THE PATAYAN CULTURE
The prehistoric people who lived in the valley of the Colorado River
below the Grand Canyon are the least well known in the Southwest, for
most information about them has been derived only from surface surveys.
Originally, the term _Yuman_ was applied to these people, for Indians
speaking a Yuman language were found there by the first white men to
visit the area.[35] Some archaeologists still use this term, and it is
commonly applied to the culture found in the lower Colorado River basin
and adjacent areas in California.[116] Others feel that it is unwise to
apply a linguistic term to a prehistoric culture and use the term
_Patayan_, a Walapai word meaning “the old people.”[16] It is postulated
that the Patayan or Yuman is a basic culture or root to which should be
given the same status as the Anasazi and Hohokam.
A large population was found in this area when it was visited by Father
Kino in 1700, and it is thought that there must have been a great
concentration of population in this fertile valley and delta for a long
time. In the lower basin of the Colorado River and in the desert area
which adjoins it, has been found evidence of ancient people who worked
in stone but did not make pottery.[115] A period followed in which more
territory was occupied and in which pottery was made. The finding of
datable pieces of trade wares in the valley indicates a period of
occupation of some 1500 years by people familiar with ceramics.[116]
Archaeologists studying the Patayan or Yuman culture encounter many
difficulties. The culture seems to be characterized by a great poverty
of material remains, possibly because of a greater use of perishable
materials which have not been preserved. Also, until Boulder Dam was
built, the river overflowed its banks every year and covered the land
with a layer of silt, thus burying much evidence of occupation.[17]
In western and northwestern Arizona, the portion of this area which lies
within the scope of this book, the one group of people which has been
more or less definitely assigned to the Patayan culture is known only
from the finding of distinctive, brown utility-wares. The main center of
this tribe seems to have been in the Colorado River valley below Black
Canyon.
There are also two other groups of northwestern Arizona which may, or
may not, prove to be manifestations of the Patayan pattern. The area
below the Grand Canyon and north of the San Francisco Mountains, bounded
on the east by the Little Colorado River and on the west by the Grand
Wash Cliffs, was occupied between about 700 and 1100 A.D. by a group of
people to which the name _Cohonina_ has been applied.[16] These people
lived both in deep and in very shallow pit houses with walls made of
timber. It has been suggested that the deep pit houses may represent a
Sinagua trait and that the near-surface houses were the true Cohonina
form. Masonry was used in the construction of some of the deep pit
houses and granaries and forts. The latter are large rectangular
buildings with thick walls and parapets which were probably loop-holed.
The building of such structures would suggest unsettled conditions. Some
time after 1100 A.D., masonry pueblos were built.
Cohonina pottery was a gray ware made by the paddle-and-anvil process,
sometimes scraped for final finishing, and fired in a reducing
atmosphere. Red paint was often applied over the surface of the vessel
after firing. It is impermanent and is commonly called “fugitive red”.
Occasionally crude designs were applied with a thin black paint. Jars
were the most common form, but some bowls were also made. Arrowheads
were of a distinctive type. Cohonina points are slender and roughly
triangular, although sometimes the maximum breadth is above the base.
They are serrated and unnotched. Little is known of methods of disposing
of the dead. It is suspected that cremation was practiced, but that the
bones were not gathered after burning.
To the south in the vicinity of Prescott, Arizona, between about 900 and
1000 A.D., lived another group of people.[16] They too built some
masonry forts and made gray, paddle-and-anvil pottery with a coarse
temper containing much mica. Decorations were in black paint. The firing
atmosphere was poorly controlled, and there is a variation in color from
gray to orange or red, although the paste is the same.
If all this seems needlessly confusing, it must be remembered that even
the archaeologists most intimately concerned with the problem are
confused too. Only the most fragmentary evidence has been found, but
they know that an important chapter in the prehistory of the Southwest
lies in the valley of the Colorado River and adjacent areas. They know
that eventually they will be able to read it, and, as a result, they
will have a greatly improved perspective in their attempts to analyze
the whole of prehistoric life in the Southwest. Before the final pages
are deciphered, however, so much remains to be done that very likely
there will be even more confusion before there is clarification.
CONCLUSION
In the preceding chapters an attempt has been made to summarize our
present knowledge of the prehistory of the great area called the
Southwest. Although the Southwest is possibly the best known area in
America, we have barely scratched the surface and great discoveries lie
ahead. For the present there are many gaps in our knowledge. Doubtless
in many cases, data have been incorrectly interpreted. Archaeological
opinions are by no means unanimous on all points. In the years to come,
other archaeologists with greater knowledge and more refined techniques
will reveal new pages of prehistory and re-interpret many of those which
their predecessors have tried to decipher. The findings of all science
must be regarded, “not as rigid dogma, but as reasonable approximation
to truth, certain to be largely extended and modified in the future.”[2]
Although there is yet much to be learned and much to be reevaluated, a
great deal has already been accomplished in the realm of Southwestern
archaeology. Through scattered clues, carefully assembled and
painstakingly studied and correlated it is at least possible to see
something of the growth and development of unfamiliar cultures.
Inevitably certain questions are asked of those who devote themselves to
such work. “What good is archaeology?” “Why is it important to know
these things?” The best answer seems to be still another question. “Are
we sufficiently sure of the worth of our own achievements to deny the
value of trying to reconstruct another chapter of human history, even if
we have nothing more than pottery and stone to guide us?”[3] According
to our standards the prehistoric inhabitants of the Southwest did not
achieve civilization. Still, there might be something to be learned from
people so uncivilized that they believed that the cultivation of the
land, the creation of beautiful as well as useful objects, and keeping
in harmony with the great natural forces of the universe, were more
important than the subjugation or destruction of their fellow men.
GLOSSARY
Aborigine—The native inhabitants of a country; in America, the Indians.
Apocynum—A plant, related to the milkweed, which provided fibers used in
weaving.
Archaeology—The scientific study of the material remains of human life
and human activities in prehistoric or ancient times.
