DAVID, ST DEERFIELD
DAVID I. DEER PARK
DAVID II. DEFAMATION
DAVID (Welsh princes) DEFAULT
DAVID, FELICIEN DEFEASANCE
DAVID, GERARD DEFENCE
DAVID, JACQUES LOUIS DEFENDANT
DAVID, PIERRE JEAN DEFENDER OF THE FAITH
DAVIDISTS DEFERENT
DAVIDSON, ANDREW BRUCE DEFFAND, MARIE ANNE DE VICHY-CHAMROND
DAVIDSON, JOHN DEFIANCE
DAVIDSON, RANDALL THOMAS DEFILE
DAVIDSON, SAMUEL DEFINITION
DAVIDSON, THOMAS DEFOE, DANIEL
DAVIES, DAVID CHARLES DEGAS, HILAIRE GERMAIN EDGARD
DAVIES, SIR JOHN DE GEER, LOUIS GERHARD
DAVIES, JOHN DEGGENDORF
DAVIES, SIR LOUIS HENRY DE HAAS, MAURITZ FREDERICK HENDRICK
DAVIES, RICHARD DEHRA
DAVILA, ENRICO CATERINO DEHRA DUN
DAVIS, ANDREW JACKSON DEIOCES
DAVIS, CHARLES HOWARD DEIOTARUS
DAVIS, CUSHMAN KELLOGG DEIR
DAVIS, HENRY WILLIAM BANKS DEIRA
DAVIS, HENRY WINTER DEISM
DAVIS, JEFFERSON DEISTER
DAVIS, JOHN DEJAZET, PAULINE VIRGINIE
DAVIS, THOMAS OSBORNE DE KALB
DAVISON, WILLIAM DE KEYSER, THOMAS
DAVIS STRAIT DEKKER, EDWARD DOUWES
DAVITT, MICHAEL DEKKER, JEREMIAS DE
DAVOS DEKKER, THOMAS
DAVOUT, LOUIS NICOLAS DE LA BECHE, SIR HENRY THOMAS
DAVY, SIR HUMPHRY DELABORDE, HENRI FRANCOIS
DAWARI DELACROIX, FERDINAND VICTOR EUGENE
DAWES, HENRY LAURENS DE LA GARDIE, MAGNUS GABRIEL
DAWES, RICHARD DELAGOA BAY
DAWISON, BOGUMIL DELAMBRE, JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH
DAWKINS, WILLIAM BOYD DELAMERE, GEORGE BOOTH
DAWLISH DE LAND
DAWN DELANE, JOHN THADEUS
DAWSON, GEORGE DELANY, MARY GRANVILLE
DAWSON, SIR JOHN WILLIAM DE LA REY, JACOBUS HERCULES
DAWSON CITY DE LA RIVE, AUGUSTE ARTHUR
DAX DELAROCHE, HIPPOLYTE
DAY, JOHN DELARUE, GERVAIS
DAY, THOMAS DE LA RUE, WARREN
DAY DELATOR
DAYLESFORD DELAUNAY, ELIE
DAYTON (Kentucky, U.S.A.) DELAUNAY, LOUIS ARSENE
DAYTON (Ohio, U.S.A.) DELAVIGNE, JEAN FRANCOIS CASIMIR
DEACON DELAWARE (state of the U.S.)
DEACONESS DELAWARE (city)
DEAD SEA DELAWARE INDIANS
DEADWOOD DELAWARE RIVER
DEAF AND DUMB DELAWARE WATER-GAP
DEAK, FRANCIS DE LA WARR
DEAL (municipal borough) DELBRUCK, HANS
DEAL (part or portion) DELBRUCK, MARTIN FRIEDRICH RUDOLF VON
DEAN DELCASSE, THEOPHILE
DEAN, FOREST OF DEL CREDERE
DEANE, RICHARD DELESCLUZE, LOUIS CHARLES
DEANE, SILAS DELESSE, ACHILLE ERNEST OSCAR JOSEPH
DEATH DELESSERT, JULES PAUL BENJAMIN
DEATH-WARNING DELFICO, MELCHIORRE
DEATH-WATCH DELFT
DE BARY, HEINRICH ANTON DELHI
DEBENTURES and DEBENTURE STOCK DELIA
DEBORAH DELIAN LEAGUE
DEBRECZEN DELIBES, CLEMENT PHILIBERT LEO
DEBT DELILAH
DEBUSSY, CLAUDE ACHILLE DELILLE, JACQUES
DECADE DELIRIUM
DECAEN, CHARLES MATHIEU ISIDORE DELISLE, JOSEPH NICOLAS
DECALOGUE DELISLE, LEOPOLD VICTOR
DE CAMP, JOSEPH DELITZSCH, FRANZ
DECAMPS, ALEXANDRE GABRIEL DELITZSCH
DECAPOLIS DELIUS, NIKOLAUS
DECASTYLE DELLA BELLA, STEFANO
DECATUR, STEPHEN DELLA CASA, GIOVANNI
DECATUR DELLA COLLE, RAFFAELLINO
DECAZES, ELIE DELLA GHERARDESCA, UGOLINO
DECAZEVILLE DELLA PORTA, GIOVANNI BATTISTA
DECCAN DELLA QUERCIA, JACOPO
DECELEA DELLA ROBBIA
DECEMBER DELMEDIGO
DECEMVIRI DELMENHORST
DECHEN, ERNST HEINRICH KARL VON DELOLME, JEAN LOUIS
DECIDUOUS DELONEY, THOMAS
DECIMAL COINAGE DE LONG, GEORGE WASHINGTON
DECIUS, GAIUS MESSIUS TRAJANUS DELORME, MARION
DECIZE DE L'ORME, PHILIBERT
DECKER, SIR MATTHEW DELOS
DECKER, PIERRE DE DE LOUTHERBOURG, PHILIP JAMES
DECLARATION DELPHI
DECLARATION OF PARIS DELPHINIA
DECLARATOR DELPHINUS
DECLINATION DELTA
DECOLOURIZING DELUC, JEAN ANDRE
DECORATED PERIOD DELUGE, THE
DE COSTA, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN DELYANNI, THEODOROS
DE COSTER, CHARLES HENRI DEMADES
DECOY DEMAGOGUE
DECREE DEMANTOID
DECRETALS DEMARATUS
DECURIO DEMERARA
DEDEAGATCH DEMESNE
DEDHAM DEMETER
DEDICATION DEMETRIA
DE DONIS CONDITIONALIBUS DEMETRIUS (king of Bactria)
DEDUCTION DEMETRIUS (kings of Macedonia)
DEE, JOHN DEMETRIUS (kings of Syria)
DEE (river of Wales) DEMETRIUS (Greek sculptor)
DEE (river of Scotland) DEMETRIUS (Cynic philosopher)
DEED DEMETRIUS DONSKOI
DEEMS, CHARLES (ALEXANDER) FORCE DEMETRIUS PHALEREUS
DEER DEMETRIUS, PSEUDO-
DEMIDOV
DAVID, ST (_Dewi, Sant_), the national and tutelar saint of Wales, whose
annual festival, known as "St David's Day," falls on the 1st of March.
