to include _Calotragus_, _Scopophorus_, _Nesotragus_, _Pediotragus_, and
_Oreotragus_ of Gray.
[218] See V. Brooke, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1872, pp. 642 and 875.
[219] Gray, _Cat. Ungulate Mamm. Brit. Mus._ p. 90 (1852).
[220] Andrew Smith, _Illustrations of Zoology of South Africa_, No. 12
(1840), “Kobus.” Is taken to include _Adenota_ and _Onotragus_ of Gray.
[221] De Blainville, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ 1816, p. 75. Syn. _Eleotragus_.
[222] Pallas, _Spicilegia Zoologica_, vol. i. p. 3 (1767).
[223] Sundevall, _Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl._ for 1845, p. 271.
[224] Gray, _List Mamm. Brit. Mus._ p. 160 (1843).
[225] Hodgson, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1834, p. 81.
[226] De Blainville, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ 1816, p. 75. Is taken to
include _Procapra_ and _Tragops_.
[227] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1873, p. 537. Three species subsequently
described are here added to the list.
[228] Sundevall, _Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl._ for 1844, p. 196.
[229] De Blainville, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ 1816, p. 75.
[230] Rafinesque, _Anal. Nat._ 1815, p. 56.
[231] De Blainville, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ 1816, p. 75. Syn. _Portax_,
Hamilton-Smith.
[232] De Blainville, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ 1816, p. 75. Includes
_Euryceros_, Gray.
[233] Gray, _List. Mamm. Brit. Mus._ p. 155 (1843).
[234] Desmarest, _Mammalogie_, p. 471 (1822).
[235] De Blainville, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ 1816, p. 75.
[236] Hamilton-Smith, in _Griffith’s Animal Kingdom_, vol. v. p. 352
(1827).
[237] Hamilton-Smith, in _Griffith’s Animal Kingdom_, vol. v. p. 354
(1827). Amended from “Aplocerus.”
[238] Hodgson, _Journ. As. Soc. Bengal_, vol. xix. p. 65 (1850).
[239] See A. O. Hume, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1887, pp. 483-486.
[240] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 94 (1766).
[241] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1886, p. 314; and 1887, p. 552.
[242] Specimens referred by Dinnik to _C. caucasica_ have been made the
types of another species—_C. severtzovi_.
[243] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 97 (1766).
[244] There may be a beard on the throat, as in _O. cycloceros_.
[245] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 326.
[246] De Blainville, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ 1816, p. 76.
[247] _Zoologist_, September 1877.
[248] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 98 (1766).
[249] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1873, p. 474.
[250] Sir V. Brooke states that this species is distinguished from _B.
pumilus_ by the absence of a fringe to the ears, but specimens in the
British Museum show that this is not the case.
[251] _The Extirpation of the American Bison_, 1889.
[252] The late Mr. Alston, _Fauna of Scotland_, “Mammalia” (Glasgow,
1880), p. 25, considers that the Chillingham cattle are descendants of a
race which had escaped from domestication.
[253] Wanting in the aberrant _Chalicotherium_.
[254] See W. N. Parker, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 775.
[255] Cuvier, _Tableau Élément. de l’Hist. Nat._ p. 152 (1798); _ex_
Brisson.
[256] See J. Murie, _Journ. Anat. and Physiol._ vol. vi. p. 131, 1871;
W. N. Parker. _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 768; and F. E. Beddard, _Proc.
Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 252.
[257] The Swiss _P. siderolithicus_ has only one cusp in the last upper
premolar.
[258] Leidy, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad._ 1858, p. 26.
[259] Christol, _Ann. Sci. Indust. Mid. France_, vol. i. p. 180 (1832).
[260] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 100 (1766).
[261] Darwin, _Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication_,
1868, vol. i. chap. ii.
[262] See _Nature_, 21st August 1884, and _Zool. Garten._ vol. xxviii. p.
453.
[263] See Sclater, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 542.
[264] See Blanford, _Zoology and Geology of Eastern Persia_ (_Journeys of
the Persian Boundary Commission_), p. 84.
[265] This must not be confounded with the navicular of the tarsus.
[266] Want of space and of the necessary illustrations rendered it
impossible to give an account of mammalian myology in the earlier
chapters of this work.
[267] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 104 (1766).
[268] Many authors use Cuvier’s name, _R. indicus_, in preference to
this, on the ground that there are more than one species with one
horn, forgetting that the name substituted is equally inconvenient,
as more than one species live in India. The fact of a specific name
being applicable to several members of a genus is no objection to its
restriction to the first to which it was applied; otherwise changes
in old and well-received names would constantly have to be made in
consequence of new discoveries.
