GLOSSARY OF ELECTRICAL, MECHANICAL, AND OPTICAL WORDS, TERMS, AND
PHRASES.
=Aberration.=--The convergence to different foci, by a lens or mirror,
of rays of light emanating from one and the same point or the deviation
of such from a single focus.
=a. c.=--An abbreviation for alternating current.
=Accumulator.=--A term often used to designate a storage battery.
=Achromatic.=--Free from false coloration.
=Achromatic Lens.=--A lens which does not show color in the light which
it projects; usually a combination of lenses of different kinds of
glass.
=Actinic Rays.=--The rays of light that cause chemical changes.
=Airdome.=--A theater arranged in the open air.
=Alloy.=--Any compound of two or more metals.
=Alternating Current.=--An electric current undergoing periodical
changes in direction.
=Amalgam.=--A compound of mercury with other metals.
=Ammeter.=--An instrument used for measuring the value of an electric
current.
=Amperage.=--The number of amperes; the current strength in the circuit;
not the quantity but the rate of flow.
=Ampere.=--The unit of current strength. It is equal to a rate of flow
of electricity of one coulomb per second.
=Ampere Hour.=--One ampere flowing for one hour; or its equivalent.
=Anamorphosis.=--A grossly distorted image, such as can be obtained from
a curved mirror.
=Angular Velocity.=--The rate at which a body revolves around a fixed
axis, usually measured in radians per second. The radian is equal to 360
÷ 2 × π degrees.
=Annular Space.=--The space between an inner and an outer ring or
cylinder.
=Annunciator.=--An electric device provided with one or more magnets and
indicators, which serve to indicate the points at which one or more
electric contacts have been closed.
=Anode.=--The positive pole; a term used mostly with electrolytic
devices, also with the mercury arc rectifier and the electric arc.
=Aplanatic.=--Free from spherical aberration.
=Apparent Power.=--The product of volts and amperes in an
alternating-current circuit. The true power in an alternating-current
circuit is always less than the apparent power if pressure and current
are not in phase.
=Arbor.=--An axle or spindle on which a wheel turns.
=Arc, Electric.=--The heated portion of an electric circuit between two
electrodes where the current passes from one to the other; the source of
light of the electric arc lamp.
=Armature.=--That part of a generator, in which the electrical pressure
is generated, which causes a current if the armature winding forms part
of a closed circuit.
=Automatic.=--A term applied to machinery in which certain movements,
usually made by hand, are made by the machine.
=Auto-Transformer.=--A transformer provided with only one winding; a
part of the winding being traversed by both the primary and secondary
currents.
=Axis.=--The straight line, real or imaginary, which passes through a
body, and on which the body revolves, or may be supposed to revolve.
=Axis of Lens.=--The straight line passing through its center and
perpendicular to its surface.
=Axle.=--A transverse bar connecting opposite wheels.
=Babbitt Metal.=--A soft white antifriction metal of varying
composition; as 4 parts of copper, 8 of antimony, and 24 or 96 of tin.
The larger the amount of tin, the harder the resultant alloy.
=Baby Spot Lamp.=--An incandescent lamp placed within a hood similar to
that of a theater arc lamp; also usually provided with a lens.
=Back Focus.=--This term is used to designate the distance from the lens
nearest the slide to the position of the slide when the picture is in
focus on the screen. See also Equivalent Focus.
=Balance Wheel.=--A wheel added to machinery for the purpose of
preventing too sudden variations in speed; also called fly wheel.
=Ball Bearing.=--A journal fitted with balls upon which the shaft turns.
=Balsam, Canadian.=--A cement used to cement lenses, etc.
=Band.=--A small belt passing over two pulleys.
=Battery.=--A term used to describe a number of voltaic cells connected
so as to act as a single cell; should never be used in reference to a
single cell.
=Bayonet.=--A pin which plays in and out of holes made to receive it and
serves to engage parts of machinery.
=Bearing.=--That part of a machine in contact with which a shaft moves;
the journal boxes.
=Bed.=--The foundation or main fixed part of a machine.
=Bell Crank.=--A rectangular lever by which the direction of rotation is
changed through an angle of ninety degrees.
=Belt.=--A strap or band of flexible material passing around two or more
wheels and communicating motion to them.
=Bevel Gear.=--A gear in which the two wheels working together lie in
planes that are not parallel.
=Bifocal.=--Having two foci.
=Binocular.=--Pertaining to both eyes, as binocular vision in microscope
or telescope.
=Blinding Lights.=--Lights used on the stage in certain acts to blind
the audience; thus allowing persons to work behind them unseen by the
audience.
=Boss.=--The enlarged part of a shaft on which a wheel is keyed.
=Brace.=--A curved tool of iron or wood adapted to turn and hold bits.
=Brake.=--A piece of mechanism adapted to stop or hold parts of
machinery.
=Brushes.=--That part of a dynamo by which the current is taken to or
from the commutator.
=Buffer.=--A cushion, with springs or other material, arranged to deaden
the blow of a moving body.
=Buffing Wheel.=--A rapidly revolving wheel adapted to buff or polish
materials.
=Burner; Automatic, Electric.=--An electric device, for turning on and
lighting gas, which may be operated from a distance by pressing a
button.
=Bushing.=--The lining of a hole with a ring or a perforated substance
of metal or other material.
=Calipers.=--A compass with curved legs; used for measuring round bars
or openings, the thickness of objects, and the distance between two
points.
=Cam.=--A projecting part of a wheel or other moving piece, so shaped as
to give an alternating or variable motion to another piece pressing
against it.