Few historical facts are known regarding the saint's life and actions,
and the dates both of his birth and death are purely conjectural,
although there is reason to suppose he was born about the year 500 and
died at a great age towards the close of the 6th century. According to
his various biographers he was the son of Sandde, a prince of the line
of Cunedda, his mother being Non, who ranks as a Cymric saint. He seems
to have taken a prominent part in the celebrated synod of
Llanddewi-Brefi (see CARDIGANSHIRE), and to have presided at the
so-called "Synod of Victory," held some years later at Caerleon-on-Usk.
At some date unknown, St David, as _penescoli_ or primate of South
Wales, moved the seat of ecclesiastical government from Caerleon to the
remote headland of Mynyw, or Menevia, which has ever since, under the
name of St David's (_Ty-Dewi_), remained the cathedral city of the
western see. St David founded numerous churches throughout all parts of
South Wales, of which fifty-three still recall his name, but apparently
he never penetrated farther north than the region of Powys, although he
seems to have visited Cornwall. With the passing of time the saint's
fame increased, and his shrine at St David's became a notable place of
pilgrimage, so that by the time of the Norman conquest his importance
and sanctity were fully recognized, and at Henry I.'s request he was
formally canonized by Pope Calixtus II. about 1120.
Of the many biographies of St David, the earliest known is that of
Rhyddmarch, or Ricemarchus (c. 1090), one of the last British bishops
of St David's, from whose work Giraldus Cambrensis (q.v.) chiefly
compiled his extravagant life of the saint.
DAVID I. (1084-1153), king of Scotland, the youngest son of Malcolm
Canmore and (Saint) Margaret, sister of Edgar Aetheling, was born in
1084. He married in 1113 Matilda, daughter and heiress of Waltheof, earl
of Northumbria, and thus became possessed of the earldom of Huntingdon.
On the death of Edgar, king of Scotland, in 1107, the territories of the
Scottish crown were divided in accordance with the terms of his will
between his two brothers, Alexander and David. Alexander, together with
the crown, received Scotland north of the Forth and Clyde, David the
southern district with the title of earl of Cumbria. The death of
Alexander I. in 1124 gave David possession of the whole. In 1127, in the
character of an English baron, he swore fealty to Matilda as heiress to
her father Henry I., and when the usurper Stephen ousted her in 1135
David vindicated her cause in arms and invaded England. But Stephen
marched north with a great army, whereupon David made peace. The peace,
however, was not kept. After threatening an invasion in 1137, David
marched into England in 1138, but sustained a crushing defeat on Cutton
Moor in the engagement known as the battle of the Standard. He returned
to Carlisle, and soon afterwards concluded peace. In 1141 he joined
Matilda in London and accompanied her to Winchester, but after a narrow
escape from capture he returned to Scotland. Henceforth he remained in
his own kingdom and devoted himself to its political and ecclesiastical
reorganization. A devoted son of the church, he founded five bishoprics
and many monasteries. In secular politics he energetically forwarded the
process of feudalization which had been initiated by his immediate
predecessors. He died at Carlisle on the 24th of May 1153.
DAVID II. (1324-1371), king of Scotland, son of King Robert the Bruce by
his second wife, Elizabeth de Burgh (d. 1327), was born at Dunfermline
on the 5th of March 1324. In accordance with the terms of the treaty of
Northampton he was married in July 1328 to Joanna (d. 1362), daughter of
the English king, Edward II., and became king of Scotland on his
father's death in June 1329, being crowned at Scone in November 1331.
Owing to the victory of Edward III. of England and his protege, Edward
Baliol, at Halidon Hill in July 1333, David and his queen were sent for
safety into France, reaching Boulogne in May 1334, and being received
very graciously by the French king, Philip VI. Little is known about the
life of the Scottish king in France, except that Chateau Gaillard was
given to him for a residence, and that he was present at the bloodless
meeting of the English and French armies at Vironfosse in October 1339.
Meanwhile his representatives had obtained the upper hand in Scotland,
and David was thus enabled to return to his kingdom in June 1341, when
he took the reins of government into his own hands. In 1346 he invaded
England in the interests of France, but was defeated and taken prisoner
at the battle of Neville's Cross in October of this year, and remained
in England for eleven years, living principally in London and at Odiham
in Hampshire. His imprisonment was not a rigorous one, and negotiations
for his release were soon begun. Eventually, in October 1357, after
several interruptions, a treaty was signed at Berwick by which the
Scottish estates undertook to pay 100,000 marks as a ransom for their
king. David, who had probably recognized Edward III. as his feudal
superior, returned at once to Scotland; but owing to the poverty of the
kingdom it was found impossible to raise the ransom. A few instalments
were paid, but the king sought to get rid of the liability by offering
to make Edward III., or one of his sons, his successor in Scotland. In
1364 the Scottish parliament indignantly rejected a proposal to make
Lionel, duke of Clarence, the next king; but David treated secretly with
Edward III. over this matter, after he had suppressed a rising of some
of his unruly nobles. The king died in Edinburgh Castle on the 22nd of
February 1371. His second wife was Margaret, widow of Sir John Logie,
whom he divorced in 1369; but he left no children, and was succeeded by
his nephew, Robert II. David was a weak and incapable ruler, without a
spark of his father's patriotic spirit.
See Andrew of Wyntoun, _The orygynale cronykil of Scotland_, edited by
D. Laing (Edinburgh, 1872-1879); John of Fordun, _Chronica gentis
Scotorum_, edited by W. F. Skene (Edinburgh, 1871-1872); J. H. Burton,
_History of Scotland_, vol. ii. (Edinburgh, 1905); and A. Lang,
_History of Scotland_, vol. i. (Edinburgh, 1900).
DAVID, the name of three Welsh princes.