Artifact—A product of human workmanship. Commonly used by archaeologists
in speaking of prehistoric tools, implements, etc.
Atlatl—An Aztec word meaning spear-thrower. Atlatls are throwing sticks
which have a handle on one end and on the other a spur which fits
into a pit or cup drilled into the basal end of a dart shaft. When
the dart is thrown the atlatl remains in the hand.
Basic Culture—See _Culture_.
Caliche—A crust or succession of crusts of calcium carbonate that forms
within or on top of the soil of arid or semi-arid regions.
Ceramic—Pertaining to pottery and its materials.
Chronology—The study of the method of arranging past events or the
material representing them in a sequence of their happenings in
relation to years or in relation to each other.
Cist—An oval or circular pit, often slab-lined, used for storage. Cists
sometimes served a secondary purpose as depositories for the dead.
Clan—A social group made up of a number of households, the heads of
which claim descent in either the male or female line from a
common ancestor.
Cloisonne—A surface decoration produced by outlining a design with
strips of flat wire and filling the interstices with enamel.
Complex—A group of related traits or characteristics which combine to
form a complete activity, process, or cultural unit.
Compound—In the Orient, a wall or fenced enclosure containing a house,
buildings, etc. The term is also used to describe the walled
enclosures built during Classic Hohokam times.
Corrugated Pottery—Pottery in which the alternate ridges and depressions
resulting from a coiling-and-pinching technique of manufacture
have not been obliterated.
Coursed Masonry—Masonry constructed of stones lying on approximately
level beds.
Cranium—Skull (Plural: Crania)
Culture—The total activities and beliefs of a group of individuals which
may be separated from other groups on the basis of differences in
complexes and original differences in geographical and
chronological positions. In an archaeological context, the
material remains of a group of people which represent traits which
they had in common, which differentiated them from other people. A
_Basic Culture_ is, as the name implies, one which provides a base
or foundation for succeeding cultures. It is essentially a
cultural root from which may spring stems and branches.
Deflector—An upright slab, standing between fireplace and ventilator in
a pit house or kiva, designed to protect the fire from inrushing
air.
Dendrochronology—A system of establishing an absolute count of years by
utilizing the pattern combinations of tree-rings.
Diffusion—The transference of elements of culture from one society to
another.
Effigy—An image of a living object.
Ethnology—The scientific study of the cultures of living primitive
peoples.
Hatchures—Short, closely spaced, parallel lines used in pottery designs.
Hogan—A Navajo house; one room, domed or conically shaped, made of logs,
sometimes with stone side walls, usually covered with earth.
Horizon—In a site, a level or stratum. In a culture, a particular level
of development.
Incised—In pottery, grooved in soft clay with a sharp tool.
Jacal—A type of construction in which walls are made of upright poles
set at short intervals and heavily plastered with adobe.
Katchinas—Supernatural beings in Pueblo Indian mythology, or masked
dancers personifying these beings.
Killed Pottery—Pottery in which a hole has been punched or drilled in
order to release the soul or spirit of the vessel which is
conceived as being a part of the maker.
Kiva—A ceremonial chamber, usually subterranean and circular.
Mano—A hand stone, usually roughly oblong, used for grinding grains,
seeds, etc.
Metate—The grinding stone on which the Mano is rubbed.
Moraine—An accumulation of earth, stones, etc. carried and finally
deposited by a glacier.
Oxidizing Atmosphere—Pottery is said to have been fired in an oxidizing
atmosphere when air is permitted to circulate around it during the
firing process. This leads to an excess of oxygen in the
atmosphere and produces pottery in shades of red, brown, or
yellow.
Paddle-and-Anvil—A pottery-finishing technique in which coil impressions
are obliterated by striking the exterior of the vessel with a
paddle while holding a round or mushroom-shaped object, known as
an anvil, within the vessel to receive the force of the blow.
Periphery—In archaeological usage, a marginal area, a region lying
immediately beyond the boundaries of a specific area.
Pilaster—A square column forming part of a wall.
Phase—This term is used in different ways by different archaeologists.
For the purposes of this book, it may be defined as an interval of
culture occurring in a specific area at a specific time and
associated with a particular culture. It may also be defined as a
group of sites with similar determinants.
Polychrome Pottery—Pottery bearing three or more colors.
Plaza—A public square.
Projectile Point—An arrow point, spear point, or dart point.
Reducing Atmosphere—Pottery is said to have been fired in a reducing
atmosphere when air is not allowed to circulate around it during
the firing process. This results in a reduction of the oxygen
content of the atmosphere and produces pottery in shades of white
and gray.
Sherd—A fragment of a broken, pottery vessel.
Sipapu—A hole commonly found in the floors of kivas which is symbolic of
the mythological place from which, according to creation myths,
the first people emerged from the underworld.
Slip—A coating of very fine clay applied to a vessel before firing to
give a smooth finish.
Spall—A chip or flake removed from a larger piece of stone.
Stockade—An enclosure made with posts and stakes.
Stratification—The characteristic of being in layers or strata and the
processes by which such material is deposited. A single layer is
called a _Stratum_, more than one, _Strata_. When undisturbed the
lowest stratum is the oldest since it was laid down first.
Trait—Any single element of culture.
Temper—Non-plastic material added to clay from which pottery is made to
prevent cracking.
Twilling—A system of weaving in which the woof thread is carried over
one and under two or more warp threads, producing diagonal lines
or ribs on the surface of the fabric or basket.
Twining—A system of weaving in which splints or threads are intertwined
around a foundation of radiating rods or threads.
Tuff—Solidified volcanic ash.
Typology—The study of any system of arrangement according to type.
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Washington, D. C.
(96) 1946. Personal Communication.
Morss, Noel
(97) 1931. The Ancient Culture of the Fremont River in Utah:
Peabody Museum Papers, Vol. XII, No. 3, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Nesbitt, Paul H.
(98) 1931. The Ancient Mimbrenos, Based on Investigations at the
Mattocks Ruin, Mimbres, Valley, New Mexico: Logan
Museum Publications, Bull. No. 4, Beloit, Wisconsin.
