NINA LARREY DURYEE.

P.S.--I beg you to publish this. I am the daughter-in-law of the Gen.

Duryee of the Duryee Zouaves, who fought through our civil war with

honor. Our Ambassador, Mr. Herrick, and his wife know me socially. Any

funds you can gather please send to M. Grolard, Marie de Dinard,

Municipality de Dinard, Ille-et-Vilaine, France, or to Le Banque Boutin,

Dinard, France.

*A New Russia Meets Germany*

*By Perceval Gibbon.*

[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, Oct. 26, 1914.]

VILNA, Russia, Sept. 28.--For a fact as great as Russia one needs a

symbol by which to apprehend it For me, till now, the symbol has been a

memory of Moscow in the Winter of 1905, the Winter of revolution, when

the barricades were up in the streets and the dragoons worked among the

crowds like slaughtermen in a shambles. Toward that arched gateway

leading from the Red Square into the Kremlin came soldiers on foot,

bringing with them prisoners dredged out of the turmoil, two armed men

to each battered and terrified captive, whose white and bloodstained

face stared startling and ghastly between the gray uniform greatcoats.

The first of them came to the deep arch, in whose recess is a lamplit

shrine; I stood aside to see them go past. The soldiers were wrenching

the man along by the arms, each holding him on one side; I recall yet

the prisoner's lean, miserable face, with the suggestion it had of

dissolute and desperate youth; and as they came abreast of the faintly

gleaming ikon in the gate they let him go for a moment. His dazed eyes

wandered up to the shrine; he was already bareheaded, and with a

shaking, uncertain hand he crossed himself in the intricate Russian

fashion. The soldiers who guarded him, too--they shuffled their rifles

to a convenient hold to have a right hand free; they crossed themselves

and their lips moved. Then they were through the arch and out upon the

snow within the walls, and once again they had hold of their man and

were thrusting him along to the prison which for him was the antechamber

of death.

That was Russia then. Prisoner and captors, soldiers and

revolutionaries, blinded and bewildered by the rush and dazzle of

affairs, straining asunder yet linked, knitted into a unity of the

spirit which they neither understood nor questioned.

But a week ago, on those still, dreary lands which border the Prussian

frontier, there was evidence of a Russia that has been born or made

since those hectic days in Moscow. The Germans who had forced Gen.

Rennenkampf to withdraw to the border were making an attempt to envelop

his left wing. Their columns, issuing from the maze of lakes and hills

in Masurenland, came across the border on both banks of the little River

Amulew, and fell upon him. There is a road in those parts that drifts

south along the frontier, an unmade, unholy Russian road, ribbed with

outcrops of stone, a purgatory to travel upon till the snow clothes it

and one can go by sledge. Away to the southwest, beyond the patches of

firwood and the gray, steeply [Transcriber: original 'steply'] rolling

land, there toned the far diapason of artillery; strings of army

transport, Red Cross vehicles, and miscellaneous men straggled upon the

road.

From beyond the nearest shoulder of land sounded suddenly some gigantic

and hoarse whistle, an ear-shattering roar of warning and urgency. There

was shouting and a stir of movement; the wagons and Red Cross vans began

to pull out to one side; and over the brow of the hill, hurtling into

sight, huge, unbelievably swift, roaring upon its whistle, tore a great,

gray-painted motor lorry, packed with khaki-clad infantrymen. It was

going at a hideous speed, leaping its tons of weight insanely from rock

ridge to traffic-churned slough in the road; there was only time to note

its immensity and uproar and the ranked faces of the men swaying in

their places, and it was by, and another was bounding into sight behind

it. A hundred and odd of them, each with thirty men on board--three

battalions to reinforce the threatened left wing--a mighty instrument of

war, mightily wielded. It was Russia as she is today, under way and

gathering speed.

At Rennenkampf's headquarters at Wirballen, where formerly one changed

trains going from Berlin to Petersburg, one sees the fashion in which

Russia shapes for war. Here, beneath a little bridge with a black and

white striped sentry box upon it, its muddy banks partitioned with

rotten planks into goose-pens, runs that feeble stream which separates

Russia from Germany. Upon its further side, what is left of Eydtkuhnen,

the Prussian frontier village, looms drearily through its screen of

willows--walls smoke-blackened and roofless, crumbling in piles of

fallen brick across its single street, which was dreary enough at its

best. To the north and south, and behind to the eastward, are the camps,

a city full, a country full of men armed and equipped; the mean and ugly

village thrills to the movement and purpose. On the roof of the

schoolhouse there lifts itself against the pale Autumn sky the cobweb

mast and stays of the wireless apparatus, and in the courtyard below and

in the shabby street in front there is a surge of automobiles, motor

cycles, mounted orderlies--all the message-carrying machinery of a staff

office. The military telephone wires loop across the street, and spray

out in a dozen directions over the flat and trodden fields; for within

the dynamic kernel to all this elaborate shell is Rennenkampf, the

Prussian-Russian who governs the gate of Germany.

[Illustration: GEN. PAUL PAU

Commanding one of the French Armies

(_Photo from Underwood & Underwood._)]

[Illustration: GEN. D'AMADE

Commanding One of the French Armies

(_Photo from Bain News Service._)]

Here is the brain of the army. Its limbs go swinging by at all hours, in

battalions and brigades, or at the trot, with a jingle of bits and

scabbards, or at the walk, with bump and clank, as the gun wheels clear

the ruts. It is the infantry--that fills the eye--fine, big stuff, man

for man the biggest infantry in the world.

Their uniform of peaked cap, trousers tucked into knee-boots, and khaki

blouse is workmanlike, and the serious middle-aged officers trudging

beside them are hardly distinguishable from the men. They have not yet

learned the use of the short, broad-bladed bayonets; theirs are of the

old three-cornered section type with which the Bulgarians drove the

Turks to Chataldja; but there is something else that they have learned.

Since the first days of the mobilization that brought them from their

homes there is not a man among them that has tasted strong drink. In

1904 the men came drunk from their homes to the centres; one saw them

about the streets and on the railways and in the gutters. But these men

have been sober from the start, and will perforce be sober to the end.

Of all that elaborate and copious machinery of war which Russia has

built up since her failure in Manchuria there is nothing so impressive

as this. Her thousand and odd aeroplanes, her murderously expert

artillery, her neat and successful field wireless telegraph, even her

strategy, count as secondary to it. The chief of her weaknesses in the

past has been the slowness of her mobilization; Germany, with her plans

laid and tested for a mobilization in four days, could count on time

enough to strike before Russia could move. She used her advantage to

effect when Austria planted the seed of this present war by the

annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina; she was able to present Russia in

all her unpreparedness with the alternatives of war in twenty-four hours

or accepting the situation. But this time it has been different.

At Petrograd one sees how different. Hither from the northern and

eastern Governments come the men who are to swell Rennenkampf's force.

Their cadres, the skeletons of the battalions of which they are the

flesh, are waiting for them--officers, organization, equipment, all is

ready. The endless trains decant them; they swing in leisurely columns

through the streets to their depots, motley as a circus--foresters,

moujiks in fetid sheepskins, cattlemen, and rivermen, Siberians,

tow-haired Finns, the wide gamut of the races of Russia, all big or

biggish, with those impassive, blunt-featured faces that mask the

Russian soul, and all sober. No need now to make men of them before

making soldiers; no inferno at the way side-stations and troop trains

turning up days late. It is as if, at the cost of those annual

780,000,000 rubles, Russia had bought the clue to victory.

West beyond Eydtkuhnen, under the pearl-gray northern sky, lies East

Prussia. Hereabout it is flat and fertile, with lavish, eye-fatiguing

levels of cornland stretching away to Insterburg and beyond to

Königsberg's formidable girdle of forts. Here are many villages, and

scattered between them innumerable hamlets of only two or three houses,

and a small town or two. Most of them are empty now; the German army

that leans its back on the Vistula's fortresses has cleared this country

like a dancing floor for its work. It has rearranged it as one

rearranges the furniture in a room; whole populations have been

transported, roads broken, bridges blown up, strategically unnecessary;

villages burned. Nothing remains on the ground that has not its purpose

assigned--not even the people, and their purpose has been clear for

some time past. The Russians have been over this ground already, and

fell back from it after their defeat between Osterode and Allenstein.

Their advance was through villages lifeless and deserted and over empty

roads; the retreat was through a country that swarmed with hostile life.

Roads were blocked with farm carts, houses along their route took fire

mysteriously, signaling their movement and direction, and answered from

afar by other conflagrations; bridges that had been sound enough before

blew up at the last moment. What the Belgians were charged with, and

their country laid waste for, all East Prussia is organized to do daily

as an established and carefully schooled auxiliary to the army.

A few days since there arrived a prisoner, driven in on foot by a

mounted Cossack, sent back by the officer commanding the reconnoissance

party which had captured him. He came up the street, shuffling at a

quick walk to keep ahead of the horse and the thin, sinister Cossack--an

elderly farmer, in work-stained clothes, with the lean neck and pursed

jaws of a hard bargainer. In all his bearing and person there was

evident the man of toilsome life who had prospered a little; in that

soldier-thronged street, in his posture of a prisoner with the Cossack's

revolver at his back, he was conspicuous and grotesque. His eyes, under

the gray pent of his brows, were uneasy, and through all his commonplace

quality and his show of fortitude there was a gleam of the fear of death

that made him tragic. He had been found on his farm doing nothing in

particular; it was out of simply general suspicion that the Russian

officer had ordered him to be searched. The result was the discovery of

a typewritten paper, giving precise instructions as to how a German

civilian in East Prussia must act toward the enemy--how to signal

movements of infantry, of cavalry, of artillery; how to estimate the

numbers of a body of men, and what to say if questioned, and the like--a

document conceived and executed with true Prussian exactitude and

clearness, a masterpiece in the literature of espionage.

For him there was no hope; even The Hague Convention, which permits

mine-laying, does not protect spies, however earnestly and dangerously

they serve their country. He passed, always at the same forced shuffle

of reluctant feet, toward his judges and his doom.

*Belgian Cities Germanized*

*By Cyril Brown,*

Staff Correspondent of THE NEW YORK TIMES.

BRUSSELS, Nov. 4.--Of all the war capitals of Europe, Brussels under the

German occupation is probably the gayest and the most deceptive. It

certainly outrivals Berlin in life and brilliancy, as Berlin outshines

London. The Germans are free spenders afield; their influx here by

thousands has put large sums of money into circulation, resulting in a

spell of artificial, perhaps superficial, prosperity.

The crowds surging all day up and down the principal shopping street,

the Rue Neuve, overflow the sidewalks and fill the street. Well-dressed

crowds promenade along the circular boulevard all afternoon and into the

night. Places of amusement and the cafés are crowded. The hundreds of

automobiles loaded with officers speeding about the streets, with

musical military horns blowing, add to the gay illusion.

Nowhere save at the Great Headquarters in France, where the Kaiser stays

when not haranguing his troops at the front, will you see such a

brilliant galaxy of high officers--and every day seems a holiday in

Brussels.