DAVID I. (d. 1203), a son of Prince Owen Gwynedd (d. 1169), came into
prominence as a leader of the Welsh during the expedition of Henry II.
in 1157. In 1170 he became lord of Gwynedd (i.e. the district around
Snowdon), but some regarded him as a bastard, and Gwynedd was also
claimed by other members of his family. After fighting with varying
fortunes he sought an ally in the English king, whom he supported during
the baronial rising in 1173; then after this event he married Henry's
half-sister Emma. But his enemies increased in power, and about 1194 he
was driven from Wales by the partisans of his half-brother Llewelyn ab
Iorwerth. The chronicler Benedictus Abbas calls David _rex_, and
Rhuddlan castle was probably the centre of his vague authority.
DAVID II. (c. 1208-1246) was a son of the great Welsh prince, Llewelyn
ab Iorwerth, and through his mother Joanna was a grandson of King John.
He married an English lady, Isabella de Braose, and, having been
recognized as his father's heir both by Henry III. and by the Welsh
lords, he had to face the hostility of his half-brother Gruffydd, whom
he seized and imprisoned in 1239. When Llewelyn died in April 1240,
David, who had already taken some part in the duties of government, was
acknowledged as a prince of North Wales, doing homage to Henry III. at
Gloucester. However, he was soon at variance with the English king, who
appears to have espoused the cause of the captive Gruffydd. Henry's
Welsh campaign in 1241 was bloodless but decisive. Gruffydd was
surrendered to him; David went to London and made a full submission, but
two or three years later he was warring against some English barons on
the borders. To check the English king he opened negotiations with
Innocent IV., doubtless hoping that the pope would recognize Wales as an
independent state, but here, as on the field of battle, Henry III. was
too strong for him. Just after Henry's second campaign in Wales the
prince died in March 1246.
DAVID III. (d. 1283) was a son of Gruffydd and thus a nephew of David
II. His life was mainly spent in fighting against his brother, the
reigning prince, Llewelyn ab Gruffydd. His first revolt took place in
1254 or 1255, and after a second about eight years later he took refuge
in England, returning to Wales when Henry III. made peace with Llewelyn
in 1267. Then about 1274 the same process was repeated. David attended
Edward I. during the Welsh expedition of 1277, receiving from the
English king lands in North Wales; but in 1282 he made peace with
Llewelyn and suddenly attacked the English garrisons, a proceeding which
led to Edward's final conquest of Wales. After Llewelyn's death in
December 1282 David maintained the last struggle of the Welsh for
independence. All his efforts, however, were vain; in June 1283 he was
betrayed to Edward, was tried by a special court and sentenced to death,
and was executed with great barbarity at Shrewsbury in October 1283. As
the last native prince of Wales, David's praises have been sung by the
Welsh bards, but his character was not attractive, and a Welsh historian
says "his life was the bane of Wales."
DAVID, FELICIEN (1810-1876), French composer, was born on the 13th of
April 1810 at Cadenet, in the department of Vaucluse. As a child he
showed unusual musical precocity, and being early left an orphan he was
admitted into the choir of Saint Sauveur at Aix. He was for a time
employed in an attorney's office, but quitted his service to become
_chef d'orchestre_ in the theatre at Aix, and chapel-master at Saint
Sauveur. Then he went to Paris, being provided with L100 a year by a
rich uncle. After having studied for a while at the Paris Conservatoire,
he joined the sect of Saint Simonians, and in 1833 travelled in the East
in order to preach the new doctrine. After three years' absence, during
which Constantinople and Smyrna were visited and some time was spent in
Egypt, he returned to France and published a collection of _Oriental
Melodies_. For several years he worked in retirement, and wrote two
symphonies, some chamber music and songs. On the 8th of December 1844 he
suddenly leapt into fame through the extraordinary success obtained by
his symphonic ode _Le Desert_, which was produced at the Conservatoire.
In this work David had struck out a new line. He had attempted in simple
strains to evoke the majestic stillness of the desert. Notwithstanding
its title of "symphonic ode," _Le Desert_ has little in common with the
symphonic style. What distinguishes it is a certain naivete of
expression and an effective oriental colouring. In this last respect
David may be looked upon as the precursor of a whole army of composers.
His succeeding works, _Moise au Sinai_ (1846), _Christophe Colomb_
(1847), _L'Eden_ (1848), scarcely bore out the promise shown in _Le
Desert_, although the second of these compositions was successful at the
time of its production. David now turned his attention to the theatre,
and produced the following operas in succession: _La Perle du Bresil_
(1851), _Herculanum_ (1859), _Lalla-Roukh_ (1862), _Le Saphir_ (1865).
Of these, _Lalla-Roukh_ is the one which has obtained the greatest
success. In 1868 he gained the award of the French Institute for the
biennial prize given by the emperor; and in 1869 he was made librarian
at the Conservatoire instead of Berlioz, whom subsequently he succeeded
as a member of the Institute. He died at Saint-Germain-en-Laye on the
29th of August 1876. If David can scarcely be placed in the first rank
of French composers, he nevertheless deserves the consideration due to a
sincere artist, who was undoubtedly inspired by lofty ideals. At a time
when the works of Berlioz were still unappreciated by the majority of
people, David succeeded in making the public take interest in music of a
picturesque and descriptive kind. Thus he may be considered as one of
the pioneers of modern French musical art.
DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?-1523), Netherlands painter, born at
Oudewater in Holland between 1450 and 1460, was the last great master of
the Bruges school. He was only rescued from complete oblivion in
1860-1863 by Mr W. J. H. Weale, whose researches in the archives of
Bruges brought to the light the main facts of the master's life. We have
now documentary evidence that David came to Bruges in 1483, presumably
from Haarlem, where he had formed his early style under the tuition of
Ouwater; that he joined the gild of St Luke at Bruges in 1484 and became
dean of the gild in 1501; that he married in 1496 Cornelia Cnoop,
daughter of the dean of the Goldsmiths' gild; became one of the leading
citizens of the town; died on the 13th of August 1523; and was buried in
the Church of Our Lady at Bruges. In his early work he had followed the
Haarlem tradition as represented by Dirck Bouts, Ouwater and Geertgen of
Haarlem, but already gave evidence of his superior power as colourist.