(99) 1938. Starkweather Ruin: Logan Museum Publications Bull. No.
6, Beloit, Wisconsin.
Nusbaum, J. L.
(100) 1922. A Basket-Maker Cave in Kane County, Utah; with Notes on
the Artifacts by A. V. Kidder and S. J. Guernsey:
Indian Notes and Monographs, Museum of the American
Indian, No. 29, Heye Foundation, New York.
Parsons, Elsie Clews
(101) 1939. Pueblo Indian Religion: University of Chicago
Publications in Anth. and Ethn., Chicago, Illinois.
Reed, Erik K.
(102) 1942. Implications of the Mogollon Complex: American
Antiquity, Vol. VIII, No. 1, Menasha, Wisconsin.
Rinaldo, John
(103) 1941. Conjectures on the Independent Development of the
Mogollon Culture: American Antiquity, Vol. VII, No. 1,
Menasha, Wisconsin.
Roberts, Frank H. H., Jr.
(104) 1929. Recent Archeological Developments in the Vicinity of El
Paso, Texas: Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,
Vol. 81, No. 7, Washington, D. C.
(105) 1929. Shabik’eschee Village, A Late Basket Maker Site in the
Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, Bulletin 92, Bureau of
American Ethnology, Washington, D. C.
(106) 1930. Early Pueblo Ruins in the Piedra District, southwestern
Colorado: Bulletin 96, Bureau of American Ethnology,
Washington, D. C.
(107) 1931. The Ruins at Kiatuthlanna, eastern Arizona: Bulletin
100, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, D. C.
(108) 1932. The Village of the Great Kivas on the Zuni Reservation,
New Mexico, Bulletin 111, Bureau of American Ethnology,
Washington, D. C.
(109) 1935. A Folsom Complex. Preliminary Report on Investigations
at the Lindenmeier Site in northern Colorado:
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 94,
Washington, D. C.
(110) 1935. A Survey of Southwestern Archeology: American
Anthropologist, Vol. XXXVII, No. 1, pp. 1-33, Menasha,
Wisconsin.
(111) 1937. Archaeology in the Southwest: American Antiquity, Vol.
III, No. 1, pp. 3-33, Menasha, Wisconsin.
(112) 1939. Archeological Remains in the Whitewater District,
eastern Arizona; Part I, House Types: Bulletin 121,
Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, D. C.
(113) 1939. The Development of a Unit-Type Dwelling: Hewett
Anniversary Volume “So Live The Works of Men”,
University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
(114) 1942. Archeological and Geological Investigations in the San
Jon District, eastern New Mexico: Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 103, No. 4, Washington,
D. C.
Rogers, Malcolm J.
(115) 1939. Early Lithic Industries of the Lower Basin of the
Colorado River and Adjacent Desert Areas: San Diego
Museum Papers, No. 3, San Diego, California.
(116) 1945. An Outline of Yuman Prehistory: Southwestern Journal of
Anthropology, Vol. I, No. 2, pp. 167-198, Albuquerque,
New Mexico.
Sayles, E. B.
(117) 1935. An Archaeological Survey of Texas: Medallion Papers,
No. XVII, Gila Pueblo, Globe, Arizona.
Sayles, E. B. and Ernst Antevs
(118) 1941. The Cochise Culture: Medallion Papers, No. XXIV, Gila
Pueblo, Globe, Arizona.
Seltzer, Carl C.
(119) 1944. Racial Prehistory in the Southwest and the Hawikuh
Zunis: Peabody Museum Papers, Vol. XXIII, No. 1,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Stallings, W. S., Jr.
(120) 1937. Southwestern Dated Ruins: I, Tree-Ring Bulletin, Vol.
IV, No. 2, Tucson, Arizona.
(121) 1939. Dating Prehistoric Ruins by Tree-Rings: General Series,
Bulletin 8, Laboratory of Anthropology, Santa Fe, New
Mexico.
(122) 1941. A Basketmaker II Date from Cave du Pont, Utah:
Tree-Ring Bulletin, Vol. VIII, No. 1, Laboratory of
Tree-Ring Research, Tucson, Arizona.
Steward, Julian H.
(123) 1933. Archaeological Problems of the Northern Periphery of
the Southwest: Bulletin No. 5, Museum of Northern
Arizona, Flagstaff, Ariz.
Underhill, Ruth
(124) 1947. First Penthouse Dwellers of America: Second Revised
Edition, Laboratory of Anthropology, Santa Fe, N. M.
Watson, Don
(125) 1946. Cliff Palace; the Story of an Ancient City: Mesa Verde
National Park Museum, Mesa Verde, Colorado.
Weatherwax, Paul
(126) 1936. The Origin of the Maize Plant and Maize Agriculture in
Ancient America: Symposium on Prehistoric Agriculture,
Bulletin 296, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, N.
M.
Weltfish, Gene
(127) 1932. Preliminary Classification of Prehistoric Southwestern
Basketry: Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections: Vol.
87, No. 7, Washington, D. C.
(128) 1932. Problems in the Study of Ancient and Modern
Basketmakers: American Anthropologist, N. S. Vol.
XXXIV, No. 1, pp. 108-117, Menasha, Wisconsin.
Woodward, Arthur
(129) 1931. The Grewe Site: Occasional Papers, No. 1, Los Angeles
Museum of History, Science and Art, Los Angeles,
California.
Wormington, H. M.
(130) 1944. Ancient Man in North America, (Second Revised Edition):
Popular Series, No. 4, Colorado Museum of Natural
History, Denver, Colorado.
