielii_, generally planted farther south, is found wild on bare rocky

places.

EUPHORBIACEÆ: very typical are the two milk hedge Euphorbias, Aguwa, _E.

sepium_, and Fidda sartsi, _E. lateriflora_.

MORACEÆ: species of _Ficus_ planted for shade grow to a large size,

especially the Chediya, _F. Thonningii_, and the Durumi, _F.

syringifolia_; other species generally start as epiphytes.

The GRAMINEÆ is the prevailing Natural Order of Monocotyledons, and

includes all types—little annuals, perennial-rooted _Andropogons_, etc.,

and the Burugu, _Panicum stagninum_, which blocks the streams. The

fragrant Nobe, _Cymbopogon Sennariensis_, is a characteristic tufted

species, whilst the bur-grass Karangia, _Cenchrus catharticus_, has long

since spread far southward.

Rice and wheat are cultivated; the Bulrush Millet, Gero, _Pennisetum

typhoideum_, tends to displace _Sorghum_, and a wild rice, _Oryza

silvestris_, is found. The cultivated sugar-cane is the Takanda,

_Sorghum vulgare_, var. _saccharatum_.

Of LILIACEÆ the onion and garlic are features of cultivation. Several

bulbous herbs not peculiar to the North are common, e.g. _Dipcadi

occidentale_, _Urginea spp._, etc.

The Goriba or Dum Palm, _Hyphæne Thebaica_, is predominant, accompanied

also by the Giginya or Deleb Palm, while the Date begins to appear.

Within the limits of the Soudan Zone of vegetation many different types

of savannah may be found, besides the expected alterations in botanical

groupings resulting from the presence of perennial moisture or due to

elevation and rocky outcrop. Leaving the latter out of account, a few

notes may be made of some of the varieties familiar to travellers in the

Northern Provinces.

1. _Tree Savannah or Savannah Forest_.

Across a considerable area of Central Hausaland, e.g. occupying a large

part of the Zaria plateau west of the Bauchi Highlands, the country,

where not cleared for farming, is covered with an open deciduous forest

of fair height. This is a fairly closely wooded type, and although it

contains few truly evergreen elements apart from those lining the

streams, there is, perhaps owing to differing vegetative periods for

different species and to the double flowering season noted for many

trees in West Africa, practically always a fair amount of foliage

present. A proportion of the trees have well developed stems and fairly

high crowns, with a leafy canopy which filters but never excludes direct

sunlight, and the average height of the larger trees is from 30 to 40

feet. In the best developed portions of such forest the grasses do not

predominate, but frequent clearings or patches of stony outcrop lead to

the open conditions in which hardy perennial grasses take root, and

annual burning results in the encroachment and multiplication of areas

of the lower bush savannah referred to below.

This variety of forest is typically seen in Zaria province, e.g. between

the village of Ruka and the Koriga stream, near which point a sudden

drop in elevation occurs, and is familiar in parts of South Sokoto,

Kontagora and Nassarawa, etc. _Lophira alata_ has its chief habitat

here, but perhaps the prevailing and most characteristic tree is one

called Doka, which has been identified as _Isoberlinia doka_, Craib, et

Stapf. It has broad, shining leaves, and large, flat 5-6 seeded pods

which dehisce with curling valves. It seeds abundantly, and young

seedlings spring up quickly in the forest or by wayside clearings, etc.

Along with it will be found its congener, the Fara doka, _Isoberlinia

Dalzielii_, Craib, et Stapf., less abundant, and differing as to its

more obvious features in having leaves not shining, a paler grey bark

and a general slight degree of pubescence of all parts. Both species

exude a coarse red resin, which does not appear to be of value.

Most of the arborescent species mentioned in the list of the average

association detailed above are to be found, sometimes harbouring

epiphytic _Ansellias_ and a few woody climbers but no typical lianes,

and an undergrowth composed of Leguminous and Composite herbs and

undershrubs with some grasses. This type of forest probably at one time

covered a much wider area and had a greater extension northward than at

present. As mentioned above, a large proportion of its constituents may

again be found in the Duru forest between Sokoto and Kano, while within

the memory of officials of the present administration areas of woodland

previously visible from Sokoto have been denuded for firewood. It tends

progressively to give place to the following more open variety of

savannah.

2. _Bush Savannah_.

This is probably the form of “bush” with which travelling officials,

hunters, and others are most familiar in every province, and is, when

not overloaded with tall grass, deserving of the term “open orchard

savannah.” It is composed of scattered shrubs and small trees of short

growth and of a considerable sameness, the whole picture being

practically filled in with grasses, which may grow to a height of 6 to 8

feet in the rains, but which are swept off by bush-fires in the dry

period, leaving bare the intervening spaces, soon to be reoccupied by

suffrutescent plants with persistent rootstocks, and later by weeds and

the same grasses as before. This resurrection is not due to seeding,

which is itself abundant, but mainly to the fact that the majority of

bush grasses have perennial underground stems, which, once given

occupation, are difficult to dislodge, and, assisted by the recurrent

fires, which kill off the seeds and the seedlings of broad-leaved trees,

have everything in favour of their natural progress to predominance.

The commoner bush grasses of this habit found here are: _Andropogon

Gayanus_, _Cymbopogon Ruprechtii_, _C. diplandrus_, _C. giganteum_, _C.

hirtus_, _C. rufus_, _Andropogon tectorum_, _A. apricus_, _Rottbœllia

exaltata_, _Pennisetum pedicellatum_, etc. In clumps, generally found in

special situations, e.g. near river banks, etc., are _Vetiveria

zizanoides_, _Saccharum spontaneum_, _Arundo donax_, etc. It is possible

that some of these species which now cumber the soil might be put to use

in supplying the raw material for paper.

The prevailing shrubs and small trees of this formation are generally

somewhat as follows: _Bauhinia reticulata_ and _B. rufescens_, _Detarium

Senegalense_, several species of _Combretum_ with the dwarf _C.

herbaceum_; also _Afrormosia laxiflora_ and occasional _Acacias_, e.g.

_A. Sieberiana_, _Entada Sudanica_, _Dichrostachys nutans_; bright

flowering species, such as _Cochlospermum tinctorium_; several shrubby

species of _Hibiscus_; _Cassia Arereh_, _C. Goratensis_ and other

species, _Lonchocarpus laxiflorus_, _Securidaca longipedunculata_,

_Grewia mollis_, _Feretia canthioides_; the _Gardenias_—_G. ternifolia_,

_G. erubescens_, etc.; _Stereospermum Kunthianum_, _Sarcocephalus

Russegeri_, _Parinarium curatellæfolium_, _Psorospermum Senegalense_,

_Ximenia Americana_, _Anona Senegalensis_, _Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_,

_Strychnos spinosa_ and other _spp._, _Bridelia ferruginea_,

_Hymenocardia acida_, _Gymnosporia Senegalensis_. Occasional larger

trees will often be species of _Terminalia_, _Prosopis oblonga_,

_Butyrospermum Parkii_, _Lophira alata_, _Vitex Cienkowskii_, _Sterculia

tomentosa_, _Pterocarpus erinaceus_, or even _Afzelia Africana_ and

_Paradaniellia Oliveri_.

In the above association remark must be made of the Taura, _Detarium

Senegalense_, which is here rarely of dimensions meriting the

designation of tree, and therefore very different from the large timber

known in the southern forests and found also on the forested slopes of

Patti at Lokoja; of the Makarfo, a tree of twisted habit, not often over

30 feet high, with flaking bark, apparently much inferior to the

_Afrormosia laxiflora_, if it is this species, in the greater mixed

deciduous forests farther south; and of the Tsada, _Ximenia Americana_,

which is here unarmed, has rather thin, glabrous leaves, sometimes

almost shining, and thus differs in habit from the coastal variety, if

the identity is certain, which is spiny, has dull leaves sometimes half-

succulent, and is appropriately called by the French “Citron de la mer.”

3. _Park Savannah._

The open park-like formation is another which is typical of this region.

It is, perhaps, best seen where the population is not quite sparse, as

in the latter case the previous type tends to take possession. The Shea

Butter Tree is the one which more than any other gives the tone to this

type, but _Parkia filicoidea_ and, especially in the North, the Tamarind

are perhaps equally representative. The two first-named, though not

necessarily indicating the proximity of a village, have probably in most

cases owners, and the intervening spaces may or may not be more or less

cultivated. Open park-like country may, however, occur apart from any

contemporary interference by man, and wide stretches of it appear

alternating with scattered orchard bush or with open grass-land. The

grasses are of the previously mentioned types, with many species of

_Eragrostis_, _Aristida_, small annual tufted grasses and sedges, along

with _Cassia mimosoides_, _Oldenlandia grandiflora_, _O. Senegalensis_

and other Leguminous and Rubiaceous weeds. Other trees which well

maintain the park-like appearance are _Terminalia macroptera_,

occasional species of _Ficus_, _Vitex Cienkowskii_, _Acacia Arabica_ and

_A. Sieberiana_.

In flat, wide-stretching meadows which are often marshy in the rains,

this formation also maintains its character, single trees or island-like

clusters of tree and shrub dotting the expanse of heavy grass which is

burnt to desolation by the yearly fires. These islets are generally

found to be composed of Giyaiya, _Mitragyne Africana_, with shrubs such

as _Feretia canthioides_, _Sarcocephalus Russegeri_, and scrambling

undershrubs added thereto, while the edge of such a meadow or “fadama”

is in some cases fringed with deciduous high woods, in which

occasionally timbers like _Khaya Senegalensis_ and _Paradaniellia

Oliveri_ may appear along with the vegetation characteristic of Type 1.

4. _Evergreen Fringing Belts._

Along the water-courses which intersect the savannah lands will be found

dark evergreen strips of foliage, which, when extending beyond the

stream-banks and forming a fairly dense canopy, whatever the nature of

the underwood, are generally implied in the Hausa word “kurumi.” The

streams may not be always truly perennial, but the verdure remains

because the moisture in the soil persists long enough to maintain the

non-deciduous type, although bush-fires may reach their very margins.

Where a perennial stream of any magnitude occurs, species will be found

whose distribution in the Soudan Zone is confined to such localities,

but which are widely represented in the South.