=Cam Wheel.=--A wheel, or part of a wheel, of irregular outline employed
to produce a variable or alternating motion in machinery.
=Canadian Balsam.=--A cement used to cement lenses, etc.
=Candle Power.=--This term, as commonly used, denotes the light-giving
power of a lamp in terms of a standard candle. Its meaning is not very
definite unless qualified by some of the following terms: apparent
candle power; equivalent candle power; mean horizontal candle power;
mean lower hemispherical candle power; mean spherical candle power;
maximum candle power; mean zonular candle power. All of these terms are
fully explained in “Modern Electric Illumination, Theory and Practice.”
=Carbons.=--The rods of artificial carbon used as electrodes in arc
lamps.
=Carbons, Cored.=--Carbons, as above, but provided with a core of softer
material.
=Case Hardening.=--The act or process of converting the surface of iron
into steel while leaving the center soft and malleable.
=Cathode.=--The negative pole. A term usually used in connection with
electrolytic apparatus, mercury arc rectifiers, and electric arcs.
=Cell, Voltaic.=--A cup or jar containing electrodes and an electrolyte
either for producing an electromotive force or electrolysis. In the
latter case it is called an electrolytic cell. A number of cells
connected together make a battery.
=Centi.=--As a prefix it means the hundredth part; as centimeter.
=Choke Coil.=--A coil of wire wound upon an iron core in such a manner
as to acquire a very high self-inductance; similar to a reactance.
=Chuck.=--A contrivance fixed to the mandril of a turning lathe for
holding the material to be worked upon.
=Clutch.=--A projecting tooth, or other piece of machinery, for
connecting shafts with each other or with wheels in such a manner as to
be readily disengaged.
=Cog Wheel.=--A wheel with cogs or teeth.
=Collar.=--A ring-like part of a machine usually fastened to some part
of it and used for keeping something in place.
=Commutator.=--That part of a dynamo-electric machine to which
all of the armature wires are connected and in which the
alternating-electromotive force, actually generated in the armature
winding, is made to appear as a direct-electromotive force in the
external circuit.
=Compasses.=--An instrument for describing circles, measuring, etc.,
consisting of two pointed branches fastened together at the top by a
rivet or screw.
=Compensarc.=--A trade term used to describe a transformer or an
auto-transformer; used in connection with projection-arc lamps.
=Compound Winding.=--A generator, in which the fields are provided with
a shunt winding and in addition with a series winding which carries all
of the current around the fields; is said to be _compound wound_, and
the winding is referred to as a _compound winding_.
=Concave.=--Curved and hollow; the inside of a hollow sphere or
cylinder.
=Concentric.=--Having a common center.
=Condenser.=--A lens or a set of lenses, used to gather the divergent
rays from a source of illumination and bring them to a focus.
=Conductor.=--Any substance used to carry electricity. Most of the
commercial conductors are of copper.
=Cone.=--A solid body having a plane for its base and a point for its
top, the surface being formed by line segments joining every point of
the outline of the base to the point top.
=Conical.=--Approximating a cone in shape.
=Conjugate Foci.=--The two points in the principal axis of a lens and at
opposite sides of it; one point being the light source and the other the
point at which rays of light from this source are brought to a focus.
=Controller.=--A resistance used for controlling the speed of a motor or
the field strength of a dynamo.
=Converter.=--Any apparatus used for changing from one form of current
to another; generally used to indicate a synchronous or rotary
converter.
=Convex.=--Rising or swelling; the outside of a sphere or cylinder.
=Convexo-Plano.=--Convex on one side and plane on the other;
plano-convex is more often used.
=Cooling Plate.=--The metal around the projection aperture of a
motion-picture machine which protects the film from the rays of light.
=Cotter.=--A wedge-shaped piece of wood, iron, or other material used
for fastening the parts of a structure; a key.
=Cotter Pin.=--A pin made up of doubled wire expanded at top and bottom
so as to hold its place when inserted in a hole.
=Coulomb.=--The unit of quantity of electricity. It is equal to the
current multiplied by the time that it flows; viz., ampere times second.
=Countershaft.=--A secondary shaft driven from another shaft; not the
main or driving shaft.
=Countersink.=--A drill or cutting tool used to enlarge the outer edges
of a hole in countersinking.
=Crown Wheel.=--A wheel, with cogs or teeth set at right angles to its
plane.
=Cycle.=--A complete recurrence of any periodic change. The two
immediately succeeding half waves of an alternating current or e.m.f.
constitute a cycle.
=Damping Coils, Dampers.=--Coils of wire or bars of copper placed on, or
imbedded in, the pole pieces of a dynamo-electric machine; used mostly
in connection with synchronous motors or rotary converters to prevent
hunting.
=Dead Center.=--Either of the two opposite points, in the orbit of a
crank, at which the crank and a driving rod lie in a straight line.
=Diffusing Globes.=--Globes of ground glass or other medium which causes
diffusion of light. Used to reduce the intrinsic brilliancy of
illuminants. The light is emitted from a larger surface and is less
trying to the eyes.
=Diffusion.=--The scattering of light by diffuse reflection, as from an
irregular surface such as ground glass.
=Diffusion Projection.=--A method of projection sometimes resorted to
when condensers are broken. Ground glass is used in place of the
condensers.
=Direct Current.=--A current of electricity maintained in one direction
as distinguished from an alternating current which is regularly
alternating in direction.
=Dog.=--A part of machinery acting as a catch or a clutch.
=Dovetail.=--To unite by a tenon, in the form of a pigeon’s tail spread
out, let into a board or timber.