APPENDIX
Outstanding Exhibit-Sites, Modern Pueblos, Local Museums
by
ERIK K. REED
_Regional Archaeologist_
_National Park Service_
After reading about the prehistoric inhabitants of the Southwest many
people feel that they would like to visit the places where they lived,
examine examples of their ancient arts and crafts, and see their
present-day descendants. No description can produce the feeling that one
experiences when viewing the imposing ruins found in our National
Monuments and Parks. Even a short time spent looking at pottery and
other artifacts in a museum will give a far better idea of their
appearance than will photographs, drawings, or the most detailed
descriptions. A visit to a modern pueblo makes it possible to visualize
something of the life of bygone centuries and to think of the ancient
inhabitants of the area as living, breathing people rather than as
lifeless specimens. The following lists have been prepared in an effort
to help those who wish to visit the Southwest and to learn about its
people through their own experience.
I. OUTSTANDING EXHIBIT-SITES
The San Juan Anasazi Culture
MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK.
Great cliff-dwellings and open pueblos of the Classic period. Pit-house,
mesa-top villages and cave remains of earlier periods, Modified
Basketmaker and Developmental Pueblo. One of the major foci of the
Anasazi culture of 300-1300 A. D., and the most accessible and
best-exhibited, interpreted by caravan-tours and an outstanding museum.
Paved entrance-road from Highway U. S.-160 between Mancos and Cortez,
Colorado. Lodge with adequate accommodations open May-October.
CHACO CANYON NATIONAL MONUMENT.
The greatest concentration of open pueblo ruins in a valley floor,
another of the major foci of prehistoric Anasazi civilization. The
famous huge buildings, Pueblo Bonito, Chetro Ketl, Pueblo del Arroyo,
etc.; a restored Great Kiva, an excavated Modified-Basketmaker village;
and innumerable small pueblo sites. Undeveloped museum. Very restricted
accommodations. In the middle of northwestern New Mexico, 64 miles north
of Thoreau (which is on Highway U. S.-66) and 64 miles south of Aztec,
New Mexico (on U. S.-550); 25 miles from nearest paved road (State 55,
Cuba to Bloomfield).
AZTEC RUINS NATIONAL MONUMENT.
An excavated great pueblo of the Classic period, twelfth and thirteenth
centuries, built between 1100 and 1125 A. D., with a completely restored
Great Kiva; additional unexcavated pueblo ruins. Lying between Chaco
Canyon and the Mesa Verde, these pueblos on the Animas River partake of
both phases of Anasazi culture. A small museum adjoining the main ruin.
Located close to Highway U. S.-550 and the town of Aztec, New Mexico.
CANYON DE CHELLY NATIONAL MONUMENT.
Striking cliff-dwellings and very early remains. In a spectacular
setting of great red-rock canyons occupied by picturesque Navajo
Indians. Tree-ring dates from one of the major sites, Mummy Cave, range
from 348 A. D.—the earliest date in the San Juan drainage—to 1284 A. D.,
the next-to-last. No museum. The monument and canyon area extends east
of Chinle, Arizona, in the Navajo Indian Reservation. Chinle is 100
miles from Gallup, New Mexico, or seventy-five miles (unpaved) from
Chambers, Arizona (which is west of Gallup on Highway U. S.-66). Not
accessible in bad weather. An excellent lodge (Thunderbird Ranch,
Chinle, Arizona), but rather restricted facilities.
NAVAJO NATIONAL MONUMENT.
Betatakin and Keetseel, great cliff-pueblos of the thirteenth century,
picturesquely situated in huge caves in the red sandstone walls of the
Tsegi Canyons, west of Kayenta, Arizona, in the Navajo Indian
Reservation. No museum. No tourist accommodations. (As in all the other
national monuments listed, however, a custodian on duty the year around,
resident at headquarters above Betatakin.) Another 100 miles, of rather
bad road, from Chinle to Betatakin; or 135 miles from Flagstaff—sixty
miles north on paved Highway U. S.-89, about the same distance on fairly
good unsurfaced reservation road, and the last dozen miles a quite rough
trail. Not accessible in winter or in rainy weather.
The White Mountains Region
KINISHBA.
A large pueblo of the period 1000-1400, largely excavated and partially
restored by the Arizona State Museum, in the Apache Indian Reservation
near Fort Apache, Arizona, twenty miles east of Highway U. S.-60. No
accommodations.
The Rio Grande Area
BANDELIER NATIONAL MONUMENT.
Unusual cliff-ruins and open sites in beautiful Frijoles Canyon, in the
Pajarito Plateau, west of Santa Fe and south of Los Alamos, New Mexico,
seventeen miles from paved highway. Museum. Small lodge open
May-October.
PUYE.
Large partially-restored pueblo and small cliff-ruins, in the Pajarito
Plateau, north of Los Alamos, on the Santa Clara Indian Reservation,
fifteen miles from Espanola, New Mexico.
CORONADO STATE MONUMENT.
Two extensive adobe pueblos, Kuaua and Puaray, the former partially
restored. Museum. Across the Rio Grande from Bernalillo, New Mexico,
just off paved Highway State 44.
PECOS STATE MONUMENT.
Ruins of the great pueblo, finally abandoned in 1838, and of the
partially-restored Spanish mission of the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries. Close to Highway U. S.-85, about twenty-five miles southeast
of Santa Fe, near modern town of Pecos, New Mexico.
GRAN QUIVIRA NATIONAL MONUMENT.
Ruins of the pueblo and mission of Humanas, abandoned about 1675. No
museum; no accommodations. By a poor road twenty-five miles south of
Mountainair, New Mexico, which is on Highway U. S.-60.
ABO and QUARAI STATE MONUMENTS.
Sister missions to Humanas, with extensive unexcavated pueblo ruins. No
museums. Close to U. S.-60 and Mountainair, New Mexico.
The Salado Complex
TONTO NATIONAL MONUMENT.
Two fourteenth century cliff-dwellings high in a small canyon
overlooking Roosevelt Lake and the Tonto Basin. These well-preserved
ruins have yielded fine and unusual archaeological material: the
striking Salado polychrome pottery, a variety of expertly-made cotton
textiles, even a lot of lima beans. Very small museum exhibit. No
accommodations at the monument. Located near Roosevelt, Arizona, and the
Apache Trail (State Highway 88).
CASA GRANDE NATIONAL MONUMENT.