Instead of enumerating the constituents of these strips of fringing

forest, we may briefly refer to the vegetation of the River Benué, which

has been already indicated as in some degree marking the boundary

between the semi-evergreen or mixed deciduous forests and the drier tree

savannah and open bush lands. The evergreen galleries along the streams

or fringing the swampy glades may be taken as on the whole botanically

similar to the bank foliage of the Benué and its backwaters, creeks and

tributaries. One feature of this type is the abundance of woody

climbers, often concealing the foliage of their supports, and

conspicuous to the eye in the flowering season are the _Combretaceæ_,

which are here scrambling and climbing shrubs instead of erect trees,

e.g. the flame-flowered _Combretum racemosum_, _C. constrictum_, etc.,

_Quisqualis Indica_ and others; also two or three species of

_Landolphia_ with other rubber vines, and of _Mussænda_, scarlet-fruited

_Connaraceæ_, _Uncaria Africana_, climbing by its old flower-stalks

becoming woody hooks, and _Alchornea cordata_, the most typical liane of

these formations. Other twiners are the showy moon-convolvulus,

_Calonyction speciosum_ (_Ipomæa bona-nox_), the Cowhage, _Mucuna

pruriensis_, _Dioclea reflexa_, _Entada scandens_ and numerous

_Ampelideæ_. These tend to form a dense and sometimes impenetrable

tangle, but where trees of timber size occur the undergrowth is more

scanty and a variety of forest weeds appear, in which the _Scitamineæ_

may be prominent.

The Benué region is rich in trees, of which the following species may be

mentioned: Goron ruwa, _Irvingia Smithii_, and Gedar kurumi,

_Pterocarpus esculentus_, _Trichilia retusa_, the large timber tree

called Kiriyar kurumi (undetermined), _Erythrophlœum Guineense_,

_Millettia sp._, _Sanagana_ and _M. sericeus_, _Cynometra Vogelii_,

_Anthocleista nobilis_, _Berlinia Heudelotii_, _Baphia nitida_,

_Chlorophora excelsa_, _Cola laurifolia_, _Parinarium subcordatum_,

_Kigelia Æthiopica_, _Uapaca Guineensis_ (here a large tree and

sometimes prop-rooted), _Ficus spp._ Smaller trees and shrubs are:

_Spathodea campanulata_, _Voacanga obtusa_ and _V. Africana_, _Morinda

citrifolia_, _Xylopia parviflora_, _Zanthoxylum Senegalense_, _Oncoba

spinosa_, _Vangueria euonymoides_, _Ixora radiata_, _Polysphæria

macrostyla_, _Garcinia ovalifolia_, _Myrianthus serratus_, _Elæis

Guineensis_ and _Raphia vinifera_. Not all of these extend far beyond

the Benué, but the majority of them will be found in one or other

fringing belt far into the deciduous region, and perhaps the two which

best represent this extension of the semi-evergreen to the savannah are

the woody climber _Alchornea cordata_ and the tree _Irvingia Smithii_.

In a general view, Northern Nigeria, thus lying beyond the equatorial

belt, possesses plant features which, apart from river and stream

fringes, range between the mixed deciduous and xerophilous habit, and in

the dry season the prevailing character of the open savannah forests is

a monotonous drab or grey, intersected by the dark lines of greenery

following the streams or encircling the swamps. The climate is largely

of the continental type, with a temperature ranging from 120° F. to 40°

or less (exclusive of thermometer readings on the Bauchi plateau), and a

rainfall which throughout will usually fall between 30 and 50 or 60

inches, with diminution to 20 or even 10 inches in the most northerly

provinces. Such a climate, with the concomitant regularity of two, not

four, well marked seasons, the dry and the wet, is entirely that

associated with the occurrence of savannah formations, scattered bush

with prevailing grasses, suffrutescent herbs and small trees, much open

grass or thinly timbered park-land, with stretches of thick woods which

are generally not heavily grassed and never cumbered with impenetrable

undergrowth.

Trees which are valuable timber species in the moist southern forests

often scarcely attain reputable dimensions in the deciduous zone.

These conditions also, which are doubtless partly the result of ill-

considered human operations, put certain definite restrictions on

cultivated species and determine the character of the natural products

of the wild. The staple cereal is Dawa or _Sorghum_, instead of maize,

with Gero or _Pennisetum typhoideum_ in the North. Possibly the limit of

Guinea Corn as a staple of native cultivation is also the limit of the

savannah forests, i.e. of the region of trees of secondary size, short

of the region of Acacias, of Geza, _Combretum altum_, and of scrub,

where Bulrush Millet is the commoner. Both species are generally

cultivated along with beans, _Vigna Sinensis_. The sweet potato

displaces the yam and cassava; industrial cultivation is represented by

cotton and indigo. Of forest products, the most representative are Shea

nuts and gum arabic, rather than rubber and large timber; and lastly,

both cattle-grazing and horse-breeding are important industries proper

to the region.

VII. SOME TREES OF HAUSALAND.

BY DR. J. M. DALZIEL.

A few notes on some of the better known trees of Northern Nigeria are

here given, the Hausa name being appended in most cases.

_Afrormosia laxiflora_, Harms (Leguminosæ). Makarfo.

In the mixed deciduous forests towards the coast this appears as a large

timber tree, in certain regions dominant both in abundance and size, and

is also a constituent of the moist evergreen forests. In Northern

Nigeria it never forms a straight stem, never attains the dimensions of

a timber tree, and has generally a twisted stem and main branches. Its

habit, therefore, rather than its mere presence, affords a striking

instance of the changes accompanying the limited rainfall of the

savannah forests, and its distribution probably does not extend beyond

the northern boundary. The trunk has a somewhat pale piebald appearance,

resulting from the flaking of large pieces of the bark exposing lighter

portions below. The centre wood is so dark in colour as to have led

European foremen of works to report it as lignum vitæ, and the wood is

hard enough to earn for it in some districts, along with other trees,

the designation “break axe.” It has shining leaves, whitish flowers and

thin, flat pods.

_Afzelia Africana_, Sm. Kawo; “African” or “Rhodesian” Mahogany,

“Mahogany Bean,” etc.

A large tree, common to nearly all types of forest in West Africa,

tropical high forest, mixed deciduous and savannah. In Northern Nigeria

large specimens may still be found, though these do not generally have

tall, straight stems, but show the wide-spreading umbrella crown common

in drier regions.

_Paradaniellia Oliveri_, Rolfe. Kadaura or Maje.

This has previously been classed with _Daniellia thurifera_, Bennett,

the so-called West African Copaiba Balsam Tree.

In the Northern Provinces of Nigeria it is one of the largest trees, 50

to 80 feet, with strong, straight stems and affording good timber for

local use. The chief native use of the oleo resin is to fumigate

garments. Its distribution probably stops short of the northern

boundary.

_Isoberlinia doka_, Craib, et Stapf. Doka.

A tree which is the prevailing type in the savannah forests of Central

Hausaland, generally 30 to 40 feet high, with broad, shining leaves,

rather small white flowers and large flat pods containing five or six

discoid seeds. The valves of the pods curl up after dehiscence, and

young seedlings spring up vigorously where not choked by grass, farm

clearings in Zaria province being often quickly occupied by them.

A coarse red resin exudes from injuries or punctures of the bark.

_Isoberlinia Dalzielii_, Craib et Stapf. Fara doka.

Another new species of similar occurrence and habit, differing in having

a more grey appearance associated with a slight pubescence, leaves not

shining and pods less smooth. A species of the wild silkworm, _Anaphe

Moloneyi_, and perhaps others, are found on them.

_Pterocarpus erinaceus_, Poir. Madobia; “Senegal Rosewood,” “African

Kino,” etc.

A tree generally of 30 to 40 feet or more in open savannah forests,

easily recognized by its bright yellow flowers, the regular venation of

the leaves, and the bristly, flat, one-seeded pods. The blood-red resin

is a variety of Kino, and in districts where the Camwood is not found,

the bark of Madobia is sometimes sold as a substitute. The wood is hard

and fine-grained.

_Cassia Sieberiana_, DC. and C.; _Kotschyana_, Oliv. Marga or Gamafada.

These are small trees with conspicuous yellow flower racemes, having a

superficial resemblance to laburnum. They are abundant in the dry

savannah regions as well as in savannah forest, and flower freely in the

dry season. The pods are long and cylindrical and do not dehisce.

_Cassia Arereh_, Del., is similar, but the leaves are more acuminated

and the pods split up longitudinally.

_Detarium Senegalense_, Gmel. Taura.

A good timber tree in the mixed deciduous and higher savannah forests,

as also in the mountainous peninsula of Sierra Leone. Fairly large

specimens of timber dimensions occur in the rocky forest overlooking

Lokoja, but the Hausa Taura, hitherto identified as botanically the

same, is of a very different habit, abundantly represented in the open

bush savannah as a shrub or small tree having somewhat flattened fruits,

oval, less succulent than, and one-half or one-third the size of, those

shed by the forest specimens.

_Tamarindus Indica_, Zinn. Tsamiya; “Tamarind Tree.”

A very familiar tree in the northern Hausa States and Bornu, as well as

in French territory to the north, but much less common on parts of the

border-line between Southern and Northern Nigeria, so that probably its

actual distribution is local and interrupted. Barth places its limit at

Tagalel, in Damerghu, or about 15° North latitude.

In Hausaland it is a conspicuous tree, less from its dimensions than

from the beauty of its foliage, sometimes umbrella-spreading and at

others compact, and giving a good deal of shade when in full leaf. The

ground becomes littered with the small leaflets in the dry months, and

as a rule little undergrowth is to be found beneath it.

In Sokoto and Kano provinces, and elsewhere in the North, specimens with

a dense, compact and symmetrical crown are common, the branches often

reaching to within 3 or 4 feet of the ground. The fruit has familiar

medicinal and culinary uses, but rarely develops the soft rich pulp of

the Indian specimens. One of the wild silkworms, _Anaphe sp._, feeds on

the leaf, the silken nest being called “Tsamiyar Tsamiya.” A familiar

association which did not escape the notice of Dr. Barth is that of

tamarind and baobab, in which case the former is often without a proper

bole and spreads itself half scandent amongst the stout branches of the

baobab.

