[1] See Muir, _Sanscrit Texts_, i. 182, 206 ff.
[2] Cf. Carpenter and Harford-Battersby, _The Hexateuch_, ii. 9,
where the documents are printed separately in a tabular form.
[3] Isa. xi. 6-8 prophesies that one day this idyllic state shall be
restored.
[4] For a discussion of the Babylonian version of the Deluge Legend,
recently discovered among the tablets from Nippur, see NIPPUR.
[5] The genealogy in Gen. v. is hardly in its original form. Enoch is
probably misplaced, and Noah inserted in error.
[6] Cf. COSMOGONY, and Cheyne's _Traditions and Beliefs of Ancient
Israel_ (on deluge-story).
[7] Cf. the myths of the Pawnees and the Quiches of Guatemala.
[8] See the cuneiform text described in _KAT_^3, pp. 498-499.
[9] Zimmern, _KAT_^3, p. 554.
[10] i.e. Atrahasis (Xisuthrus).
[11] To have omitted the animals would have been an offence against
primitive views of kinship.
[12] Usener, _Die Sintflutsagen_, pp. 80-108, 115-127.
[13] Ib. p. 254.
[14] Stucken, _Astralmythen_, pp. 233-234.
[15] _Amer. Journ. of Folklore_, xviii. 223 ff.
[16] Schirren, _Wandersagen der Neuseelander_ (1856), p. 193.
[17] Referring for Polynesia to Gerland in Waitz-Gerland,
_Anthropologie der Naturvolker_, vi. 270-273 (1872). After a long
interval, this theory has been taken up by Zimmern, _KAT_^3, p. 355,
and by Jensen, _Das Gilgamesch-Epos_ (1906), p. 120; Winckler (_AOF_,
3rd series, i. 96) also speaks of the deluge as a "celestial
occurrence." For other forms of this view see Jeremias, _ATAO_, pp.
134-136; Usener, p. 239.
[18] Cheyne, _Ency. Bib._ cols. 1063-1064.
[19] _Genesis_, p. 67.
[20] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_ (1898), pp. 502,
506.
[21] The view here adopted is that of Lindner and Usener. On the
opposite side are Zimmern, Tiele, Jensen, Oldenberg, Noldeke,
Stucken, Lenormant.
[22] Held by Franz Delitzsch, Dillmann and Lenormant.
DELYANNI, THEODOROS (1826-1905), Greek statesman, was born at Kalavryta,
Peloponnesus, in 1826. He studied law at Athens, and in 1843 entered the
ministry of the interior, of which department he became permanent
secretary in 1859. In 1862, on the deposition of King Otho, he became
minister for foreign affairs in the provisional government. In 1867 he
was minister at Paris. On his return to Athens he became a member of
successive cabinets in various capacities, and rapidly collected a party
around him consisting of those who opposed his great rival, Tricoupi. In
the so-called "Oecumenical Ministry" of 1877 he voted for war with
Turkey, and on its fall he entered the cabinet of Koumoundoros as
minister for foreign affairs. He was a representative of Greece at the
Berlin Congress in 1878. From this time forward, and particularly after
1882, when Tricoupi again came into power at the head of a strong party,
the duel between these two statesmen was the leading feature of Greek
politics. (See GREECE: _History_.) Delyanni first formed a cabinet in
1885; but his warlike policy, the aim of which was, by threatening
Turkey, to force the powers to make concessions in order to avoid the
risk of a European war, ended in failure. For the powers, in order to
stop his excessive armaments, eventually blockaded the Peiraeus and
other ports, and this brought about his downfall. He returned to power
in 1890, with a radical programme, but his failure to deal with the
financial crisis produced a conflict between him and the king, and his
disrespectful attitude resulted in his summary dismissal in 1892.
Delyanni, by his demagogic behaviour, evidently expected the public to
side with him; but at the elections he was badly beaten. In 1895,
however, he again became prime minister, and was at the head of affairs
during the Cretan crisis and the opening of the war with Turkey in 1897.
The humiliating defeat which ensued--though Delyanni himself had been
led into the disastrous war policy to some extent against his
will--caused his fall in April 1897, the king again dismissing him from
office when he declined to resign. Delyanni kept his own seat at the
election of 1899, but his following dwindled to small dimensions. He
quickly recovered his influence, however, and he was again president of
the council and minister of the interior when, on the 13th of June 1905,
he was murdered in revenge for the rigorous measures taken by him
against gambling houses.
The main fault of Delyanni as a statesman was that he was unable to
grasp the truth that the prosperity of a state depends on its adapting
its ambitions to its means. Yet, in his vast projects, which the powers
were never likely to endorse, and without their endorsement were vain,
he represented the real wishes and aspirations of his countrymen, and
his death was the occasion for an extraordinary demonstration of popular
grief. He died in extreme poverty, and a pension was voted to the two
nieces who lived with him.
DEMADES (c. 380-318 B.C.), Athenian orator and demagogue. He was
originally of humble position, and was employed at one time as a common
sailor, but he rose partly by his eloquence and partly by his
unscrupulous character to a prominent position at Athens. He espoused
the cause of Philip in the war against Olynthus, and was thus brought
into bitter and life-long enmity with Demosthenes, whom he at first
supported. He fought against the Macedonians in the battle of
Chaeroneia, and was taken prisoner. Having made a favourable impression
upon Philip, he was released together with his fellow-captives, and was
instrumental in bringing about a treaty of peace between Macedonia and
Athens. He continued to be a favourite of Alexander, and, prompted by a
bribe, saved Demosthenes and the other obnoxious Athenian orators from
his vengeance. It was also chiefly owing to him that Alexander, after
the destruction of Thebes, treated Athens so leniently. His conduct in
supporting the Macedonian cause, yet receiving any bribes that were
offered by the opposite party, caused him to be heavily fined more than
once; and he was finally deprived of his civil rights. He was reinstated
(322) on the approach of Antipater, to whom he was sent as ambassador.