[269] _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. xii.; see also _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p.
9.
[270] See Beddard and Treves, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 9.
[271] For the internal anatomy of _R. sumatrensis_ see Garrod, _Proc.
Zool. Soc._ 1873, p. 92; and Beddard and Treves, _loc. cit._
[272] Those external points of distinction from _R. simus_ are taken from
a paper by Sclater in the _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1886, p. 143.
[273] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1881, p. 726.
[274] This name is the earliest, but is preoccupied.
[275] Hermann, _Tab. Affinit. Anim._ p. 115 (1783). It has recently
been proposed to substitute the earlier name _Procavia_ in lieu of
_Hyrax_. The anatomy of Hyrax was first described by Pallas (_Spicilegia
Zoologica_). Besides minor memoirs, two detailed accounts of its
structure have appeared—one by Brandt, in _Mém. Acad. Nat. Scien. St.
Pétersbourg_, 7ⁱᵉᵐᵉ sér. vol. xiv. No. 2, 1869; and another by George,
in _Annales des Sciences Naturelles_, 6ⁱᵉᵐᵉ sér. tom. i. 1874, in which
references to all the previous literature will be found. The mechanism
by which the sole of the foot is enabled to adhere to smooth surfaces is
fully described by G. E. Dobson, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1876, p. 526.
[276] Gray, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ ser. 4. vol. i. p. 48 (1868).
[277] See a paper by J. V. Barboza du Bocage, in the _Jorn. Sci. Phys.
Nat. Lisboa_ (2), vol. i. p. 186 (1889), where a list of all the known
species will be found.
[278] These teeth are by some writers classed as canines, as their roots
are implanted in the maxillæ; but, as in Rodents, they are originally
developed in the gum covering the premaxillæ, in which bones their
primitive alveoli are sunk. As growth proceeds, however, firm support
for such massive and weighty bodies can only be obtained by their roots
gradually sinking through the premaxillæ into the great and specially
modified alveolar processes of the maxillæ, but this does not vitiate
their homology with the incisors of other mammals.
[279] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 48 (1766).
[280] In the Gulf of Cambay,—not the island of the same name in the Red
Sea.
[281] The word Mammoth was introduced into the languages of Western
Europe about two centuries ago from the Russian, and is thought by
Pallas and Nordenskiöld to be of Tartar origin, but others, as Witzen,
Strahlenburg, and Howorth, have endeavored to prove that it is a
corruption of the Arabic word _Behemoth_, or great beast.
[282] The best known of these is the etching upon a portion of tusk
found in the cave of La Madelaine in the Dordogne, figured in Lartet and
Christy’s _Reliquiæ Aquitanicæ_, and in many other works bearing on the
subject of the antiquity of man.
[283] Cuvier, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. viii. p. 270 (1806).
[284] This, and the larger number of ridges in the latter, are the only
absolute distinctions which Falconer could find between _Mastodon_ and
_Elephas_ (_Palæont. Memoirs_, ii. p. 9), and it is clear that they are
somewhat arbitrary. The line between the two genera is drawn at this
point more as a matter of convenience for descriptive purposes than as
indicating any great natural break in the sequence of modifications of
the same type.
[285] Also found beyond the extreme north-western frontier of India.
[286] Kaup, _Isis_, vol. xxii. p. 401 (1829).
[287] Leidy, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad._ 1872, p 169.
[288] For detailed descriptions and figures of this group, see Marsh,
“Monograph of the Dinocerata,” _Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv._ vol. x. (1884).
[289] Owen, _Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds_, p. 299 (1846).
[290] See G. E. Dobson, _Journ. Anat. Phys._ vol. xvii.
[291] Waterhouse, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1842, p. 124.
[292] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 8.
[293] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 86 (1766).
[294] Gray, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ ser. 3, vol. xx. p. 272 (1867).
[295] Hemprich and Ehrenberg, _Symbol. Phys. Mamm._ vol. i. (1832).
[296] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm._ p. 83 (1811).
[297] Some American zoologists have recently proposed to raise a large
number of the forms usually regarded as local races to the rank of
species.
[298] Cuvier, _Leçons d’Anatomie Comp._ (1800).
[299] Cuvier, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. x. p. 126 (1825).
[300] O. Thomas, _Journ. As. Soc. Bengal_, vol. lvii. p. 256 (1888).
[301] Schreber, _Säugethiere_, vol. iv. p. 721 (1792).
[302] Rafinesque, _Amer. Monthly Mag._ vol. ii. p. 45 (1817).