=Dowel Pin.=--A pin of wood or metal used for joining two pieces; part
of its length entering one piece, and the rest entering a corresponding
hole in the other.
=Dowser.=--A hand shutter arranged in front of the lens of an arc lamp
by which the light may be shut off.
=Drift.=--A conical tool of steel for enlarging or shaping a hole in
metal by being driven into or through it.
=Drill.=--A pointed instrument used for boring holes; especially in hard
substances.
=Drop in Potential.=--A term often used to designate a loss of
electrical pressure. In d.c. circuits it is equal to current times
resistance. In a.c. circuits it is equal to current times impedance.
=Drum.=--A short cylinder revolving on an axis.
=Dynamo.=--A dynamo electric machine for converting electrical energy
into mechanical, or vice versa. When the transformation is from
electrical to mechanical energy the machine is operating as a motor; and
when the transformation is from mechanical to electrical energy the
machine is operating as a generator.
=e. f.=--Abbreviation for equivalent focus.
=e. m. f.=--Abbreviation for electromotive force. The unit of
electromotive force. The unit of electromotive force is the volt.
=Eccentric.=--A wheel or disc having its axis of revolution out of its
center; used to convert circular motion into reciprocating.
=Economizer.=--A trade name applied to a transformer or
auto-transformer, used in connection with projection-arc lamps.
=Economy Coils.=--An auto-transformer. This term is used very much in
connection with auto-transformers, and also transformers used in
connection with arc lamps.
=Efficiency of Incandescent Lamps.=--The efficiency of incandescent
lamps is expressed in watts per candle power. The lower the numerical
expression for efficiency, the greater is the light obtained per unit of
energy.
=Electrodes.=--The terminals of an electric source; in an arc lamp, the
two carbons.
=Electrolysis.=--Chemical decomposition by an electric current. The
positive pole, or anode, is eaten away with direct current; the effect
with alternating current is very slight.
=Emergency Lights.=--Those lights arranged in theaters, the object of
which is to furnish the necessary illumination by which the audience may
leave the theater in case of a failure of the regular illumination.
Emergency and exit lights are generally grouped together but must not be
confused with each other.
=Equivalent Focus.=--The distance from the center of a set of lenses to
the slide, when the picture on the slide is in focus on the screen.
=Exit Lights.=--The lights placed directly above exits; usually colored
red.
=Expansion Bolt.=--A bolt adapted to be inserted into a socket which,
expanded by the insertion, thus holds the bolt in place.
=Face Plate.=--The disc attached to the revolving spindle of a lathe to
which the work is often fastened.
=Feeders.=--The main wires extending from the supply to the distributing
center.
=Field.=--A term commonly used to designate the space traversed by the
lines of the force of magnetism which is supposed to exist. The fields
of a dynamo consist of the pole pieces around which the exciting current
circulates.
=Fire Trap.=--The arrangement of rollers and their enclosure, usually
placed on magazine or film tanks, through which the film is led, to
prevent a flame from following the film in case of fire.
=Flange.=--A projecting edge or rim on a wheel or shaft by which it may
be kept in place or fastened.
=Flasher.=--The term by which a contrivance for regularly, and at
frequent intervals, turning lights on and off is described; used mostly
in connection with electric signs.
=Flicker.=--The unsteady illumination of a motion picture; caused mostly
by insufficient speed of film or too brilliant illumination.
=Fly Floor.=--A floor above the stage upon which the scene shifters,
whose duty it is to raise and lower the curtains, work.
=Footlights.=--A row of lights placed at the stage level and directly in
front of the actors.
=Forging.=--A piece of metal shaped by hammering; not a casting.
=Framing Device.=--A device attached to every motion-picture machine by
which the relative position of the film to the optical system may be
adjusted to make the picture appear in its proper place on the screen.
=Frequency.=--The number of cycles per second; also spoken of as the
periodicity. The most common frequencies are 25 and 60 cycles per
second.
=Gearing.=--The parts by which motion given to one part of a machine is
transmitted to other parts. In a narrower sense it refers only to cog
wheels.
A _spur gear_ is one in which the teeth are arranged either on the
outside or inside of the rim in the direction of radii from the center
of the wheel.
A _bevel gear_ is one in which the shafts of the two gears are not
parallel.
A _friction gear_ is one in which friction takes the place of the teeth.
A _worm gear_ is one in which one of the members is in the form of a
screw. The pitch of the screw may, or may not, be such as to prevent it
from being turned by the other.
A _herring-bone gear_ is one in which the teeth are cut across the face
of the wheel at an angle. The teeth may be made to converge toward the
center of the face or may be cut in a line across it. This gear is used
where noiseless operation is required.
=Generator.=--A term frequently used to describe a dynamo-electric
machine used in converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.
=Geneva.=--A form of intermittent movement first used in Geneva,
Switzerland; hence the name. It is the form of intermittent mechanism
most used.
=Governor.=--A contrivance used in connection with machinery to regulate
the speed.
=Grid, or Grid Floor.=--This term refers to the topmost floor above the
stage of a theater where the pulleys and the cables, by which scenery is
raised and lowered, are placed. It is usually made up of iron bars with
spaces between them; hence the name.
=Ground.=---This term is used to describe any connection of an
electrical conductor to any conducting medium, other than that to which
it belongs, which may be common to other conductors or which may convey
current to the opposite pole in a manner not desired.
=Gudgeon.=--The piece of iron in the end of a wooden shaft on which it
turns in a collar or on a gudgeon block.
=Heat Shield.=--A part of a motion-picture machine which shields the
film and adjacent parts from the heat of the light.
=Helix.=--See Solenoid.