To this early period belong the "St John" of the Kaufmann collection in
Berlin, and Mr Salting's "St Jerome." In Bruges he applied himself to
the study and the copying of the masterpieces by the Van Eycks, Van der
Weyden, and Van der Goes, and came under the direct influence of the
master whom he followed most closely, Hans Memlinc. From him he acquired
the soulful intensity of expression, the increased realism in the
rendering of the human form and the orderly architectonic arrangement of
the figures. Yet another master was to influence him later in life when,
in 1515, he visited Antwerp and became impressed with the life and
movement of Quentin Matsys, who had introduced a more intimate and more
human conception of sacred themes. David's "Pieta" in the National
Gallery, and the "Descent from the Cross," in the Cavallo collection,
Paris (Guildhall, 1906), were painted under this influence and are
remarkable for their dramatic movement. But the works on which David's
fame will ever rest most securely are the great altar-pieces executed by
him before his visit to Antwerp--the "Marriage of St Catherine," at the
National Gallery; the triptych of the "Madonna Enthroned and Saints" of
the Brignole-Sale collection in Genoa; the "Annunciation" of the
Sigmaringen collection; and, above all, the "Madonna with Angels and
Saints" which he painted gratuitously for the Carmelite Nuns of Sion at
Bruges, and which is now in the Rouen museum. Only a few of his works
have remained in Bruges--"The Judgment of Cambyses," "The Flaying of
Sisamnes" and the "Baptism of Christ" in the Town museum, and the
"Transfiguration" in the Church of Our Lady. The rest were scattered all
over the world, and to this may be due the oblivion into which his very
name had fallen--partly to this, and partly to the fact that with all
the beauty and soulfulness of his work he had no new page to add to the
history of the progressive development of art, and even in his best work
only gave new variations of the tunes sung by his great precursors and
contemporaries. That he is worthy to rank among the masters was only
revealed to the world when a considerable number of his paintings were
assembled at Bruges on the occasion of the exhibition of early Flemish
masters in 1902. At the time of his death the glory of Bruges, and also
of the Bruges school, was on the wane, and Antwerp had taken the
leadership in art as in political and commercial importance. Of David's
pupils in Bruges, only Isenbrandt, A. Cornelis and Ambrosius Benson
achieved importance. Among other Flemish painters Joachim Patinir and
Mabuse were to some degree influenced by him.
Eberhard Freiherr von Bodenhausen published in 1905 a very
comprehensive monograph on _Gerard David and his School_ (Munich, F.
Bruckmann), together with a _catalogue raisonne_ of his works, which,
after careful sifting, are reduced to the number of forty-three.
(P. G. K.)
DAVID, JACQUES LOUIS (1748-1825), French painter, was born in Paris on
the 30th of April 1748. His father was killed in a duel, when the boy
was but nine years old. His education was begun at the College des
Quatre Nations, where he obtained a smattering of the classics; but, his
artistic talent being already obvious, he was soon placed by his
guardian in the studio of Francois Boucher. Boucher speedily realized
that his own erotic style did not suit the lad's genius, and recommended
him to J. M. Vien, the pioneer of the classical reaction in painting.
Under him David studied for some years, and, after several attempts to
win the _prix de Rome_, at last succeeded in 1775, with his "Loves of
Antiochus and Stratonice." Vien, who had just been appointed director of
the French Academy at Rome, carried the youth with him to that city. The
classical reaction was now in full tide; Winckelmann was writing,
Raphael Mengs painting; and the treasures of the Vatican galleries
helped to confirm David in a taste already moulded by so many kindred
influences. This severely classical spirit inspired his first important
painting, "_Date obolum Belisario_," exhibited at Paris in 1780. The
picture exactly suited the temper of the times, and was an immense
success. It was followed by others, painted on the same principles, but
with greater perfection of art: "The Grief of Andromache" (1783), "The
Oath of the Horatii" (Salon, 1785), "The Death of Socrates," "Love of
Paris and Helen" (1788), "Brutus" (1789). In the French drama an
unimaginative imitation of ancient models had long prevailed; even in
art Poussin and Le Sueur were successful by expressing a bias in the
same direction; and in the first years of the revolutionary movement the
fashion of imitating the ancients even in dress and manners went to the
most extravagant length. At this very time David returned to Paris; he
was now painter to the king, Louis XVI., who had been the purchaser of
his principal works, and his popularity was soon immense. At the
outbreak of the Revolution in 1789, David was carried away by the flood
of enthusiasm that made all the intellect of France believe in a new era
of equality and emancipation from all the ills of life.
The success of his sketch for the picture of the "Oath of the Tennis
Court," and his pronounced republicanism, secured David's election to
the Convention in September 1792, by the _Section du Museum_, and he
quickly distinguished himself by the defence of two French artists in
Rome who had fallen into the merciless hands of the Inquisition. As, in
this matter, the behaviour of the authorities of the French Academy in
Rome had been dictated by the tradition of subservience to authority, he
used his influence to get it suppressed. In the January following his
election into the Convention his vote was given for the king's death.
Thus the man who was so greatly indebted to the Roman academy and to
Louis XVI. assisted in the destruction of both, no doubt in obedience to
a principle, like the act of Brutus in condemning his sons--a subject he
painted with all his powers. Cato and stoicism were the order of the
day. Hitherto the actor had walked the stage in modern dress. Brutus had
been applauded in red-heeled shoes and _culottes jarretees_; but Talma,
advised by David, appeared in toga and sandals before an enthusiastic
audience. At this period of his life Mademoiselle de Noailles persuaded
him to paint a sacred subject, with Christ as the hero. When the picture
was done, the Saviour was found to be another Cato. "I told you so," he
replied to the expostulations of the lady, "there is no inspiration in
Christianity now!" David's revolutionary ideas, which led to his
election to the presidency of the Convention and to the committee of
general security, inspired his pictures "Last Moments of Lepelletier de
Saint-Fargeau" and "Marat Assassinated." He also arranged the programme
of the principal republican festivals. When Napoleon rose to power David
became his enthusiastic admirer. His picture of Napoleon on horseback
pointing the way to Italy is now in Berlin. During this period he also
painted the "Rape of the Sabines" and "Leonidas at Thermopylae."
Appointed painter to the emperor, David produced the two notable
pictures "The Coronation" (of Josephine) and the "Distribution of the
Eagles."
On the return of the Bourbons the painter was exiled with the other
remaining regicides, and retired to Brussels, where he again returned to
classical subjects: "Amor quitting Psyche," "Mars disarmed by Venus,"
&c. He rejected the offer, made through Baron Humboldt, of the office of
minister of fine arts at Berlin, and remained at Brussels till his death
on the 29th of December 1825. His end was true to his whole career and
to his nationality. While dying, a print of the Leonidas, one of his
favourite subjects, was submitted to him. After vaguely looking at it a
long time, "_Il n'y a que moi qui pouvais concevoir la tete de
Leonidas_," he whispered, and died. His friends and his party thought to
carry the body back to his beloved Paris for burial, but the government
of the day arrested the procession at the frontier, an act which caused
some scandal, and furnished the occasion of a terrible song of
Beranger's.