A unique great adobe structure, sole survivor of the large pueblo-like
towers and compounds built by the Salado in the Gila Basin in the
fourteenth century. The site includes several adobe compounds as well as
the Casa Grande itself, and also earlier _Hohokam_ remains—unexcavated
ball-courts and pit-houses. Small museum. On State Highway 87 close to
Coolidge, Arizona.
PUEBLO GRANDE CITY PARK.
A complex mound, partially excavated, of the late period in the Phoenix
area. On E. Washington Avenue, Phoenix.
Sinagua Sites
WUPATKI NATIONAL MONUMENT.
Large and small pueblos of 1100-1300 and earlier pit-houses; several
Anasazi sites as well as Sinagua—the frontier between these two cultures
was not the Little Colorado, but lay some distance west into the Wupatki
area, and varied from time to time. Still other cultural influences are
observed. One unique feature is a masonry-walled ball-court beside
Wupatki Pueblo and near the monument headquarters, fifteen miles east of
U. S.-89 and forty-five miles from Flagstaff, Arizona. No museum. No
accommodations at the monument.
WALNUT CANYON NATIONAL MONUMENT.
Very small cliff-dwellings in sandstone ledges of a narrow chasm twelve
miles east of Flagstaff, not far from Highway 66. No exhibits installed
in Museum. No accommodations at the monument.
TUZIGOOT NATIONAL MONUMENT.
An excavated and partially restored hilltop pueblo, which reached its
maximum in the fourteenth century. Comparatively large museum housing
extensive collection close to Clarkdale, Arizona, and readily accessible
from U. S.-89.
MONTEZUMA CASTLE NATIONAL MONUMENT.
A five-story cliff-dwelling of the same period as Tuzigoot pueblo, near
Camp Verde, Arizona, and readily accessible from Highway U. S.-89. Small
museum. No accommodations at the monument. Also included in this
monument is Montezuma Well, nine miles northeast, with small
cliff-dwellings in a limestone sinkhole containing a “bottomless” lake.
Highly unusual archaeological features at Montezuma Well are cist-graves
undercut in soft limestone, and travertine-encrusted prehistoric
irrigation ditches.
II. MODERN PUEBLOS ON (AT LEAST APPROXIMATELY) PRE-SPANISH LOCATIONS
ORAIBI on the third or northwesternmost Hopi mesa, materially unchanged
for over 600 years, and in a general sense, the other older HOPI INDIAN
pueblos—WALPI on First Mesa, SHONGOPOVI and MISHONGNOVI on the middle
mesa—which have shifted their locations during the historic period from
valley floors to mesa tops. The villages of Hano (Tewa) and Sichomovi on
First Mesa, and probably also Shipaulovi on Second Mesa, are eighteenth
century foundations. Hotevilla, Bakavi and New Orabi (Kikhochomovi) date
from the break-up of Oraibi only about fifty years ago. Toreva and
Polacca are purely modern towns. Good dirt roads to the Hopi country
from Gallup, Winslow, and Flagstaff. No tourist accommodations.
ZUNI PUEBLO, the one surviving, or reestablished, town of the six
early-historic “cities of Cibola.” Fair road, forty miles south from
Gallup, New Mexico. Very limited tourist accommodations.
ACOMA on its great mesa, one of the most picturesque of all, little
changed since the seventeenth century when the large mission church was
built. Fair road, thirteen miles south of U. S.-66, about sixty miles
west of Albuquerque.
ISLETA, on Highway U. S.-85 about ten miles south of Albuquerque.
The five Keres pueblos southwest of Santa Fe—SANTO DOMINGO, SAN FELIPE,
and COCHITI along the Rio Grande north of Bernalillo, west of U. S.-85;
ZIA and SANTA ANA on the Jemez River, northwest of Bernalillo and across
the stream from State-44.
JEMEZ PUEBLO, twenty-five miles northwest of Bernalillo on State Highway
4.
The five Tewa pueblos north of Santa Fe: TESUQUE, on U. S.-64-285;
NAMBE, in the foothills to the northeast; SAN ILDEFONSO, on the east
bank of the Rio Grande; SANTA CLARA, on the west bank just below
Espanola; SAN JUAN, at Chamita, New Mexico.
TAOS, the one modern terraced pueblo, close to Taos, New Mexico, and
PICURIES in the foothills to the south.
In the Rio Grande drainage, Laguna and Sandia are historic pueblos only.
Laguna was a new foundation, under Spanish direction, about 1700. Sandia
was re-established on or near an earlier location, in 1745-1750 by Tiwa
Indians brought back from the Hopi country by Spanish priests, after
abandonment fifty years earlier of the several Tiwa pueblos between
Bernalillo and Albuquerque.
III. LOCAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUMS IN THE SOUTHWEST
Santa Fe:
The Laboratory of Anthropology.
The Museum of New Mexico.
Albuquerque:
The University of New Mexico Anthropology Museum.
Tucson:
The Arizona State Museum at the University of Arizona.
Phoenix:
The Heard Museum.
Grand Canyon National Park:
The Wayside Museum of Archaeology.
Petrified Forest National Monument:
Small branch museums at Painted Desert Inn and Puerco Ruin.
Flagstaff:
The Museum of Northern Arizona
FOOTNOTES
[1]Ref. [72], p. 433.
[2]Ref. [14] p. 281.
[3]Ref. [31] p. 269.