=Horsepower.=--A unit or standard by which the capability of machinery
is measured. Power sufficient to raise one pound 33,000 feet in one
minute is called one horsepower. Electrically it is equal to 746 watts.
=Hunting.=--This term describes the regular and persistent changes in
the speed of synchronous apparatus running in parallel, which are due to
fluctuations in the load on the generators or in the speed of the prime
mover; and causes cross currents. In theaters they would be noticeable
only in connection with rotary converters which are sometimes used to
convert a.c. into d.c. for arc lamps.
=Idler.=--A wheel placed between two other wheels to convey motion from
one to the other without changing the direction of motion.
=Impedance.=--Impedance is to an alternating-current circuit what
resistance is to a direct-current circuit. The e.m.f. divided by the
impedance equals the current. The symbol for impedance is _Z_.
=Impressed e.m.f.=--The electromotive force brought to bear on any
circuit to produce a current therein; the applied e.m.f.
=Index of Refraction.=--The index of refraction, or the refraction
index, is the ratio the sine of the angle of incidence bears to the sine
of the angle of refraction. For glass the index of refraction is about
1.5.
=Indirect Lighting.=--A system of illumination in which all of the light
is first thrown to the ceiling and reflected therefrom.
=Inductance.=--That property of an electric circuit which causes a
current in it to create lines of force and thus generate a counter
e.m.f. when the current changes in value.
=Induction Motor.=--A much used alternating-current motor in which there
is no electrical connection between the primary and secondary or rotor
and stator windings. It may be either single or polyphase.
=Intermittent Movements.=--There are numerous types of intermittent
movements but the Geneva and the pin cross are the only ones used with
the latest types of motion-picture projection machines. The other
movements have mostly come into use in connection with cameras. The
beater movement is one in which a certain length of film is pushed to
one side at each movement. The claw movement is one in which claws reach
up and pull down a fixed amount of film at each movement. Other
intermittent movements are known as, the drunken screw; ratchet; pitman
and grip. They have mostly only a historical interest.
=Intrinsic Brilliancy.=--This term refers to the candle power per unit
area of a source of light. A light having a large candle power in
proportion to its size is said to have a high intrinsic brilliancy.
Lamps of high intrinsic brilliancy should never be placed in the line of
vision.
=Inverted Lighting.=--Synonymous with indirect lighting.
=Key.=--A wedge-shaped piece of wood or metal used, to hold something in
place; a cotter.
=Key Seat.=--A groove cut into a shaft to fit a similar groove in a
wheel or flange, and into which a key may be fitted.
=Key to Curtain.=--A fictitious article, in quest of which novices
employed in theaters are often sent; a hoax.
=Kilowatt.=--1000 watts.
=Lagging Current.=--A current, the maximum value of which occurs later
than that of the e.m.f. producing it.
=Laminated.=--Made up of sheets. All iron parts subject to the influence
of alternating fields must be laminated to reduce the losses due to
Foucault or eddy currents.
=Leading Current.=--A current, the maximum value of which occurs earlier
than that of the e.m.f. producing it. In connection with synchronous
converters the current may be made either lagging or leading by
adjusting the field excitation.
=Lens.=--A piece of glass, or other transparent substance, ground with
two opposite regular surfaces. In practice the curved surfaces are
generally spherical but sometimes they are made cylindrical.
Of spherical lenses there are six varieties: _plano-concave_;
_double-concave_; _plano-convex_; _double-convex_; _meniscus_; and
_concave-convex_. A _double-convex lens_, with one radius six times that
of the other, is called a _crossed lens_.
A _multiplying lens_ or glass is one consisting of a number of plane
faces on one side and a convex surface on the other. The plane faces are
inclined to one another and each presents a different picture; thus
giving the appearance of the multiplication of images.
A _polyzonal lens_ is one that is made up of a large number of pieces
arranged in zones or rings. This kind of lens is used only for sizes in
which it is difficult to use pieces large enough to have the lens in
one piece.
=Lime Light.=--A light produced by means of a cylinder of lime which is
subjected to a flame of gas or of oxygen and hydrogen.
=Lines of Force.=--Every magnetic field is supposed to be made up of
imaginary lines called lines of force. The number of these lines per
unit area perpendicular to the field is a measure of the strength of the
field.
=Lost Motion.=--Refers to the loss or irregularity of motion caused by
wear of machinery or poor adjustment.
=Magic Pane.=--This is a condenser formed of a sheet of glass, one side
of which is covered by pieces of tin foil with spaces left between. The
spaces between may be arranged to represent any design and on the
discharge of the condenser the design is illuminated by the sparks which
jump over the spaces.
=Male Thread or Coupling.=--In connection with piping, hose, etc., a
coupling arranged to enter into another, is spoken of as “male”; that
part which is entered into is known as “female.”
=Mandrel.=--A bar of metal inserted in the work to hold it, as in a
lathe, during the process of manufacture. Also the spindle which carries
the center chuck of a lathe, an arbor.
=Matched Lenses.=--The lenses in two stereopticon lamps to be used
together must be matched to give the same size of picture.
=Micrometer.=--An instrument used for measuring very small diameters or
thicknesses, the adjustments being made by a screw arranged to indicate
very slight changes in the opening in which the object is inserted.
=Mil.=--The one-thousandth part of an inch. The circular-mil area of a
circular area, such as the cross section of a wire, can be found by
squaring the diameter.
=Mirage.=--An optical illusion due to an unequal refraction in the lower
atmosphere which causes remote objects to be seen double and suspended
in the air. A mirage can be arranged for by a prism or by a piece of
beveled glass.