It is difficult for a generation which has witnessed another complete
revolution in the standards of artistic taste to realize the secret of
David's immense popularity in his own day. His style is severely
academic, his colour lacking in richness and warmth, his execution hard
and uninteresting in its very perfection. Subjects and treatment alike
are inspired by the passing fashion of an age which had deceived itself
into believing that it was living and moving in the spirit of classical
antiquity. The inevitable reaction of the romantic movement made the
masterpieces, which had filled the men of the Revolution with
enthusiasm, seem cold and lifeless to those who had been taught to
expect in art that atmosphere of mystery which in nature is everywhere
present. Yet David was a great artist, and exercised in his day and
generation a great influence. His pictures are magnificent in their
composition and their draughtsmanship; and his keen observation and
insight into character are evident, especially in his portraits, notably
of Madame Recamier, of the Conventional Gerard and of Boissy d'Anglas.
See E. J. Delecluze, _Louis David, son ecole et son temps_ (Paris,
1855), and _Le Peintre Louis David. Souvenirs et documents inedits_,
by J. L. Jules David, the painter's grandson (Paris, 1880).
DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789-1856), usually called David d'Angers, French
sculptor, was born at Angers on the 12th of March 1789. His father was a
sculptor, or rather a carver, but he had thrown aside the mallet and
taken the musket, fighting against the Chouans of La Vendee. He returned
to his trade at the end of the civil war, to find his customers gone, so
that young David was born into poverty. As the boy grew up his father
wished to force him into some more lucrative and certain way of life. At
last he succeeded in surmounting the opposition to his becoming a
sculptor, and in his eighteenth year left for Paris to study the art
upon a capital of eleven francs. After struggling against want for a
year and a half, he succeeded in taking the prize at the Ecole des
Beaux-Arts. An annuity of 600 francs (L24) was granted by the
municipality of his native town in 1809, and in 1811 David's
"Epaminondas" gained the _prix de Rome_. He spent five years in Rome,
during which his enthusiasm for the works of Canova was often excessive.
Returning from Rome about the time of the restoration of the Bourbons,
he would not remain in the neighbourhood of the Tuileries, which swarmed
with foreign conquerors and returned royalists, and accordingly went to
London. Here Flaxman and others visited upon him the sins of David the
painter, to whom he was erroneously supposed to be related. With great
difficulty he made his way to Paris again, where a comparatively
prosperous career opened upon him. His medallions and busts were in much
request, and orders for monumental works also came to him. One of the
best of these was that of Gutenberg at Strassburg; but those he himself
valued most were the statue of Barra, a drummer boy who continued to
beat his drum till the moment of death in the war in La Vendee, and the
monument to the Greek liberator Bozzaris, consisting in a young female
figure called "Reviving Greece," of which Victor Hugo said: "It is
difficult to see anything more beautiful in the world; this statue joins
the grandeur of Pheidias to the expressive manner of Puget." David's
busts and medallions were very numerous, and among his sitters may be
found not only the illustrious men and women of France, but many others
both of England and Germany--countries which he visited professionally
in 1827 and 1829. His medallions, it is affirmed, number 500. He died on
the 4th of January 1856. David's fame rests firmly on his pediment of
the Pantheon, his monument to General Gobert in Pere Lachaise and his
marble "Philopoemen" in the Louvre. In the Musee David at Angers is an
almost complete collection of his works either in the form of copies or
in the original moulds. As an example of his benevolence of character
may be mentioned his rushing off to the sickbed of Rouget de Lisle, the
author of the "Marseillaise Hymn," modelling and carving him in marble
without delay, making a lottery of the work, and sending to the poet in
the extremity of need the seventy-two pounds which resulted from the
sale.
See H. Jouin, _David d'Angers et ses relations litteraires_ (1890);
_Lettres de P. J. David d'Angers a Louis Dupre_ (Paris, 1891);
_Collection de portraits des contemporains d'apres les medaillons de
P. J. David_ (Paris, 1838).
DAVIDISTS, a fancy name rather than a recognized designation for three
religious sects. It has been applied (1) to the followers (if he had
any) of David of Dinant, in Belgium, the teacher or pupil of Amalric
(Amaury) of Bena, both of whom taught apparently a species of pantheism.
David's _Quaterni_, or _Quaternuli_, condemned and burnt at Paris
(1209), is a lost book, known only by references in Albertus Magnus and
Thomas Aquinas. Its author would have been burnt had he not fled. The
name has been given (2) to the followers of David George or Joris
(q.v.), and (3) to the followers of Francis David (1510-1579), the
apostle of Transylvanian unitarianism. (See SOCINUS, UNITARIANISM.)
DAVIDSON, ANDREW BRUCE (1831-1902), Scottish divine, was born in 1831 at
Kirkhill in Aberdeenshire, where his father Andrew Davidson had a farm.
The Davidsons belonged to the congregation of James Robertson
(1803-1860) of Ellon, one of the ministers of Strathbogie Presbytery,
which in the controversy which led to the disruption, resisted the
"dangerous claims of the established church to self-government." When
the disruption came the principles at stake were keenly canvassed in
Ellon, and eventually Andrew Davidson, senior, went with the Free
Church. In 1845 the boy, who had been a "herd" on the farm, went for six
months to the grammar school at Aberdeen and was there prepared for a
university bursary, which was sufficient to pay his fees, but no more.
During his four years at the university his mother supplied him
fortnightly with provisions from the farm; sometimes she walked the
whole twenty miles from Kirkhill and handed the coach fee to her son. He
graduated in 1849. At the university he had acquired a distrust of
philosophy, and found it difficult to choose between mathematical and
linguistic studies. A Free Church school having been opened in Ellon, he
became master there for three years. Here he developed special aptitude
for linguistic and philological studies. Besides Hebrew he taught
himself French, German, Dutch, Italian and Spanish. In November 1852 he
entered New College, Edinburgh. There he took the four years'
theological course, and was licensed in 1856. For two years he preached
occasionally and took vacancies. In 1858 the New College authorities
appointed him assistant to the professor of Hebrew. He taught during the
winter, and in the long vacation continued his preparation for his life
work. One year he worked in Germany under Ewald, another year he went to
Syria to study Arabic. In 1862 he published the first part of a
commentary on Job. It was never finished and deals only with one-third
of the book, but it is recognized as the first really scientific
commentary on the Old Testament in the English language. In 1863 he was
appointed by the general assembly professor of oriental languages at New
College. He was junior colleague of Dr John Duncan (Rabbi Duncan) till
1870, and then for thirty years sole professor. He was a member of the
Old Testament revision committee, and his work was recognized by several
honorary distinctions, LL.D. (Aberdeen), D.D. (Edinburgh), Litt.D.