Before setting out he persuaded the citizens to pass sentence of death
upon Demosthenes and his followers, who had fled from Athens. The result
of his embassy was the conclusion of a peace greatly to the disadvantage
of the Athenians. In 318 (or earlier), having been detected in an
intrigue with Perdiccas, Antipater's opponent, he was put to death by
Antipater at Pella, when entrusted with another mission by the
Athenians. Demades was avaricious and unscrupulous; but he was a highly
gifted and practised orator.
A fragment of a speech ([Greek: Peri dodekaetias]), bearing his name,
in which he defends his conduct, is to be found in C. Muller's
_Oratores Attici_, ii. 438, but its genuineness is exceedingly
doubtful.
DEMAGOGUE (Gr. [Greek: demagogos], from [Greek: agein], to lead, and
[Greek: demos], the people), a leader of the popular as opposed to any
other party. Being particularly used with an invidious sense of a mob
leader or orator, one who for his own political ends panders to the
passions and prejudices of the people, the word has come to mean an
unprincipled agitator.
DEMANTOID, the name given by Nils Gustaf Nordenskiold to a green garnet,
found in the Urals and used as a gem stone. As it possesses high
refractive and dispersive power, it presents when properly cut great
brilliancy and "fire," and the name has reference to its diamond-like
appearance. It is sometimes known as "Uralian emerald," a rather
unfortunate name inasmuch as true emerald is found in the Urals, whilst
it not infrequently passes in trade as olivine. Demantoid is regarded as
a lime-iron garnet, coloured probably by a small proportion of chromium.
The colour varies in different specimens from a vivid green to a dull
yellowish-green, or even to a brown. The specific gravity of an
emerald-green demantoid was found to be 3.849, and that of a
greenish-yellow specimen 3.854 (A. H. Church). The hardness is only 6.5,
or lower even than that of quartz--a character rather adverse to the use
of demantoid as a gem. This mineral was originally discovered as pebbles
in the gold-washings at Nizhne Tagilsk in the Ural Mountains, and was
afterwards found in the stream called Bobrovka, in the Sysertsk district
on the western slope of the Urals. It occurs not only as pebbles but in
the form of granular nodules in a serpentine rock, and occasionally,
though very rarely, shows traces of crystal faces. (F. W. R.*)
DEMARATUS (Doric [Greek: Damaratos], Ionic [Greek: Demaretos]), king of
Sparta of the Eurypontid line, successor of his father Ariston. He is
known chiefly for his opposition to his colleague Cleomenes I. (q.v.) in
his attempts to make Isagoras tyrant in Athens and afterwards to punish
Aegina for medizing. He did his utmost to bring Cleomenes into disfavour
at home. Thereupon Cleomenes urged Leotychides, a relative and personal
enemy of Demaratus, to claim the throne on the ground that the latter
was not really the son of Ariston but of Agetus, his mother's first
husband. The Delphic oracle, under the influence of Cleomenes' bribes,
pronounced in favour of Leotychides, who became king (491 B.C.). Soon
afterwards Demaratus fled to Darius, who gave him the cities of
Pergamum, Teuthrania and Halisarna, where his descendants were still
ruling at the beginning of the 4th century (Xen. _Anabasis_, ii. 1. 3,
vii. 8. 17; _Hellenica_, iii. 1. 6); to these Gambreum should perhaps
be added (Athenaeus i. 29 f). He accompanied Xerxes on his expedition to
Greece, but the stories told of the warning and advice which on several
occasions he addressed to the king are scarcely historical.
See Herodotus v. 75, vi. 50-70, vii.; later writers either reproduce
or embellish his narrative (Pausanias iii. 4, 3-5, 7, 7-8; Diodorus
xi. 6; Polyaenus ii. 20; Seneca, _De beneficiis_, vi. 31, 4-12). The
story that he took part in the attack on Argos which was repulsed by
Telesilla, the poetess, and the Argive women, can hardly be true
(Plutarch, _Mul. virt._ 4; Polyaenus, _Strat._ viii. 33; G. Busolt,
_Griechische Geschichte_, ii.^2 563, note 4). (M. N. T.)
DEMERARA, one of the three settlements of British Guiana, taking its
name from the river Demerara. See GUIANA.
DEMESNE (DEMEINE, DEMAIN, DOMAIN, &c.),[1] that portion of the lands of
a manor not granted out in freehold tenancy, but (a) retained by the
lord of the manor for his own use and occupation or (b) let out as
tenemental land to his retainers or "villani." This demesne land,
originally held at the will of the lord, in course of time came to
acquire fixity of tenure, and developed into the modern copyhold (see
MANOR). It is from demesne as used in sense (a) that the modern
restricted use of the word comes, i.e. land immediately surrounding the
mansion or dwelling-house, the park or chase. _Demesne of the crown_, or
royal demesne, was that part of the crown lands not granted out to
feudal tenants, but which remained under the management of stewards
appointed by the crown. These crown lands, since the accession of George
III., have been appropriated by parliament, the sovereign receiving in
return a fixed annual sum (see CIVIL LIST). _Ancient demesne_ signified
lands or manors vested in the king at the time of the Norman Conquest.
There were special privileges surrounding tenancies of these lands, such
as freedom from tolls and duties, exemption from danegeld and
amercement, from sitting on juries, &c. Hence, the phrase "ancient
demesne" came to be applied to the tenure by which the lands were held.
Land held in ancient demesne is sometimes also called customary
freehold. (See COPYHOLD.)