=Miter Wheels.=--A pair of bevel wheels of equal diameter working
together, usually with their axes at right angles.
=Motion Head.=--By this term the whole of the motion-picture machine is
usually designated.
=Motor.=--See dynamo.
=Motor Generator.=--A generator driven by a motor.
=Multiple Series.=--A system of wiring in which several lamps are
connected in series and a number of such series combinations connected
in multiple.
=Neutral Wire.=--The wire of a three-wire system which ordinarily
carries no current. In a three-wire system it is usually run in the
center.
=Ohm.=--The ohm is the unit of electrical resistance.
=Ohmic Drop.=--This is the loss of potential due to the resistance, as
distinguished from that due to the reactance. It is always equal to the
current multiplied by the resistance, the current being measured in
amperes and the resistance in ohms.
=Ohm’s Law.=--This is a statement defining the relations existing
between electrical pressure, current, and resistance.
_The current is equal to the electrical pressure divided by the
resistance._
_The resistance is equal to the electrical pressure divided by the
current._
=p. d.=--An abbreviation for difference of potential.
=Pawl.=--A short movable piece or bar connected at one end, by a joint,
with some part of a machine; while the other end falls into notches or
teeth on another part, in such a manner as to permit motion in one
direction only.
=Period.=--The time required for one complete cycle.
=Photometer.=--An instrument used for comparing or measuring the candle
power of illuminants.
=Pinion.=--A small wheel with leaves or teeth working into the teeth of
a larger wheel or rack; especially such a wheel having its leaves formed
of the substance of the arbor or spindle on which it turns; a toothed
arbor.
=Pitch.=--The distance from center to center of any two adjacent teeth
of gearing measured on the pitch line. The distance measured on a line
parallel to the axis between two adjacent threads or convolutions of a
screw.
=Pitch Line.=--A circle concentric with the circumference of a toothed
wheel and cutting its teeth at such a distance from their points as to
touch the corresponding circle of the gear working with it. The two
circles must have a common velocity.
=Plunger.=--A part of machinery which is subject to a plunging motion.
=Polarity.=--A difference of polarity exists between any two wires, or
points in one wire, where there is any tendency to produce a current. In
practice, however, the term is used to designate wires pertaining to
the two opposite poles of a system.
=Polyphase.=--Referring to more than one phase, multiphase.
=Power.=--This term designates the rate of doing work.
=Power Factor.=--This term expresses the ratio of the true power in an
alternating-current circuit to the apparent power. It is always less
than 1. The apparent power (product of volts and amperes measured by
independent instruments) must be multiplied by the power factor to
obtain the true power in alternating-current circuits.
=Primary Battery.=--A battery in which the p.d. is produced by primary
action of the ingredients used, instead of by secondary action as in
secondary batteries or accumulators.
=Primary Coil.=--That coil of a transformer, induction motor, or
induction coil which is connected to the source of electrical energy.
=Prism.=--A transparent body usually having three rectangular faces and
triangular ends. It is used in experiments on optics to show refraction
and may also be made to produce total reflection.
=Prismatic Colors.=--The seven colors into which sunlight is resolved
when passed through a prism.
An achromatic prism is one made up of two kinds of glass of different
dispersive powers by which a ray of light may be refracted without
showing color.
=Pulley.=--A broad-rimmed wheel used for transmitting power by means of
a belt.
A narrow-rimmed wheel with a groove used for the same purpose is termed
a _sheave_.
A _cone pulley_ is a pulley made in the shape of a cone and used in
conjunction with a similar pulley and a belt connecting them for the
purpose of varying the velocity.
A _fast pulley_ is one which is rigidly attached to the shaft.
A _loose pulley_ is one which is used in conjunction with another pulley
of the same size to carry the belt while the shaft attached to the other
is still.
=Pulsating Current.=--A current of electricity varying regularly in
strength but not in direction.
=Rack and Pinion.=--A straight bar with teeth on its edge to work with
the teeth of a pinion which is to drive or follow it.
=Ratchet.=--A bar or piece of mechanism turning upon a pivot while the
other end falls into the teeth of a wheel or rack allowing the latter to
move in one direction only. It may be used for preventing backward
motion in machinery or for converting reciprocating motion into forward
motion.
=Ratchet Drill.=--A drill attached to a ratchet.
=Ratchet Wheel.=--A wheel having teeth by which it may be moved forward
as by a lever and catch, or by a pawl arranged to engage the teeth. The
pawl may also be arranged to engage the teeth for the purpose of
preventing backward motion.
=Reactance Coil.=--See Choke Coil.
=Reactive Drop.=--The drop in potential caused through the presence of
reactance in the circuit, as distinguished from that caused by ohmic
resistance which is known as the _ohmic drop_.
=Rectifier.=--Any apparatus used to change an alternating current to a
direct current by periodically interrupting or changing the direction of
the alternating current so that the derived current is always in the
same direction.
=Relay.=--A device actuated by an electric current to open or close
another circuit.
=Rheostat.=--An adjustable resistance.
=Rock Shaft.=--A shaft that vibrates or oscillates instead of making
complete revolutions. Called also rocker or rocking shaft.
=Rotary Converter.=--A rotating machine having a field excited by a
direct current and an armature winding connected to a commutator and a
set of collector rings. It is used to convert alternating current into
direct, or _vice versa_; also called _synchronous converter_.
=Rotor.=--The moving part of an alternating-current generator or motor.
=Secondary Battery.=--A storage battery; an accumulator.
=Secondary Coil.=--The coil of a transformer or an induction coil into
which currents are induced; the coil which is not connected to the
source of energy.