_Parkia filicoidea_, Welw. Dorowa; “West African Locust Bean.”

A characteristic tree of the savannah forests, and one of the most

typical members of the open park-like formations. It appears to be

scarce in Bornu, but abundant from Zaria to Katsina, and its northern

limit is probably about 14° North latitude.

The pods afford both food and fodder, the fermented cakes called

Daudawa, made from the seeds, being an article of local commerce. In the

bush, far from villages, Dorowa trees are ownerless, but elsewhere they

are generally private property.

_Burkea Africana_, Hook. Farin makarfo.

A tree of 30 to 40 feet, of irregular distribution in open savannah

forests, fairly common between Yola and Bornu as well as in Southern

Sokoto. It has light, silky foliage, flowers in pendulous, creamy

spikes, and dark, almost black, bark. The hard wood is used for handles

of axes and hoes.

_Prosopis oblonga_, Benth. Kiriya.

A common tree of the savannah region, extending beyond the Anglo-French

boundary, but better developed in the Benué region, where fair timber

specimens occur. The wood is hard, with red centre wood, and takes a

beautiful polish. It is recognized by its acacia-like foliage, spikes of

creamy flowers and stout brown pods, with seeds sometimes used like

those of Dorowa.

_Bauhinia reticulata_, DC. Kargo.

A shrub or small tree, one of the commonest constituents of the bush

savannahs; readily recognized by the cleft leaves, rusty bark and flat,

twisted pods. The tough bark forms an emergency tie-tie, and its long

vast fibres furnish strong cordage, which is its chief use in Northern

Nigeria. The bark and leaves, containing tannin, have astringent uses.

_Acacia Sieberiana_, DC. Fara kaya, or “White Thorn Acacia.”

A very widely distributed species in the deciduous zone, not usually

gregarious and occasionally flat-topped. It is easily recognized by its

generally dark foliage and pale bark, the flowers not yellow, but in

small, creamy-white balls, and by the long white thorns. It yields a

soluble gum, which is perhaps not of the best quality.

_Acacia Arabica_, Willd. Bagaruwa; Indian “Babool.”

One of the commonest species, especially in the northern Hausa States

and Bornu, and a source of gum arabic. The flowers are in bright yellow

balls and the foliage is a good camel food. The jointed pods are “Sant”

or “Gambia” pods, used all over the Soudan for tanning.

_Acacia Senegalensis_, Willd. Dakwora.

Usually only a shrub, not often over 10 feet, sometimes gregarious, and

characteristic of the thin bush savannahs; it has grey bark, flowers in

white spikes, and three sharp recurved stipular hooks at the base of

each leaf.

This species yields probably the best gum from Senegal to Somali, and

the root-bark affords a very tough fibre.

_Acacia albida_, Del., var. _saccharata_, Benth. Gawo.

A fair-sized tree, confined to the open dry country in the North,

extending into French territory, and an important camel food, but not a

gum yielder. The flowers are in creamy-white spikes and the pods are

yellow and twisted. It is peculiarly deciduous in the wet season, and

bursts into foliage just at the cessation of the rains.

_Acacia Seyal_, Del. Dussa; “Talh of the Soudan.”

A rather small tree, not often over 20 feet, but gregarious and very

abundant in North-east Hausaland and Bornu, less common, but local, in

Sokoto, etc. It has a yellow or ochrey bark, white thorns and brilliant

yellow balls of flowers, and the pods are narrow, sickle-curved and

constricted between the seeds. The gum is of good quality, but not equal

to that of _A. Senegal_.

_Acacia campylacantha_, Hochst. “Farichin shafu” (= Falcon’s claw).

A fairly tall tree with white flower-spikes and strongly curved spines

suggesting the native name. It is sometimes gregarious in limited forest

patches, and the gum is said to be good in colour, cleanliness, etc.

[Illustration: FIG. 41.—=A Baobab (Adansonia digitata).=]

[Illustration: FIG. 42.—=Giginya or “Fan Palm” (Borassus flabellifer,

var. Æthiopum), with Water-lilies (Nymphæaceæ).=]

To face p. 208.

_Albizzia Chevalieri_, G. et P. Katsari.

A tree of 30 to 40 feet, common in the more open savannah formations,

especially in the northern districts. It has whitish flower-balls, with

long, pinkish stamens and thin, flat pods. The bark is sometimes used

for tanning.

_Entada Sudanica_, Schweinf. Tawatsa.

A small tree of the savannah forests and open plains, easily

distinguished by the peculiar jointed pods, each embossed seed section

falling out and leaving the empty marginal frame. The flowers are in

yellowish axillary spikes, generally two or three together.

_Mimosa asperata_, Linn. Kaidaji.

Forms dense thorny thickets fringing the open bush streams. The flowers

are in pinkish balls, and the leaves possess the sensitive quality in a

mild degree.

_Lophira alata_, Banks (Ochnaceæ). Mijin kade.

An “African Oak” and one of the most familiar trees of the savannah

forests and open country. It is apparently very similar to _Lophira

procera_, the “Red Ironwood” timber tree of the southern forests;

frequently stunted by forest fires. The seeds yield an oil and the bark

is medicinal. The flowers are in handsome white panicles, appearing

about November or December, and the leaf and habit often give it an

appearance resembling the Shea Butter Tree, but the leaf is beautiful

and finely veined. An extraordinary fact is the widespread belief of

pagan tribes in the efficiency of the leaf as a charm.

_Eriodendron orientale_, Steud. (Malvaceæ). Rimi; “Silk-cotton Tree.”

A giant in the evergreen forests, and still a comparative giant in the

dry zone. In Northern Hausa towns the only very tall trees are Rimi; the

wood is light and the stems are sometimes hollowed out for canoes: the

floss of the seeds is Kapok, and has the usual local uses. Barth says

its distribution eastwards stops at 11° East longitude, and that it is

therefore absent from Bornu proper.

Northwards it apparently scarcely extends beyond the Anglo-French

boundary.

_Bombax buonopozense_, Beauv. Gurjiya; “Red-flowered Silk-cotton Tree.”

A member of the evergreen forests, but quite a common tree of the open

country and savannah forests, sometimes more or less gregarious, and

extending at least beyond the Anglo-French border. It reaches about 40

feet or more in height, with crowded spines on the bark and tulip-like

red flowers appearing during the deciduous period, generally after the

middle of December and in January.

_Adansonia digitata_, B. Juss. Kuka; “Baobab.”

A characteristic tree of the dry savannah regions, often grouped in

inhabited areas, with enormously stout stems, but in height limited to

40 to 60 feet. Specimens of 30 to 40 feet girth are not quite uncommon,

the swollen stem, with soft, spongy wood, being an adaptation to a dry

climate, by storing water to meet excessive transpiration by the leaves.

The bark is smooth and often has a shiny purplish tinge. Apart from

fibre from both bark and wood, the dry fruit pulp and the seeds are

prepared in various ways as food and drink. Large specimens are still

found at Maradi, north of the Sokoto boundary, but chiefly stunted trees

are met with at Zinder.

_Sterculia tomentosa_, G. et P. (Sterculiaceæ). Kukuki.

A member of the semi-evergreen forests and common also in the dry zone

as a medium-sized tree with soft, palmate-shaped leaves and pods four or

five together, splitting to expose the black seeds with yellow arils. A

watery juice from the bark refreshes thirsty travellers and a kind of

gum tragacanth exudes from the trunk.

_Hannoa undulata_, Planch. (Simarubeæ). Namijin gwabsa or Takandar giwa.

(One of two species called by the latter name, _vide_ _Cussonia_.)

A common tree of no great size in the savannah forest. The leaves are

pinnate, with five to seven leaflets on long stalks, the flowers, in

creamy, fragrant panicles, appearing in October or November, and the

fruit is a black plum with unpleasant taste.

_Irvingia Smithii_, Hook. fil.

A tree of evergreen and mixed deciduous forests which invades the

ravines and fringing belts in the savannah region as far at least as

Kontagora. In the Benué region it is a fairly large tree of 40 feet or

more, often gregarious, as in a patch of moist forest opposite Katsina

Allah, along with _Pterocarpus esculentus_. The scarlet fruits are known

as Goron ruwa or Goron biri (i.e. Water or Monkey Kola), and are eaten

by monkeys.

_Balanites Ægyptiaca_, Del. Aduwa; “Desert Date.”

Typical of the Soudan and of the northern drier provinces of Nigeria and

extending into French territory; characterized by its bifoliate

deciduous leaves, spiny habit in dry soil and evergreen bark. The yellow

oval fruit has a thin layer of sugary, bitter-sweet pulp, and the kernel

yields Betu oil.

_Boswellia odorata_, Hutch., and _B. Dalzielii_, Hutch. (Burseraceæ).

Hano or Ararabi.

Two new species of “Frankincense Tree,” yielding a fragrant gum resin.

They reach 30 feet or so in height, have white bark which peels off in

thin sheets, racemes of white flowers and pinnate leaves with serrate

leaflets.

_Commiphora Kerstingii_, Engl. Dali or Bazana.

A small tree, commonly used as a fence support around native compounds.

The bark is smooth and green, and the soft wood can be hollowed out for

quivers.

_Balsamodendron Africanum_, A. Rich. Dashi.

A shrub commoner in the northern regions, extending beyond the Anglo-

French boundary. In arid regions it forms a good hedge, with some

resemblance to the blackthorn. The leaves and bark are fragrant, and it

yields a gum resin which is a variety of African myrrh.

_Khaya Senegalensis_, A. Juss. (Meliaceæ). Madachi; “West African

Mahogany” of the dry zone.

A large tree for the dry savannah region, but one of the smaller of the

mahoganies. In the North, where dry conditions prevail, it tends to

favour the banks of streams or the edges of marshy meadows, and is never

buttressed, but often acquires a good spreading crown. Good timber

specimens have been found on the Gurara River, but apart from this, and

perhaps some other favoured localities, it does not as a rule exceed

about 4 feet to 4½ feet in girth. It occurs from Gambia to Nigeria and

Kamerun, and is again found as a West African element in the flora of

Uganda and Mozambique. Northwards it reaches North Sokoto, but

apparently does not extend to Zinder. The bark is a reputed bitter tonic

in native medicine.

_Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_, Harms. Toman or Tonas; “Dry-zone Cedar.”

In Northern Nigeria this is rarely more than a small to medium-sized

tree of 20 to 30 feet, and not usually of good straight growth, probably

from the effect of annual fires, but yielding a fine wood. The leaflets

are undulate-margined, the flowers are in graceful panicles, appearing

about February and March, and the dry, erect capsules, full of winged

seeds, split from above downwards in five valves. Occasionally little

copses of the species occur, as it seeds freely and numerous seedlings

arise—most of them, however, doomed to perish in the next bush-fire. In

protected localities it might be fostered into a useful timber tree.

Natives find various medicinal uses for the bark.

_Trichilia emetica_, Vahl. Jan sayi.

A fairly common tree across Central Hausaland, not often much over 20

feet in height. It has medicinal properties; the white flowers are

fragrant and used to rub the teeth, and the seeds yield a less important

oil.

_Trichilia retusa_, Oliv.

A large timber tree with tall, straight stems, found in the Benué

region. The flowers are white, appearing about January, in axillary

racemes or below the leaves; the leaflets are generally five or three,

with wide, shallow indentation at the tip.

_Odina Barteri_ (Anacardiaceæ). Faru.

A fair-sized deciduous tree of the savannah forests, with pinnate

pubescent leaves and inconspicuous flowers in pendulous, clustered

racemes. It yields a sort of resin, and the small fruits, tipped with

four sharp points, are eaten by birds.

_? Spondias sp._ Danya.

A very common tree of the drier savannah forests, very abundant in the

North; it has light foliage of pinnate leaves with small leaflets and a

yellow, very pleasantly flavoured fruit, with a tough rind like that of

the mango. The fruits litter the ground in the months of May and June.

The wood is very hard and used for making a heavy kind of basin known as

_akushi_.

_Anogeissus leiocarpus_, G. et P. (Combretaceæ). Marike.

This is one of the “Chew-sticks” of Yoruba, and while occurring in

fringing forests and evergreen patches, it is very common in the open

savannah regions, but probably does not extend beyond the northern

boundary. It may be 50 feet in height, and possesses light, graceful

foliage, pale bark and small yellowish flowers in globose heads, forming

tiny dry two-winged fruits. It affords an inferior gum and is much used

medicinally.

_Terminalia sp._, near _T. macroptera_, G. et P. Baushe.

A fairly large tree, 40 feet or more in height, with the oval winged and

embossed fruits of the genus, along with its congeners, e.g. _T.

Elliotii_, Engl. and Diels, _T. Baumanii_, Engl. and Diels, etc., very

abundant and typical of the savannahs of Northern Nigeria. Bows and

sticks are made from the roots.

_Terminalia macroptera_, G. et P. Kandari.

A smaller tree with much broader leaves, typical of open park-like

formations.

_Combretum spp._

Several arborescent species of _Combretum_ are truly characteristic of

the open and bush savannahs, and are well represented even in the

northern parts, where, however, in some districts, they are replaced by

Acacias. They are practically all gum-bearing; the flowers are small and

yellowish in axillary spikes, but the genus is generally easily

recognized by the fruits having four papery wings and the usually

whorled arrangement of the leaves. The Northern Nigerian species have

not all been fully determined, and the native names are at present

somewhat confused and may include more than one species. Most of them in

this region are shrubs or small trees, occasionally reaching 30 feet or

so, with smooth or hoary foliage. The Taramniya is generally _C.

leonense_, Engl. and Diels; the Chiriri of Sogoto includes probably _C.

Hartmannianum_, Schweinf., and other species; the Dalo is _C.

glutinosum_, Perr., or near it.

_Parinarium curatellæfolium_, Planch (Rosaceæ). Rura.

A small tree, very common in the bush and forest savannah, usually only

about 10 to 15 feet high, with pale leaves and a dry, pear-like fruit.

Of its congeners, _P. macrophyllum_, Sabine, the Gawasa or Gingerbread

Plum, is its representative in most northerly provinces, and _P.

polyandrum_, Benth., with grape-like bunches of purple not edible fruit,

is common in the southern parts of the deciduous region.

_Eugenia Owariensis_, Beauv. (Myrtaceæ). Malmo.

A small tree, generally about 20 to 30 feet in height and always found

in moist places, by streams, etc. It has shining, odorous foliage,

white, fragrant flower-clusters, and a small black-purple, succulent

fruit.

_Cussonia Nigerica_, Hutch. (Araliaceæ). Gwabsa or Takandar giwa.

A new species, occurring in the open and bush savannahs as a small tree

from 10 to 15 feet in height, with peculiar bare, raking branches,

producing at their ends clusters of digitate leaves or of long catkin-

like spikes of inconspicuous flowers. Incisions in the rough, fissured

bark yield a clear gum. (For the native name compare _Hannoa undulata_.)

_Cratæva Adansonii_, G. et P. (Capparideæ). Ingidido.

A small tree, occasionally 20 feet high, fairly abundant in the North,

of local distribution and common in towns. The leaves are trifoliate and

can be used as a vegetable; the flowers are white and the fruit yellow,

spherical, and about the size of a small orange.

_Zizyphus spina-Christi_, Willd. (Rhamnaceæ). Kurna.

A small tree characteristic of the dry open regions and commonly planted

in northern towns. It is generally about 10 to 20 feet high, spiny, with

leaves three-nerved, and a rather dry, edible berry of pleasant taste.

_Z. jujuba_, Lam., is the Magariya, and is similar, but in these regions

generally has less of a stem and is more shrubby and thorny, and is not,

as a rule, planted, though the fruit is even pleasanter.

_Sarcocephalus Russegeri_ (Rubiaceæ). Tafashia.

A shrub, or occasionally a small tree, common in moist meadows, but

found also in the open dry bush. The flowers are in rather large creamy

balls, and the coarse red, succulent fruit is the analogue of the Sierra

Leone peach, _S. esculentus_, Afzel, which grows to a large tree in the

evergreen forests.

_Mitragyne Africana_, Korth. Giyaiya.

This is a characteristic tree of swampy areas in the deciduous regions,

found by streams and marshes or forming island-clumps with a few lesser

shrubs and weeds in the grassy meadows, which dry up in the rainless

months. It is generally from 20 to 30 feet in height and has close,

spherical heads of whitish flowers and smooth, but not shining, leaves

with regular venation.

_Crossopteryx Kotschyana_, Fenzl. Kasfiya.

A small tree of 15 to 20 feet, with foliage resembling that of Giyaiya,

bunches of whitish flowers, and abundant small black, pill-like fruits,

which remain attached long after they are ripe.

_Adina microcephala_, Hiern. Kadanyar rafi.

A fairly tall tree of 30 to 40 feet, found in stream-banks in the

savannah region. It has whitish balls of flowers and tapering smooth

leaves.

_Morelia Senegalensis_, A. Rich. Innuwar bauna.

An evergreen shrub 10 to 20 feet high, common on stream-banks, and found

both in the semi-evergreen forests and in the fringing belts of the

deciduous region. The flowers are white and somewhat fragrant, and the

fruit is spherical, tipped by the tubular remains of the calyx.

_Butyrospermum Parkii_, Kotschii. (Sapotaceæ). Kadanya; “Shea Butter

Tree.”

A typical tree of the savannah hinterlands, and one which gives the

park-like character to many parts of Northern Nigeria, it barely extends

to the northern boundary, and is rarer on the Bornu side. It is

generally 25 to 30 feet high or more, with a dense crown and a curiously

corrugated bark. Flowers, in white, head-like clusters generally appear

about December. The brown, chestnut-like kernels are ripe about July.

The milky juice and the coarser venation of the leaves readily

distinguish this tree from _Lophira alata_.

_Diospyros mespiliformis_, Hochst. (Ebenaceæ). Kanya or Kaiwa; “African

Ebony.”

A fairly large tree, up to about 40 feet in height, in the savannah

forests and open country, extending north to beyond the Anglo-French

boundary, larger in the mixed deciduous forests farther south and in

fringing evergreen belts. The foliage is dark and the bark blackish; the

inconspicuous whitish flowers, of separate sexes on different trees, are

attractive to bees. The wood is white, with a black heartwood, and the

spherical yellow fruits (“Monkey Guava”) have a crisp rind and sweet

edible pulp, with four or five seeds.

_Strychnos spinosa_, Lam. (Loganiaceæ). Kokiya.

A small thorny tree with opposite three- to five-nerved leaves,

conspicuous by its round yellow fruit, which is orange-like, but has a

hard rind and flat seeds embedded in a pleasant acid edible pulp.

_Cordia Abyssinica_, R. Br. (Boragineæ). Aliliba.

A shrub or small tree with broad leaves and white flowers, valued for

the sweet yellow berries, which are used in making sweetmeats.

_Kigelia Æthiopica_, Decne.; var. _Bornuensis_, Sprague (Bignoniaceæ).

Rahaina or Rawuya.

A species of “Sausage Tree,” of irregular distribution in Northern

Nigeria, known in Sokoto, etc., but commoner in the Benué region and in

Bornu (possibly more than one species occurring). It grows to a fairly

large size, with dense foliage and pendulous racemes of lurid purple and

spotted flowers and large, yam-like fruits.

_Stereospermum Kunthianum_, Cham. Jiri or Sansami.

A small tree of the savannah forests, with smooth pale bark, beautiful

pink caducous blossoms and long slender pods.

_Vitex Cienkowskii_, Kotschii et Peyr. (Verbenaceæ). Dinya.

A fairly large tree, chiefly of open forest country and extending at

least as far as the Anglo-French border. The bark is somewhat smooth,

the crown of digitate leaves fairly dense, and the black, damson-like

fruits are used in making molasses and sweetmeats. The natives value the

wood as strong and suitable for local use.

_Uapaca Guineensis_, Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceæ). Ka Jafogo.

In the open country a rather small tree, with the habit of a Ficus, but

becoming a large tree, sometimes prop-rooted, in the Benué region and in

some ravines.

