In`fra-red" (?), a. [Infra- + red.] (Physics) Lying outside the visible spectrum at its red end; -- said of rays less refrangible than the extreme red rays.
||In`gé`nue" (N`zh`n"), n.; pl. -nues (#). [F., fem. of ingénu ingenious.] An ingenuous or naïve girl or young woman, or an actress representing such a person.
In"got steel. Steel cast in ingots from the Bessemer converter or open-hearth furnace.
In*i"ti*a*tive (?), n. (Political Science) The right or procedure by which legislation may be introduced or enacted directly by the people, as in the Swiss Confederation and in many of the States of the United States; -- chiefly used with the. The procedure of the initiative is essentially as follows: Upon the filing of a petition signed by a required number or percentage of qualified voters the desired measure must be submitted to a popular vote, and upon receiving the required majority (commonly a majority of those voting on the measure submitted) it becomes a law. In some States of the United States the initiative is only local; in others it is state-wide and includes the making of constitutional amendments.
In"pa`tient (?), n. A patient who receives lodging and food, as well as treatment, in a hospital or an infirmary; -- distinguished from outpatient.
||In rem (?). [L.] (Law) Lit., in or against a (or the) thing; -- used: (a) Of any right (called right, or jus, in rem) of such a nature as to be available over its subject without reference to one person more than another, or, as generally expressed, a right competent, or available, against all persons. Rights in rem include not alone rights over physical property, but all rights available against all persons indifferently, as those of life, liberty, and reputation. (b) Of actions for recovering or reducing to possession or enjoyment a specific object, as in the enforcement of maritime liens against a vessel, which is made the defendant by a sort of personification. Most actions for the specific recovery of property in English and American law are in the nature of actions in personam against a person alleged to be unlawfully withholding the property.
||In"ro (?), n. [Jap. inr; in seal + r box.] A small closed receptacle or set of receptacles of hard material, as lacquered wood, iron, bronze, or ivory, used by the Japanese to hold medicines, perfumes, and the like, and carried in the girdle. It is usually secured by a silk cord by which the wearer may grasp it, which cord passes through an ornamental button or knob called a netsuke.
||In si"tu (?). [L.] In its natural or original position or place; in position; -- said specif., in geology, of a rock, soil, or fossil, when in the situation in which it was originally formed or deposited.
In"stroke` (?), n. An inward stroke; specif., in a steam or other engine, a stroke in which the piston is moving away from the crank shaft; -- opposed to outstroke.
In`stru*men"tal*ism (?), n. (Philos.) The view that the sanction of truth is its utility, or that truth is genuine only in so far as it is a valuable instrument. -- In`stru*men"tal*ist, n.
Instrumentalism views truth as simply the value belonging to certain ideas in so far as these ideas are biological functions of our organisms, and psychological functions whereby we direct our choices and attain our successes.
Josiah Royce.
In*suf"flate (?), a. [See Insufflation.] To blow upon; to breath upon or into; to use insufflation upon.
In`su*la"tion, n. The material or substance used in insulating.
In"swept` (?), a. Narrowed at the forward end; -- said of an automobile frame when the side members are closer together at the forward end than at the rear.
In*ten"sive, a. (Agric.) Designating, or pertaining to, any system of farming or horticulture, usually practiced on small pieces of land, in which the soil is thoroughly worked and fertilized so as to get as much return as possible; -- opposed to extensive.
In"ter*crop` (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. -cropped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. -cropping.] (Agric.) To cultivate by planting simultaneous crops in alternate rows; as, to intercrop an orchard. Also, to use for catch crops at seasons when the ground is not covered by crops of the regular rotation.
In"ter*crop`, n. (Agric.) A crop grown among or between the rows of another crop; a catch crop.
In`ter*de*nom`i*na"tion*al (?), a. Occurring between or among, or common to, different denominations; as, interdenominational fellowship or belief.
In`ter*fe*rom"e*ter (?), n. [See Interfere and -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring small movements, distances, or displacements by means of the interference of two beams of light; -- called also refractometer.
In*ter"nal-com*bus"tion, a. (Mach.) Designating, or pertaining to, any engine (called an Internal-combustion engine) in which the heat or pressure energy necessary to produce motion is developed in the engine cylinder, as by the explosion of a gas, and not in a separate chamber, as in a steam-engine boiler. The gas used may be a fixed gas, or one derived from alcohol, ether, gasoline (petrol), naphtha, oil (petroleum), etc. There are three main classes: (1) gas engines proper, using fixed gases, as coal, blast-furnace, or producer gas; (2) engines using the vapor of a volatile fluid, as the typical gasoline (petrol) engine; (3) oil engines, using either an atomized spray or the vapor (produced by heat) of a comparatively heavy oil, as petroleum or kerosene. In all of these the gas is mixed with a definite amount of air, the charge is composed in the cylinder and is then exploded either by a flame of gas (flame ignition -- now little used), by a hot tube (tube ignition) or the like, by an electric spark (electric ignition, the usual method is gasoline engines, or by the heat of compression, as in the Diesel engine. Gas and oil engines are chiefly of the stationary type. Gasoline engines are largely used for automobile vehicles, boats, etc. Most internal- combustion engines use the Otto (four-stroke) cycle, though many use the two-stroke cycle. They are almost universally trunk engines and single-acting. Because of the intense heat produced by the frequent explosions, the cylinders must be cooled by a water jacket (water-cooled) or by air currents (air cooled) to give the maximum thermodynamic efficiency and to avoid excessive friction or seizing.
In*terne" (?), n. [F.] (F. pron. N`târn") (Med.) A resident physician in a hospital; a house physician.
In`ter*ur"ban (n`tr*ûr"ban), a. Going between, or connecting, cities or towns; as, interurban electric railways.