(Cambridge). Among his students were Professors Elmslie, Skinner, Harper
of Melbourne, Walker of Belfast, George Adam Smith of Glasgow and W.
Robertson Smith. He understood it to be the first duty of an exegete to
ascertain the meaning of the writer, and he showed that this could be
done by the use of grammar and history and the historical imagination.
He supplied guidance when it was much needed as to the methods and
results of the higher criticism. Being a master of its methods, but very
cautious in accepting assertions about its results, he secured attention
early in the Free Church for scientific criticism, and yet threw the
whole weight of his learning and his caustic wit into the argument
against critical extravagance. He had thought himself into the ideas and
points of view of the Hebrews, and his work in Old Testament theology is
unrivalled. He excels as an expositor of the governing Hebrew ideas such
as holiness, righteousness, Spirit of God, Messianism. In 1897 he was
chosen moderator of the general assembly, but his health prevented his
accepting the post. He died, unmarried, on the 26th of January 1902.
Besides the commentary on Job he published a book on the _Hebrew
Accents_, the only Scottish performance of the kind since the days of
Thomas Boston. His _Introductory Hebrew Grammar_ has been widely
adopted as a class-book in theological colleges. His _Hebrew Syntax_
has the same admirable clearness, precision and teaching quality. His
_Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews_ is one of a series of
handbooks for Bible classes. These were followed by commentaries on
Job, Ezekiel, Nahum, Habakkuk and Zephaniah, in the Cambridge series;
and a Bible-class primer on _The Exile and Restoration_. His lectures
on _Old Testament Prophecy_ were published after his death by
Professor J. A. Paterson. The _Theology of the Old Testament_ in the
"International Theological Library" is a posthumous volume edited by
Professor Salmond. "Isaiah" in the _Temple Bible_ was finished, but
not revised, when he died; and he also had in hand the volume on
Isaiah for the _International Critical Commentary_; to which must be
added a mass of articles contributed to _The Imperial Bible
Dictionary_, _The Encyclopaedia Britannica_, and the chief religious
reviews. Various articles in Dr Hastings' _Bible Dictionary_ were by
Davidson, especially the article "God." Two volumes of sermons, _The
Called of God_, and _Waiting upon God_, were published from MS. after
Davidson's death.
DAVIDSON, JOHN (1857-1909), British poet, playwright and novelist, son
of the Rev. Alexander Davidson, a minister of the Evangelical Union, was
born at Barrhead, Renfrewshire, Scotland, on the 11th of April 1857.
After a schooling at the Highlanders' Academy, Greenock, at the age of
thirteen he was set to work in that town, by helping in a sugar factory
laboratory and then in the town analyst's office; and at fifteen he went
back to his old school as a pupil-teacher. In 1876 he studied for a
session at Edinburgh University, and then went as a master to various
Scotch schools till 1890, varying his experiences in 1884 by being a
clerk in a Glasgow thread firm. He had married in 1885, and meanwhile
his literary inclinations had shown themselves, without attracting any
public success, in the publication of his poetical and fantastic plays,
_Bruce_ (1886), _Smith; a tragic farce_ (1888) and _Scaramouch in Naxos_
(1889). Determining at all costs to follow his literary vocation, he
went to London in 1890, but at first had a hard struggle. There his
prose-romance _Perfervid_ (1890) was published, one of the most original
and fascinating stories of "young blood" and child adventure ever
written, but for some reason it did not catch the public; and a sort of
sequel in _The Great Men_ (1891) met no better fate. He contributed,
however, to newspapers and became known among literary journalists, and
his volume of verse _In a Music-Hall_ (1891) prepared the way for the
genuine success two years later of his _Fleet Street Eclogues_ (1893),
which sounded a new and vigorous note and at once established his
position among the younger generation of poets. He subsequently produced
several more books in prose, romantic stories like _Baptist Lake_ (1894)
and _Earl Lavender_ (1895), and an admirable piece of descriptive
landscape writing in _A Random Itinerary_ (1894); but his acceptance as
a poet gave a more emphatic impulse to his work in verse, and most
attention was given to the increasing proof of his powers shown in his
_Ballads and Songs_ (1894), _Second Series of Fleet Street Eclogues_
(1895), _New Ballads_ (1896), _The Last Ballad, &c._ (1898), all full of
remarkably fresh and unconventional beauty. In spite of the strangely
neglected genius of this early _Perfervid_, it is accordingly as a
writer of verse rather than of prose-fiction that he occupies a leading
place, with a decided character of his own, in recent English
literature, his revival of a modernized ballad form being a considerable
achievement in itself, and his poems being packed with fine thought,
robust and masterful in expression and imagery. Meanwhile in 1896 he
produced an English verse adaptation, in _For the Crown_ (acted by
Forbes Robertson and Mrs Patrick Campbell), of Francois Coppee's drama
_Pour la couronne_, which had considerable success and was revived in
1905; and he wrote several other literary plays, remarkable none the
less for dramatic qualities,--_Godfrida_ (1898), _Self's the Man_
(1901), _The Knight of the Maypole_ (1902) and _The Theatrocrat_ (1905),
in the last of which a tendency to be extraordinary is rather too
manifest. This tendency was not absent from his volume of _Holiday and
Other Poems_ (1906), containing many fine things, together with an
"essay on blank verse" illustrated from his own compositions, the
outspoken criticisms of a writer of admitted originality and insight,
but not devoid of eccentric volubility. But if the identification of
"eccentricity" and "greatness" by Cosmo Mortimer in Mr Davidson's own
_Perfervid_ sometimes obtrudes itself on the memory in considering his
more peculiarly "robust" and somewhat volcanic deliverances, no such
objection can detract from the genuine inspiration of his best work, in
which the true poetic afflatus is unmistakable. This is to be found in
his poems published from 1893 to 1898, five years during which his
reputation steadily and deservedly grew,--the _Fleet Street Eclogues_,
with their passionate modern criticism of life combined with their
breath of rural beauty, and such intense ballads as those "Of a Nun,"
and "Of Heaven and Hell." In his ethical and didactic utterances, _The
Testament of a Vivisector_ and _The Testament of a Man Forbid_ (1901),
_The Testament of an Empire Builder_ (1902), _Mammon and his Message_
(1908), &c., the fine quality of the verse is wedded with a certain
fervid satirical journalism of subject, less admirable than the
detachment of thought in the earlier volumes. In later years he lived at
Penzance, provided with a small Civil List pension, but otherwise badly
off, for his writings brought in very little money. On March 23rd, 1909,
he disappeared, in circumstances pointing to suicide, and six months
later his body was found in the sea.
