[1] A curious organism, parasitic in a gregarine, has lately been
described by Dogiel as a coccidian, and termed _Hyalosphaera_.
[2] It is important to note that in schizogony there is never any
cyst or cyst-membrane formed around the parasite.
[3] The merozoites are frequently arranged like the staves of a
barrel--whence the term _barillet_, which is frequently used.
[4] In _Cyclospora_, Schaudinn (1902) has noted certain abnormal
cases of the persistence and further multiplication of the
"reduction-nuclei" of the female element (i.e. the nuclear portions
given off during maturation), followed by multiple fertilization.
This occurrence points strongly to the conclusion that there were
originally many female gametes (cf. also the sporoblasts of
Gregarines).
[5] The remarkable forms parasitic in Cephalopods (of late known as
_Eucoccidium_), if still ranked with the Coccidia, furnish an
exception (see below).
[6] Again with the exception of _Eucoccidium_.
[7] Purists in systematic nomenclature maintain that this name should
be relinquished in favour of _Eimeria_, since the latter was the
first legitimate generic name given to a Coccidian. But one reason
against the use of _Eimeria_ has been stated already (it should be
used for _E. (Legerella) nova_, if anywhere); and in addition, the
word _Coccidium_ and its important derivatives are now so universally
established that it would be little short of ridiculous to displace
them.
COCCULUS INDICUS, the commercial name for the dried fruits of _Anamirta
Cocculus_ (natural order Menispermaceae), a large climbing shrub, native
to India. It contains a bitter poisonous principle, _picrotoxin_, used
in small doses to control the night sweats of phthisis. It was formerly
known as Levant nut and Levant shell, owing to the fact that it was
brought to Europe by way of the Levant.
COCHABAMBA, a central department of Bolivia, occupying the eastern angle
of the great Bolivian plateau, bounded N. by the department of El Beni,
E. by Santa Cruz, S. by Chuquisaca and Potosi, and W. by Potosi, Oruro
and La Paz. Area, 23,328 sq. m.; pop. (1900) 328,163. Its average
elevation is between 8000 and 10,000 ft., and its mean temperature
ranges from 50 deg. to 60 deg. F., making it one of the best climatic
regions in South America. The rainfall is moderate and the seasons are
not strongly marked, the difference being indicated by rainfall rather
than by temperature. The rainy season is from November to February.
Cochabamba is essentially an agricultural department, although its
mineral resources are good and include deposits of gold, silver and
copper. Its temperate climate favours the production of wheat, Indian
corn, barley and potatoes, and most of the fruits and vegetables of the
temperate zone. Coca, cacao, tobacco and most of the fruits and
vegetables of the tropics are also produced. Its forest products include
rubber and cinchona. Lack of transportation facilities, however, have
been an insuperable obstacle to the development of any industry beyond
local needs except those of cinchona and rubber. Sheep and cattle thrive
in this region, and an experiment with silkworms gave highly successful
results. The population is chiefly of the Indian and _mestizo_ types,
education is in a backward state, and there are no manufactures other
than those of the domestic stage, the natives making many articles of
wearing apparel and daily use in their own homes. Rough highways and
mule-paths are the only means of communication, but a projected railway
from Cochabamba (city) to Oruro, 132 m., promises to bring this isolated
region into touch with the commercial world. The department is divided
into nine provinces, but there is no effective local government outside
the municipalities. The capital is Cochabamba; other important towns are
Punata, Tarata, Totora, Mizque and Sacaba.
COCHABAMBA, a city of Bolivia, capital of the department of the same
name and of the province of Cercado, situated on the Rocha, a small
tributary of the Guapay river, in lat. 17 deg. 27' S. and long. 65 deg.