=Series Connection.=--A connection in which a number of devices are
joined so that the same current passes through all of them.
=Series Multiple.=--A system of wiring in which a number of devices are
connected in multiple and several of such groups then connected in
series. The same current must pass through each group.
=Shaking Coil.=--A coil used in connection with a mercury-arc rectifier
for tilting or shaking the tube and starting the apparatus.
=Shunt.=--A by-pass. A wire which carries part or all of the current in
a circuit around some other device connected in the circuit.
=Single-Phase.=--An alternating-current system using only two wires and
only one e.m.f. It is sometimes termed uniphase or monophase.
=Slip of Induction Motor.=--The difference in the number of revolutions
made by the revolving field and the rotor of the motor. It is usually
expressed in per cent of the synchronous speed which is that of the
revolving field.
=Solenoid.=--A round coil of wire generally used to control an iron
core; an electromagnetic helix.
=Spider.=--A casting or part of a machine having projections or arms
radiating from it so as somewhat to resemble a spider.
=Spindle.=--The revolving arbor of a machine tool; an axis.
=Spiral Gear or Gearing.=--A gearing consisting of wheels working
together with their axes at an angle to each other double that of the
angle of the teeth with the axes. It is sometimes used in light
machinery in place of bevel gearing.
=Spiral Wheel.=--A wheel having its teeth cut at an angle with its axis
or so that they form small parts of screws or spirals.
=Spline.=--A rectangular piece fitting the key seats of a hub and shaft
so that, while the one may slide endwise on the other, both must revolve
together.
=Spur Wheel.=--A wheel in which the teeth are perpendicular to the axis
and in the direction of the radii.
=Static Electricity.=--The name usually given to electricity generated
by friction, as from belting in machine shops, etc.
=Stator.=--The stationary part of an alternating-current motor or
generator.
=Stay Bolt.=--A bolt connecting opposite plates to keep them from
bulging.
=Stepdown Transformer.=--A transformer used for reducing voltage.
=Stepup Transformer.=--A transformer used for increasing voltage.
=Striking the Arc.=--The act of bringing the carbons of an arc lamp
together and immediately separating them and establishing the arc is
called _striking the arc_.
=Stud.=--A projection of a bolt adapted to hold a lug or connection of
some kind.
=Stud Bolt.=--A bolt with threads on both ends, to be screwed into a
fixed part at one end and receive a nut upon the other.
=Sustaining Coil.=--The name sometimes given to a reactance used in
connection with a mercury-arc rectifier to cause an overlapping of the
two currents from the anodes.
=Swivel or Swivel Joint.=--A joint, the two pieces of which can be
turned around independently of each other.
=Synchronism.=--Being in time or occurring at the same time in regular
order with some other event.
=Synchronous Converter.=--See rotary converter.
=Tap Bolt.=--A bolt with a head on one end and a thread on the other to
be screwed into some part instead of passing through and being fastened
with a nut.
=Three-Phase.=--Refers to a system of electrical distribution making use
of three separate currents. These currents may be superimposed and
generally only three wires are used in the transmission.
=Thumb Screw.=--A screw arranged so that it can be set up with the
fingers. Similar to a wing nut.
=Thumb Spot.=--A distinguishing mark usually placed on stereopticon
slides so as to mark the spot at which the thumb of the right hand
should be placed when inserting the slide to insure its proper placing
in the holder.
=Travel Ghost.=--The peculiar hazy appearance often seen in a motion
picture; it is produced by the improper setting of the revolving
shutter.
=Trunnion.=--Projection lugs on the sides of some piece of machinery
upon which it is supported and upon which it can move.
=Two-Phase.=--This term refers to an a.c. system of electrical
distribution making use of two currents of different phase. It may be
arranged with three or four wires.
=Unbalanced.=--This term is used in connection with three-wire and
three-phase systems.
The three-wire system is said to be unbalanced when one of the outside
wires is carrying more current than the other.
The three-phase system is said to be unbalanced when the load is
unevenly distributed over the three-phase wires.
=Universal Joint.=--A contrivance used for joining two shafts or parts
of machinery endwise so that one may give rotary motion to the other
while at an angle.
=Volt.=--The unit of electromotive force.
=Voltmeter.=--An instrument used for measuring potential difference.
=Water Rheostat.=--A resistance in which water is used to carry the
current. Plates of metal proportional to the current to be used are
inserted in the water and by inserting them _to a greater extent_ or
moving them closer together the current can be increased.
=Watt.=--The unit of power.
=Wattless Current.=--That part of an alternating current which is either
ahead of or behind the e. m. f. of the circuit.
=Watt Meter.=--An instrument used for measuring electrical energy.
=Yoke.=--A clamp resembling an ox yoke somewhat and adapted to join two
pieces of a machine.