See an article by Filson Young on "The New Poetry," in the
_Fortnightly Review_, January 1909.
DAVIDSON, RANDALL THOMAS (1848- ), archbishop of Canterbury, son of
Henry Davidson, of Muirhouse, Edinburgh, was born in Edinburgh and
educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Oxford. He took orders in 1874
and held a curacy at Dartford, in Kent, till 1877, when he became
resident chaplain and private secretary to Dr Tait, archbishop of
Canterbury, a position which he occupied till Dr Tait's death, and
retained for a short time (1882-1883) under his successor Dr Benson. He
married in 1878 Edith, the second daughter of Archbishop Tait, whose
_Life_ he eventually wrote (1891). In 1882 he became honorary chaplain
and sub-almoner to Queen Victoria, and in the following year was
appointed dean of Windsor, and domestic chaplain to the queen. His
advice upon state matters was constantly sought by the queen and greatly
valued. From 1891 to 1903 he was clerk of the closet, first to Queen
Victoria and afterwards to King Edward VII. He was made bishop of
Rochester in 1891, and was translated to Winchester in 1895. In 1903 he
succeeded Temple as archbishop of Canterbury. The new archbishop,
without being one of the English divines who have made notable
contributions to theological learning, already had a great reputation
for ecclesiastical statesmanship; and in subsequent years his diplomatic
abilities found ample scope in dealing not only with the difficulties
caused in the church by doctrinal questions, but pre-eminently with the
education crisis, and with the new problems arising in the enlarged
Anglican Communion. As the chief representative of the Church of England
in the House of Lords, his firmness, combined with broadmindedness, in
regard to the attitude of the nonconformists towards denominational
education, made his influence widely felt. In 1904 he visited Canada and
the United States, and was present at the triennial general convention
of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States and Canada. In
1908 he presided at the Pan-Anglican congress held in London, and at the
Lambeth conference which followed. He had edited in 1889 _The Lambeth
Conferences_, an historical account of the conferences of 1867, 1878 and
1888, giving the official reports and resolutions, and the sermons
preached on these occasions.
DAVIDSON, SAMUEL (1807-1898), Irish biblical scholar, was born near
Ballymena in Ireland. He was educated at the Royal College of Belfast,
entered the Presbyterian ministry in 1835, and was appointed professor
of biblical criticism at his own college. Becoming a Congregationalist,
he accepted in 1842 the chair of biblical criticism, literature and
oriental languages at the Lancashire Independent College at Manchester;
but he was obliged to resign in 1857, being brought into collision with
the college authorities by the publication of an introduction to the Old
Testament entitled _The Text of the Old Testament, and the
Interpretation of the Bible_, written for a new edition of Horne's
_Introduction to the Sacred Scripture_. Its liberal tendencies caused
him to be accused of unsound views, and a most exhaustive report
prepared by the Lancashire College committee was followed by numerous
pamphlets for and against. After his resignation a fund of L3000 was
subscribed as a testimonial by his friends. In 1862 he removed to London
to become scripture examiner in London University, and he spent the rest
of his life in literary work. He died on the 1st of April 1898. Davidson
was a member of the Old Testament Revision Committee. Among his
principal works are:--_Sacred Hermeneutics Developed and Applied_
(1843), rewritten and republished as _A Treatise on Biblical Criticism_
(1852), _Lectures on Ecclesiastical Polity_ (1848), _An Introduction to
the New Testament_ (1848-1851), _The Hebrew Text of the Old Testament
Revised_ (1855), _Introduction to the Old Testament_ (1862), _On a Fresh
Revision of the Old Testament_ (1873), _The Canon of the Bible_ (1877),
_The Doctrine of Last Things in the New Testament_ (1883), besides
translations of the New Testament from Von Tischendorf's text,
Gieseler's _Ecclesiastical History_ (1846) and Furst's _Hebrew and
Chaldee Lexicon_.
DAVIDSON, THOMAS (1817-1885), British palaeontologist, was born in
Edinburgh on the 17th of May 1817. His parents possessed considerable
landed property in Midlothian. Educated partly in the university at
Edinburgh and partly in France, Italy and Switzerland, and early
acquiring an interest in natural history, he benefited greatly by
acquaintance with foreign languages and literature, and with men of
science in different countries. He was induced in 1837, through the
influence of Leopold von Buch, to devote his special attention to the
brachiopoda, and in course of time he became the highest authority on
this group. The great task of his life was the _Monograph of British
Fossil Brachiopoda_, published by the Palaeontographical Society
(1850-1886). This work, with supplements, comprises six quarto volumes
with more than 200 plates drawn on stone by the author. He also prepared
an exhaustive memoir on "Recent Brachiopoda," published by the Linnean
Society. He was elected F.R.S. in 1857. He was awarded in 1865 the
Wollaston medal by the Geological Society of London, and in 1870 a Royal
medal by the Royal Society; and in 1882 the degree of LL.D. was
conferred upon him by the university of St Andrews. He died at Brighton
on the 14th of October 1885, bequeathing his fine collection of recent
and fossil brachiopoda to the British Museum.
See biography with portrait and list of papers in _Geol. Mag._ for
1871, p. 145.
DAVIES, DAVID CHARLES (1826-1891), Welsh nonconformist divine, was born
at Aberystwyth on the 11th of May 1826, his father being a merchant and
a pioneer of Welsh Methodism, his mother a niece of Thomas Charles
(q.v.) of Bala. He was educated in his native town by a noted
schoolmaster, John Evans, at Bala College, and at University College,
London, where he graduated B.A. in 1847 and M.A. (in mathematics) in
1849. He had already begun to preach, and after an evangelistic tour in
South Wales supplied the pulpit of the English presbyterian church at
Newtown for six months, and settled as pastor of the bilingual church at
Builth in 1851. He returned to this charge after a pastorate at
Liverpool (1853-1856), left it again in 1858 for Newtown, and went in
May 1859 to the Welsh church at Jewin Crescent, London. Here he remained
until 1876, and from that date till 1882, although living at Bangor for
reasons of health, had the chief oversight of the church. In 1888 he
accepted the principalship of the Calvinistic Methodist College at
Trevecca in Brecknockshire. His work here was successful, but short; he
died at Bangor on the 26th of September 1891, and was buried at
Aberystwyth.