You catch the sinister undercurrent in the more obscure little cafés.

Here you will find some Belgian patriot who is glad of the chance to

unbosom himself to a safe American. Perhaps he will speak with

unprintable bitterness of the shame of the Brussels women who, he says,

wave handkerchiefs and smile friendly greetings at the singing troop

trains passing through the suburbs on their way to the front, or give

flowers and cigars to the returning streams of wounded. They ought to be

shot as traitresses, he says. For the honor of the Belgian women, he

adds, these form only a small percentage.

You are not surprised when well-informed neutral residents tell you that

these people "have murder in their hearts, and that if the Germans ever

retreat in a rout through Belgium, Heaven help the straggler and the

rear guard." Nor that copies of English papers, whose reading is

forbidden, are nevertheless smuggled in, and that copies of The London

Times fetch as high as 200 francs, reading circles being often formed at

20 francs per head.

But there are no hopeful signs here of a German retreat. Brussels has

not been "practically evacuated." On the contrary, one gets

overwhelmingly the impression that the Germans expect to stay forever.

No cannon are posted on commanding avenues or squares. There are no

serious measures for the defense of the capital. The military and civil

Governments occupy the principal public buildings, and seem to be

working with typical German thoroughness. The Government offices begin

to assume an air of permanence.

As conquerors go, the invaders seem to be bearing themselves well. There

is apparently no desire to "rub it in," the military Government

seemingly pursuing the wise policy of trying to spare the feelings of

the natives as much as possible, perhaps in the impossible hope of

ultimately conciliating them. German flags are flown sparingly. Only

small squads of Landsturm are now occasionally seen marching through the

streets. Even from the bitterest Belgians one hears no stories of

"insult, shame, or wrong."

At the same time, swift and harsh punishment is meted out to any one

whose actions are thought to tend to impair German military authority or

dignity. Thus placards posted on many street corners day before

yesterday informed the people that a Belgian city policeman had been

sentenced to five years' imprisonment for "interfering with a German

official in the discharge of his duty, assaulting a soldier, and

attempting to free a prisoner." For this, also, a fine of 5,000,000

france ($1,000,000) was imposed on the City of Brussels. Another

policeman was sentenced to three years' imprisonment for alleged similar

offenses.

An interesting history of the German occupation can be reconstructed

from these same placards pasted on buildings. Here is one, dating from

the early days, forbidding bicycle riding in the country and announcing

that civilian cyclists will be shot at sight. If you look long enough

you can also find a mutilated specimen of ex-Burgomaster Max's famous

"dementi," in which he virtually calls the German Military Governor of

Liége and, by implication, the German Government, "liar." The Bruxellois

must be fickle and quick to forget, for I did not hear the picturesque

Max's name mentioned once.

The realities of the military occupation are brought home to the people

perhaps most at the Gare du Nord and the Place de la Gare, where the

Civic Guards, in their curious comic opera caps, are reinforced by

German gendarmes with rifles slung over their shoulders. Civilians are

not allowed to cross this square in front of the railway station. "Keep

to the sidewalk" is the brusque order to those who stray. Also the park

in front of the Royal Palace is closed to the public. Three bright red

gasoline tank wagons among the trees give it an incongruous touch, while

the walks and drives are used as an exercising ground for officers'

mounts. All the windows of the Royal Palace are decorated with the sign

of the Red Cross.

Brussels just now is humorously a victim of the double standard--not

moral, but financial. All kinds of money go here on the basis of 1 mark

equaling 1 franc 25 centimes, but shopkeepers still fix prices and

waiters bring bills in francs, and when payment is tendered in marks you

generally get change in both--a proceeding that involves elaborate

mathematical computations. At the next table to you in the restaurant of

the Palace Hotel, once a favorite stopping place for Anglo-American

travelers, but now virtually an exclusive German officers' club, with

the distinction of a double guard posted at the front door, sits a

short, fiercely mustached General of some sort--evidently a person of

great importance from the commotion his entry caused among all the other

officers in the room. In his buttonhole he wears the Iron Cross of the

second class, the Iron Cross of the first class pinned to his breast,

and underneath the rare "Pour le Merite Order, with Swords." His bill

amounts to about 7 francs, for he consumed the regular 4-franc table

d'hôte, plus a full bottle of red Burgundy. He tenders a blue 100-mark

bill in payment and gets in return a baffling heap of change, including

1 and 2 franc Belgium paper notes, 5 and 10 mark German bills, Belgian

and German silver, and Belgian nickel coins with holes punched in the

centres. The General takes out his pencil and begins elaborate

calculations on the menu--then sends for the head waiter. It takes some

time and much talk to convince him that he is not being "short changed."

The double standard furnishes many of these humorous interludes.

Equally exasperating is the double time standard. The Germans set their

official clocks and watches by Berlin time, but have made no attempt to

force it on the natives, who continue loyal to Belgian time, which is

one hour behind Berlin.

Brand Whitlock, the American Minister to Belgium, who runs a strong risk

of having a statue erected to him some day by the grateful Belgian

people, is quite the happiest, most relieved-looking person in Brussels

since he heard the good news that all America was hard at work

collecting food for the Belgians and that England would not prevent its

delivery. Soon after the German occupation of Brussels a committee was

organized to give food to the poor here, of which Mr. Whitlock and the

Spanish Minister were patrons. Three weeks ago the Ministerial allies

discovered that the situation was exceedingly grave, not only here but

all over Belgium. Committees came to see Mr. Whitlock from Louvain,

Liége, Namur, Charleroi, Mons, Dinant, &c., and the people, I was told,

were within four weeks of absolute starvation. Mr. Whitlock got the

German Military Governor of Belgium, Field Marshal von der Goltz, to

give the Spanish Minister and himself a guarantee in writing that any

food sent in for the poor Belgians would not be requisitioned for the

German Army.

The next thing was to get the permission of England; so two weeks ago

Secretary Gibson was sent to London with Baron Lambert, a banker, and M.

Franqui to get England's permission as well as a first shipment of food.

Two weeks ago Mr. Whitlock sent a long letter to the State Department

and to President Wilson, asking them to do something. At least one

phrase of Mr. Whitlock's coinage has been going the rounds here. In the

various preliminary discussions as to whose responsibility it was to

take care of the Belgian people there was considerable talk about Hague

conventions. "Starving people can't eat Hague conventions" was his

answer.

Minister Whitlock also feels vastly relieved that he has got practically

all non-official Americans out of Belgium, the twoscore still here being

mostly resident business men, with a sprinkling of the boldest tourists,

who are staying "to see the fun," in spite of Ministerial warnings.

Mr. Whitlock believes he has broken the world's record by being eight

Ministers at once. At one time he was representing Germany, Austria,

Great Britain, Japan, Servia, Denmark, and Lichtenstein. When he told a

German officer that he represented Lichtenstein--which is said to be a

small sovereign State somewhere, dependent on Austria--the officer

laughed and said: "Theoretically, Germany is still at war with

Lichtenstein and has been since 1866, it having been overlooked in the

peace shuffle." The reason for representing Denmark, which isn't at war

with anybody, is that the Danish Minister is equally accredited to

Belgium and The Hague, and had no Secretary to leave behind when he

departed Hagueward. Of course, the American flag does not fly over the

Danish Legation here. In addition, the French and Russian interests were

also offered to Mr. Whitlock, but he was so full of responsibility that

he had to ask to be excused.

* * * * *

LOUVAIN, Nov. 5.--Louvain now presents the ghastly spectacle of a dead

city, buried under ruins, slowly coming to life again, and continues to

give full scope to the morbid streak in human nature; for sightseers

continue to flock here in increasing numbers from Antwerp, Brussels,

and, in fact, all over Belgium, excepting from over the deadline of the

operating zone. With the Bruxellois especially the trip is a favorite

outing on a pleasant Sunday. The Germans have succeeded in restoring the

train service to the extent of two passenger trains daily between here

and Brussels and one between here and Antwerp, and the military

authorities pursue a surprisingly liberal policy in giving traveling

passes to the Belgian population. In addition to those who come by

train, a steady procession of automobiles passes through all day; and

next week, when a Berlin-Brussels express service is to be started, the

local touring season will have a further boom.

About 5 per cent of the original population have come crawling back, and

the three companies of Landsturm garrisoned here, together with the

sightseers, form their source of revenue. The more courageous

shopkeepers who have come back and reopened their stores are coining

money as never in peace times--especially the little confectionery and

pastry shops, where the soldiers off duty come for afternoon coffee,

and the one tailor's shop which is open. Workmen are putting the

finishing touches to the new pine-board roof on the cathedral and are

making efforts to "restore" the stone exterior. The famous Gothic Hôtel

de Ville is now protected by a high board fence, and two bearded

Landsturm men mount guard there day and night. A gang of laborers is

making headway in cleaning up the interior of the hopelessly ruined

University Library, and the streets are all cleared of débris. The

academic halls of the main university building, which suffered little

damage, are not silent, for one of the Landsturm companies is quartered

there. I found half a hundred of them and two cows in the university

quadrangle or campus. The men were all unshaven, but of a good-natured

sort, and many were the rough German jokes as they watched a comrade

milking the cows preparatory to their slaughter on the spot by the

company butcher, who stood in waiting, while at the same time the

gray-haired university castellan was getting ready to take a time

exposure of the cows.

"And yet they say we Germans are barbarians," laughed an under officer.

"I bet you won't find that the French soldiers, or the highly civilized

English gentlemen, either, have a photographer come to take a picture of

the cows they are about to eat."

The venerable university guardian continued to do a brisk business

making group pictures and solo portraits of Landsturm under officers and

men at two francs per dozen postcards, till a Lieutenant appeared on the

scene and the bugle sounded in the court for "boot inspection." All

promptly lined up in double file against the brick university wall and

presented feet for the critical eye of the inspector--all except the

company cooks, who were busy among their pots and pans and open-air cook

stoves set up in the academic stone portico.

The last of the former students of the University of Louvain was

probably the well-dressed, meek-looking young Chinese, eating luncheon

at the near-by restaurant--the only one open in town. The German

soldiers, fortunately, did not mistake him for a Japanese, and he has

not been molested.

There are touches of grim humor among the ruins. Here on the main

street, for example, is a pink placard stuck on a stick on top of the

heap of brick and mortar that was once a store. It reads: "Elegant

corsets: Removed to Rue Malines 21." And again, on a number of houses

that escaped the torch are pasted neatly printed little signs bearing

the legend: "This house is to be protected. Soldiers are not allowed to

enter houses or to set fire to them without orders from the

Kommandantur."

The inhabitants who have no stores to keep seem continually to wander

aimlessly in the streets; and here, too, is the sight, common now all

over Belgium, of many women with children begging. Especially they

linger around the entrances to the barracks, for hunger has given them a

keen nose for bread, and they have soon learned that the soldier will

give them what they have left over from their ample rations. The German

Government is trying to stimulate the return of the population, and is

apparently doing its best to help them to earn a living by providing

work.