[303] F. Cuvier, _Mém. du Muséum_, vol. vi. p. 293 (1822).
[304] Richardson, _Zool. Journ._ vol. iv. p. 334 (1829). Amended.
[305] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 78 (1766).
[306] For a monograph of the _Myoxidæ_, see C. L. Reuvens, _Die Myoxidæ_,
etc., 4to, Leyden, 1890.
[307] Schreber, _Säugethiere_, vol. iv. p. 824 (1792).
[308] Wagner, _Abh. baier. Akad._ vol. iii. p. 179 (1843).
[309] F. Cuvier, _Mammifères_, 60ᵐᵉ livr. (1845).
[310] Jentink, _Notes Leyd. Mus._ vol. x. p. 41 (1888).
[311] Kaup, _Entwickl. Europ. Thierwelt_, p. 139 (1829).
[312] A. Milne-Edwards, _L’Institut_, vol. xxxv. p. 46 (1867).
[313] _Sminthus_ is referred to the _Dipodidæ_.
[314] Geoffrey, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. vi. p. 81 (1805).
[315] For the anatomy of this animal see B. C. A. Windle, _Proc. Zool.
Soc._ 1887, p. 53.
[316] O. Thomas, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 247.
[317] Blyth, _Proc. As. Soc. Bengal_, vol. xxviii. p. 289 (1859).
[318] Desmarest, _Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat._ vol. xxiv. p. 22 (1804).
[319] Lataste, _Le Nat._ vol. i. p. 314 (1880).
[320] Wagner, _Wiegmann’s Archiv_, 1841, p. 132.
[321] F. Cuvier, _Dents des Mammifères_, p. 168 (1825).
[322] Peters, _Monatsber. Ak. Berlin_, 1875, p. 12.
[323] A. Milne-Edwards, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ sér. 6, vol. xi. p. 9 (1877).
[324] _Nesocia_ was included by Alston in this subfamily.
[325] Waterhouse, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1839, p. 108.
[326] Andrew Smith, _S. African Quart. Journ._ vol. ii. p. 158 (1834).
[327] Peters, _Reise n. Mossambique_, vol. i. p. 162 (1852).
[328] Peters, _Monatsber. Ak. Berlin_, 1874, p. 234.
[329] Cuvier, _Règne Animal_, vol. i. p. 198 (1817).
[330] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1888, p. 133.
[331] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 451.
[332] Brandt, _Mém. Acad. Imp. St. Pétersbourg_, sér. 3, iii. p. 428
(1835).
[333] Say and Ord, _Journ. Acad. Philad._ vol. iv. p. 352 (1825).
[334] Waterhouse, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1837, p. 29.
[335] Coues, _Proc. Acad. Philad._ 1874, p. 184.
[336] Say and Ord, _Journ. Acad. Philad._ vol. iv. p. 346 (1825).
[337] Grandidier, _Rev. and Mag. Zool._ 1869, p. 388.
[338] Peters, _Sitzber. Ges. Nat. Freunde_, 1870, p. 54 (1871).
[339] Günther, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1875, p. 79.
[340] Jentink, _Notes Leyd. Mus._ vol. i. p. 107, note 27 (1879).
[341] Milne-Edwards, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ sér. 6, vol. xx. art. 1, _bis_, p.
1 (1886).
[342] Merriam, _Fauna of North America_, No. 2, p. 28 (1889).
[343] Lacépède, _Mém. de l’Institut_, vol. iii. p. 495 (1801). Many
writers employ the earlier name _Microtus_ for the true Voles.
[344] Baird, _Mamm. North America_, pp. xliv. 558 (1857).
[345] Pallas, _Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat._ vol. i. p. 173 (1811).
[346] Wagler, _Isis_, 1832, p. 1220.
[347] Cuvier, _Leçons d’Anatomie Compar._ tab. 1 (1800).
[348] True, _Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus._ vol. vii. p. 170 (1884).
[349] Fischer, _Zoognosia_, vol. iii. p. 72 (1814).
[350] Brants, _Het. Geslact der Muizen_, p. 20 (1827).
[351] O. Thomas. _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1888, p. 130.
[352] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 79 (1766).
[353] Gray, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ vol. x. p. 264 (1842). Amended from
_Nesokia_.
[354] Gray, Charlesworth’s, _Mag. Nat. Hist._ vol. i. p. 586 (1837). Syn.
_Pelomys_, Peters (1852).
[355] Peters, _Monatsber. Ak. Berlin_, 1867, p. 343.
[356] O. Thomas, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1888, p. 237.