INDEX
A
Abandonment, of Northern Frontier, 73, 76, 80-84, 90, 91
Abo State Monument, 183
Acoma, 185
Agriculture, 37, 55, 70, 94, 118, 142, 148, 156;
_see also_ Beans, Corn, Cotton, Irrigation
Ackmen-Lowry Area, 62
Alcove Houses, 163
Alkali Ridge, Utah, 63, 65, 71
Allantown, Arizona, 63, 65
Anasazi, 27-117;
_see also_ Basketmaker and Pueblo
Ancient Cultures, 20-26
Animals
Extinct, 20, 22, 24
Hunted, 20, 22, 37, 38, 70, 121
Domesticated; see Dogs and Horses
Antler Artifacts, 103, 105
Apaches, 81, 105, 114, 144
Archaeology
Defined, 170
Development of, 11
Architecture, 61, 64, 76, 78, 79, 86, 91, 102, 140, 153, 155, 157,
161;
_see also_ Ball Courts, Cists, Forts, Houses, Kivas, Pithouses
Arrow points, see Projectile Points
Arrow-shaft smoothers, 104, 105, 139
Arroya Cutting, 81, 82, 87, 91
Athapaskans, 105-106
Atlatls, 38-40, 55, 152, 170
Awls, 41, 152, 155, 161
Axes, 55, 70, 73, 75, 104, 105, 139, 155, 157
Aztec Ruins, 89, 137, 182
B
Bags
Cedar Bast, 43, 44
Skin, 44
Twined-woven, 42-44, 45
Ball, rubber, 133
Ball Courts, 127, 132, 133, 139, 166
Bandelier National Monument, 109, 110, 183
Basketmaker and Modified Basketmaker Culture, 27-57
Agriculture, 37
Area, 29, 49
Basketry, 40-42, 54, 55, 56
Burials, 29, 30, 45, 46, 55, 56
Cists, 36, 44, 56
Clothing, 31, 33, 56
Dates, 27, 49
Figurines, 54
Food, 37, 38, 40, 55
Houses, 35, 36, 49-52
Ornaments, 34, 56
Pottery, 44, 45, 53
Physical Appearance, 31, 59
Tools and Implements, 36, 37, 40, 41, 55
Weapons, 38-40, 55
Weaving, 41-43
Summaries, 56, 57
Basketmaker Period, 27-48
Basketry, 22, 40-42, 54, 55, 56, 69, 89, 105, 134
Bat Woman House, 99
Beads, _see_ Ornaments
Beans, 55, 70, 118
Bear Ruin, 155-157
Bells, 137
Betatakin, 98, 99, 182
Biscuit Ware, _see_ Pottery
Bluff Ruin, 150
Bone Artifacts
Awls, 41, 152, 155, 161
Beads, 34
Gaming Pieces, 46, 47, 72
Hair Ornaments, 34, 137
Tubes, 124, 137
Bow and Arrow, 40, 55, 70, 124, 152
Bracelets, _see_ Ornaments
Brushes
Hair, 35
Paint, 53
Burials, 29, 30, 45, 46, 55, 56, 70-72, 75, 90-95, 96, 101, 138,
140, 152, 153, 154, 156, 159, 161
Burnet Cave, 21
Butler Wash, Arizona, 27
C
Cactus Fruit, 37, 137
Cameron Creek Village, 158
Canals, 119, 121, 125, 127, 132, 138
Canyon de Chelly, 182
Canyon del Muerto, 56, 182
Casa Grande, 139, 140, 141, 142, 184
Cavate Dwellings, 109, 110
Chaco Canyon, 63, 84-91, 96, 97, 101, 181
Children, 46, 70, 71
Chronology, _see_ Dates
Cibola, Cities of, 113
Cists, 36, 44, 56, 72, 170
Clans, 64, 170
Classic Hohokam Period, 120, 137-144
Classic Pueblo Period, _see_ Great Pueblo Period
“Cliff Dwellers” 76, 91
Cliff Palace, 91-93, 96
Climate, 12, 17, 80, 81, 82, 87, 96, 118, 121, 142;
_see also_ Arroyo Cutting, Dendrochronology, Droughts
Clovis, New Mexico, 21
Clubs, 38-40
Cochise Culture, 22, 119, 122, 148, 151, 156
Cochiti, 185
Cohonina Branch, 168
Colonial Hohokam, 120, 124-132, 153
Comanches, 114
Conquest, Spanish, 113
Cooking, 40, 156
Copper, _see_ Bells
Corn, 37, 55, 70, 93, 118, 121, 122, 152
Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de, 113, 114
Coronado State Monument, 183
Corrugated Ware; _see_ Pottery
Cotton, 69, 70, 73, 89, 134, 143, 144
Cradles, 46
Cranial Deformation, 60, 75, 152
Cremation, 96, 118, 125, 129, 134, 140, 155, 157
Culinary Ware, _see_ Pottery
Culture, defined, 170
D
Dance Courts, 62, 65
Dart Points; _see_ Projectile Points
Dates
Basketmaker, 27
Cochise, 22
Folsom, 21
Gypsum Cave, 22
Hohokam, 120, 124, 132, 137, 144
Modified Basketmaker, 49
Mogollon, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 158, 161
Navajos, 106
Patayan, 168
Pueblo, 59, 76, 108
Rosa, 75
San Jon, 22
Sandia, 20
Sinagua, 163, 164, 165
Yuma Points, 22
Deformation, of Skulls, 60, 75, 152
Dendrochronology, 13, 14-17, 80, 150
Desert Province, 118
Developmental-Pueblo Period, 57-76, 102
Dice, _see_ Gaming Pieces
Diffusion, 37, 72
Dogs, 46, 47, 70, 75
Douglass, A. E., 14-17
Droughts, 80, 81, 96, 97, 115, 165
Durango, Excavations near, 27, 35
E
Ear Plugs, 124, 125
Effigy Vessels, 88, 124, 134, 135
Egypt, 29, 125
El Paso, 115
Esteban, 113
Ethnology, 17-18
Etching, 136, 137
F
Fabrics, _see_ Weaving
Feather Cloth, 31, 55, 69, 89, 105
Figurines, 54, 72, 73, 122, 123, 128, 133
Firing, of Pottery, 53
Flutes, 56
Folsom Complex, 20, 21
Forts, 144, 168
Fremont River Culture, 73
Fugitive Red, _see_ Pottery
Fur Cloth, 31, 33, 55, 69