46' W. Pop. (1900) 21,886, mostly Indians and _mestizos_. The city
stands in a broad valley of the Bolivian plateau, 8400 ft. above
sea-level, overshadowed by the snow-clad heights of Tunari and Larati,
291 m. north-north-west of Sucre and 132 m. east-north-east of Oruro,
with both of which places it is connected by rough mountain roads. A
subsidized stage-coach line runs to Oruro. A contract for a railway
between the two cities was made in 1906, connecting with the Antofagasta
and Arica lines. The climate is mild and temperate, and the surrounding
country fertile and cultivated. Cochabamba is often described as the
most progressive city of Bolivia, but it has been held back by its
isolated situation. The warehouses of the city are well supplied with
foreign goods, and trade is active in spite of high prices. The city is
provided with telegraphic communication via Oruro, and enjoys a large
part of the Amazon trade through some small river ports on tributaries
of the Mamore. The city is regularly laid out, and contains many
attractive residences surrounded by gardens. It is an episcopal city
(since 1847), containing many churches, four conventual establishments,
and a missionary college of the "Propaganda Fide" for the conversion of
Indians. The city has a university and two colleges, but they are poorly
equipped and receive very little support from the government. Cochabamba
was founded in the 16th century, and for a time was called Oropesa. It
took an active part in the "war of independence," the women
distinguishing themselves in an attack on the Spanish camp in 1815, and
some of them being put to death in 1818 by the Spanish forces. In 1874
the city was seized and partly destroyed by Miguel Aguirre, but in
general its isolated situation has been a protection against the
disorders which have convulsed Bolivia since her independence.
COCHEM, a town of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine province on the Mosel,
and 30 m. W. of Coblenz by the railway to Trier, which above the town
enters the longest tunnel (2-1/2 m.) in Germany. Pop. 3500. It is
romantically situated in the deep and winding valley of the Mosel, at
the foot of a hill surrounded by a feudal castle dating from 1051, which
has been restored in its former style. There is a considerable trade in
wines.
COCHERY, LOUIS ADOLPHE (1819-1900), French statesman, was born at Paris.
After studying law he soon entered politics, and was on the staff of the
ministry of justice after the revolution of February 1848. From the
_coup d'etat_ of 1851 to May 1869 he devoted himself to journalism.
Then, elected deputy by the department of the Loiret, he joined the
group of the Left Centre, and was a supporter of the revolution of the
4th of September 1870. His talent in finance won him a distinguished
place in the chamber. From 1879 till 1885 he was minister of posts and
telegraphs, and in January 1888 he was elected to the senate. He died in
1900.
His son, GEORGES CHARLES PAUL, born in 1855, was in his father's
department from 1879 till 1885, deputy from 1885, five times president
of the Budget Commission, minister of finance (1895-1898) and
vice-president of the chamber (1898-1902), and again finance minister in
the Briand Cabinet, 1909.
COCHIN, DENYS MARIE PIERRE AUGUSTIN (1851- ), French politician, was
born at Paris. He studied law, was elected to the chamber of deputies in
1893, and gradually became one of the leaders and principal orators of
the Conservative party. He opposed the project of the income-tax in
1894, the revision of the Dreyfus case in 1899, and the separation of
the church and state in 1905. He is known as an author by his works,
_L'Evolution de la vie_ (1895); _Le Monde exterieur_ (1895); _Contre
les barbares_ (1899); _Ententes et ruptures_ (1905).
COCHIN, a feudatory state of southern India, in political subordination
to Madras, with an area of 1361 sq. m. It is bounded on the N. by
British Malabar, on the E. by British Malabar, Coimbatore and
Travancore, on the S. by Travancore, and on the W. by British Malabar
and the Arabian Sea. Isolated from the main territory, and situated to
the north-east of it, lies the major portion of the Chittore _taluk_,
entirely surrounded by British territory. The whole state may be divided
into three well-defined regions or zones: (1) the eastern zone,
consisting of broken forested portions of the Western Ghats, which,
gradually decreasing in height, merge into (2) the central belt,
comprising the uplands and plains that dip towards the lagoons or
"backwaters" along the coast (see COCHIN, town), beyond which lies (3)
the western zone, forming the littoral strip. The low belt which borders
on the seas and the backwaters is by nature flat and swampy, but has in
the course of ages become enriched by the work of man. On leaving the
seaboard, an undulating country is found, diversified with grassy flats,
naked hills and wooded terraces, intersected by numerous torrents and
rapids, and profusely dotted with homesteads, orchards and cultivated
fields, up to the very foot of the Ghats. Here the landscape, now on a
grander scale, embraces great forests which form a considerable source
of wealth. Of the total area of the state the forests and lagoons cover
nearly 605 and 16 sq. m. respectively.
In 1901 the population was 812,025, showing an increase of 12% in the
decade. More than one-fifth are Christians, mostly Syrians and Roman
Catholics. The revenue is estimated at L153,000, subject to a tribute of
L13,000. During recent years the financial condition of the state has
been flourishing. The principal products are rice, cocoanuts, timber,
cardamoms, pepper and a little coffee. Salt is manufactured along the
coast. The capital is Ernakulam, but the raja resides at Tripunthora.