[357] Lichtenstein, _Darst. neu. Säugethiere_, pt. iv. pl. 29 (1829).
[358] O. Thomas, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ ser. 5, vol. ix. p. 413 (1882).
[359] Geoffroy, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ sér. 2, vol. x. p. 126 (1840). _Acomys._
[360] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1867, p. 599. Amended from _Echimys_.
[361] Milne-Edwards, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ sér. 6, vol. xi. p. 9 (1877).
[362] Waterhouse, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1840, p. 2.
[363] Peters, _Monatsber. Ak. Berlin_, 1846, p. 258.
[364] Güldenstädt, _Nov. Comment. Petrop._ vol. xiv. art. i. p. 409
(1770).
[365] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1830, p. 95.
[366] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm._ p. 86 (1811).
[367] Illiger, _loc. cit._ p. 87.
[368] O. Thomas, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1890, p. 448 = _Heliophobius_;
Peters, _Monatsber. Ak. Berlin_, 1846, p. 243.—Preoccupied.
[369] Rüppel, _Mus. Senkenb._ vol. i. Säugeth. p. 99 (1834).
[370] Including the _Saccomyidæ_ of Coues.
[371] Rafinesque, _Amer. Monthly Mag._ vol. ii. p. 45 (1817).
[372] Wied, _Nova Acta Ac. Cæs. Leop.-Car._ vol. xix. pt. i. p. 383
(1839).
[373] Gray, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ vol. vii. p. 521 (1840).
[374] Wied, _Nova Acta Ac. Cæs. Leop.-Car._ vol. xix. pt. i. p. 369
(1839).
[375] Desmarest, _Mammalogie_, p. 313 (1820).
[376] Keyserling und Blasius, _Wirbelthiere Europ._ p. 38 (1840).
[377] Coues, _Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terrs._ ser. 2, No. 5, p. 253
(1873). Syn. _Jaculus_, Wagler.
[378] Gmelin, _Syst. Nat._, vol. i. p. 157 (1788).
[379] F. Cuvier, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1836, p. 141.
[380] Brandt, _Bull. Ac. St. Pétersbourg_, 1844, p. 209.
[381] = _A. jaculus_, Auct.
[382] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm._ p. 81 (1811).
[383] Gray, _Spicilegia Zoologica_, p. 10 (1830).
[384] Blyth, _Journ. As. Soc. Bengal_, vol. xxxiv. p. 294 (1855).
[385] Bennett, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1832, p. 46.
[386] Waterhouse, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1837, p. 30. Amended from _Abrocoma_.
[387] Waterhouse, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1841, p. 91.
[388] De Blainville, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ 1826, p. 62.
[389] Wagler, _ibid._ p. 1219.
[390] Andrew Smith, _S. African Quart. Journ._ vol. ii. p. 2 (1831).
[391] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. vi. p. 81 (1805).
[392] Desmarest, _Mém. Soc. d’Hist. Nat._ vol. i. p. 44 (1822).
[393] For description and anatomy of this species see Dobson, _Proc.
Zool. Soc._ 1884, p. 233.
[394] Temminck, _Monographies des Mammifères_, vol. i. p. 245 (1827).
[395] Cuvier, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ sér. 2, vol. vi. p. 347 (1836). Amended.
[396] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm._ p. 90 (1811).
[397] Desmarest, _Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat._ vol. x. p. 45 (1817). Amended
from _Echimys_.
[398] Wagner, _Wiegmann’s Archiv_, 1845, pt. 2, p. 145.
[399] Geoffroy, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ sér. 2, vol. x. p. 126 (1838).
[400] F. Cuvier, _Mammifères_, 6ᵐᵉ livr. (1829).
[401] Waterhouse, _Nat. Hist. of Mamm._ vol. ii. p. 351 (1848).
[402] F. Cuvier, _Dents des Mammifères_, p. 256 (1825).
[403] F. Cuvier, _Mém. du Muséum_, vol. ix. p. 413 (1822). “Sinéthère.”
[404] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1843, p. 21.
[405] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 76 (1766).
[406] Cuvier, _Règne-Animal_, 2d ed. vol. i. p. 215 (1829). “Atherure.”
[407] Günther, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1876, p. 739.
[408] Bennett, _Gardens, etc. Zool. Soc._ pt. i. p. i. (1829).
[409] Meyer, _Nova Acta Ac. Cæs. Leop.-Car._ vol. xvi. p. 576 (1833).
[410] Brooks, _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. xvi. p. 102 (1828).
[411] Foster, _Second Rep. Geol. of Ohio_, p. 81 (1838).