* * * * *

ANTWERP, Nov. 6.--The Germans are working incessantly to repair the

fortifications of Antwerp, mount new and heavier guns, and put the whole

place into a state of defense. The importance attached to their almost

feverish activities is indicated by the fact that Field Marshal von der

Goltz, the Military Governor of Belgium, ran over from Brussels and made

a tour of inspection of the double girdle of forts yesterday. His

Excellency von Frankenberg and Ludwigsdorf, Personal Adjutant of the

Military Governor of Antwerp, said to me in the course of a cordial

interview:

"We have two principal interests in our work here: First, that Antwerp

shall become a place of great military importance again and be prepared

against attacks from the enemy, although that contingency doesn't seem

very probable."

His Excellency was unwilling to hazard a guess as to how long the

Germans could hold Antwerp against an allied siege, but said: "I believe

we could hold out longer against the Allies than they did against the

Germans. Our second interest is to revive trade and industry and the

life of the city generally. When we first came here there were only

soldiers and hungry dogs on the streets; now, as you can see, the dead

city is coming to life in short order."

He scouted the idea that the people of Belgium had been or were on the

brink of starvation as the result of German occupation, saying that the

very contrary was the case. "Belgium is a country which cannot sustain

itself--it produces only enough food for roughly 3,000,000 out of its

5,000,000 population, because Belgium is an industrial country, and food

for the remaining 2,000,000 has to be imported. Heretofore most of this

food has come from Holland, whence some is still coming, but in no great

quantity. We have taken the problem of food supply up with the Belgian

Government, as much as there is one left, namely, with the

municipalities, and at our suggestion an 'Intercommunistic Commission'

has been organized, so that everything possible can be done to help the

country. This commission sits in Brussels, and when any town or village

or district has no more food on hand the fact is reported and it gets

from the commission what is required. What food supplies we found here

we took charge of to prevent their being plundered, and also because we,

as a belligerent, had to supply our own necessities; that is the right

of war. But by no means have we used up all the food supplies ourselves,

nor set them aside for our own use; but a large part has been set aside

for this commission, to be used for the poor, and another part will be

given back in a short time for trade purposes, so that commerce will be

revived again.

"There is no place in Belgium where the people have starved. Their most

pressing need now would appear to be money, for many are unemployed and

many others disinclined to work. At one place where we were told the

people were starving we found stores crammed full of food--but the

inhabitants had no money and the shopkeepers wouldn't give them credit.

"Everything is being done by us to revive business so that the people

can again earn money. If America had not been so tender-hearted as to

send foodstuffs, and if the food supply had run out, we should certainly

have considered it our duty to bring food from Germany, for we are for

the time being the Government here, and it is our duty to see that the

people do not starve."

German newspaper readers are not aware that their Kaiser had a narrow

escape from the bombs of the Allies' airmen at Thielt, for the fact of

the War Lord's recent invasion of Belgium has been kept as nearly a dead

secret as possible. I learned from an especially well-informed source in

Brussels that the object of the Kaiser's visit was not only to encourage

his troops but to reprove his Generals. According to this informant, who

is frequently in touch with high officers in their more mellow moods,

when military reticence somewhat relaxes, the Kaiser was said to be in a

towering rage at the failure of his army to make headway against the

English and Belgians on the coast, and to have decided to go in person

to see about it; also there has been considerable cautiously veiled

criticism of his persistent "interference" in the conduct of the

campaign.

Having last seen the Kaiser two weeks ago motoring at the German Great

Headquarters in Eastern France, I picked up his trail at Louvain,

through which place he passed by night a week ago in a special train in

the direction of Lille, after a scouting pilot engine had returned and

reported "all safe." On his return journey from Flanders he was rumored

to have "put up" at the Palais d'Arenberg in Brussels.

It is significant that the following notice has been placarded on the

outside of the building occupied by the Military Government, next door

to the Hotel St. Antoine: "Reports that the French and English are

marching on Antwerp are without foundation; the public is warned against

helping to circulate these false reports." All day crowds hang about the

door where this notice is posted among official German news bulletins.

The burghers of Antwerp are well informed about the varying fortunes of

the war, for several papers printed in French are allowed to appear,

under the German censorship, which seems surprisingly easygoing here and

eminently fair, allowing them to print not merely the official German

accounts circulated by the Wolff Bureau, but the official English,

French, Russian, and even Belgian bulletins as well, in addition to

matter copied from the Dutch papers, which are also allowed to circulate

here.

If things look doubtful in the north, the Germans are looking

confidently to the south, where the next big victory is hoped for. I

learn that Gen. von Beseler, "the conqueror of Antwerp," as his popular

picture postcard title reads, is now in charge of operations around

Verdun, and that four of the new 42-centimeter mortars, in addition to

more than thirty of the 30.5-centimeter, are already in place there. On

the strength of this combination well-informed German officers

confidently expect the quick fall of Verdun as soon as Beseler gives the

order for the "Brummers" to speak--rather high-priced oratory, for I was

told by an artillery officer that it cost the taxpayers 36,000 marks

($9,000) every time one of the 42-centimeter mortars was fired.

*The Belgian Ruin*

*By J.H. Whitehouse, M.P.*

[An Associated Press Interview, Published Oct. 2, 1914.]

LONDON, Oct. 1.--A graphic picture of the desolation of Belgium was

brought to London today by J.H. Whitehouse, member of Parliament from

Lanarkshire, who has just returned from a tour around Antwerp for the

purpose of assisting in the relief measures.

"Having always regarded war as the negation of all that is good," said

Mr. Whitehouse tonight, "I desired to see what its ravages were in a

country exposed to all its fury, and what steps were possible to

mitigate them. I do not think that any one here has realized the plight

of the civilian population of Belgium today, and can only attempt to

give any picture of this by describing some of my own experiences."

Mr. Whitehouse made the journey outside Antwerp with two military cars,

attended by Belgian officials. In describing the damage which he says

the Belgians had to inflict upon themselves to supplement the defenses

of Antwerp, he said:

"Hundreds of thousands of trees had been cut down, so that at some

points of our journey we had the impression of passing through a

wilderness of roots. The tree trunks had all been removed so as to

afford no cover to the enemy. All houses had been blown up or otherwise

destroyed. Later we passed through the country which had been flooded as

a further measure of defense. The damage resulting from these

precautionary measures alone amounted to £10,000,000, ($50,000,000.)

"In the villages all ordinary life was arrested. Women and children were

standing or sitting dumb and patient by the roadside. Half way to

Termonde we could plainly hear the booming of guns and saw many

evidences of the battle which was then raging.

"I had read newspaper accounts of the destruction of Termonde and had

seen photographs, but they had not conveyed to my mind any realization

of the horror of what actually happened. Termonde a few weeks ago was a

beautiful city of about 16,000 inhabitants--a city in which the dignity

of its buildings harmonized with the natural beauty of its situation, a

city which contained some buildings of surpassing interest.

"I went through street after street, square after square, and I found

every house entirely destroyed with all its contents. It was not the

result of the bombardment; it was systematic destruction. In each house

a separate bomb had been placed, which had blown up the interior and set

fire to the contents. All that remained in every case were portions of

the outer walls, which were still constantly falling, and inside the

cinders of the contents of the buildings. Not a shred of furniture or

anything else remained.

"This sight continued throughout the entire extent of what had been a

considerable town. It had an indescribable influence upon observers

which no printed description or even pictorial record could give. This

influence was increased by the utter silence of the city, broken only by

the sound of the guns.

"Of the population I thought that not a soul remained. I was wrong, for

as we turned into a square where the wreck of what had been one of the

most beautiful of Gothic churches met my eyes a blind woman and her

daughter groped among the ruins. They were the sole living creatures in

the whole town.

"Shops, factories, churches, and houses of the wealthy--all were

similarly destroyed. One qualification only have I to make of this

statement: Two or perhaps three houses bore the German command in chalk

that they were not to be burned. These remained standing, but deserted,

amid the ruins on either side. Where a destroyed house had obviously

contained articles of value looting had taken place.

"I inquired what had become of the population. It was a question to

which no direct reply could be given. They had fled in all directions.

Some had reached Antwerp, but a greater number were wandering about the

country, panic-stricken and starving. Many were already dead.

"What happened at Termonde was similar to what had happened in other

parts of Belgium under military occupation of Germany. The result is

that conditions have been set up for the civilian population throughout

the occupied territory of unexampled misery. Comparatively few refugees

have reached this country. Others remain wandering about Belgium,

flocking into other towns and villages, or flying to points a little way

across the Dutch frontier.

"Sometimes when a town has been bombarded the Germans have withdrawn and

the civilians have returned to their homes, only to flee again at the

renewed attack. A case in point is Malines, which, on Sunday last, as I

was about to try to reach it, was again bombarded. The inhabitants were

then unable to leave, as the town was surrounded, but when the

bombardment ceased there was a great exodus.

"The whole life of the nation has been arrested. Food supplies which

would ordinarily reach the civilian population are being taken by the

German troops for their own support. The peasants and poor are without

the necessities of life, and conditions of starvation grow more acute

every day. Even where there is a supply of wheat available the peasants

are not allowed to use their windmills, owing to the German fear that

they will send signals to the Belgian Army.

"We are, therefore, face to face with a fact which has rarely, if ever,

occurred in the history of the world--an entire nation is in a state of

famine, and that within half a day's journey of our own shores.

"The completeness of the destruction in each individual case was

explained to me later by the Belgian Ministers, who described numerous

appliances which the German soldiers carried for destroying property.

Not only were hand bombs of various sizes and descriptions carried, but

each soldier was supplied with a quantity of small black disks a little

bigger than a sixpenny piece. I saw some of these disks which had been

taken from German soldiers on the field of battle. These were described

to me as composed of compressed benzine. When lighted they burned

brilliantly for a few minutes, and are sufficient to start whatever fire

is necessary after the explosion of a bomb.

"To the conditions of famine and homelessness which exist on such a

stupendous scale there must be added one which is bad--the mental panic

in which many survivors remain. I understood how inevitable this was

when I saw and heard what they passed through; eyewitnesses of

unimpeachable character described the sufferings of women and children

at Liége. As they fled from their burning houses, clinging to their

husbands and fathers, they were violently pulled from them and saw them

shot a few yards from them.

"I should supplement what I have said regarding the condition of Belgium

with some reference to Antwerp itself, where the excited Government now

sits. It is a wonderful contrast to the rest of the country, and the

first impression of the visitor is that there is little change between

its life now and in the days of peace. I approached it by water, and in

the early morning it rose before me like a fairy city. Its skyline was

beautifully broken by the spires and towers of its churches, including

the incomparable Gothic Cathedral.

"When I entered its shops were open, its streets crowded, and everywhere

there was eager activity. By midday the streets became congested. Early

editions of the papers were eagerly bought and great crowds assembled

wherever a telegram giving news could be read. This continued until

early evening, but by 8 o'clock a most extraordinary change had fallen

upon the city.