The principal commercial centre is Mattancheri, adjoining the British
town of Cochin. The chief means of communication is by boat along the
backwaters; but in 1902 a metre-gauge line was constructed by the Madras
railway at the expense of the state to connect Ernakulam with Shoranur.
_History._--What is now the native state of Cochin formed, until about
the middle of the 9th century A.D., part of the ancient Chera or Kerala
kingdom (see KERALA). Its port of Kodungalur (Kranganur, the ancient
Muziris), at the mouth of the Periyar, was from early times one of the
chief centres for the trade between Europe and India; and it was at
Malankara, near Kodungalur, that the apostle Thomas is traditionally
said to have landed. The history of Cochin is, however, like that of the
Kerala kingdom generally, exceedingly obscure previous to the arrival of
the Portuguese. The rajas of Cochin, who are of pure Kshatriya blood,
claim descent from the Chera king Cheraman Perumal, the last of his race
to rule the vast tract from Gokarn in North Kanara to Cape Comorin.
About the middle of the 9th century this king, according to tradition,
resigned his kingdom, embraced Islam, and went on pilgrimage to Arabia,
where he died. Towards the end of the century the Chera kingdom was
overrun and dismembered by the Cholas. It was in 1498 that Vasco da Gama
reached the Malabar coast; and in 1502 the Portuguese were allowed to
settle in the town of Cochin, where they built a fort and began to
organize trade with the surrounding country. By the end of the century
their influence had become firmly established, largely owing to the
effective aid they had given to the rajas of Cochin in their wars with
the Zamorin of Calicut. The Syrian Christians, forming at that time a
large proportion of the population, now felt the weight of Portuguese
ascendancy; in 1599 Menezes, the archbishop of Goa, held a synod at
Udayamperur (Diamper), a village 12 m. south-east of Cochin, at which
their tenets were pronounced heretical and their service-books purged of
all Nestorian phrases. In 1663, however, Portuguese domination came to
an end with the capture of Cochin by the Dutch, whose ascendancy
continued for about a hundred years. In 1776 Hyder Ali of Mysore invaded
the state and forced the raja to acknowledge his suzerainty and pay
tribute. In 1791 Tippoo, son of Hyder Ali, ceded the sovereignty to the
British, who entered into a treaty with the raja by which he became
their vassal and paid an annual tribute of a lakh of rupees. On the 17th
of October 1809, in consequence of an attempt of the hereditary chief
minister Paliyath Achan, in 1808, to raise an insurrection against the
British without his master's knowledge, a fresh treaty was made, by
which the raja undertook to hold no correspondence with any foreign
state and to admit no foreigners to his service without the sanction of
the British government, which, while undertaking to defend the raja's
territories against all enemies, reserved the right to dismantle or to
garrison any of his fortresses. In 1818 the tribute, raised to 2-1/2 lakhs
in 1808, was permanently fixed at 2 lakhs. Since then, under the rule of
the rajas, the state has greatly advanced in prosperity, especially
under that of H. H. Sir Sri Rama Varma (b. 1852), who succeeded in 1895,
was made a K.C.S.I. in 1897, and G.C.S.I. in 1903.
COCHIN, a town of British India, in the district of Malabar, Madras.
Pop. (1901) 19,274. The town lies at the northern extremity of a strip
of land about 12 m. in length, but in few places more than a mile in
breadth, which is nearly insulated by inlets of the sea and estuaries of
streams flowing from the Western Ghats. These form the Cochin
backwaters, which consist of shallow lagoons lying behind the beach-line
and below its level. In the monsoon the Cochin backwaters are broad
navigable channels and lakes; in the hot weather they contract into
shallows in many places not 2 ft. deep. The town of Cochin is about a
mile in length by half a mile in breadth. Its first European possessors
were the Portuguese. Vasco da Gama founded a factory in 1502, and
Albuquerque built a fort, the first European fort in India, in 1503. The
British made a settlement in 1634, but retired when the Dutch captured
the town in 1663. Under the Dutch the town prospered, and about 1778 an
English traveller described it as a place of great trade, "a harbour
filled with ships, streets crowded with merchants, and warehouses stored
with goods from every part of Asia and Europe, marked the industry, the
commerce, and the wealth of the inhabitants." In 1795 Cochin was
captured from the Dutch by the British, and in 1806 the fortifications
and public buildings were blown up by order of the authorities. The
explosion destroyed much private property, and for a long time seriously
affected the prosperity of the town. Considerable sea-borne trade is
still carried on. A lighthouse stands on the ruins of the old fort. The
chief exports are cocoanut products, for the preparation of which there
are factories, and tea; and the chief import is rice. Cochin is the only
port south of Bombay in which large ships can be built.