[412] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm._ p. 93 (1811).
[413] F. Cuvier, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. x. p. 203 (1807).
[414] Peters, _Monatsber. Ak. Berlin_, 1873, p. 551.
[415] Pallas, _Misc. Zool._ p. 30 (1766); _ex_ Klein.
[416] Desmarest, _Mammalogie_, p. 360 (1822).
[417] Erxleben, _Syst. Règ. Animal_, p. 191 (1777); _ex_ Brisson.
[418] Cuvier, _Tabl. Élément. de l’Hist. Nat._ p. 132 (1798).
[419] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 77 (1766).
[420] From the absence of the Common Hare in Scandinavia it is considered
probable that the name _L. timidus_ was really applied to the Mountain
Hare, and some writers accordingly use the name _L. europæus_ for the
former.
[421] _Variations of Animals and Plants_, 2d ed. vol. i. p. 119.
[422] The Feræ of Linnæus included all the then known species of the
modern orders Carnivora, Insectivora, and Marsupialia.
[423] The tusks of the Walrus, altogether so aberrant in its dentition,
are partial exceptions to this statement, but in old individuals the
pulp-cavity fills up, and they cease to grow.
[424] See Flower, “On the Value of the Characters of the Base of the
Cranium in the Classification of the Order _Carnivora_,” _Proc. Zool.
Soc._ 1869, p. 4; Mivart, “On the Classification and Distribution of
the _Æluroidea_,” _ibid._ 1882, pp. 135 and 459; see also _The Cat, an
Introduction to the Study of Backboned Animals, especially Mammals_, by
the same author, 1881.
[425] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 60 (1766).
[426] _The Cat_, pp. 392-426 (1881).
[427] _Fauna of British India_, “Mammalia,” pp. 56-90 (1888).
[428] _Zoology and Geology of Eastern Persia_ (1876).
[429] See Blanford, _Fauna of British India_, “Mammalia,” p. 57 (1883).
[430] _Transactions of the Zoological Society_, vol. i. p. 165 (1835).
[431] _A Hunter’s Wanderings in Africa_, 1881, p. 258.
[432] Mr. Selous, whose opportunities for obtaining evidence upon this
subject were very large, says that in the region of South Africa,
between the Zambesi and the Limpopo rivers, he never saw a lion with
any long hair under the body, and that the manes of the wild lions of
that district are far inferior in development to those commonly seen in
menageries in Europe.
[433] _The Lion and the Elephant_, 1873, p. 19.
[434] Hon. W. H. Drummond, _The Large Game and Natural History of South
and South-East Africa_, 1875, p. 278.
[435] _Fauna of British India_, “Mammalia,” p. 59 (1888).
[436] See W. T. Blanford, _Fauna of British India_, “Mammalia,” p. 69
(1888).
[437] _Monographs of the Palæontographical Society_, 1872.
[438] Syn. _F. macrocelis_.
[439] Syn. _F. maniculata_ and _caligata_.
[440] Wagler, _Syst. Amphib._ etc. p. 30 (1830).
[441] Bennett, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. i. p. 137 (1833).
[442] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 63 (1766).
[443] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1864, p. 518.
[444] Cuvier, _Règne-Animal_, vol. i. p. 156 (1817).
[445] Horsfield, _Zool. Research. Java_ (1824).—_Prionodontidæ._
[446] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1864, p. 520.
[447] F. Cuvier, _Hist. Nat. des Mammifères_, No. 186 (1821).
[448] See W. T. Blanford, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1885, p. 780.
[449] _Fauna of British India_, “Mammalia,” p. 108 (1888).
[450] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1864, p. 542, _ex_ Petero.
[451] Jourdan, _Comptes Rendus_, vol. v. p. 442 (1837). Amended.
[452] Temminck, _Prospectus de Monographies des Mammifères_, March 1824;
_Monographies_, vol. i. p. xxi. (1827).
[453] Gray, _List of Mamm. Brit. Mus._ p. 54 (1843).
[454] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1836, p. 88.
[455] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm._ p. 135 (1811).
[456] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1861, p. 308.
[457] Peters, _Mith. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin_, 19th November 1850.
[458] Ogilby, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1833, p. 48.
[459] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1864, p. 573.
[460] F. Cuvier, _Hist. Nat. des Mammifères_, No. 199 (1825).
[461] Desmarest, “Tabl. Méth. Mamm.” in _Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat._ vol.
xxiv. (1804).
[462] Geoffroy, _Comptes Rendus_, 1837, p. 578.
[463] Geoffroy, _Mag. de Zool._ 1839, pp. 27, 37.