_Chlorophora excelsa_, Benth. and Hook. (Moraceæ). The “Iroko” or

“Odum.”

Some of the splendid Nupé canoes are made of this, but the tree really

belongs to the southern forests, though it occurs in the Benué region

and perhaps in some northward extensions in river valleys.

_Celtis integrifolia_, Lam. Zuwo or Dukki.

This is a fairly large tree of the savannah forest region, found as far

north at least as Sokoto. The leaves are edible and are used as fodder.

_Ficus_ or _Urostigma spp._

This genus has not yet been fully elaborated, and the native names

cannot in all cases be definitely applied to distinct botanical species.

The following appear tp be fairly established: Chediya, _Ficus

Thonningii_, Bl., one of the commonest shade trees, planted in towns and

abundant far North in French territory; Durumi, _F. syringifolia_,

Warb., perhaps equally common, with shining heart-shaped and pointed

leaves; Baure, _F. gnaphalocarpa_, A. Rich. (the rough-leaved species

with soft figs which are sometimes considered edible); Uwar yara, _F.

Capensis_, Thunb. (_sensu lato_), recognized by the wavy or indented-

margined leaves, and especially by the figs being borne in dense

clusters on the trunk; Gamji, _F. platyphylla_, Del. (the source of “Red

Kano Rubber” and the host of one of the wild silkworms, _Anaphe sp._).

Kawuri probably includes _F. kawuri_, Hutch., and _F. glumosa_, Del. Wa

is a species with broadly cordate leaves, strongly veined, and Shirinya

is a narrow-leaved species. _F. Vogelii_, Mig., is a glossy-leaved

rubber-tree, more abundant in ravines and in the moister forests farther

South.

The Gamji and Shirinya, and perhaps some of the others, almost

invariably begin life as epiphytes.

Most of the species have abundant aerial rootlets, and the latex of _F.

Vogelii_, of Gamji, and perhaps of Kawuri and Shirinya, yields rubber of

varying quality.

_Raphia vinifera_, P. Beauv. (Palmeæ). Tukuruwa; “Bamboo Palm,” “Wine

Palm.”

This well-known palm is found in ravines in the savannah region as far

as Zaria province, but is a proper member of swampy patches and moist

forests of the South. Roofing poles and palm-wine are its products most

used in the North.

_Borassus flabellifer_, var. _Æthiopum_, Warb. Giginya; “Deleb,”

“Palmyra” or “Fan Palm.”

The most characteristic palm of Hausaland, with tall, straight and often

beaded stems. The germinating shoots from the planted nuts are a

vegetable called _muruchi_, and the wood and leaves have the familiar

uses in house-building, mat and basket weaving, etc.

_Hyphæne Thebaica_, Mart. Goriba; “Dum” or “Gingerbread Palm.”

The typical palm of the more northerly Hausa provinces, characterized by

its forked stems and obliquely fan-shaped leaves. The kernel and the

rind of the nut are used in certain food preparations, and the fronds

have the usual applications for plaited utensils, etc.

_Phœnix dactylifera_, Linn. Dabino; “Date Palm.”

Introduced by Arabs and confined (with a few exceptions, e.g. at Yola

Mosque) to the Northern towns.

In Kano it may be possible to see the three palms, Deleb, Dum and Date,

together, but the last is in no sense a tree of Hausaland.

J. M. DALZIEL.

[Illustration: FIG. 43.—=Mahogany (Khaya grandis), 6½ years old, showing

bent leader, owing to previous one being eaten out by the leading-shoot

borer.=]

[Illustration: FIG. 44.—=1909 Mahogany (Khaya grandis and K. Punchii).

Plantation after six years’ growth, near road to Chief Conservator’s

House, Olokemeji Arboretum.=]

[Illustration: FIG. 45.—=The largest Mahogany (Khaya Punchii), seven

years old, Olokemeji Arboretum, in the Forest Reserve.=]

To face p. 216.

APPENDIX I

NIGERIAN TREES.—A LIST OF TREES FOR THE NORTHERN PROVINCES

(Hausa names obtained from _Hausa Botanical Vocabulary_, by J. M.

Dalziel.)

_Botanical Name._ _English Name._ _Hausa._

GRAMINEÆ.

Oxytenanthera — Gora.

Abyssinica

PALMÆ.

Raphia vinifera Bamboo Palm, Tukuruwa Gongola or Gwongola

Palm or Wine Palm gwangwala (Nupe),

Tukuruwa; also Murli,

Gangame.

Hyphæne Thebaica Dum Palm or Goriba, Kaba or Kodago

Gingerbread Palm and Kwalo (nut).

Elæis Guineensis Oil Palm Kwakwa.

Cocos nucifera Coconut Palm Kwakwar, Attagura.

Borassus flabellifer, Deleb Palm, Fan or Giginya.

var. Æthiopum Palmyra Palm

SALICACEÆ.

Salix Willow Ba ruwana, syn. Rimni

(Sok.).

ULMACEÆ.

Celtis integrifolia Nettle Tree Dukki or Dunki, syn.

Zuwo (Kano, Zaria,

etc.); also Dinkin.

MORACEÆ.

Artocarpus incisa Breadfruit Barabutu (corruption

of Breadfruit).

Ficus gnaphalocarpa — Baure, Bauren fadama,

Bauren rafi.

Ficus sp. — Bijaje.

Ficus populifolia — Bishiyapl bishiyoyi,

generic.

Ficus Thonningii — Chediya, Gazari or

Gizeri (Hadeija).

Ficus sp. — Danko maiwari.

Ficus sp. Large Fig Dulu.

Ficus syringifolia Small Fig Durumi.

Ficus platyphylla Guttapercha Tree Gamji or Ganji (Kano).

Ficus Capensis — Garicha (Zanfara),

Haguguwa (Kano and

Bauchi), Uwar yara

(Kano and Katagum).

Ficus Kawuri and Ficus — Kawuri.

glumosa

Chlorophora excelsa — Loko.

Ficus sp. — Non gwanki.

Ficus sp. Narrow-leaved Fig Tree Shisinya, syn. Shiriya

(Sok.).

Ficus Vogelii — Taba ni ka samu, cf.

Kurnan nasara and

Zogalagandi.

Ficus sp. — Wa or Ya (Sok.).

Ficus sp. — Wan kurumi.

Ficus Capensis — Uwar yara (Kano,

Katagum), syn.

Haguguwa (Kano,

Bauchi).

ANONACEÆ.

Anona Senegalensis Custard Apple Gwandar daji.

Xylopia Æthiopica African, Guinea or Kimba.

Negro Pepper

CAPPARIDACEÆ.

Mærua Angolensis — Chichiwa (Sok.).

Cratæva Adansonii — Ingidido.

MORINGACEÆ.

Moringa pterygosperma Horse-radish Tree Samarin danga or

Zogalagundi, syn.

Bagarumar makka

(Sok.), Barambo

(Gobir); also Taba ni

ka saniu (cf. Kurnan

nasara).

ROSACEÆ.

Parinarium Gingerbread Plum Gawasa.

macrophyllum

Parinarium polyandrum — Kaikai.

Parinarium — Rura; also Gwanja kusa

curatellæfolium and Kaikai.

LEGUMINOSÆ.

Sesbania leptocarpa — Alambo.

Sesbania aculeata — —

Sesbania Ægyptiaca — Sasabani and Zamarke.

Lonchocarpus Yoruba Wild Indigo Bahar tahki.

cyanescens

Acacia Arabica Egyptian Mimosa Bagaruwa, Gabaruwa.

Afrormosia sp. — Ba-jini, syn. Jina-

jina (Sok. and Zanf.).

Acacia Sieberiana — Bauji (E. Hausa), syn.

Fara kaya.

Swartsia Cassia Tribe Bogo zage (Zanfare),

Madagascariensis Bayama (Kontagora),

syn. Gwazkiya, Gamma

fada.

Cassia Occidentalis — Ba-Zanfare (Katagum),

syn. Rai dore, Sanga-

sanga (Sok. and West).

Tetrapleura Thonningii — Dawo (Hausa?), Ai-da

(Yoruba), cf. Kalangon

daji and Sandan mayu.

Isoberlinia doka — Doka.

Isoberlinia Dalzielii — Fara doka.

Parkia filicoidea African Locust Bean Dorowa, Dorawa.

Tree

Acacia Seyal “Tall” Gum Acacia Dushe (Kano), Dussa

(E. Hausa), syn.

Jimshi (Sok.), and (?)

Ishishiya (Zanfara).

Acacia Sieberiana Acacia Fara kaya, syn. Bauji

(E. Hausa).

Acacia campylacantha Acacia Catechu Farachin shafo or

Kumbarshafo. Karkara

(Kano), Karki (Sok.,

Kats., and Zanf.),

Kayar rakumi; also

Karo (Kano, Sok., and

Kats.).

Acacia macrostachys — Gardayi.

Acacia albida — Gawo.

Lonchocarpus — Farin sansami, syn.

laxiflorus Shunin Biri Zanfara

halshen sa.

Afzelia Africana African Mahogany or Fasa-daga, Kawo.

Mahogany Bean

Cassia Kotschyana — Gamma fada hada fuda

(Sok.).

Pterocarpus esculentus — Gedar, Kurumi.

Erythrophlœum Sasswood or Ordeal Gwaska or Itchen

Guineense Tree gwaska.

Bauhinia rufescens — Jirga (Sok. and

Kats.), syn. Tsatsagi

(Sok. Zaria, Kano,

etc.).

Paradaniellia Oliveri West African or Ilorin Kadaura (Kano, Zaria,

Copaiba Balsam Tree etc.).

Mimosa asperata — Kaidaji, Kardaji

(Sok.).

Tetrapleura — Kalangen daji.

Ambygonocarpus — Kashi Kashi (Kontagora

Schweinfurthii Kols).

Albizzia Chevalieri — Katsari.

Prosopis oblonga — Kiriya, Akiye or

Akwiye (seeds),

Kokara.

Burkea Africana Break-axe Tree Kurdi, Bakin makarfo,

Kariye gatari.

Acacia Caffra? Thorny Acacia Kwandariya.

Pterocarpus erinaceus Africa Rosewood or Madobia.