"Not a light of any kind in house or shop was to be seen. No lamps were

lit in the streets and the city was plunged into absolute darkness. Not

a soul remained in the streets. To the darkness there was added profound

silence. It was as though this amazing city had been suddenly blotted

out."

*The Wounded Serb*

[From The London Times, Oct. 18, 1914.]

VALIEVO, Sept. 25.

Valievo lies at the terminus of a narrow-gauge railway which joins the

Belgrade-Salonika line at Mladinovatz. Along this single track of iron

road the entire transport of the Servian Army is being effected.

Westward come trains packed with food, fodder, munitions, and troops;

eastward go long convoys crowded with maimed humanity. At Mladinovatz

all this mass of commissariat and suffering must needs be transferred

from or to the broad-gauge line. In this situation lies not the least of

the problems which beset the Servians in their struggle with the

Austrian invaders.

Valievo itself is a picturesque little town which in peace time is

famous as the centre of the Servian prune trade. Its cobbled streets

are, in the main, spacious and well planned. There still remain a few

relics of the Turkish occupation--overhanging eaves, trellised windows,

and the like--but these one must needs seek in the by-ways. I picture

Valievo under normal conditions as one of the most attractive of Balkan

townships.

Nor has the tableau lost anything in the framing, for it is encircled by

a molding of verdant hills which run off into a sweep of seeming endless

woods. The vista from my hotel window is almost aggravatingly English.

Across the red-tiled roofs of intervening cottages rises the hillside--a

checkerboard of grassy slopes and patches of woodland intersected by a

brown road which runs upward until the summit, surmounted by a

whitewashed shrine, amid a cluster of walnut trees, touches the gray

sky.

But Valievo is not now to be seen under normal conditions. From the

street below rises the sound of clatter and creak as the rude oxen

wagons bump over the cobblestones. Morning, noon, and night they rumble

along unceasingly, and whenever I look down I see martial figures clad

in tattered, muddy, and blood-stained uniforms, with rudely bandaged

body or head or foot. Every now and then a woman breaks from the crowd

of waiting loiterers and rushes up to a maimed acquaintance. They

exchange but a few sentences, and then she turns, buries her head in her

apron, and stumbles along the street wailing a bitter lament for some

husband, brother, or son who shall return no more. A friend supports and

leads her home; but the onlooking soldiers regard the scene with

indifference and snap out a rude advice "not to make a fuss." They brook

no wailing for Serbs who have died for Servia.

The town itself has been transformed into one huge camp of wounded. All

adaptable buildings--halls, cafés, school-rooms--have been rapidly

commandeered for hospitals. Sometimes there are beds, more often rudely

made straw mattresses, for little Servia, worn out by two hard wars, is

ill-equipped to resist the onslaught of a great power. For 16 days a

fierce battle has been raging near the frontier, and wounded have been

pouring in much more rapidly than accommodation can be found for them.

And in the streets--what misery! The lame, the halt, the maimed. Men

with damaged leg or foot hopping along painfully by the aid of a

friendly baton; men nursing broken arms or shattered hands; men with

bandaged heads; men being carried from operating shops to café floors;

men with body wounds lying on stretchers--all with ragged,

blood-bespattered remnants of what once were uniforms. One sees little

of the glory of war in Valievo. The Servian Medical Staff, deprived on

this occasion of outside assistance, and short alike of doctors,

surgeons, nurses, and material, is striving heroically to cope with its

task. Where they have been able to equip hospitals the work has been

very creditably done. One building is almost exclusively devoted to

cases where amputations have been necessary. It is clean, orderly, and

the patients are obviously well cared for. Here, when I entered a ward

of some thirty beds in which every man lay with a bandaged stump where

his leg should be, I think I saw the Servian spirit at its best. They

had been newly operated upon, their sufferings must have been great, and

for them all the future is black with forebodings. There is no patriotic

fund in little Servia. Yet amid all the pain of body and uncertainty of

mind that must have been theirs they did not complain. All they desired

to know was whether the Schwaba (Austrians) had been beaten out of

Servia.

But it is when one leaves the organized hospitals and wends one's way

through the crowds of wounded who block the pavements, and enters a

lower-class café, that the appalling tragedy of it all fills even the

spectator with a sense of hopelessness. There, like cattle upon their

bed of straw, lie sufferers from all manner of hurts. They remain mute

and uncomplaining, just as they have been dropped down from the incoming

oxen transports. Their wounds--three, four, or five days old--have yet

received no attention save the primitive first-aid of the battlefield.

Blood poisoning is setting in; limbs that prompt dressing would have

saved are fast becoming victims for the surgeon's knife. Most of them

know the risk they run, for this is their third war--often, too, their

third wound--in two short years. Yet the doctors cannot come, because

every man of them is already doing more than human energy allows. It is

a heartrending sight to look down upon this helpless mass and to realize

that many of them have been sentenced to painful death for mere lack of

primitive medical attention.

One wonders whether, now that half Europe has been transformed into a

vast slaughterhouse, appeals for sympathy can be other than in vain.

*ANOTHER "HAPPY THOUGHT."*

By WINIFRED ARNOLD.

The world is so full

Of a number of Kings!--

That's probably what is the

Matter with things.

*Spy Organization in England*

*British Home Office Communication, Oct. 9.*

In view of the anxiety naturally felt by the public with regard to the

system of espionage on which Germany has placed so much reliance and to

which attention has been directed by recent reports from the seat of

war, it may be well to state briefly the steps which the Home Office,

acting on behalf of the Admiralty and War Office, has taken to deal with

the matter in this country. The secrecy which it has hitherto been

desirable in the public interest to observe on certain points cannot any

longer be maintained owing to the evidence which it is necessary to

produce in cases against spies that are now pending.

It was clearly ascertained five or six years ago that the Germans were

making great efforts to establish a system of espionage in this country,

and in order to trace and thwart these efforts a Special Intelligence

Department was established by the Admiralty and the War Office which has

ever since acted in the closest co-operation with the Home Office and

metropolitan police and the principal provincial police forces. In 1911,

by the passing of the Official Secrets act, 1911, the law with regard to

espionage, which had hitherto been confused and defective, was put on a

clear basis and extended so as to embrace every possible mode of

obtaining and conveying to the enemy information which might be useful

in war.

The Special Intelligence Department, supported by all the means which

could be placed at its disposal by the Home Secretary, was able in three

years, from 1911 to 1914, to discover the ramifications of the German

Secret Service in England. In spite of enormous efforts and lavish

expenditure of money by the enemy, little valuable information passed

into their hands. The agents, of whose identity knowledge was obtained

by the Special Intelligence Department, were watched and shadowed

without, in general, taking any hostile action or allowing them to know

that their movements were watched. When, however, any actual step was

taken to convey plans or documents of importance from this country to

Germany, the spy was arrested, and in such case evidence sufficient to

secure his conviction was usually found in his possession. Proceedings

under the Official Secrets act were taken by the Director of Public

Prosecutions, and in six cases sentences were passed varying from

eighteen months to six years' penal servitude. At the same time steps

were taken to mark down and keep under observation all the agents known

to be engaged in this traffic, so that when any necessity arose the

police might lay hands on them at once; and, accordingly, on the 4th of

August, before the declaration of war, instructions were given by the

Home Secretary for the arrest of twenty known spies, and all were

arrested. This figure does not cover a large number--upward of 200--who

were noted as under suspicion or to be kept under special observation.

The great majority of these were interned at or soon after the

declaration of war.

None of the men arrested in pursuance of the orders issued on Aug. 4 has

yet been brought to trial, partly because the officers whose evidence

would have been required were engaged in urgent duties in the early days

of the war, but mainly because the prosecution by disclosing the means

adopted to track out the spies and prove their guilt would have hampered

the Intelligence Department in its further efforts. They were and still

are held as prisoners under the powers given to the Secretary of State

by the Aliens Restriction act. One of them, however, who established a

claim to British nationality, has now been formally charged; and, the

reasons for delay no longer existing, it is a matter for consideration

whether the same course should now be taken with regard to some of the

other known spies.

Although this action taken on August 4 is believed to have broken up the

spy organization which had been established before the war, it is still

necessary to take the most rigorous measures to prevent the

establishment of any fresh organization and to deal with individual

spies who might previously have been working in this country outside the

organization, or who might be sent here under the guise of neutrals

after the declaration of war. In carrying this out the Home Office and

War Office have now the assistance of the cable censorship, and also of

the postal censorship, which, established originally to deal with

correspondence with Germany and Austria, has been gradually extended (as

the necessary staff could be obtained) so as to cover communications

with those neutral countries through which correspondence might readily

pass to Germany or Austria. The censorship has been extremely effective

in stopping secret communications by cable or letter with the enemy, but

as its existence was necessarily known to them it has not, except in a

few instances, produced materials for the detection of espionage.

On Aug. 5 the Aliens Restriction act was passed, and within an hour of

its passing an order in council was made which gave the Home Office and

the police stringent powers to deal with aliens, and especially enemy

aliens, who under this act could be stopped from entering or leaving the

United Kingdom, and were prohibited while residing in this country from

having in their possession any wireless or signaling apparatus of any

kind, or any carrier or homing pigeons. Under this order all those

districts where the Admiralty or War Office considered it undesirable

that enemy aliens should reside have been cleared by the police of

Germans and Austrians, with the exception of a few persons, chiefly

women and children, whose character and antecedents are such that the

local Chief Constable, in whose discretion the matter is vested by the

order, considered that all ground for suspicion was precluded. At the

same time the Post Office, acting under the powers given them by the

Wireless Telegraphy acts, dismantled all private wireless stations; and

they established a special system of wireless detection by which any

station actually used for the transmission of messages from this country

could be discovered. The police have co-operated successfully in this

matter with the Post Office.

New and still more stringent powers for dealing with espionage were

given by the Defense of the Realm act, which was passed by the Home

Secretary through the House of Commons and received the Royal Assent on

Aug. 8. Orders in council have been made under this act which prohibit,

in the widest possible terms, any attempt on the part either of aliens

or of British subjects to communicate any information which "is

calculated to be or might be directly or indirectly useful to an enemy";

and any person offending against this prohibition is liable to be tried

by court-martial and sentenced to penal servitude for life. The effect

of these orders is to make espionage a military offense. Power is given

both to the police and to the military authorities to arrest without a

warrant any person whose behavior is such as to give rise to suspicion,

and any person so arrested by the police would be handed over to the

military authorities for trial by court-martial. Only in the event of

the military authorities holding that there is no prima facie case of

espionage or any other offense triable by military law is a prisoner

handed back to the civil authorities to consider whether he should be

charged with failing to register or with any other offense under the

Aliens Restriction act.

The present position is therefore that espionage has been made by

statute a military offense triable by court-martial. If tried under the

Defense of the Realm act the maximum punishment is penal servitude for

life; but if dealt with outside that act as a war crime the punishment

of death can be inflicted.