[464] Doyère, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ vol. iv. p. 281 (1835).
[465] Jourdan, _Comptes Rendus_, 1837, p. 422. Amended.
[466] Geoffroy, _Mém. du Muséum_, vol. xi. p. 354 (1824).
[467] For Anatomy of _Proteles_ see Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1869, p.
474.
[468] Zimmermann, _Specimen Zoologiæ Geographicæ_, p. 365 (1777).
[469] _Fauna of British India_, “Mammalia,” p. 133 (1888).
[470] The anatomical peculiarities of _Hyæna crocuta_ have been fully
elucidated in a series of papers by Morrison Watson in the _Proceedings
of the Zoological Society_ for 1877, 1878, 1879, and 1881, in which
references to previous authors on the subject will be found.
[471] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 56 (1766).
[472] In Domestic Dogs a hallux is frequently developed, though often in
a rudimentary condition, the phalanges and claw being suspended loosely
in the skin, without direct connection with the other bones of the foot;
it is called by dog-fanciers the “dew claw.”
[473] _Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond._, 1880, p. 238. See also Mivart, _Dogs,
Jackals, Wolves, and Foxes; a Monograph of the Canidæ_ (1890).
[474] _Fauna of British India_, “Mammalia,” pp. 153, 154 (1888).
[475] Brookes, _Griffith’s Animal Kingdom_, vol. v. p. 151 (1827).
[476] Lund, _K. Danks. Vid. Selsk. Afhand._ vol. xi. p. 62 (1845).
[477] Lichtenstein, _Wiegmann’s Archiv._ 1838, vol. i. p. 290.
[478] _Arch. Mus. Lyon._ vol. iii. art. 1, p. 85 (1881).
[479] _Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc._ vol. xviii. p. 452 (1880).
[480] For full details of the Arctoidea see Mivart, _Proc. Zool. Soc._
1885, p. 340.
[481] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 69 (1766).
[482] Meyer, _Uebersicht d. neu. Zool. Entdeckungen_, etc. p. 155 (1793).
[483] A. Milne-Edwards, _Nouv. Arch. du Muséum_, vol. vii. _Bull._ p. 88
(1871). Amended from “Ailuropus.”
[484] F. Cuvier, _Hist. Nat. des Mammifères_ (1825). Amended from
“Ailurus.” For anatomy, see Flower, _Proc. Zool. Soc._, 1870, p. 752.
[485] _Fauna of British India_, “Mammalia,” p. 189 (1888).
[486] Storr, _Prodromus Meth. Mamm._ p. 35 (1780).
[487] A corruption of the North American Indian “arrathkune” or
“arathcone.” The French _raton_ or _raton laveur_, German _Waschbär_, and
other European names are derived from a curious habit the Raccoon has of
dipping or washing its food in water before eating it.
[488] Lichtenstein, _Isis_, 1831, p. 512.
[489] Allen, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad._ 1876, p. 20.
[490] Storr, _Prodromus Meth. Mamm._ p. 35 (1780).
[491] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_, p. 127 (1811).
[492] Also in two other species noticed below. One extinct Otter has two
upper molars.
[493] Erxleben, _Syst. Règn. Animal_, p. 445 (1777).
[494] See Thomas, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 190.
[495] The synonymy of this species is not settled, and the adoption of
the name given here only preliminary.
[496] Gloger, _Nova Acta Ac. Cæs. Leop.-Car._ vol. xiii. pt. 2, p. 511
(1827): Syn. _Enhydra_; Fleming, _Philosophy of Zoology_, vol. ii. p. 187
(1822). Preoccupied by _Enhydris_, Merrem, _Tent. Syst. Amphib._ p. 140
(1820).
[497] Cuvier, “Tabl. de Classif.” in _Leçons d’Anat. Compar._ vol. i.
(1800).
[498] Gray, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ ser. 2, vol. i. p. 581 (1837).
[499] F. Cuvier, _Hist. Nat. des Mammifères_ (1825).
[500] Possibly the name should be Bálu-soor (Sand-pig).
[501] F. Cuvier, _Hist. Nat. des Mammifères_ (1825).
[502] Storr, _Prodromus Meth. Mamm._ p. 34 (1780).
[503] Waterhouse, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1838, p. 154.
[504] Storr, _Prodromus Meth. Mamm._ p. 34 (1780).
[505] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1831, p. 94.
[506] Garrod, _ibid._ 1879, pl. xxix.
[507] Kaup, _Thierreich_, vol. i. p. 352 (1835).
[508] Bell, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1837, p. 45.