“Bloodwood”

Paradaniellia Oliveri Balsam Tree Maje (Sok.).

Syn. Daniellia West African Copaiba Syn. Kadaura (Kano,

Thurifera Balsam Tree Zaria, etc.).

Baphia pubescens Camwood Majigi.

Erythrina Senegalensis Coral Tree Majiriya (Sok. and

Kats.), Minjiriya

(Kano).

Afrormosia laxiflora Break-axe Tree Makarfo, also called

Kariye gatari.

Indigofera — Dan marike.

secundiflora

Cassia goratensis — Runhu or Rumfu.

Parkinsonia aculeata Jerusalem Thorn Dan sarikin itatuwa

(Sok. and Kats.),

Sasabani (Hadeija,

etc.), Sharan lobbi

(Sokoto), cf. Alambo.

Lonchocarpus — Shunim biri, syn.

laxiflorus Farin sansami (Sok.

and Kats.), Halshen sa

Zanfar.

Lonchocarpus West African Indigo or Talaki or Talakin

cyanescens Yoruba Wild Indigo Yarubawa.

Detarium Senegalense — Taura.

Entada Sudanica — Tawatsa or Tawassa.

Tamarindus Indica Tamarind Tree Tsamiya.

RUTACEÆ.

Zanthoxylum — Fasa-kwari.

Senegalense

Limonia — Kokuwa (Sok. and

West).

SIMARUBACEÆ.

Irvingia Smithii — Goron biri or Goron

ruwa.

Hannoa undulata — Takandar giwa (Kats.,

Sok. and Zanf.), syn.

Namijin gwabsa

(Kontagora, etc.);

also Raken giwa.

BURSERACEÆ.

Canarium “African Elemi Tree” Atillis.

Schweinfurthii

Boswellia odorata Frankincense Tree Basamu (Sok. and

Zanf.).

Boswellia Dalzielii Frankincense Tree Syn. Hano (Sok. and

Kats.), and Ararabi

(Kats.).

Commiphora Kerstingii — Dali and Dalu (Kano

and Katsina), syn.

Bazano (Kano and

Zaria), Gurzundali

(Katagum), Hana gobard

(Zanfara), Ka Ki ganin

bula (Zanfara); also

Bar nagada.

Balsamodendron myrrha Myrrh Jawul.

MELIACEÆ

Melia Azedarach Pride of India, Itchen kurdi, syn.

Persian or African Kurnan nasara, E.

Lilac, or Bead Head Hausa Kontagora.

Trichilia emetica — Jan saye (Sok., Zanf.,

Kontaga).

Khaya Senegalensis Species of African Madachi or Madwachi

Mahogany (Sok.).

Pseudocedrela Kotschyi — Tuna (often pronounced

Tunam or Tunas).

EUPHORBIACEÆ

Hymenocardia acida — Jan yaro or Jan

itache.

Uapaca Guineensis — Ka fafogo.

Euphorbia Barteri — Kerana.

Euphorbia Abyssinica — —

Phyllanthus — Majiriyar kurumi

floribundus (Kano); also called

Kumchi (Sok. and

Zanf.).

ANACARDIACEÆ.

Spondias sp. Yellow Plum Danya (fruit called

Nunu), C. Tsadar

Masar.

Odina Barterii — Faru, syn. Tudi

(Zanfara), Farum biri

(Sok.).

Anacardium Occidentale Cashew Kanju.

Mangifera Indica Mango Mangoro.

Spondias lutea Hog Plum, Yellow Tsadar Lamarudu or

Spanish or Jamaica Tsadar Masar.

Plum

Hæmatostaphis Barteri Blood Plum Tursuje.

SAPINDACEÆ.

Blighia sapida Akee Apple Alale, usually called

Gwanje kusa.

RHAMNACEÆ.

Zizyphus Spina-Christi — Kwina, cf. Magariya.

Zizyphus jujuba Jujube Tree Magariya.

Zizyphus mucronata Buffalo Horn Magariyar kura.

VITACEÆ.

Vitis quadrangularis — Dodoriya or Dadori.

BOMBACACEÆ.

Bombax buonopozense — Gurjiya, syn. Kuriya

(Sok. and Zanf.).

Bombax buonopozense Red-flowered Silk- Kuriya (Sok. and

cotton Tree Zanf.), syn. Guriya.

Adansonia digitata Baobab, Monkey-bread Kuka.

Tree, or Sour Gourd.

Eriodendron Orientale White Silk-cotton Tree Rimi (Kano) or Rini

(Sok.).

STERCULIACEÆ.

Cola acuminata Kola Nut Goro or Labuje goriya

(largest nuts).

Sterculia tomentosa — Kukudi.

FLACOURTIACEÆ.

Oncoba spinosa — Kokochiko.

COMBRETACEÆ.

Terminalia sp. — Baushe.

Nr. Terminalia — Kandari.

macroptera

Terminalia Elliotti — —

Terminalia Baumanii — —

Terminalia — —

Avicennioides

Combretum Kerstingii — Chiriri (Sok. and

Zanf.), syn. Dagera

and probably also

Zindi.

Combretum glutinosum — Dalo.

Combretum sp., — Geza.

probably Combretum

altum

Combretum sp. (?) — Goga jiki.

Combretum leonense

Anogeissus leiocarpus Chew-stick Tree Marike.

Combretum — Taramniya.

verticillatum

Combretum — —

geitonophyllum and

others

Combretum leonense — Wuyan damo.

Combretum sp. near — Zindi (Katagum,

Kanuri).

Combretum — Chiriri.

Hartmannianum,

probably same as C.

Kerstingii

MYRTACEÆ.

Eugenia caryophyllata Clove Kanumfari.

Eugenia Owariensis — Malmo.

ARALIACEÆ.

Cussonia Nigerica — Gwabsa (Sok., Kats.

and Zanf.), Raken

giwa.

SAPOTACEÆ.

Butyrospermum Parkii Shea Butter Tree Kadanya or Kadai.

EBENACEÆ.

Diospyros — Kaiwa (Sok.) or Kanya

mespiliformis (Kano).

LOGANIACEÆ.

Anthocleista nobilis Cabbage Tree Kwari.

(G. Don)

Anthocleista Vogelii — Kwari.

(Planch)

Anthocleista — Kwari.

parviflora (Baker)

APOCYNACEÆ.

Voacanga obtusa — Kokiyar biri

(Kontagora)

Rauwolfia Welwitschii — Wadda.

BORRAGINACEÆ.

Cordia Abyssinica — Aliliba

VERBENACEÆ.

Vitex Cienkowskii — Dinya (Kano), Dumya

(Sok.)

Vitex diversifolia — —

SOLANACEÆ.

Solanum sp. — Jaudari (E. Hausa),

syn. Gorgo.

BIGNONIACEÆ.

Newbouldia lævis — Aduruku, syn. Ba reshe

(?).

Stereospermum — Jiri or Sansami or

Kunthianum Sasami, syn. Jiri dan

sarikin itatuwa (Sok.

and Kats.).

Kigelia Æthiopica, Sausage Tree Rahaina, syn. Rawuya

var. Bornuensis (Sok.) and Nonon giwa.

RUBIACEÆ.

Randia malleifera Gardenia sp. Katambiri.

Randia Nilotica — Barbaji, syn. Tsibra

or Tsura (Sok.).

Mitragyne Africana — Giyeya or Giyaiya.

Crossopteryx — Kasfiya (Sok., Kats.

Kotschyana and Zanf.).

Sarcocephalus A common Chew-stick Tafashia.

Russegeri

Adina microcephala — Kadanyar rafi or

Kadanyar kurumi.

COMPOSITÆ.

Vernonia amygdalina — Fate fate.

Vernonia sp. — Shiwaka.

APPENDIX II

NIGERIA—FOREST EXPORTS

----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------

| 1909. | 1910. | 1911.

Products. +-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------

|Quant. | £ |Quant. | £ |Quant. | £

----------------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------

Palm kernels |158,849|1,815,967|172,998|2,450,814|176,389|2,574,405

| | | | | |

Palm kernel | 853 | 1,512| 1,168 | 2,070| 943 | 973

| | | | | |

Palm kernel oil | — | — | — | — | — | —

| | | | | |

Palm oil | 6,335 |1,447,163|76,850 |1,742,234|79,336 |1,696,876

| | | | | |

Kernel cake | — | — | — | — | — | —

| | | | | |

Rubber | 619 | 109,076| 1,175 | 311,691| 961 | 179,355

| | | | | |

Gum arabic | — | — | — | — | 373 | 6,559

| | | | | |

Gum copal | — | — | — | — |10 tons| 362

| | | | | |

Gutta-percha | — | — | — | — | 104 | 8,787

| | | | | |

Shea butter | 309 | 5,230| 340 | 6,804| 248 | 4,978

| | | | | |

Shea nuts | 9,728 | 78,029| 4,464 | 43,510| 3,629 | 35,518

| | | | | |

Kola nuts | — | — | — | — |79 tons| 2,377

| | | | | |

Coconuts | 2,240 | 71,916| — | — |20,500 | 82

| | | | | |

Kapok | — | — | — | — |2 tons | 152

| | | | | |

Copra |21 tons| 259| — | — |96 tons| 1,672

| | | | | |

Timber, mahogany| — | 46,372| — | 60,191|13,675 | 55,575

| | | | | |

„ ebony | — | — | — | — |74 tons| 266

| | | | | |

„ other than | — | — | — | — |3 tons | 1

| | | | | |

Camwood | — | — | — | — | — | 1

| | | | | |

Mangrove bark | — | — | — | — | 504 | 671

| | | | | |

Rafters | — | — | — | — | 280 | 28

| | | | | |

Beeswax | — | — | 256 | — |11 tons| 566

----------------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------

TOTALS |178,955|3,574,524|257,252|4,617,314|262,767|4,569,211

| | | | | |

| | | | |20,500 |

| | | | | |

| | | | |13,675 |

| | | | | |

| | | | | 280 |

----------------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------

[Continued]

----------------+-----------------+-----------------

| 1912. | 1913.