At the present moment one case is pending in which a person charged

with attempting to convey information to the enemy is now awaiting his

trial by court-martial; but in no other case has any clear trace been

discovered of any attempt to convey information to the enemy, and there

is good reason to believe that the spy organization crushed at the

outbreak of the war has not been re-established.

How completely that system had been suppressed in the early days of the

war is clear from the fact disclosed in a German Army order--that on the

21st of August the German military commanders were still ignorant of the

dispatch and movements of the British expeditionary force, although

these had been known for many days to a large number of people in this

country.

The fact, however, of this initial success does not prevent the

possibility of fresh attempts at espionage being made, and there is no

relaxation in the efforts of the Intelligence Department and of the

police to watch and detect any attempts in this direction. In carrying

out their duties the military and police authorities would expect that

persons having information of cases of suspected espionage would

communicate the grounds of the suspicion to local military authority or

to the local police, who are in direct communication with the Special

Intelligence Department, instead of causing unnecessary public alarm and

possibly giving warning to the spies by public speeches or letters to

the press. In cases in which the Director of Public Prosecutions has

appealed to the authors of such letters and speeches to supply him with

the evidence upon which their statements were founded in order that he

might consider the question of prosecuting the offender, no evidence of

any value has as yet been forthcoming.

Among other measures which have been taken has been the registration, by

order of the Secretary of State made under the Defense of the Realm act,

of all persons keeping carrier or homing pigeons. The importation and

the conveyance by rail of these birds have been prohibited, and, with

the valuable assistance of the National Homing Union, a system of

registration has been extended to the whole of the United Kingdom, and

measures have been taken which, it is believed, will be effective to

prevent the possibility of any birds being kept in this country which

would fly to the Continent.

Another matter which has engaged the closest attention of the police has

been the possibility of conspiracies to commit outrage. No trace

whatever has been discovered of any such conspiracy, and no outrage of

any sort has yet been committed by any alien--not even telegraph wires

having been maliciously cut since the beginning of the war. Nevertheless

it has been necessary to bear in mind the possibility that such a secret

conspiracy might exist or might be formed among alien enemies resident

in this country. Accordingly, immediately after the commencement of

hostilities, rigorous search was made by the police in the houses of

Germans and Austrians, in their clubs, and in all places where they were

likely to resort. In a few cases individuals were found who were in

possession of a gun or pistol which they had not declared, and in one or

two cases there were small collections of ancient firearms, and in such

cases the offenders have been prosecuted and punished; but no store of

effective arms--still less any bombs or instruments of destruction--have

so far been discovered. From the beginning any Germans or Austrians who

were deemed by the police to be likely to be dangerous were apprehended,

handed over to the military authorities, and detained as prisoners of

war; and, as soon as the military authorities desired it, general action

was taken to arrest and hand over to military custody Germans of

military age, subject to exceptions which have properly been made on

grounds of policy. About 9,000 Germans and Austrians of military age

have been so arrested and are held as prisoners of war in detention

camps, and among them are included those who are regarded by the police

as likely in any possible event to take part in any outbreak of disorder

or incendiarism.

*Chronology of the War*

*Showing Progress of Campaigns on All Fronts and Collateral Events to

and Including Oct. 15, 1914.[A]*

*CAMPAIGN IN EASTERN EUROPE*

July 21--Situation threatens European war; fear that Russia will aid

Servia.

July 23--Austria sends ultimatum to Servia; Austrian Army Corps

mobilized at Temesvar, and fleet gathers at Semlin.

July 24--Russia will ask Austria to extend time for Servia's reply to

ultimatum; Austria will brook no interference.

July 25--Servia's reply to ultimatum unsatisfactory; Russian Army

mobilizing.

July 26--Servian Army mobilizing; Russian warning to Germany.

July 27--Austrian Army invades Servia; Servians blow up bridge across

Danube; report of mobilizing of Montenegrin Army; Austria denounces

Servia's reply to ultimatum; Cossacks fire on Germans at frontier.

July 28--Austria declares war on Servia and Emperor issues manifesto;

fighting along River Drina; Russian forces mass on eastern border.

July 29--Russian intervention imminent; Austrians bombard Belgrade;

Servians blow up bridges at Semlin.

July 30--Kaiser calls on Russia to halt mobilization within twenty-four

hours; war activity in Warsaw; Austrians repulsed at Losnitza;

Montenegrins occupy Cattaro.

July 31--Russians blow up railway bridge on Vienna-Warsaw line; Servians

check Austrians at Semendria and on Bosnian frontier; France replies to

German note about Russia; Czar, Kaiser, and King George may yet arrange

peace; following Council of Ministers at Peterhof, Russia sends no reply

to German note and calls out reserves; France and England still trying

to adjust matters between Russia and Austria; Russian mobilization

order; Austria orders military and naval mobilization.

Aug. 1--Germany declares war on Russia, Kaiser signs mobilization order;

German patrol near Prostken fired on by Russians.

Aug. 2--Russians cross German frontier and seize railroad station:

Montenegrin King signs mobilization order.

Aug. 3--Germans seize three cities in Russian Poland; Czar calls

Russians to war; fighting on Drina River.

Aug. 4--Russians defeated in attack on Memel; Serbs defeat Austrians

near Semendria; Turkey mobilizes.

Aug. 5--Austria declares war on Russia; Russian patrols raid East

Prussia; Servian flag hoisted at Delarme, Austria; Belgrade bombarded;

Germans repulse Russian cavalry at Soldau and Neidenberg.

Aug. 7--Montenegro declares war against Austria; Austrians bombard

Belgrade; Servians annihilate Austrian regiment.

Aug. 8--Servia declares war on Germany; fighting between Germans and

Russians at Eydtkuhnen; German force lands in Finland; Austrians

evacuate Visigard; Austrians burn Russian villages near Rumanian border.

Aug. 9--Russians repulsed by Germans near Tilsit; Germans capture motor

cars carrying money to Russia; Russians enter Austria; Austrians occupy

town and customs station of Andrejew, Russian Poland; Turkey mobilizing

[Transcriber: original 'mobolizing'] on Bulgarian frontier.

Aug. 10--Montenegrins occupy Scutari; Belgrade again bombarded; Servians

penetrate Bosnia; Austrians bombard Antivari; Germans concentrate on

Russian frontier.

Aug. 11--Russians guard Finland; Russian cavalry routs Austrians in

Galicia; Italy demands explanation from Austria of bombardment of

Antivari; Russians advance into Germany.

Aug. 12--German attempt to reoccupy Eydtkuhnen unsuccessful; Austrians

and Germans defeated on Russian frontier; Russian visitors to German

health resorts tell of ill-treatment; Servians and Montenegrins advance

on Bosnia; Prince George of Servia wounded.

Aug. 13--Russians capture Sokal; Cossacks annihilate two

Austrian-cavalry regiments; German troops before Kalisz threaten to

shoot every tenth inhabitant if further resistance is shown.

Aug. 14--Russians defeat Austrians on the Dniester; unrest in Turkey.

Aug. 15--Berlin reports capture of 23 Russian Generals and Admirals by

Germans; Greece wants explanation from Turkey of concentration of troops

near border; Russians raid East Prussia; fighting between Austrians and

Servians on the Save and the Danube; Turkish Ambassador says Turkey was

not hostile in buying German cruisers.

Aug. 16--Germans fail to retake Eydtkuhnen.

Aug. 17--Russia demands of Turkey unrestricted use of Dardanelles;

prisoners a problem for both sides; Russian Army marches on Austria and

Germany; minor engagements on frontier; Servians check Austrians'

advance; Greece hears that Turkish troops are approaching and sends

warning that corresponding measures will be taken.

Aug. 18--Servia reports Austrian defeat near Saboc.

Aug. 19--Austrians defeated by Serbs at Shabats; Russians report victory

over Austrians in Padolia; Germans report capture of Russians in East

Prussia; Russians driven out of Germany; Italian refugees complain of

German outrages.

Aug. 20--Russians occupy Gumbinnen and Lyck in East Prussia; Austrians

occupy Miechow, Russian Poland.

Aug. 21--Serbs defeat Austrians in four days' battle near Losnitza;

Russians successfully advance on Austro-German frontier.

Aug. 22--Russians report continued successes on Austro-German frontier;

Servians report capture of Austrian guns in pursuit of defeated force

across the Drina.

Aug. 23--Russian Army pushes fifty miles into Prussia, capturing three

towns; Servian version of victory at Losnitza confirmed in Rome;

Montenegrins continue attack.

Aug. 24--Austria abandons Servian campaign to meet Russian attack; two

Russian armies crush Germans in the east; retreating armies lay waste

the country.

Aug. 25--Russians spread on broad front over East Prussia and Galicia

and repulse Austrians at Kielce; Germans report Russian defeat near

Gumbinnen; Servians chase Austrians along whole front; report of German

outrages on Jews in Kalisz.

Aug. 26--Russians sweep over Prussia in three lines, menacing Königsberg

and Posen; Germans reported fleeing from Elbing district; report of

Russian advance into Austria; Austrians drive Russians from Krasnik.

Aug. 27--Russians take Tilsit; Germans retreat toward Königsberg and

Allenstein; Austrians routed in Galicia; French troops join Montenegrins

to operate against Austria.

Aug. 28--Russians reach Allenstein; Russians continue advance in

Galicia; Serbs defeat Austrians at Shabats.

Aug. 29--Russians invest Königsberg and occupy Allenstein; Germans claim

victories; Russians draw net around Lemberg; Austrians claim occupation

of Zamost.

Aug. 30--Russians advance in East Prussia, to the Vistula and bombard

Thorn and Graudenz; panic in Danzig; battle between Russians and

Austrians in Poland; Austrians defeated at Lemberg; Russians gain ground

against Austrians and win battle at Zamost; Germans in East Prussia get

reinforcements and report capture of 30,000 Russians; Poland almost

clear of German troops.

Sept. 1--Russians inflict crushing defeat on Austrians on Galician

frontier; Germans announce defeat of three Russian army corps near

Allenstein.

Sept. 2--Russians seize fortified positions around Lemberg, admit

advance into East Prussia temporarily checked; new invasion of Germany

planned; Turkey lands troops in Asia Minor; Montenegrins defeat

Austrians near Bilek.

Sept. 3--Austrians report success at Lublin; Cossacks rout German

scouting party from Thorn; Russians take capital of Bukowina.

Sept. 5--Russians take Lemberg and Halicz and march toward Poland;

Austrians defeated at Tomaszow; Russian refugees tell of destruction of

Kalisch by Germans; twenty Russian army corps march on Prussia, ten hold

Austria back; Austrians defeated near Lublin.

Sept. 6--Russians attack Germans on left bank of the Vistula, occupy

Stryk regions, capture Forty-fifth Austrian Regiment near Krasnystaw,

capture Austrian aeroplane and a Zeppelin and take year's provisions at

Lemberg.