COCHIN-CHINA,[1] a French colony in the extreme south of French
Indo-China. The term formerly included the whole Annamese
empire--Tongking, Annam, and Lower Cochin-China, but it now comprises
only the French colony, which corresponds to Lower Cochin-China, and
consists of the six southern provinces of the Annamese empire annexed by
France in 1862 and 1867. Cochin-China is bounded W. by the Gulf of Siam,
N.W. and N. by Cambodia, E. by Annam, and S.E. by the China Sea. Except
along part of the north-west frontier, where the canal of Vinh-The
divides it from Cambodia, its land-limits are conventional. Its area is
about 22,000 sq. m.
In 1901 the population numbered 2,968,529, of whom 4932 were French
(exclusive of French troops, who numbered 2537), 2,558,301 Annamese,
231,902 Cambodians, 92,075 Chinese, 42,940 savages (Min Huong), the rest
being Asiatics of other nationalities, together with a few Europeans
other than French.
_Geography._--Cochin-China consists chiefly of an immense plain, flat
and monotonous, traversed by the Mekong and extending from Ha-Tien in
the west to Baria in the east, and from Bien-Hoa in the north-east to
the southern point of the peninsula of Ca-Mau in the south-west. The
last spurs of the mountains of Annam, which come to an end at Cape St
Jacques, extend over parts of the provinces of Tay-Ninh, Bien-Hoa and
Baria in the north-east and east of the colony, but nowhere exceed 2900
ft. in height; low hills are found in the north-western province of
Chau-Doc. Cochin-China is remarkable for the abundance of its waterways.
The Mekong divides at Pnom-Penh in Cambodia into two arms, the Fleuve
superieur and the Fleuve inferieur, which, pursuing a course roughly
parallel from north-west to south-east, empty into the China Sea by
means of the numerous channels of its extensive delta. From June to
October the inundations of the Mekong cover most of the country,
portions of which, notably the Plaine des Joncs in the north and a large
tract of the peninsula of Ca-Mau, are little else than marshes. Besides
a great number of small coastal streams there are four other rivers of
secondary importance, all of which water the east of the colony, viz.
the Don-Nai, which rising in the Annamese mountains flows west, then
abruptly south, reaching the sea to the west of Cape St Jacques; the
Saigon river, which flowing from north-west to south-east passes Saigon,
the capital of the colony, 12 m. below which it unites with the Don-Nai;
and the two Vaicos, which join the Don-Nai close to its mouth. These
rivers flow into the sea through numerous winding channels, forming a
delta united by canals to that of the Mekong. The waterways of
Cochin-China communicate by means of natural or artificial channels
(_arroyos_), facilitating transport and aiding in the uniform
distribution of the inundation to which the country owes its fertility.
Canals from Chau-Doc to Ha-Tien and from Long Xuyen to Rach-Gia join the
Mekong with the Gulf of Siam. East of Cape St Jacques the mountains of
Annam come down close to the sea; west of that point, as far as the
southern headland of Ca-Mau, the coast-line of Cochin-China runs
north-east to south-west for about 160 m. in a straight line broken only
by the mouths of the Don-Nai and Mekong. From Cape Ca-Mau to Rach-Gia it
runs north for a distance of 120 m., then north-west as far as Ha-Tien,
where the boundary line between it and Cambodia meets the sea.
_Climate and Fauna._--The climate of the country is warm, humid, and
very trying to Europeans. The wet season, during which heavy rain falls
almost daily, lasts from April to October, coinciding with the
south-west monsoon. The hottest period lasts from the middle of April to
the middle of June, the thermometer during that time often reaching 94
deg. F., and never descending below 86 deg.. The forest regions of
Cochin-China harbour the tiger, panther, leopard, tiger-cat, ichneumon,
wild boar, deer, buffalo, rhinoceros and elephant, as well as many
varieties of monkeys and rats. Of birds some species of parrakeet, the
"mandarin" blackbird, and the woodcock are not found in the rest of
Indo-China. Duck, teal, cranes and other aquatic birds abound in the
delta. Venomous reptiles are numerous, and the Mekong contains
crocodiles.