In`ter*vo*cal"ic (?), a. (Phon.) Situated between vowels; immediately preceded and followed by vowel sounds, as, p in occupy, d in idea, etc.
In`ver*ness" (?), n., or In`ver*ness" cape". A kind of full sleeveless cape, fitting closely about the neck.
Robert's wind-blown head and tall form wrapped in an Inverness cape.
Mrs. Humphry Ward.
In*vert"ase (?), n. (Chem.) (a) An enzyme capable of effecting the inversion of cane suger, producing invert sugar. It is found in many plants and in the intestines of animals. (b) By extension, any enzyme which splits cane sugar, milk sugar, lactose, etc., into monosaccharides.
I`o*do*cre"sol (?), n. [Iodo- + cresol.] (Org. Chem.) Any of several isomeric iodine derivatives of the cresols, C6H3I(CH3)OH, esp. one, an odorless amorphous powder, used in medicine as a substitute for iodoform.
I`o*do*for"mo*gen (?), n. [Iodoform + -gen root of gi`gnesqai to be born.] (Pharm.) A light powder used as a substitute for iodoform. It is a compound of iodoform and albumin.
I"o*dol (?), n. [Iodo- + pyrrol.] (Chem.) A crystallized substance of the composition C4I4NH, technically tetra-iodo- pyrrol, used like iodoform.
I`o*do*thy"rin (?), n. [Iodo- + thyro- + -in.] (Physiol. Chem.) A peculiar substance obtained from the thyroid gland, containing from nine to ten per cent of iodine.
It is a very stable compound, and is believed to be active principle in thyroid extracts and in the internal secretion of the thyroid gland. It was originally called thyroiodin.
I"on, n. 1. One of the electrified particles into which, according to the electrolytic dissociation theory, the molecules of electrolytes are divided by water and other solvents. An ion consists of one or more atoms and carries a unit charge of electricity, 3.4 x 10-10 electrostatic units, or a multiple of this. Those which are positively electrified (hydrogen and the metals) are called cations; negative ions (hydroxyl and acidic atoms or groups) are called anions. Thus, hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissociates, in aqueous solution, into the hydrogen ion, H+, and the chlorine ion, Cl-; ferric nitrate, Fe(NO3)3, yields the ferric ion, Fe+++, and nitrate ions, NO3-, NO3- , NO3-. When a solution containing ions is made part of an electric circuit, the cations move toward the cathode, the anions toward the anode. This movement is called migration, and the velocity of it differs for different kinds of ions. If the electromotive force is sufficient, electrolysis ensues: cations give up their charge at the cathode and separate in metallic form or decompose water, forming hydrogen and alkali; similarly, at the anode the element of the anion separates, or the metal of the anode is dissolved, or decomposition occurs.
2. One of the small electrified particles into which the molecules of a gas are broken up under the action of the electric current, of ultraviolet and certain other rays, and of high temperatures. To the properties and behavior of ions the phenomena of the electric discharge through rarefied gases and many other important effects are ascribed. At low pressures the negative ions appear to be electrons; the positive ions, atoms minus an electron. At ordinary pressures each ion seems to include also a number of attached molecules. Ions may be formed in a gas in various ways.
I"on*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ionized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ionizing (?).] (Elec. Chem.) To separate (a compound) into ions, esp. by dissolving in water. -- I`on*i*za"tion (#), n.
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I"ris, n. (Zoöl.) Inner circle of an oscillated color spot.
I"ris di"a*phragm. An adjustable diaphragm, suggesting the iris of the eye in its action, for regulating the aperture of a lens, consisting of a number of thin pieces fastened to a ring. It is used in cameras and microscopes.
I"rish A*mer"i*can. A native of Ireland who has become an American citizen; also, a child or descendant of such a person.
I"ron ("rn), n. (Golf) An iron-headed club with a deep face, chiefly used in making approaches, lifting a ball over hazards, etc.
Ir`o*quoi"an (r`*kwoi"an), a. Of, pertaining to, or designating, one of the principal linguistic stocks of the North American Indians. The territory of the northern Iroquoian tribes, of whom the Five Nations, or Iroquois proper, were the chief, extended from the shores of the St. Lawrence and of Lakes Huron, Ontario, and Erie south, through eastern Pennsylvania, to Maryland; that of the southern tribes, of whom the Cherokees were chief, formed part of Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Tennessee, and Kentucky. All of the tribes were agricultural, and they were noted for large, communal houses, palisaded towns, and ability to organize, as well as for skill in war. -- n. An Indian of an Iroquoian tribe.
Ir`re*vers"i*ble steering gear. (Mach.) A steering gear, esp. for an automobile, not affected by the road wheels, as when they strike an obstacle side ways, but easily controlled by the hand wheel or steering lever.
I"so*bront ("s*brnt), n. [Iso- + Gr. bronth` thunder.] (Meteor.) An imaginary line, or a line on a chart, marking the simultaneous development of a thunderstorm, as noted by observing the time when the thunder is heard at different places.
I"so*chor (?), n. [Iso- + Gr. xhw`ra space.] (Physics) A line upon a thermodynamic diagram so drawn as to represent the pressures corresponding to changes of temperature when the volume of the gas operated on is constant. -- I`so*chor"ic (#), a.
I*soch"ro*nize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. -nized; p. pr. & vb. n. -nizing.] [See Isochronous.] To make, or tend to make (the motion of a moving body), uniform in rate of rotation, or in frequency of vibration.
I"so*drome (?), n. [Iso- + Gr. &?; course.] (Nav.) A method of moving a fleet from one formation to another, the direction usually being changed eight points (90°), by means of paths of equal length for each ship. It is prohibited in the United States navy.
I"so*mere (?), n. [Iso- + - mere.] (Zoöl.) 1. A homologous or corresponding part or segment.