Sept. 7--Austrians retreat; Russians closing in on Przemysl.

Sept. 8--Russians take Nikolaieff and Mikolajow; Gen. Ruzsky engages

Gen. Auffenberg's army in Poland; Austrians claim advance into Russian

Poland and defeat of Serbs near Mitrovica; Servian invasion of Bosnia

begun.

Sept. 9--Battle at Rava-Russka; Austrians evacuate Russian Poland;

Germans claim capture of part of Russian Imperial Guard; Serbs and

Montenegrins advance into Bosnia.

Sept. 10--Russians invade Silesia and menace Breslau; Austro-German

forces defeated at Lublin; Serbs cross the Save.

Sept. 11--Serbs take Semlin; Montenegrins take Folcha and join with

Serbs in march on Serajevo; Germans defeat invading Finland force at

Lyck; Polish miners at Berdzin wreck German train by concealing

explosive in fuel; Russians occupy Suczawa and Hatna; Russians fight on

Austrian and German border; Austrians resume offensive near Lemberg.

Sept. 12--Russians defeat Austrians in battle near Tomaszow; German

attack in East Prussia checked; successes of Serbs against Austrians

continue.

Sept. 13--Russian victories west and northwest of Lemberg; Russo-Serb

Army plans advance on Budapest; Montenegrins will invest Bosnia.

Sept. 14--Austrians rally for battle before Przemsyl; Russians cross the

San; Germans defeated near Miawa and send reinforcements to Memel.

Sept. 15--Russians occupy Grodek; Austrians hemmed in between Rivers San

and Vistula; Germans report defeat of Russian Armies of Vina and Grodno;

Russians say Germans have been driven back across frontier; Serbs invade

Hungary.

Sept. 16--Austrians still retreat in Galicia; Servians continue advance

into Bosnia; Montenegrins defeat Austrians near Koulilovo.

Sept. 17--Austrians flee before Russians toward Cracow; Gen. Rennekampf

blocks flanking movement by Germans; Servian artillery repulses Austrian

warships that shell Semlin and Belgrade.

Sept. 18--Russians take Siniava and Sambor; Austrian rear guard thrown

back beyond the San; prisoners and ammunition captured near Memirov;

Germans advance against Russians in Suwalki Province; Russians halt

offensive German movement and plan new invasion of East Poland; Germans

retreat from Kielce Province to rally Austrians defeated at Krasnik;

Russians enter Kazeshow.

Sept. 20--Russians attack Jaroslaw and Przemysl and seize Sambor and

Kresheshov; Gen. Auffenberg's army separated from Gen. Dankl's; Germans

defeated near Sandomierz; Gen. Rennenkampf checks German advance in East

Prussia; Servians defeat Austrians near Novi-Bazar.

Sept. 21--Russians take Dubiecko and surround Gen. Dankl's army;

Servians win near Krupani, evacuate Semlin.

Sept. 22--Austrians defeated on the Drina near Krupani; Russians occupy

Jaroslaw and again move to attack Königsberg.

Sept. 23--Russians take Wislok; Austrian retreat from Przemysl through

Carpathians cut off; Cossacks raid Czenstochowa; French land guns at

Antivari.

Sept. 24--Advance guards of Russian forces arrive before Cracow; Germans

defeated at Subin; Russians again occupy Soldau; Montenegrins report

capture of Pratzho and Montak in Bosnia.

Sept. 25--Russians occupy Czyschky and Felstyn; Germans occupy Cracow,

population flees; Przemysl cut off from all communication; battle

between Serbs and Austrians near Zvorkni.

Sept. 26--Greater part of Przemysl occupied by Russians; Germans

concentrated in Prussia for impending battle.

Sept. 27--Russians halt German advance in Suwalki and enter town of

Przemysl; Serbs and Montenegrins reach Rumania; Germans in weak position

on the Niemen River.

Sept. 28--Montenegrins within artillery range of Serajevo; Serbs occupy

mountains near by; Bosnians join invading army; Russians occupy Dembica

and take another fort at Przemysl, cross Carpathians, and invade

Hungary.

Sept. 29--Russians sweep across the Carpathians and over Northern

Hungary; Servians retake Semlin.

Sept. 30--Germans fail in attempt to cross the River Niemen; retreating

Austrians surrounded near Dukia; Hungarians retake Uzsok Pass; Servians

and Montenegrins close to capital of Bosnia.

Oct. 2--Russians break German centre and take up new battle line from

Mariampol to Ossowitz; Germans bombard Ossowitz; Russians claim

victories in Lodz and Suwalki, and take two Przemysl forts.

Oct. 3--Germans are evacuating Russian Poland; Russians advance on

Transylvania; fighting at Augustowo; Servians raid Semlin and destroy

forts.

Oct. 4--Russians defeat Germans at Augustowo and advance reaches Nugy

Valley in Hungary; Germans make unsuccessful attacks on Ossowitz forts;

Germans lured into a trap on the Niemen.

Oct. 5--Two Russian armies advance toward Allenstein; fighting near

Warsaw; Russians are near Cracow; Germans fortify heights between

Breslau and Cracow; Austrians claim victory over Montenegrins in East

Bosnia; Servians approach Serajevo fortifications.

Oct. 6--Germans claim victories near Suwalki and Augustowo; Russian

forces from the Baltic close in on Germans, and announce German retreat

from positions between Wirballen and Lyck; Austrians claim victory at

Uzsok Pass, but Cossacks are reported eighty miles from Budapest.

Oct. 7--Germans bring reinforcements from Königsberg and check Russians;

Russians shell Przemysl; Austrians report victory in Hungary near Tesco.

Oct. 8--Russians claim repulse of Germans in Russian Poland and capture

of Biala; Germans deny Russian advance in Suwalki; gains by Montenegrins

in Herzegovina.

Oct. 9--Russians announce reoccupation of Lyck; Przemysl reported on

fire.

Oct. 10--Russians claim that Germans are retiring from Lyck; Austrians

report successes throughout Galicia.

Oct. 11--Montenegrins defeat Austrians near Kalenovitch; Russians

[Transcriber: original 'Rusians'] sweep through Bukoi Bukowina;

Austrians rush help to Przemysl.

Oct. 12--Russians abandon siege of Przemysl and retreat from Galicia;

German-Austrian army captures many prisoners.

Oct. 13--Fall of Warsaw believed near; British Consul asks for American

protection; Montenegrins defeat Austrians near Serajevo.

Oct. 14--Germans report defeat of Russians at Warsaw and recapture of

Lyck; Servians in Bosnia beaten back.

Oct. 15--Berlin reports advance of eight Russian army corps against Bast

Prussia; account made public of how Gen. von Hindenburg lured Gen.

Rennenkampf into trap at Tennenberg; Russians report victory over

Austrians south of Przemysl.

*CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN EUROPE.*

July 26--Belgium increases army to enforce neutrality.

July 27--Belgian Army mobilizes, Holland prepares to maintain

neutrality.

July 28--French Army moves to frontier.

July 29--Belgium calls out reserves.

July 30--England takes defensive measures.

July 31--Belgium mobilizes.

Aug. 1--France mobilizes after Germany asks her intentions; will respect

neutrality of Belgium.

Aug. 2--Germany sends ultimatum to Belgium, seizes Luxemburg, and

invades France; fighting at Longwy, three German spies arrested in

England.

Aug. 3--Berlin reports acts of hostility by French; England will protect

French coast and defend Belgium; France promises to guard Belgian

neutrality; France holds that war with Germany began automatically with

invasion of her territory.

Aug. 4--England declares war on Germany as Kaiser rejects ultimatum on

Belgian neutrality; Germany declares war on Belgium; attack on Liége

repulsed; Germans cross French border near Mars-la-Tour and Moineville.

Aug. 5--French repulse Germans at border; many Germans killed in attack

on Liége, Crown Prince bringing aid, French Army rushing up.

Aug. 6--Germans take two forts at Liége; French Army coming; English

coast towns arm.

Aug. 7--Rapid mobilization of French on frontier; French occupy two

towns in Alsace-Lorraine; Kaiser and King of Belgium call nations to

arms; Bavarians beaten by French at Marrehan; Germans enter Liége, forts

still held by Belgians; Germans get armistice to bury dead.

Aug. 8--Holland guards frontier; conflicting reports of fall of Liége;

French forces in Belgium; British land on Continent; French take

Mülhausen after battle at Altkirch; German spies try to blow up tunnels

and bridges near Paris.

Aug. 9--Germans in Alsace fall back on Neu Breisach; Kaiser leaves for

front; Belgian War Minister denies capture of Liége, Germans in city but

forts untaken; French and English reinforce Belgians; Governor and

Bishop of Liége held as hostages; German warning of reprisals; Germans

arrested in England; Holland captures and disarms Uhlans at Maastricht.

Aug. 10--France breaks off diplomatic relations with Austria; French

student tells how Germans shot refugees; French patrols cover Eifel

district in Germany; French open way into Alsace by capturing Bonhomme

and Sainte Marie; 100 German spies put to death in Belgium; more caught;

Germans forced by French to plan new campaign in Belgium; Allies claim

success in cavalry encounters; Germans moving through Esch.

Aug. 11--Germans attack French frontier, take Lagarde and intrench south

of Liége; Belgians retake Loncin fort; Kaiser claims victory at Liége;

French Army forced back in Alsace; minor checks to Germans; German siege

guns before Liége; German advance directed at gap between Verdun and

Longwy.

Aug. 12--Germany tries again to negotiate with Belgium for passage of

army; Germans bombard Point-a-Mousson; Germans move on Brussels and are

driven back by Belgians' left wing; Germans report victory in Alsace;

Germans reported to have shot French wounded; German spies terrorize

Belgium; battle near Tongres; German official says Kaiser halted attack

on Liége and denies heavy losses; Germans complete bridge for siege

artillery; Paris papers say Germans burned village of Affleville and

shot farmers.

Aug. 13--England declares war on Austria; Belgians beat off Germans in

two-day fight; Namur defenses strengthened; battles at Diest, Haelen,

and Eghezee; Germans shoot woman accused of attempt to blow up Alsatian

tunnel; British, French, and Belgians charge cruelties by German troops;

report that Germans hold Diest; German guns reported wrecked by fire

from Liége forts; French report severe defeat of Germans by

counter-attack at Pont-a-Mousson; Swiss report that Germans lost 10,000

in Alsace; Swiss disarm German troops; Italy's troops guard Alpine

passes.

Aug. 14--Germans mass to attack Allies and move toward Brussels;

bombardment of Liége renewed; attempt to storm Pontisse fails; British

Commander French and French Gen. Joffre meet at headquarters; French and

Belgian forts exchange officers; French win in battle in Vosges

Mountains.

Aug. 15--Armies of Germany and Allies face each other on 248-mile battle

front; French storm three towns and retake Thann in Alsace; battling at

Liége forts continues; Germans said to have shot innocent people in

Linsmeau for slaying an officer.