[509] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 66 (1766).
[510] By all old authors of authority, as Ray, Pennant, Shaw, and
Fleming, the word is written “Martin,” but this form of spelling is
now generally reserved by way of distinction for the bird. The term
“Marten-Cat,” often used, is a misnomer.
[511] See Rolleston, “On the Domestic Cats, _Felis domesticus_ and
_Mustela foina_, of Ancient and Modern Times,” _Journal of Anatomy and
Physiology_, vol. ii. p. 47, 1868.
[512] O. Thomas, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ ser. 5, vol. xi. p. 370 (1883).
[513] Gervais, _Dict. Univ. d’Hist. Nat._ t. iv. p. 685 (1849).
[514] Storr, _Prodromus Meth. Mamm._ p. 34 (1780).
[515] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1885, p. 497.
[516] Péron, _Voyage aux Terres Australes_, vol. ii. p. 37 note (1816).
[517] “On the structure of Hooker’s Sea-Lion (_Arctocephalus hookeri_),”
_Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. xii. p. 369 (1890).
[518] Linn, _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 49 (1766).
[519] The former word is a modification of the Scandinavian _vallross_ or
_hvalros_ (“whale-horse”), the latter an adaptation of the Russian name
for the animal.
[520] Nilsson, _Faun. Scandinav._ vol. i. p. 377 (1820).
[521] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 55 (1766).
[522] Fleming, _Philosophy of Zoology_, vol. ii. p. 187 (1822).
[523] For details of these and the other genera see Mivart, _Proc. Zool.
Soc._ 1885, p. 486, _et seq._
[524] Peters, _Monatsb. K. P. Akad. Wissensch. zu Berlin_, p. 393 (1875),
substituted for _Stenorhynchus_, F. Cuvier; preoccupied for a genus of
Crustacea.
[525] Gray, _Zoology of Erebus and Terror_, vol. i. p. 5 (1844).
[526] New name, _Syn. Leptonyx_, Gray, _Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist._
vol. i. p. 582 (1837); preoccupied by Swainson, 1821.
[527] Gray, _Zoology of Erebus and Terror_, vol. i. p. 7 (1844).
[528] Nilsson, _Faun. Scandinav._ vol. i. p. 382 (1820).
[529] F. Cuvier, _Mém. du Muséum_, vol. xi. p. 200 (1824), “Macrorhine.”
[530] Pallas, _Acta Acad. Sci. Imp. Petropolis_, vol. iv. pt. 1, p. 208
(1780).
[531] _Ueber die Säugethiergattung Galeopithecus._ _Sv. Ak. Handl._ vol.
xxi. pt. xi. (1886).
[532] Raffles, _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. xiii. p. 256 (1822).
[533] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1848, p. 23.
[534] Andrew Smith, _S. African Quart. Journ._ vol. ii. No. 1, p. 64
(1833).
[535] The above correct formula of the dentition of this family has been
recently worked out by O. Thomas, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1890, pp. 445, 446.
[536] Peters, _Bericht k. preuss. Ak. Wiss._ 1847, p. 36.
[537] Horsfield and Vigors, _Zool. Journ._ vol. iii. p. 246 (1828).
[538] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 75 (1766).
[539] Originally given incorrectly as _Neurogymnurus_.
[540] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1890, p. 49.
[541] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 73 (1766).
[542] Syn. _S. minutus_.
[543] Blyth, _Journ. As. Soc. Bengal_, vol. xxiv. p. 36 (1855).
[544] Coues, _Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terrs._ vol. iii. p. 646 (1877).
[545] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1837, p. 124.
[546] Wagler, _Isis_, 1832, p. 275.
[547] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1837, p. 124.
[548] Wagler, _Isis_, 1832, p. 275.
[549] Brandt, in _Lehmann’s Reise.-Zool. Anh._ p. 299 (1852).
[550] Milne-Edwards, _Comptes Rendus_, vol lxx. p. 341 (1870).
[551] Anderson, _Journ. As. Soc. Bengal_, vol. xlvi. p. 262 (1877).
[552] Milne-Edwards, _Comptes Rendus_, vol. lxx. p. 341 (1870).
[553] Cuvier, “Tabl. de Classif.” in _Leçons d’Anat. Compar._ vol. i.
(1800).
[554] Temminck, _Fauna Japonica_, vol. i. p. 22 (1842).
[555] Milne-Edwards, _Arch. du Muséum_, vol. vii. Bull. p. 92 (1872).
[556] Cuvier, “Tabl. de Classif.” in _Leçon d’Anat. Comp._ vol. i. (1800).