Products. +-------+---------+-------+---------

|Quant. | £ |Quant. | £

----------------+-------+---------+-------+---------

Palm kernels |184,624|2,797,411|174,720|3,109,820

| tons | | tons |

| | | |

Palm kernel | 1,472 | 3,140| 649 | 1,313

shells | tons | | tons |

| | | |

Palm kernel oil | 499 | 16,341| 3,857 | 129,443

| tons | | tons |

| | | |

Palm oil |76,994 |1,654,933|83,085 |1,854,384

| tons | | tons |

| | | |

Kernel cake | — | — | — | 31,484

| | | |

Rubber | 705 | 25,022| 510 | 89,995

| tons | | tons |

| | | |

Gum arabic | 307 | 1,785| 710 | 3,133

| tons | | tons |

| | | |

Gum copal |72 tons| 1,686|19 tons| 322

| | | |

Gutta-percha | 106 | 5,419|74 tons| 4,424

| tons | | |

| | | |

Shea butter | 179 | 4,798| 120 | 4,044

| tons | | tons |

| | | |

Shea nuts | 7,756 | 46,609| 9,420 | 70,427

| tons | | tons |

| | | |

Kola nuts |72 tons| 2,136|48 tons| 1,459

| | | |

Coconuts |15,550 | 51|147,745| 496

| nuts | | nuts |

| | | |

Kapok | 1 ton | 69|19 tons| 1,097

| | | |

Copra |94 tons| 1,628|96 tons| 1,890

| | | |

Timber, mahogany|15,565 | 78,006|19,152 | 105,440

| logs | | logs |

| | | |

„ ebony |37 tons| 102| 119 | 608

| | | tons |

| | | |

„ other than |5 tons | 2|10 tons| 5

furniture | | | |

| | | |

Camwood |13 tons| 46|67 tons| 314

| | | |

Mangrove bark | 213 | 448|48 tons| 200

| tons | | |

| | | |

Rafters | 95 | 8| 40 | 2

| pkgs. | | pkgs. |

| | | |

Beeswax |4 tons | 247|5 tons | 388

----------------+-------+---------+-------+---------

TOTALS |273,158|4,639,892|273,583|5,410,695

| tons | | tons |

| | | |

|15,550 | |147,745|

| nuts | | nuts |

| | | |

|15,565 | |19,152 |

| logs | | logs |

| | | |

| 95 | | 40 |

| pkgs. | | pkgs. |

----------------+-------+---------+-------+---------

APPENDIX III

IMPORTS OF TIMBER INTO NIGERIA

-----------------+--------------------+--------

Wood and Timber, | |

Rough Hewn, Sawn | Superficial Feet. | £

and Split. | |

-----------------+--------------------+--------

1910 | 5,754,135 | 34,166

| |

1911 | 3,246,924 | 35,920

| |

1912 | 3,915,004 | 37,904

| |

1913 | 4,531,262 | 43,157

| |

1914 | 6,094,126 | 54,673

| |

1915 | 4,194,935 | 45,027

| |

1916 |Information not yet | —

| available |

-----------------+--------------------+--------

TOTALS | 27,736,386 |£250,847

-----------------+--------------------+--------

APPENDIX IV

NIGERIAN TREES PROTECTED UNDER THE FORESTRY ORDINANCE

With the gracious permission of the Nigerian Forest Department and the

Nigerian Government a copy of the schedule of protected trees under the

Nigerian Forestry Ordinance has been inserted here.

SCHEDULE A

PROTECTED TREES

1ST CLASS TREES.

_Fee_, 46_s._; _Royalty_, 10_s._; _Total_, 56_s._ _per tree_.

(_a_) 11 feet minimum girth limit.

_Khaya_. All species except _K. Senegalensis_. Mahoganies. Ogangwo

(Yoruba); Gedu (Benin); Digiten (Brass); Dirinshi and Odala (Ibo);

Efriyo-moniba (Efik).

_Entandrophragma_. All species, scented Mahoganies. Ijebo (Yoruba);

Onomokyukyu and Ikwapobo (Benin); Eden (Efik); Etori (Ekoi).

_Chlorophora excelsa_. Iroko (Yoruba); Iroko (Benin); Odji (Ibo); Nsan

(Ekoi); Efriyo (Efik).

(_b_) 10 feet minimum girth limit.

_Gaurea Thompsonii_. Walnuts. Obobonikwi (Benin).

_Gaurea_. All other species.

_Lovoa Klaineana_. Anamomila (Benin).

(_c_) 8 feet minimum girth limit.

_Sarcocephalus esculentus_. Moist forest form. Opepe (Yoruba); Obiache

(Benin); Owessu (Brass); Awesu (Jekri).

(_d_) 6 feet minimum girth limit.

_Funtumia elastica_. Rubber trees.

_Ficus Vogelii_.

(_f_) No minimum girth limit.

_Elæis Guineensis_. Oil Palm.

[Illustration: FIG. 46.—=Corner of the 1908 Teak Plantation, Olokemeji

Arboretum, showing it at the end of the dry season, March 1915; Captain

Owens.=]

[Illustration: FIG. 47.—=Cedrela odorata (Cigar-box Cedar), three years

old (seen close); R. E. Dennett, Esq.=]

[Illustration: FIG. 48.—=Corner tree of the 1908 Teak Plantation, with

H. N. Thompson, Esq., 1911.=]

To face p. 228.

2ND CLASS TREES.

_Fee_, 28_s._; _Royalty_, 8_s._; _Total_, 36_s._ _per tree_.

(_b_) 10 feet minimum girth limit.

_Mimusops Djave_. Efam (Efik); Mfam (Ekoi); Ungu (Ibo).

_Canarium Schweinfurthii_. Eben-etridon (Efik); Njasun (Ekoi).

_Detarium Guineensis_.

_Piptadenia Africana_. Agboin (Yoruba); Chen (Ibo); Ekhimi (Benin);

Sanga (Ijaw).

_Cylicodiscus Gabunensis_. Anyan (Efik); Okan (Benin); Aja-igi or Olosan

(Yoruba).

_Agba_ of the Benis. Mobonran (Ijaw).

(_d_) 7 feet minimum girth limit.

_Afzelia Africana_.[4] Apa (Yoruba); Kanwo (Hausa); Adja (Ibo); Ayin-

bukbo (Efik); Aligna or Adya (Benin).

_Blighia sapida_. Ishin (Yoruba); Alale or Gwanja-kusa (Hausa).

_Lophira procera_. Eki (Yoruba); Eba (Benin); Kuru (Ijaw); Umowenek

(Efik).

_Tamarindus Indicus_.[5] Tsamia (Hausa).

(_e_) 6 feet minimum girth limit.

_Mimusops multinervis_. Emido (Yoruba); Apassa (Efik).

3RD CLASS TREES.

_Fee_, 18_s._; _Royalty_, 6_s._; _Total_, 24_s._ _per tree_.

(_b_) 10 feet minimum girth limit.

_Santiriopsis Klaineana_. Incense Tree. Odonomo-kyu-kyu (Benin).

_Poga oleosa_. Inoi (Efik); Inyere (Ekoi); Imonor (Ibo).

_Brachystegia spicæformis_. Ako or Eku (Yoruba); Akpakpa (Ibo); Ukung

(Efik).

(_c_) 6 feet minimum girth limit.

_Carapa_. All species. Ibegogo (Benin).

_Albizzia fastigiata_. Ayinre-eta (Yoruba).

_Albizzia Brownii_. Ayinre-bonabona (Yoruba).

_Pterocarpus tinctorius_. Camwood. Ukpa (Efik); Nkohen (Ekoi); Uhie

(Ibo); Auchi (Brass).

_Pterocarpus Osun_. Barwood. Osun (Yoruba); Ukpa (Efik).

_Khaya Senegalensis_. Dry-zone Mahogany. Ogangwo (Yoruba); Madachi

(Hausa).

_Erythrophlœum Guineense_. Sasswood. Erun (Yoruba); Ifwan (Efik); Inyi

(Ibo); Gwaska (Hausa).

_Erythrophlœum micranthum_. Ihi (Ekoi); Iringi (Ibo).

_Schrebera Golungensis_. Opele (Yoruba).

_Afrormosia laxiflora_. Yellow Satin Wood. Ainyesan (Benin).

_Parkia biglobosa_.[6]

_Parkia filicoidea_.[6] Darowa (Hausa); Irugba (Yoruba).

_Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_.[7] Tuna (Hausa); Emigbegi (Yoruba).

_Irvingia Barterii_. Oro (Yoruba); Okherli (Benin).

_Mammea sp._ Bolo (Ijaw); Bolo (Brass).

_Casearia sp._ Ebo (Yoruba).

_Otutu_ of the Yorubas. Aiye (Ondo).

_Klaineodoxa Gabonensis_. Alukon-raba (Yoruba); Ifainaki (Egba); Odudu

(Ondo).

_Diospyros_.[8] Ebonies. Kainya (Hausa).

4TH CLASS TREES.

_Fee_, 9_s._; _Royalty_, 3_s._; _Total_, 12_s._ _per tree_.

(_c_) 8 feet minimum girth limit.

_Terminalia_. All species except _T. Togoensis_.

_Terminalia Superba_. Afara (Yoruba).

_Uputtu_ of the Benis.

_Diospyros dendo_. Obiletu (Efik).

_Diospyros mespiliformis_. Kanran (Yoruba).

_Diospyros Mombuttensis_. Ogan-pupa (Yoruba).

_Diospyros atropurpurea_.

_Diospyros crassiflora_. Aborpor (Benin).

_Cordia Millenii_. Omo (Yoruba).

_Triplochiton Johnsonii_. Arere (Yoruba); Obeche (Benin).

_Triplochiton Nigericum_. Arere (Yoruba).

_Mitragyne macrophylla_. Uwen (Efik); Ebar (Brass); Ebar (Ibo); Abura

(Yoruba).

_Daniellia Ogea_. Ojia (Yoruba); Udeni (Ibo); Ozia (Benin).

_Yinrin-yinrin_ of Ijaws and Ikales.

_Jebere_ of the Ondos. Alofin (Jebu).

(_e_) 6 feet minimum girth limit.

_Berlinia acuminata_. Apado (Yoruba); Ekpogoi (Benin).