G
Galaz Ruin, 158
Gallina Phase, 104, 105
Game, Played in Ball Courts, 127
Gaming Pieces, 46, 47, 72
Geology, 20, 21
Georgetown Phase, 152, 153
Glazed Ware, _see_ Pottery
Governador Area, 75, 105, 115
Granaries, 49, 61, 63, 75, 164, 168
Grewe Site, 125
Great Pueblo Period, 76-107
Grinding Stones, _see_ Manos and Metates
Gypsum Cave, 22
H
Hair
Dressing, 35, 40
Use of, 33, 35
Hands, Burial of, 56
Harris Village, 152, 154
Hawikuh, 113
Historic Pueblo Period, 64, 107, 108
Hoes, 70, 135, 155, 161
Hohokam Culture, 118-147
Agriculture, 118, 142
Area, 118, 132
Ball Courts, 127, 132, 133, 139
Basketry, 134
Cremations, 118, 123, 134, 140
Dates, 120, 124, 132, 137, 144
Figurines, 122, 123, 128, 133
Food, 121
Houses, 121, 127, 132, 140, 142
Mirrors, 129, 130, 134, 139, 153
Ornaments, 130, 132, 135, 139
Pottery, 118, 122, 128, 133, 150
Shell Work, 130, 132, 135, 136, 137, 139
Stone Work, 123, 124, 129, 130, 134, 135, 139
Summary, 146
Weaving, 134, 143, 144
Hopi Area, 101, 108, 115, 116, 185
Horses, 82, 114
Houses, 35, 36, 49-52, 61, 62, 63, 72, 73, 79, 86-88, 91-93, 102,
104, 105, 108, 118, 121, 127, 132, 138, 140, 150, 151,
152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 163
I
Introduction, 11-19
Irrigation, 37, 81, 94, 95, 119, 121, 125, 132, 138, 142, 144
Isleta, 185
J
Jacal Construction, 61, 62, 63
Jemez, 186
Jewelry, _see_ Ornaments
K
Kayenta Area, 38, 99-101
Keet Seel, 99, 182
Kiatuthlana, 62, 71
Kihus, 99
Killing, of Pottery, 159
Kinishba, 101, 183
Kino, Father, 167
Kivas, 18, 61, 63, 64, 73, 84, 86, 93, 94, 99, 108, 110, 156, 158
Great Kivas, 86, 96, 97, 101
Knives, 105, 161
L
Laguna, 186
La Plata Area, 62
Largo Phase, 102-105
Largo-Gallina Phase, 102-105
Lead Ore, 129
Lindenmeier Site, 21
Little Colorado Area, 107, 137
Los Muertos, 139, 140
Lowry Ruin, 63, 96, 97
M
Manos, 40, 70, 157
Mattocks Ruin, 158
Mauls, 55, 73, 155
Maya, 125, 127, 128
Mesa Verde, 76, 91-96, 97, 99, 181
Metates, 36, 40, 70, 73, 93, 135, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159
Mexico, 137, 144, 161
Mimbres Phase, 102, 152, 158-161
Mirrors, 129, 130, 134, 139, 153
Mishongnovi, 185
Moccasins, 45, 73
Modified Basketmaker Period 48-57;
_see also_ Basketmaker
Mogollon Culture, 148-162
Agriculture, 148, 156
Area, 149
Bone Work, 151, 152, 155, 161
Burials, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161
Clothing, 161
Dates, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156
Houses, 150, 151, 152, 153-155, 156, 157, 158
Hunting, 151, 156
Ornaments, 157, 161
Physical Types, 152, 153, 156, 157, 161
Pottery, 54, 150, 151, 153, 156, 159, 160
Shell Work, 157
Stone Work, 148, 151, 155, 157, 161
Summary, 161, 162
Theories of Origin, 148
Mogollon Village, 152, 154
Montezuma Castle, 165, 166, 185
Mortars and Pestles, 135, 161
Mortuary Offerings, 30, 45, 56, 70, 71, 124, 128, 129, 140, 152,
155, 156, 158, 159
Mosaic Work, 56, 90, 124, 129, 130, 135
Mummies, 29, 30, 45
N
Nambe, 186
Nampeyo, 108, 110
Navajo National Monument, 182
Navajos, 81, 104, 105, 106, 114, 115
Nets, 37
Nevada, 22, 73
Nipple-shaped Objects, 54, 72
Niza, Fray Marcos de, 113
Nomads, 73, 81, 82, 105, 106, 114, 115, 117
Northern Periphery, 72, 73
Nose Buttons or Plugs, 135
O
Oraibi, 16, 185
Ornaments, 34, 56, 69, 89, 90, 130, 132, 135, 139, 157, 161;
_see also_ Bone, Shell and Stone artifacts, Turquoise
Oxidizing Atmosphere, 53
P
Paints, 53, 66
Palettes, 123, 124, 129, 134, 157
Papagueria, 142, 144
Papago Indians, 142, 144
Parallel Flaked Points, 22
Patayan Culture, 164, 167, 168
Pathology, 45, 71
Pecos Classification, 29, 57, 76, 107
Pecos Pueblo, 110, 111, 114
Pecos State Monument, 183
Peripheral Regions, 72-75
Physical Types, 24, 31, 59, 93, 118, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158
Pictographs, 34, 47, 73, 116
Picuries, 186
Piedra Region, 62
Pima Indians, 144
Pine Lawn Phase, 151, 152
Pioneer Hohokam, 120-124
Pipes, 45, 69, 89, 104, 105, 124, 153, 155, 157
Pithouses, 49-52, 61, 62, 63, 72, 73, 75, 102, 104, 105, 150, 151,
152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 163, 168
Planting Sticks, 37
Plateau Area, defined, 27
Polychrome, _see_ Pottery
Pope, 114, 115
Pottery,
Atmospheres for Firing, 53
Biscuit Ware, 112
Black-on-gray, 53, 73, 168
Black-on-red, 66, 75, 112
Black-on-white, 65, 75, 88, 95, 100, 102, 105, 112, 157, 159,
160