_Agriculture and Industries._--The cultivation of the rice-fields, which
cover large extents of the plains of Cochin-China, is by far the chief
industry of the colony. Pepper is grown in considerable quantities in
the districts of Ha-Tien and Bien-Hoa, and sugarcanes, coffee, cotton,
tobacco and jute are also produced. The buffalo, used both for transport
and in the rice-fields, and swine, the flesh of which forms an important
element in the native diet, are the principal domestic animals. Oxen and
cows are of secondary importance and the climate is unsuitable for
sheep; horses of a small breed are used to some extent. The chief
industrial establishments are those for the decortication of rice at
Saigon and Cholon; they are in the hands of the Chinese, by whom most of
the trade in the colony is conducted. Sugar-making, the distillation of
rice-spirit, silk-weaving, fishing and the preparation of a fish-sauce
(_nuoc-mam_) made from decayed fish, and the manufacture of salt from
sea-water and of lime are carried on in many localities.
_Commerce._--Rice is the chief article of export, dried or salted fish,
pepper and cotton ranking next in order of value. Imports include woven
goods, metals, ironware, machinery, tea, wines and spirits, mineral
oils, opium, paper, and arms and powder. The ports of Saigon and Mytho
are accessible to the largest vessels, and are connected by a railway
(see Indo-China, French). The roadsteads of Rach-Gia, Ca-Mau, and
Ha-Tien can accommodate only vessels of low tonnage. In 1905 exports
reached a value of L3,816,000, and imports a value of L4,834,000 (not
including treasure and transit trade).
_Government and Administration._--Cochin-China is administered by a
lieutenant-governor under the authority of the governor-general of
Indo-China. He is assisted by the _conseil colonial_ numbering sixteen
members, six of whom are French citizens elected by the French, six
natives elected by the natives, the other four being members of the
chamber of commerce of Saigon and the _conseil prive_. The _conseil
colonial_, besides its advisory functions, discusses and votes the
budget, determines the nature of the taxes, has supreme control over the
tariffs, and extensive powers in the administration of colonial domains.
The _conseil prive_ is a deliberative body under the presidency of the
lieutenant-governor, composed of colonial officials together with two
native members. The colony is divided into four circumscriptions
(Saigon, My-Tho, Vinh-Long, Bassac), at the head of each of which is an
inspector of native affairs. These are subdivided into twenty provinces,
each administered by an administrator of native affairs by whose side is
the provincial council consisting of natives and occupied with the
discussion of ways and means and questions of public works. The
provinces are divided into cantons and subdivided into communes. The
commune forms the basis of the native social system. Its assembly of
notables or municipal council forms a sort of oligarchy, the members of
which themselves elect individuals from among the more prominent
inhabitants to fill vacancies. The notables elect the provincial
councillors in the proportion, usually, of one to every canton, and
their delegates elect the chief of the canton, who voices the wishes of
the natives to the government. Local administration, e.g. supervision of
markets, policing, land-transfer, &c., are carried on by a mayor and two
assistants, to whom the municipal council delegates its powers. The same
body draws up the list of males liable to the poll-tax and of the lands
liable to land-tax, these being the chief sources of revenue. There are
French tribunals of first instance in nine of the chief towns of the
colony, and in four of these there are criminal courts. These administer
justice in accordance both with French law and, in the case of natives,
with Annamese law, which has been codified for the purpose. Saigon has
two chambers of the court of appeal of French Indo-China and a tribunal
of commerce. Primary instruction is given in some six hundred schools.
Cochin-China is represented in the French chamber by a deputy. The
capital is Saigon (q.v.); of the other towns, Cholon (q.v.), My-Tho,
Vinh-Long and Chau-Doc are of importance.
In 1904 the budget receipts amounted to L495,241 (as compared with
L474,545 in 1899). To this sum the land and poll-tax and other direct
taxes contributed L374,630. The main heads of expenditure, of which the
total was L467,328, were as follows:--
Government L87,271
Administration 62,725
Public Works 40,454
Transport 38,173
Public Instruction 36,009
Topography and Surveying 32,036
_History._--The Khmer kingdom (see CAMBODIA), at its zenith from the 9th
to the 12th centuries, included a large portion of the modern colony of
Cochin-China, the coastal portion and perhaps the eastern region being
under the dominion of the empire of Champa, which broke up during the
15th century. This eastern region was occupied in the 17th century by
the Annamese, who in the 18th century absorbed the western provinces.
From this period the history of Cochin-China follows that of Annam
(q.v.) till 1867, when it was entirely occupied by the French and became
a French colony. In 1887 it was united with Cambodia, Annam and Tongking
to form the Indo-Chinese Union (see INDO-CHINA, FRENCH).