_Berlinia auriculata_.

_Cordia_. All species except _C. Millenii_. Aliliba (Hausa).

_Pausinystalia sp._ Idagbon (Ondo); Wenren-wenren (Jebu).

_Microdesmis sp._

_Ohiomo_ of the Benis.

_Ewai_ of the Benis.

_Spondias sp._ Ekika-aja, Opon (Yoruba).

_Saxoglottis Gabunensis_. Ndat (Efik); Tala (Ibo); Tala (Brass); Edat

(Ekoi); Atala (Yoruba).

_Sarcocephalus sp._ Opepe-ira (Yoruba).

_Pycnanthus Kombo_. Akomu (Yoruba).

_Ormosia monophylla_. Akoriko (Yoruba).

_Ashasha_ of the Yoruba.

_Alstonia Congensis_. Awun, Ahon (Yoruba); Dubu (Brass); Eba (Ibo).

_Parkia filicoidea_.[9] Danowa (Hausa).

_Parkia biglobosa_.[9]

_Acacia_.[10] All species. Gabarua (Hausa).

_Butyrospermum Parkii_. Shea Butter. Emi-emi (Yoruba); Kadanya (Hausa).

_Pterocarpus erinaceus_. Apepe, Ara (Yoruba); Madobia (Hausa).

5TH CLASS TREES.

_Fee_, 4_s._ 6_d._; _Royalty_, 1_s._ 6_d._; _Total_, 6_s._ _per tree_.

(_b_) 10 feet minimum girth limit.

_Eriodendron_. All species. Silk Cotton Tree. Araba (Yoruba); Ukum

(Efik); Shakka (Brass); Okha (Benin); Akpe (Ibo); Rimi (Hausa).

_Bombax_. All species.

_Antiaris toxicaria_. Oro (Yoruba); Nuwo (Ekoi); Odjiwawa (Ibo).

(_c_) 8 feet minimum girth limit.

_Iya-Igbo_ of the Yorubas.

(_e_) 6 feet minimum girth limit.

_Tetrapleura Thonningii_. Aridan (Yoruba); Dawo (Hausa).

_Erythrina_. All species except _E. Senegalensis_.

_Paradaniellia Oliveri_. Balsam Copaiba Tree. Iya (Yoruba).

_Pentaclethra macrophylla_. Apara (Yoruba); Ukana (Efik); Ukpakara

(Brass).

_Lonchocarpus Zenkeri_.

_Daniellia_. All species except _D. Ogea_. Gum Copal Trees. Iya

(Yoruba).

_Cynometra_. All species.

_Ricinodendron Africana_. Erimmado (Yoruba); Okwen (Benin).

_Uapaca Guineensis_. Ile (Ibo).

_Uapaca Staudtii_. Akun (Yoruba).

_Garcinia sp._ Agberibede (Yoruba).

_Scottelia Kamerunensis_. Okilolo (Ijaw).

_Oropa_ of the Yorubas. Odoko (Yoruba).

_Erohun_ of the Ikales.

(_f_) 4 feet minimum girth limit.

_Xylia Evansii_.

_Trichilia Heudelotii_.

_Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_.[11] Emigbegi (Yoruba).

_Ukpi-nikwi_ of the Benis. Enyin Mbukpo (Efik).

6TH CLASS TREES.

_Fee_, 2_s._ 6_d._; _Royalty_, 6_d._; _Total_, 3_s._ _per tree_.

(_c_) 8 feet minimum girth limit.

_Sterculia cordata_. Ogugu (Yoruba).

(_e_) 6 feet minimum girth limit.

_Sterculia oblonga_.

_Pentadesma butyracea_. Candle Tree. Udia Ebiong (Efik).

_Adina microcephala_.[12] Kadanyar rafi (Hausa).

_Anogeissus leiocarpus_. Ayin (Yoruba); Marike (Hausa).

_Isoberlinia_.[12] Both species. Doka (Hausa).

(_f_) 4 feet minimum girth limit.

_Chrysophyllum_. All species. Osan (Yoruba).

_Polyadoa umbellata_.

_Baphia nitida_. Irosun (Yoruba).

_Baphia pubescens_. Ubara (Efik).

_Baphia polygalacea_. Mbomo-nkuku (Efik).

_Parinarium macrophyllum_. Gawasa (Hausa).

_Parinarium mobola_.

_Funtumia Africana_. Ako-ire (Yoruba); Bassa-bassa (Benin).

_Tamarindus Indicus_.[13] Tsamia (Hausa).

_Eugenia Owariensis_. Malmo (Hausa).

_Vitex_. All species.

_Sterculia Barterii_. Eso (Yoruba).

_Lophira alata_. Ipawhaw (Yoruba); Namijin-kadai (Hausa).

_Zanthoxylon Senegalensis_. Ata (Yoruba); Fasa-kwari (Hausa).

_Spondias lutea_. Hog Plum. Iyeye (Yoruba); Tsada-Masar (Hausa).

_Cola_. All species.

_Ita_ of the Yorubas.

_Hannoa Klaineana_. Igbo (Yoruba).

_Macrolobium_. All species.

_Ormosia laxiflora_.[14] Ba-fini, Makarfo (Hausa); Shedun (Yoruba).

_Prosopis oblonga_. Kirya (Hausa).

_Lonchocarpus sericeus_. Ipapo (Yoruba); Njassi (Ibo); Obong (Efik).

_Dialium Guineense_. Awin (Yoruba); Ohiorme (Benin).

(_f_) 3 feet minimum girth limit.

_Adina microcephala_.[15] Kadanyar Rafi (Hausa).

_Isoberlinia_.[15] All species. Doka (Hausa).

_Ormosia laxiflora_.[16] Makarfo (Hausa).

(_g_) No minimum girth limit.

_Borassus Æthiopica_. The Fan Palm. Giginya (Hausa).

7TH CLASS TREES.

_Fees, Nil, except when taken under a Fuel Permit._

(_g_) No minimum girth limit.

_Acacia_. All species, when in Southern Provinces.

_Anona_. All species. Afe (Yoruba); Gwandar-daji (Hausa).

_Conopharyngia_. All species.

_Deinbollia insignis_.

_Erythrina Senegalensis_. Majiriya (Hausa).

_Garcinia conrauana_. Efiari (Efik); Odji (Brass).

_Hannoa undulata_. Ikwepokin (Benin).

_Holarrhena Wulfsbergii_.

_Kigelia pinnata_.

_Millettia Thonningii_.

_Musanga Smithii_. Umbrella Tree. Aga (Yoruba); Uno (Efik); Oro (Brass).

_Pachylobus edulis_. Eben (Efik).

_Parinarium_. All species except those detailed in 6th class.

_Pterocarpus esculentus_. Gedar-kurumi (Hausa); Gbingbin (Yoruba).

_Ochna multiflora_. Toi-tsi (Ibo).

_Rauwolfia vomitoria_.

_Spathodea_. All species.

_Sterculia_. All other species except those detailed in other classes.

_Terminalia Togoensis_.

_Treculia Africana_. Afon (Yoruba).

_Xylopia Æthiopica_. Eru (Yoruba); Kimba (Hausa).

_Chrysobalanus Icaco_. Ikate (Yoruba).

8TH CLASS TREES.

Minimum girth limit, 12 inches.

_Fees_—_On trees over_ 24 _inches in girth_, 6_d._ _per tree_.

_On trees_ 12 _to_ 24 _inches in girth_, 3_d._ _per tree_.

_Rhizophora racemosa_. Red Mangrove. Egba (Yoruba).

_Rhizophora mangle_. Red Mangrove.

_Avicennia Africana_. White Mangrove. Ofun (Yoruba).

For the purposes of this schedule, the girths must be measured at a

vertical distance of 4 feet 6 inches from the ground at the foot of the

tree, or in the case of buttressed trees at the place where the highest

buttress merges into the stem.

SCHEDULE B

PROTECTED MINOR FOREST PRODUCE

1ST CLASS.

_Fee_, 15_s._; _Royalty_, _5s._; _Total_, 20_s._ _per permit_.

_Rubber_—taken from wild rubber-yielding trees and vines.

2ND CLASS.

_Fee_, 7_s._ 6_d._; _Royalty_, 2_s._ 6_d._; _Total_, 10_s._ _per

permit_.

_Bamboo poles_—taken from the midribs of the Tombo palm (_Raphia

vinifera_) or other species of Raphia. _Piassava fibre_ from the stem

and midribs (leaf stalks) of the Raphia and other species of palms.

And in the Northern Provinces:

Poles, gofas, etc., not to exceed 6 inches in diameter, taken from

_Isoberlinia sp._, _Anogeissus leiocarpus_, _Ormosia laxiflora_,

_Lophira alata_ or _Pterocarpus erinaceus_.

3RD CLASS.

_Fee_, 4_s._ 6_d._; _Royalty_, 1_s._ 6_d._; _Total_, 6_s._ _per permit_.

_Chew-sticks_—or native tooth-brushes taken from the roots of the Iyin

tree (_Anogeissus leiocarpus_).

_Native sponges_—made from the bast fibres of various species of vines

and lianes.

_Pandanus_ fibre (from the screw pine) and the leaf stalk of all species

of Phrynium, taken for the manufacture of mats.

_Gum copal_.

_Gum arabic_—and other gums procured from _Acacias_.

[Illustration: FIG. 49.—=Shea Butter Tree (Butyrospermum Parkii)

standing near the Conservator of Forests’ House, June 1915, after being

protected from fire eight years.=]

[Illustration: FIG. 50.—=Teak (Tectona grandis), three years old,

Compartment 2, Range 2, Olokemeji Forest Reserve.=]

[Illustration: FIG. 51.—=Shea Butter Tree (Butyrospermum Parkii) in

fruit, April 1911, standing near the Conservator of Forests’ House. This

tree has been protected from fire nearly four years.=]

[Illustration: FIG. 52.—=Shea Butter Tree (Butyrospermum Parkii)

standing near the Conservator of Forests’ House. The same tree of which

the fruit was photographed, April 1911.=]

To face p. 234.

VERBENACEÆ: _Vitex chrysocarpa_ and _V. Angolensis_.