Aug. 16--Fighting at Mülhausen renewed; French take offensive along line

from Lunéville to Saarburg; clash near Dinant; Germans damage Vise;

general advance of French on eastern frontier; South Belgium barricaded;

Belgian cyclists fight strong German force; rumor that Austrians are in

Belgium.

Aug. 17--French forces sweep on toward Strassburg; desultory fighting

clears ground between Germans and Allies; Belgians say Germans torture

prisoners; Belgian seat of Government moved to Antwerp.

Aug. 18--British force lands in France; German advance on Brussels

checked; Germans evacuate Saarburg; French take two batteries; Germans

start second fire in Vise.

Aug. 19--Fighting near Altkirch; Paris prepares for eventualities;

Allies fall back and may quit Brussels; Germans occupy Louvain; French

report further advance into Alsace; Germans retake Ville.

Aug. 20--French reoccupy Mülhausen, but are checked in Lorraine; other

French gains in Alsace; German cavalry occupies Brussels; Belgian Army

retires on Antwerp; French victory near Lunéville; Germans defeat

Belgians at Aerschot.

Aug. 21--French withdraw from Lorraine; Germans rush through Brussels,

capture Ghent, levy war taxes on Brussels and Liége, and will try to

seize Ostend; England says tax levy is violation of Hague treaty; German

assault on Namur begins; report of German vengeance on town of Tongres;

Antwerp, new seat of Government, prepares for defense; Germans hold

Audun-la-Roman and continue to cross the Meuse.

Aug. 22--French deny German report of victory between Metz and the

Vosges; Germans continue bombardment of Namur forts and face Allies on

twenty-mile front to Charleroi; main force is aimed at Lille; battle

between English and Germans at Waterloo; French close in on Colmar;

fight between German and English cavalry at Colmar; fear that Belgian

cities may not be able to pay indemnity; Germans accused of shooting

Burgomaster and citizens of Aerschot without provocation.

Aug. 23--Allies take offensive against Germans along 150-mile line from

Mons to Luxemburg; Belgian commander blows up one Liége fort; others

hold out; French repel three days' attack on Mülhausen intrenchments;

France protests to Hague against use of dumdum bullets by Germans.

Aug. 24--Allies fall back before German attack on Belgium; report that

Namur has fallen; account made public of battle at Charleroi; Germans,

led by Crown Prince in Lorraine, pursue French beyond Longwy; success of

force headed by Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria at Lunéville, Blamont and

Cirey; French defeated at Neuf-chateau by forces under Grand Duke

Albrecht of Württemberg; Germans begin another attack on Mülhausen;

English cavalry brigade defeated by Germans south of Brussels; Germans

set fire to Hussigny and resume fire at Liége.

Aug. 25--Battle on new 200-mile-line between Germans and Allies; Germans

capture five Namur forts and are attacking others; French withdraw from

Alsace to frontier; Allies gain to the south; Germans levy tax on

Brabant; report that Lorrainers betrayed French troops to Germans.

Aug. 26--Allies fall back a short distance in Belgium; Belgian success

at Malines; French claim success near Nancy and Lunéville; report that

Lille is abandoned; big battle in Lorraine; Germans fire houses in

Liége; Berlin announces British rout at Maubeuge.

Aug. 27--Germans take Longwy and all Namur forts; British-French line

falls back on right flank; French reoccupy Lille; details given out of

fighting at Mons; Germans take Malines and tax Tourant and Charleroi;

announcement of German bombardment of Malines; Paris prepares for

possible siege.

Aug. 28--Austria declares war on Belgium; Belgians retake Malines and

advance to Brussels; Germans defeat Allies along entire line; report

that fall of Namur was due to heavy fog; Germans sack and burn Louvain;

art treasures destroyed.

Aug. 29--German force withdrawn from Belgium to meet Russians; French

right wins at Guise, left reinforced but repulsed; Germans march on La

Fere; Allies evacuate Boulogne; account made public of the heroic

defense of Longwy; details given out of fall of Namur; Germans blow up

bridges on railway from Antwerp to frontier; French bayoneted company of

Germans accused of treachery; Military Governor of Paris orders

destruction of houses obstructing forts' fire.

Aug. 30--French left wing again driven back; Allies' lines reinforced;

Germans recalled to Brussels to hold city; French reported successful

near Amiens.

Aug. 31--Paris defense plans rushed; Allies' left flank again driven

back.

Sept. 1--Allies' centre hard pressed; German attack on Belfort fails;

British flank reinforced; Germans fortify Brussels.

Sept. 2--French move capital temporarily to Bordeaux to allow Allies to

pivot left wing on Paris; German cavalry corps defeated by British near

Compiègne; another pushes on to Soissons; French report success in

Lorraine.

Sept. 3--Report that Russian troops have been transported to Belgium;

Germans take La Fere and Amiens and move to attack Laon and Rheims;

Austrians sent to reinforce German left wing; Germans are twenty-five

miles from Paris.

Sept. 4--Germans neglect Paris and move eastward; German right wing

reported checked and driven back to St. Quentin; Allies driven back

behind Conde; Germans move toward Verdun; Germans bombard Termonde;

fighting in Alost.

Sept. 5--Germans take Rheims and three forts at Maubeuge; Belgians trap

Germans in flooded area near Malines; Germans take Termonde; Germans

abandon attack on Belfort.

Sept. 6--German right wing checked near Paris; Kaiser directs attack on

Nancy; account made public of evacuation of Senlis and Chantilly.

Sept. 7--It is now plain that the German march on Paris has been

deflected; Allies force Germans back in 160-mile battle from

Nanteuil-le-Hardouin to Verdun and report defeat of Crown Prince's army;

Germans defeat Belgians near Melle and march to occupy Ghent; repulsed

at Capelle-au-Bois.

Sept. 8--British push German right over the Marne; French win on the

Ourcq; fighting at Vitry.

Sept. 9--Germans claim capture of Maubeuge; British cross the Marne;

Germans fall back; have evacuated Upper Alsace.

Sept. 10--Gen. von Stein admits defeat by Allies; Belgians reoccupy

Termonde, Aerschot, and Diest; French join British across Marne in

pursuing Germans; fighting near Vitry and other points in centre.

Sept. 11--German line west of Revigny retreats, but captures fort near

Verdun; Gen. Pau seizes German supply train; account given out of battle

at Meaux; British report annihilation of German Jaeger regiment; French

deny fall of Maubeuege and recapture Mülhausen; Germans march south from

Ghent, Belgians in pursuit.

Sept. 12--Belgians cut German Army in two by victory at Cortenberg;

whole German line in France retreats, Lunéville retaken; Belgians

repulse German sortie at Louvain and advance on Brussels.

Sept. 13--Germans repulsed at Nancy and Lunéville, evacuate Amiens, lose

Revigny and Brabant-le-Roi; Crown Prince's Army threatened; fighting at

Louvain and Malines; heavy fighting at Bortzy; battle between Thann and

Sennheim.

Sept. 14--Amiens reoccupied by French; Fort of Troyon relieved; Germans

make stand on the Aisne; Germans lay waste to Senlis.

Sept. 15--German Crown Prince's army driven back to the Orne; French

reoccupy Rheims; fighting on the Aisne; new intrenched positions taken

by German armies; La Ferte ransacked by Germans; Franco-Belgian

successes at Alost and Rousbrugge.

Sept. 16--New battle on from Noyon to Verdun; army from Douen is

circling von Kluck's corps; Germans move nearer Antwerp.

Sept. 17--German Army strengthened between Berry-au-Bac and Argonne;

French advance in Woevre district; deadlock on right flank; Belgians

repulse attack on Termonde.

Sept. 18--Germans complete bombardment of Termonde; now known that

Maubeuge has fallen; Allies' left advances six miles; Germans report

gain in centre; Germans intrench on the Sambre; Germans send scouting

parties into Belgium.

Sept. 19--Germans fortify along the Rhine; Allies advance on left and

right wings and drive back army of German Crown Prince; heavy fighting

at Rheims; Germans capture Beaumont; German shells hit Cathedral of

Notre Dame and Church of St. Remi in Rheims.

Sept. 20--Germans badly damage Rheims; Allies make slight gains;

fighting near Soissons; Germans report offensive move; Allies capture

Souain; Belgians retake Lanaeken; Germans bring siege guns up to

Antwerp.

Sept. 21--Allies gain between Rheims and Argonne, take Massiges and

Mesnil; Germans claim capture of Craonne hills and Betheny; Belgians

repulse German assault on Fort Waelhem; Termonde under fire again.

Sept. 22--Germans claim victories at Craonne and Betheny; their right

turned between Peronne and St. Quentin; desultory fighting near Malines

and Alost.

Sept. 23--Allies advance on left wing near Lassigny; Germans bombard

Verdun; Germans prepare for campaign in Southern Belgium.

Sept. 24--French take Peronne; Germans take Varennes; Belgians report

victory near Antwerp.

Sept. 25--Allies beaten back by Germans at Noyon, but renew offensive

after being reinforced; Germans advance southeast of Verdun; quarries

from Giraumont to Machemok strengthen German position; campaign in

Alsace halted by snow.

Sept. 26--Germans take Fort des Romaines and cross the Meuse; Germans

burn Bilsen; Austrian and German artillery menace Antwerp.

Sept. 27--Allies repulse charges on right and left wings; Germans gain

in centre; Verdun forts withdraw fire; French reinforced on the Meuse;

Germans again bombard Malines.

Sept. 28--Allies make slight progress on heights of the Meuse; fog in

Woevre district causes suspension of fighting; Belgians retake Alost and

repulse Germans at Malines.

Sept. 29--Germans occupy Moll and Malines, bombard Lierre, and shell

outer forts of Antwerp; fighting on the Aisne continues.

Sept. 30--Allies drive back both German wings and retake St. Mihiel;

French trap Germans in quarries; Germans destroy town of Orchies;

Belgians renew bombardment of Lierre.

Oct. 1--Belgians repulse German attacks on Antwerp forts; Germans

capture Roye and claim success in attack on Albert; French report gains;

French shell Germans in quarries; Scheldt River interferes with attack

of Germans on Antwerp; Belgians bombard church at Termonde to drive

Germans from steeple.

Oct. 2--Allies checked after pushing north to Arras; Germans driven back

across the Meuse; Germans report two Antwerp forts silenced; Cologne

prepares for defense; Belgians report German repulse at one Antwerp fort

and at Termonde.

Oct. 3--Battle at Roye; Germans claim victory near Toul; Belgians near

Antwerp fall back.

Oct. 4--Berlin reports capture of Forts Wavre, St. Catherine, and

Dorpweld, and of Termonde; Allies defeat flanking movement and

battleground shifts to vicinity of Arras; Allies claim success in Woevre

and Soissons regions; British forces aid in defense of Antwerp; Fort

Walheim damaged; Germans take two villages on Dutch border near

Maastricht.

Oct. 5--Germans gain on right wing, take three Antwerp forts, and resume

offensive in Argonne district and along the Meuse.