INDEX
PAGE
Aberration, chromatic, 51
Aberration, spherical, 51
Adjusting intermittent sprocket, 100
Aisle lights, 218
Aligning machine, 96
Alternating current, 218
Alternating current motor, 215
Amperage for projection, 43, 44
Amperage, determination of, 45, 46
Anchoring machine, 97
Anvil sparks, 311
Arc, color of, 19, 20, 31
Enclosed, 23
Form of carbons, 22
Length of, 21
Low tension, 20
Open, 23
Resistance of, 20
Upside down, 22
Arc lamps, 19, 218, 312
Automatic, 25
Edison, 36
Hand feed, 25
Kliegl, 35, 36
McIntosh, 34
Motiograph, 37
Operation of, 25, 27
Powers, 37
Testing of, 28
Arc light, injurious, 21
Armored cable, 222
Asbestos, 226
Attachment plugs, 226
Auto-starters, 227
Automatic fire shutter, 62, 70, 71, 101
Axis of lens, 360
Baby spot lamp, 316
Balconies, 228
Batteries, 316
Bells, 228, 318
Blinding lights, 319
Borders, 229
Brackets, 232, 319
Branch circuits, 232
Branch-off connectors, 343
Bunch lights, 320
Bus-bars, 234
Cabinets, 235
Cables, 235
Call-board, 293
Canopies, 236
Camera lucida, 152
Carbons, adjusting of, 31
Best to use, 29
Cored, 53
Setting of, 31, 32, 34
Testing of, 28
Care of sprockets, 99
Carriage call, 293
Carrying capacity, 237
Ceiling fans, 237
Chandeliers, 237, 321, 322
Chromatic aberration, 51
Cleaning machine, 98
Circuit breakers, 239
Colors for arc lamps, 323
Colored pictures, 59
Comparison of stereopticon and motion picture machine pictures, 49
Concavo-convex lens, 146
Concave meniscus lens, 146
Concealed work, 240
Condensers, 38, 153
Breakage, 40
Diameter of, 51
Focal length of, 50
Conduit work, 240
Conjugate foci of lens, 143
Conjugate foci of mirror, 133
Contacts, 245
Convexo-concave lens, 146
Convex meniscus lens, 146
Cord, 245
Corrected lenses, 148
Cover for machine, 104
Critical angle of refraction, 140
Current control for arc lamps, 190
Auto-transformer, 195
Mercury-arc rectifier, 207
Motor generators, 198
Reactances, 193
Resistances, 190
Rotary converters, 202
Transformation, 194
Current required for projection, 43, 44
Current taps, 245
Cut-outs, 246
Damp places, 249
Decorative lighting systems, 249
Dimmers, 250
Dimmer box, 324
Door switches, 251
Double concave lens, 146
Double convex lens, 146
Dressing rooms, 168, 251
Drop lights, 252
Edengraph motion head, 83, 86
Edison motion head, 64, 84
Efficiency of incandescent lamps, 270
Electric sign imitations, 325
Electric stage effects, 326
Emergency lighting system, 253
Equivalent focal length, 50
Exit lights, 256
Explosions, 327
Eye, the, 124
Mixing of impressions, 125
Regaining of vision by aged, 125
Face-o-graph, 161, 328
Fan motors, 256
Festoons, 328
Film, 89
Box for, 108
Burning of, 90, 173, 177
Emulsion on, 89
Fire, 110
Gate, 62, 69, 70, 102
Inspection of, 105
Leaders and tails, 106, 107
Mender, 94
Patching, 91, 93
Pictures, per foot, 57
Pinning of, 110
Receptacle for, 106
Rewinding, 108
Shields, 62, 83
Steadier drum, 62, 69
Fire alarm, 256
Fire dance, 330
Fire hazard, 11
Fire flies, 330
Fire places, 331
Fire proof film, 90
Fire traps, 62, 67, 97
Testing of, 68
Fish work, 256
Fixtures, 257
Flashers, 259
Flexible cord, 261
Flexible tubing, 261
Flood lamps, 24
Floor pockets, 261
Flowers, 332
Fly door, 261
Focal length of concave mirror, 133
Focusing, 42
Foot-lights, 261, 262
Formulas, 353
Fountains, 332
Framing, 102
Framing device, 62, 82
Friction rollers, 62, 69
Fuses, 333
Fuse spacings, 288
Gallery lighting, 263
Gallery pockets, 263, 300
Gas globes, 334
Gas lighting, 264
Generators, management of, 213
“Geneva” movement, 76, 77
Getting ready for the show, 104
“Ghost”, 42
Glass shades, 334
Glossary of mechanical, electrical and optical words, terms and
phrases, 358
Grid floor, 265
Ground, 11
Grounding, 265
Guards, 266
Hanger boards, 266
Heat, 115
Heaters, 267, 335
High potential, 268
Hints on management of projecting arcs, 52
Hissing voltage of arc, 29
Illumination, 269
Illusions, optical, 155
Dissolving living pictures, 157
Face in clouds, 161
Figure floating in air, 157
Head resting on table, 160
Head suspended in air, 158
Magic cabinet, 159
Of motion, 55
Multiplication of images, 160
Trick mirror, 160
Seeing through a brick, 161
Image inversion, by lens, 144
By pin hole, 123
By prism, 151
Incandescent lamps, 269
Index of refraction, 138
Inspecting films, 105
Inspecting machine, 97
Inspection memoranda, 112
Insulating joints, 272
Interior conduit, 242
Intermittent sprocket, 62, 75
Inversion of images, 123, 144, 151
Inverted lighting, 273
Iris, the, 124
Joints, 273
Junction boxes, 275
Kinemacolor process, 59
Lens lamp, 24
Lenses, conjugate foci of, 143
Double concave, 145
Double convex, 141, 142
Focal length of, 142
Heating of, 40
Inversion of image by, 144
Measuring focal length, 49
Objective, 149
Principal focus of, 142
Selection of, 46
Tables of, 47, 48
Types of, 146
Life hazard, 13
Light, 113
Infra red rays of, 117
Intensity of, 120
Interference of, 120
Law of inverse squares, 121
Reflection of, 121, 127
Re-composition of, 118, 148
Source best for projection, 39
Ultra violet rays of, 117
Vibratory, theory of, 114
Waste of, in projection, 45
Wave lengths, 116