Though Davies stood somewhat apart from the main currents of thought
both without and within his church, and was largely unknown to English
audiences or readers, he exercised a strong influence on Welsh life and
thought in the 19th century. He was a serious student, especially of
anti-theistic positions, a good speaker, and a frequent contributor to
Welsh theological journals. Several of his articles have been collected
and published, the most noteworthy being expositions on _The First
Epistle of John_ (1889), _Ephesians_ (2 vols., 1896, 1901), _Psalms_
(1897), _Romans_ (1902); and _The Atonement and Intercession of Christ_
(1899, English trans. by D. E. Jenkins, 1901).
DAVIES, SIR JOHN (1569-1626), English philosophical poet, was baptized
on the 16th of April 1569, at Tisbury, Wiltshire, where his parents
lived at the manor-house of Chicksgrove. He was educated at Winchester
College, and became a commoner of Queen's College, Oxford, in 1585. In
1588 he entered the Middle Temple, and was called to the bar in 1595. In
his general onslaught on literature in 1599 the archbishop of Canterbury
ordered to be burnt the notorious and now excessively rare volume, _All
Ovid's Elegies, 3 Bookes, by C. M. Epigrams by J. D._ (Middleburgh,
1598?), which contained posthumous work by Marlowe. The epigrams by
Davies, although not devoid of wit, were coarse enough to deserve their
fate. It is probable that they were earlier in date of composition than
the charming fragment entitled _Orchestra_ (1596), written in praise of
dancing. The poet, in the person of Antinous, tries to induce Penelope
to dance by arguing that all harmonious natural processes partake of the
nature of a conscious and well-ordered dance. He closes his argument by
foreshadowing in a magic mirror the revels of the court of Cynthia
(Elizabeth). _Orchestra_ was dedicated to the author's "very friend,
Master Richard Martin," but in the next year the friends quarrelled, and
Davies was expelled from the society for having struck Martin with a
cudgel in the hall of the Middle Temple. He spent the year after his
expulsion at Oxford in the composition of his philosophical poem on the
nature of the soul and its immortality--_Nosce teipsum_ (1599). The
style of the work was entirely novel; and the stanza in which it was
written--the decasyllabic quatrain with alternate rhymes--had never been
so effectively handled. Its force, eloquence and ingenuity, the orderly
and lucid arrangement of its matter, place it among the finest of
English didactic poems. In 1599 he also published a volume of twenty-six
graceful acrostics on the words _Elisabetha Regina_, entitled _Hymns to
Astraea_. He produced no more poetry except his contributions to Francis
Davison's _Poetical Rhapsody_ (1608). These were two dialogues which had
been written as entertainments for the queen, and "Yet other Twelve
Wonders of the World," satirical epigrams on the courtier, the divine,
the maid, &c., and "A Hymn in praise of Music." Ten sonnets to Philomel
are signed J. D., and are assigned to Davies (_Poetical Rhapsody_, ed.
A. H. Bullen, 1890). In 1601 Davies was restored to his position at the
bar, after making his apologies to Martin, and in the same year he sat
for Corfe Castle in parliament. James I. received the author of _Nosce
teipsum_ with great favour, and sent him (1603) to Ireland as
solicitor-general, conferring the honour of knighthood upon him in the
same year. In 1606 he was promoted to be attorney-general for Ireland,
and created serjeant-at-arms. Of the difficulties in the way of the
prosecution of his work, and his untiring industry in overcoming them,
there is abundant evidence in his letters to Cecil preserved in the
_State Papers on Ireland_. One of his chief aims was to establish the
Protestant religion firmly in Ireland, and he took strict measures to
enforce the law for attendance at church. With the same end in view he
took an active part in the "plantation" of Ulster. In 1612 he published
his prose _Discoverie of the true causes why Ireland was never entirely
subdued untill the beginning of his Majestie's happie raigne_.[1] In the
same year he entered the Irish parliament as member for Fermanagh, and
was elected speaker after a scene of disorder in which the Catholic
nominee, Sir John Everard, who had been installed, was forcibly ejected.
In the capacity of speaker he delivered an excellent address reviewing
previous Irish parliaments. He resigned his Irish offices in 1619, and
sat in the English parliament of 1621 for Newcastle-under-Lyme. With Sir
Robert Cotton he was one of the founders of the Society of Antiquaries.
He was appointed lord chief justice in 1626, but died suddenly (December
8th) before he could enter on the office. He had married (1609) Eleanor
Touchet, daughter of George, Baron Audley. She developed eccentricity,
verging on madness, and wrote several fanatical books on prophecy.
In 1615 Davies published at Dublin _Le Primer Discours des Cases et
Matters in Ley resolues et adjudges en les Courts del Roy en cest
Realme_ (reprinted 1628). He issued an edition of his poems in 1622.
His prose publications were mainly posthumous. _The Question
concerning Impositions, Tonnage, Poundage ..._ was printed in 1656,
and four of the tracts relating to Ireland, with an account of Davies
and his services to that country, were edited by G. Chalmers in 1786.
His works were edited by Dr A. B. Grosart (3 vols. 1869-1876), with a
full biography, for the Fuller Worthies Library.
He is not to be confounded with another poet, JOHN DAVIES of Hereford
(1565?-1618), among whose numerous volumes of verse may be mentioned
_Mirum in modum_ (1602), _Microcosmus_ (1603), _The Holy Roode_
(1609), _Wittes Pilgrimage_ (c. 1610), _The Scourge of Folly_ (c.
1611), _The Muses Sacrifice_ (1612) and _Wittes Bedlam_ (1607); his
_Scourge of Folly_ contains verses addressed to many of his
contemporaries, to Shakespeare among others; he also wrote _A Select
Second Husband for Sir Thomas Overbury's Wife_ (1616), and _The
Writing Schoolmaster_ (earliest known edition, 1633); his works were
collected by Dr A. B. Grosart (2 vols., 1873) for the Chertsey
Worthies Library.