Black-on-yellow, 108
Brown, 122, 128, 150, 151, 153, 163, 167
Buff, 128, 138, 153, 156
Burnished Buff, 151, 159
Coiled and Scraped, 52
Corrugated, 66, 68, 75, 88, 95, 100, 102, 108, 112, 159, 170
Eastern Branch, 66
Firing, 53
Fugitive Red, 54, 72, 168
Glazed, 110, 112
Gray, 53, 65, 72, 122, 156, 168
Importance of, 12
Neck Banded, 68
Origin, Theories of, 44, 53
Paddle-and-anvil, 103, 122
Pointed-bottomed, 103, 104, 106
Polished Red, 138, 151, 153, 159
Polychrome, 100, 101, 102, 108, 112, 113, 122, 139
Red-on-buff, 122, 128, 133, 139
Red-on-gray, 153
Red-on-orange, 65
Slips, 68
Spectrographic Analysis of, 12
Temper, 44, 45, 53, 65
Textured, 53, 155, 157
Unfired, 44, 45, 52
Preface, 3-5
Projectile Points, 70, 124, 129, 130, 135, 139, 153, 155, 157,
161, 168
Pueblo Bonito, 85, 86, 137
Pueblo Culture, 57-117
Agriculture, 69, 70
Area, 59, 84, 107
Basketry, 69, 89
Burials, 70-72, 90, 95, 96, 101
Clothing, 69, 89, 108
Dates, 59, 76, 107
Food, 70
Houses, 61, 62, 63, 79, 86-88, 91-93, 99, 101, 108, 110
Kivas, 61, 63, 64, 84, 86, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 101, 108, 110,
112
Ornaments, 69, 70, 89, 90
Physical Types, 59
Pottery, 65-68, 71, 88, 95, 100, 101, 108, 110
Tools and Implements, 70, 73, 75, 93
Weapons, 70
Weaving, 69, 89
Summaries, 75, 106
Pueblo Grande City Park, 184
Puye, 110, 183
Q
Quarai State Monument, 183
R
Rabbit Sticks; _see_ Clubs
Rattles, 40
Rebellion, Pueblo, 113, 114, 115
Reducing Atmosphere, 53
Refugees, 115
Refuse or Rubbish Heaps, 70
Regressive Pueblo Period, 84, 107-115
Religion, 30, 45, 46, 47, 64, 65, 78, 84, 93, 117
Ridge Ruin, 90
Rings, Ball Court, 127, 128
Rio Grande Area, 102, 107, 110
Roosevelt 9:6, 124, 125
Rosa Phase, 75, 165
Rubber Ball, 133
S
Salado Culture, 137-144
San Felipe, 185
San Francisco Phase, 153-155
San Ildefonso, 186
San Jon, 22
San Juan, 114, 186
Sandals, 30, 33, 34, 56, 69, 73, 89, 105
Sandia Cave, 20
Sandia Pueblo, 186
Santa Ana, 185
Santa Clara, 186
Santo Domingo, 185
Santa Fe, 114, 115
Scalp, 46
Scoops, 40
Sedentary Hohokam, 120, 124, 132-137
Shell Artifacts
Beads, 34, 89, 130, 157, 161
Bracelets, 56, 70, 130, 132, 139, 157, 161
Etched, 136, 137
Painted, 135
Pendants, 89, 130, 161
Needles, 130
Rings, 132
Trumpets, 139
Showlow Ruin, 16
Sinagua People, 163-166
Sipapu, 18, 52
Slips, _see_ Pottery
Snaketown Site, 121-124, 150
Snares, 37
Social Organization, 19, 64, 71, 78, 79, 82, 115, 125, 127, 138
Southwest, defined, 11
Spaniards, 113-117
Squash, 37, 70
Starkweather Ruin, 152
Stockades, 75
Stone Artifacts,
Axes, 55, 70, 73, 75, 104, 105, 139, 155, 157
Beads, 56, 69, 124, 132, 135, 139
Hoes, 70, 155, 161
Knives, 105, 161
Manos, 40, 70, 157
Mauls, 55, 73, 155
Metates, 36, 40, 70, 73, 93, 135, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159
Mortars and Pestles, 135, 161
Palettes, 123, 124, 129, 134, 157
Projectile Points, 70, 124, 129, 130, 135, 139, 153, 155, 157,
161, 168
Rings, 130
Shaft-Smoothers, 104, 105, 139
Vessels, 123, 124, 130, 135, 139, 157
Stratigraphy, 13
SU Site, 151, 152
Summaries, 56-57, 75-76, 106-107, 146-147, 161-162
Sunset Crater, 164, 166
Swarts Ruin, 158
T
Tabeguache Caves, 26, 29
Taos, 186
Temper, _see_ Pottery
Tesuque, 186
Texas, 73, 112
Tiguex, 114
Tonto Basin, 137
Tonto National Monument, 184
Towers, 64, 91, 94
Trade, 12, 13, 34
Tree-rings, _see_ Dendrochronology
Trumpets, 139
Tubes, _see_ Bone Artifacts
Tump Straps, 41, 42
Turkeys, 55, 70, 73, 75, 89, 121, 159
Turquoise, 56, 89, 90, 124, 161
Tuzigoot National Monument, 166, 184
Twined-woven Bags, 42-44, 45, 105
Tyuoni, 110, 111
U
Unfired Clay Vessels, 44, 45, 52
Unit Houses, 61, 63, 64, 72, 79
Utes, 114
V
Vargas, Diego de, 115
Ventana Cave, 26, 142, 143, 144
Village of the Great Kivas, 101
W
Walnut Canyon National Monument, 184
Walpi, 185
Warfare, 40, 71, 79, 80, 82
Weaving, 33, 41-43, 89, 108, 134, 143, 144, 156
Whistles, 46
White Dog Cave, 35
Woodland Pottery, 103
Wupatki National Monument, 184
Y
Yuma Points, 22
Yuman Culture, 167
Z
Zia, 185
Zuni Area, 101, 110, 113, 144, 185
Transcriber’s Notes
—Silently corrected a few typos.
—Added headings and Table of Contents entries to bring them into
correspondence.
—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
is public-domain in the country of publication.
—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
_underscores_.