Lighthouse effect, 336
Lightning, 336
Lobby, 275
Lower feed loop, 62, 79
Lower magazine, 62
Lower steady feed sprocket, 62, 79
Lugs, 275, 338
Magnifying glass, 145
Metal molding, 276
Meters, 278
Meter reading, 279
Mirrors, 128
Concave, 132
Convex, 132, 135
Conjugate foci of, 133
Principal focus of, 133
Moon boxes, 339
Moonlight on water, 340
Motiograph motion head, 85
Motion pictures, 55
Motion picture machine, 62
Diagram of, 63
Discussion of parts of, 66
Gearing of, 65
Motors, 281
Operation of, 214
Starting boxes for, 215
Musical acts, 340
Musical bells, 341
Music stands, 285
Objective lenses, 149
Ohm’s law, 353
Oiling machine, 98
Oil lamps, imitation of, 341
Open work, 286
Opera glass, 150
Operating room, 172
Color of, 180
Construction of, 176
Entrance and exit, 177
Equipment of, 176
Fire shutters for, 181
Floor of, 178, 179
Shutter, strings for, 183
Tools for, 185
Ventilation of, 176
Wiring for, 186, 189
Operation of motors, 214
Operation of motion picture machines, 96
Optical illusions, 155
Optical instruments, 147
Optical system of projecting arcs, 38
Panel boards, 286
Paint bridge, 291
Paint room, 291
Persistence of vision, 56, 124
“Pin cross” movement, 77, 78
Pin plug connectors, 341
Plano-concave lens, 146
Plano-convex lens, 146
Plugging boxes, 343
Portable stage equipment, 311
Powers motion head, 86
Presser rollers, 69
Principles of vision, 122
Prisms, 117, 118, 141, 147, 151
Program board, 291
Projection, 31
Projecting arc lamps, 38, 52
Proscenium side lights, 167, 294
Reactances, 193
Reading glass, 144, 145
Reflection, 126
Inversion of image by, 129, 130
Multiplication of image by, 130, 131
Refraction, 137
Critical angle of, 140
Index of, 138
Paths of rays of light, 139
Refraction and reflection combined, 140
Retiring rooms, 295
Resistance, 190
Resuscitation, 15
Revolving shutter, 62, 72, 101
Setting of, 75
Rewinding, 108
Rheostats, 295, 345
Rigging loft, 168
Sciopticon, 313
Screens, 173
Signals, 297
Signs, 297
Size of picture, 38
Simplex motion head, 87
Slides, 109
Sockets, 298
Solar spectrum, 118
Spectrum analysis, 118
Spherical aberration, 51
Spot on gate, size of, 41
Stage cable, 298, 347
Stage flues, 299
Stage, plan of, 167
Pockets, 168, 300
Switchboard, 167, 305
Stereopticon lamps, 314
Stereoscope, reflecting, 151
Refracting, 151
Strips, 348
Sunrise, 350
Switch board, 167
Switches, 301, 350
Knife, 301
Spacings of, 289
Three way, 302
Table of amperage for projection, 44
Capacity of bus-bars, 235
Capacity of wires, 238
Drop due to 6 amperes, 233
Fuse spacings, 289
Motion picture lenses, 47
Of multiple reflections, 132
Panel board spacings, 287
Size of wire for motors, 284
Stereopticon lenses, 48
Waste of energy by resistance, 191
Table lamps, 351
Take up, 62, 79, 103, 104
Telescope, 150
Tension springs, 62, 70, 103
Testing arc lamps, 28
Carbons, 28, 29
Fire traps, 68
Theater buildings, 163
For motion pictures, 171
Wiring of, 218
Three-wire system, 10
Time beaters, 352
Tools for operating motion picture machine, 96
Transformers, 194
Trick mirror, 160
Two-wire system, 9
Upper feed reel, 66
Upper loop, 62, 69
Upper magazine, 62, 66, 97
Upper steady feed sprocket, 62, 68
Useful light of projecting arc, 40
Ventilating flues, 178
Vision, persistence of, 56
Visitors, 110
Water falls, 352
Waterproof film, 90
Wire systems, 9
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Transcriber’s Notes:
The structure of the printed book regarding headings, sections and
(sub-)sub-sections was inconsistent and occasionally unclear. As a
consequence, there are some sub-sub-sections that are not part of
sub-sections (for example, sub-sub-section national code rules for
grounding, where there is no sub-section grounding), and in-line
section headers are not marked as such.
Inconsistent spacing of abbreviations, capitalisation, spelling and
hyphenation have been retained.
The alphabetic order of sections in Chapters XVIII and XIX is not
always correct, this has not been changed.
On various pages there are references to other sections and rules of
the National Electric Code. These sections and rules are not listed as
such, and it is therefore unclear whether the section or rule referred
to is given in this work.
Page 319: ... which should be used to the pin-plug connector ...:
there is probably a word missing (“connect” or similar).
Advertisement Automobile Hand-Book, ... over 720 pages: there is
probably a word missing.
Changes made
Illustrations have been moved out of paragraphs, footnotes have been
moved to directly below the paragraph they refer to.
Obvious minor typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected
silently.
Other changes:
Page 10: ... lights turned on ... changed to ... lights be turned on
...
Page 25, footnote: author’s changed to authors’
Page 26: misplaced line moved to proper place on page
Page 193: author’s changed to authors’
Page 55: aperature changed to aperture (2x)
Page 209: “_Y_” changed to _Y_ as other reference letters
Page 238, last row, column 25-Watt, 110 V.: 7430 changed to 3740
Page 373: misplaced line moved to proper place on page.