Oct. 6--Antwerp warned that bombardment is near; desperate fighting on

the Oise; Allies gain at Soissons; German column near Lille; French hold

strong positions in Alsace.

Oct. 7--Germans report bombardment of Lanaeken when civilians attack

them; Germans closing in on Antwerp and have crossed the Nethe; fighting

near Ghent; Allies drive German cavalry back from Lille and gain at

Roye; skirmish at Ypres; Allies reinforced; Germans are still shelling

Rheims.

Oct. 8--Antwerp bombarded by German siege guns and Zeppelins; Germans

cross the Scheldt; Allies gain near Arras, which is being shelled by

Germans; Germans cut railway lines near Ypres; cavalry fights on the

Belgian frontier.

Oct. 9--Germans claim progress near St. Mihiel and in the Argonne

district; Germans report fall of Fort Breendonk; Antwerp aflame;

fighting around Roye; cavalry battles near Lille; Germans occupy

Courtrai and destroy bridges between Brussels and Mons.

Oct. 10--Antwerp surrenders, Belgian Army escapes; widespread ruin in

city; some British troops driven into Holland; fighting at Arras

continues; Germans bombard Lokeron; Germans report gains at St. Mihiel

and in the Argonne region.

Oct. 11--Germans occupy Antwerp; main British and Belgian defending

armies reach Ostend; fighting near Soissons; German attacks in Caronne

region repulsed; Allies win in centre; Arras free from Germans; British

official report tells how the Germans were routed near Bray.

Oct. 12--Germans enter Ghent; Allies fight to check German

reinforcements; fighting at Lasigny and Lens; Germans mass around Ypres;

cavalry fighting near Lille.

Oct. 13--Germans press on toward Ostend; severe fighting in Argonne

district; Germans take Lille and occupy Hazebrouck and Ypres; Germans

occupy Ghent and move on Bruges.

Oct. 14--Belgian Army leaves Ostend and joins Allies in field; Allies

reoccupy Ypres; French gain near border; German battalion trapped in

canal in Lorraine.

Oct. 15--Allies retake Estaires and report gains at several points;

Germans deny repulses and occupy Bruges, Thielt, Daume, and Esschen;

German convoy captured by French.

*CAMPAIGN IN THE FAR EAST.*

Aug. 4--Japanese Government's proclamation prepares people for war in

behalf of England.

Aug. 6--Germans fortify Tsing-tau.

Aug. 11--Japan requisitions transports.

Aug. 16--Japan sends ultimatum to Germany demanding withdrawal of fleet

in Far Eastern waters and giving up of Kiao-Chau.

Aug. 17--Official announcement that Japan's action will be limited to

China Sea and to protection of her trade; ultimatum to Germany made with

concurrence of England.

Aug. 18--Count Okuma emphasizes Japan's limitation of war and England

reassures United States.

Aug. 19--Germany will reject Japan's demands.

Aug. 20--Kaiser orders resistance to Japan at Kiao-Chau; Japanese

Foreign Office makes statement explaining ultimatum to Germany.

Aug. 22--Germany ignores Japan's demands: time limit ends, Japanese

envoy ordered to leave Berlin; Japan is expected to make war move at

once.

Aug. 23--Japan declares war on Germany.

Aug. 24--Germans blow up bridges to halt Japanese invasion of Kiao-Chau.

Aug. 26--War declared by Austria against Japan; British destroy German

wireless and cable stations on Island of Yap.

Aug. 29--Germans lay mines at Kiao-Chau and fire at landing party at

Cape Jaeschke.

Aug. 30--Japanese troops landed near Kiao-Chau; forts fire at destroyer.

Aug. 31--Japanese occupy two islands.

Sept. 2--Japan lands force at Lung-kow; German Legation protests against

violation of China's neutrality.

Sept. 3--Japanese occupy seven islands near Kiao-Chau, clear waters of

mines, and land more troops at Lung-kow; China protests against

violation of her neutrality.

Sept. 9--Japanese advance southward in Shantung.

Sept. 14--Japanese flank Kiao-Chau.

Sept. 15--Japanese cavalry captures Chimo; vanguard of Japanese Army

reaches Kiao-Chau.

Sept. 19--Japanese seize Kiao-Chau station and train and land troops at

Laoshan.

Sept. 20--Japanese cavalry in clash with German outposts near Tsing-tau.

Sept. 22--Australians seize German wireless station on Island of Nauru.

Sept. 24--British troops land near Laoshan, China.

Sept. 26--Japanese advance on Fangate, where Germans hold valuable

mines.

Sept. 27--Japanese defeat Germans on outskirts of Kiao-Chau; food supply

in city short.

Sept. 28--Japanese approach Tsing-tau.

Sept. 29--Japanese invest Tsing-tau; Chinese blow up railroad bridges to

hinder progress of Japanese troops.

Sept. 30--Germans abandon artillery as Japanese reach Lao-Che.

Oct. 1--Germans destroy railroad bridge at Ta-yu-ho.

Oct. 4--Japanese march along railroad to Wei-Hsein; one Chinese killed.

Oct. 5--Japanese repulse night attack of Germans at Tsing-tau.

Oct. 6--Germans plan to destroy Shantung Railway.

Oct. 7--Japanese seize Island of Yap; Japanese bring siege guns before

Tsing-tau.

Oct. 8--German fire slackens at Tsing-tau.

Oct. 13--Arrangements made for departure of non-combatants before final

attack on Kiao-Chau.

*CAMPAIGN IN AFRICA.*

Aug. 8--British seize Port Lome, Togoland.

Aug. 9--French are in Togoland.

Aug. 26--Germans surrender Togoland.

Aug. 28--German troops attack Belgian Congo.

Sept. 10--Germans defeated by British in Nyassaland.

Sept. 13--Germans occupy Karangu, British East Africa.

Sept. 15--British defeat Germans in Namaqualand.

Sept. 18--Germans defeated by garrison of seven British at Nakob.

Sept. 22--Germans repulsed in attack on fort in Voi district.

Sept. 24--Germans at Schuckmannsberg surrender to police.

Sept. 25--Australian force takes German New Guinea.

Sept. 26--French seize Coco Beach, Kamerun; British occupy Luederitz

Bay; Germans raid Walfish Bay.

Sept. 28--German Congo seized by British and French.

Oct. 13--Detachment of Boers under Col. Maritz rebels because of the

pro-British stand taken by the Government of South Africa; martial law

proclaimed in colony; British imprison Germans in British East Africa

and Germans imprison British in German East Africa.

Oct. 14--There are but few men in the Maritz rebel force; silence of

Boer leaders is found disquieting in England.

Oct. 15--Col. Brits's force captures eighty rebels under Col. Maritz;

Gen. Botha takes field; prominent men arrested on charge of treason.

*NAVAL RECORD*.

July 26--British and French fleets ready for action; Servian vessels in

Danube seized by Austrians; German fleet ordered concentrated in home

waters; Italy masses fleet.

July 29 and 30--British fleet leaves Portland; British and German fleets

in Far East mobilize.

July 31--German squadron stops merchant vessels in Danish waters;

British warships near; Montenegrin King's yacht escapes Austrian

destroyers.

Aug. 2--Fight between German and Russian cruisers off Libau; German High

Sea Fleet seizes Wilson liner Castro and a collier; fleets assemble in

Far East.

Aug. 3--Germans chase Norwegian food ship.

Aug. 4--Rival warships off Port of New York; British mine layer sunk by

German fleet; British fleet will aim to destroy Kiel Canal.

Aug. 5--British third flotilla has battle with Germans in North Sea;

cruiser Amphion damaged; German mine layer Koenigen Luise sunk; many

German merchant ships seized by English, French, and Russians; Germans

bombard Sveaborg, torpedo boat blown up.

Aug. 6--British cruiser Amphion sunk by mine; French capture German tank

steamer; Germans capture Russian ship.

Aug. 7--British and German cruisers reported in fight off Brazilian

coast; British steamers destroyed by mines off German and Turkish

coasts; British capture German steamer Schlesien; German merchant ship

captured by French; Germans capture Russian cruiser; Japanese warships

off port of Tsing-tau; German cruisers Goeben and Breslau leave Genoa.

Aug. 8--Thirty-six German ships seized by Belgians; Russians capture

Austrian and German merchant steamers; British capture German ship, said

to be North German Lloyd liner; naval fight in Adriatic; interest in

position of Goeben and Breslau; bombardment of Libau reported by ship

Captain.

Aug. 9--British sink German submarine; cruiser Essex takes ship at sea;

Goeben and Breslau in the Dardanelles; two German steamers taken at

Rouen and one at Colombo; England and France protest against German

steamer Karlsruhe coaling at Porto Rico; firing off Shanghai; British

fleet proceeds to Tsing-tau; Austrian cruisers bombard Antivari.

Aug. 10--Cruiser Birmingham sinks German submarine U-15; British close

North Sea to fishing fleets; Dutch steamer sunk in Baltic; Belgians

seize two Austrian steamers; English and Canadian steamers hunt in

Atlantic for German cruisers.

Aug. 11--Battle in the Adriatic; Russians capture twenty German merchant

vessels in Baltic.

Aug. 12--German destroyer sunk by mine off South Gedser.

Aug. 13--German cruisers bombard Windau; France will check Austria's

navy; British said to have bottled up German Far Eastern squadron;

German cruisers Goeben and Breslau are flying Turkish flag.

Aug. 15--Japanese Navy sails to join British fleet; Triple Entente

demands that Turkey repatriate crews of German cruisers; Austrian liner

blown up by mine in the Adriatic; British capture Austrian liner

Marienbad; German steamer W.W. Schneefels brought to Gibraltar as war

prize.

Aug. 16--French fleet said to have sunk two Austrian ships in the

Adriatic.

Aug. 17--German dreadnought said to be damaged in Norwegian port; French

sink Austrian cruiser in the Adriatic; German cruiser Karlsruhe said to

have sunk four British merchantmen; British cruisers capture

Hamburg-American liners Cap Ortegal and Santa Catharina.

Aug. 18--Two German cruisers captured and taken to Hongkong; fight

between British and German patrol fleets.

Aug. 20--British steamer Hostilius captured by German cruiser Dresden;

German fleet said to have shelled three Russian ports.

Aug. 21--British and French warships and Montenegrin batteries bombard

Cattaro; two German Hansa liners seized at Bombay and Hamburg-American

ship at Rangoon.

Aug. 22--Steamers Maryland and Broberg sunk by mines in North Sea; two

Dutch steamers reported sunk; German cruiser Dresden sinks British

steamer Hyades; British cruiser Glasgow captures German ship Santa

Kathina; French capture German four-master and Austrian steamer; account

made public of sinking of Austrian battleship Zrinyi.

Aug. 23--Anglo-French fleets destroy Austrian cruiser Zenta and bombard

Cattaro; Dutch steamer Alcor blown up by Russians to block Hango harbor;

report that French, English, and Russian vessels are aiding Japan to

blockade Kiao-Chau.