[557] Pomel, _Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat._ vol. ix. p. 247 (1848).
[558] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_. p. 125 (1811).
[559] Milne-Edwards, _N. Arch. du Muséum_, vol. vii. Bull. p. 92 (1872).
[560] Linn, _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. p. 73 (1766).
[561] The following account is taken almost entirely from Dr. Dobson.
[562] Du Chaillu, _Proc. Boston Soc. Hist. Nat._ vol. vii. p. 363 (1860).
[563] Milne-Edwards, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ vol. xv. p. 5 (1872).
[564] Brandt, _Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg_, 1833, vol. ii. p. 459.
[565] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_, p. 124 (1811).
[566] Mivart, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1871, p. 72.
[567] I. Geoffroy, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ sér. 2, vol. viii. p. 60 (1837).
[568] Thomas, _Journ. Linn. Soc.—Zool._ vol. xvi. p. 319 (1882).
[569] Grandidier, _Rev. and Mag. Zool._ 1870, p. 50.
[570] Lacépède, _Mém. de l’Institut_, vol. iii. p. 493 (1801—read 1799).
[571] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1888, p. 473.
[572] Bennett, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. ii. p. 38 (1835).
[573] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xv. p. 90 (1810).—_Ex._ Brisson.
[574] Gray, _List. Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus._ pp. 37, 38 (1843): Syn.
_Cynonycteris_.
[575] Jentink, _Notes Leyd. Mus._ vol. i. p. 117 (1879).—Amended.
[576] F. Cuvier, _Dents des Mammifères_, p. 39 (1825).
[577] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_, p. 118 (1811).
[578] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xvi. p. 99 (1810).
[579] O. Thomas, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ ser. 6, vol. i. p. 155 (1888).
[580] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1859, p. 36.
[581] Dobson, _Journ. As. Soc. Bengal_, vol. xlii. p. 204 (1873).
[582] New name: Syn. _Macroglossus_, F. Cuvier, _Dents des Mammifères_,
p. 40 (1825). Preoccupied by _Macroglossum_, Scopoli, 1777.
[583] Dobson, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1877, p. 119.
[584] O. Thomas, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ ser. 5, vol. xix. p. 417 (1887).
[585] Jentink, _Notes Leyd. Mus._ vol. xi. p. 209 (1889).
[586] New name: Syn. _Megaloglossus_; Pagenstecher, _J. B. Mus. Hamburg_,
vol. ii. p. 125 (1885). Preoccupied by _Megaglossa_, Rond., 1865.
[587] Geoffroy, _Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat._ vol. xix. p. 383 (1803).
[588] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1834, p. 53. The Bats of this genus are
usually described as _Phyllorhina_, but this use has been shown to be
incorrect; see Blanford, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1887, p. 637.
[589] O. Thomas, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ ser. 6, vol. i. p. 156 (1888).
[590] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1847, p. 16.
[591] Dobson, _Journ. As. Soc. Bengal_, vol. xl. p. 455 (1871).
[592] Blyth, _Journ. As. Soc. Bengal_, vol. xvii. p. 251 (1848).
[593] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xv. p. 197 (1810).
[594] Geoffroy, _Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat._ vol. xv. p. 501 (1803).
[595] Geoffroy, _Descript. de l’Egypte_, vol. ii. p. 112 (1812).
[596] Keyserling and Blasius, _Wirbelthiere Europ._ p. 55 (1840).
[597] Peters, _Monatsber. Ak. Berlin_, 1859, p. 222.
[598] Leach, _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. xiii. p. 78 (1822).
[599] Allen, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad._ 1862, p. 247.
[600] Keyserling and Blasius, _Wiegmann’s Archiv_, 1839, p. 312.
[601] Peters, _Monatsber. Ak. Berlin_, 1866, p. 672.
[602] Leach, _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. xiii. p. 71 (1822).
[603] See O. Thomas, _Ann. Mus. Genova_ (2), vol. ix. pp. 84-88 (1890).
[604] Rafinesque, _Journ. de Physique_, vol. lxxxviii. p. 417 (1819).
[605] Rafinesque, _Précis des Decouvértes et Trav. Somiol._ p. 12 (1814).
[606] Gray, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ vol. x. p. 259 (1842).
[607] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 46 (1766).
[608] Gray, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ vol. x. p. 258 (1842), _Kerivoula_.
[609] Gray, _Mag. Zool. Bot._ vol. ii. p. 496 (1838).
[610] Bonaparte, _Fauna Italica_, fasc. xxi. (1837).
[611] Spix, _Sim. and Vesp. Bresil_, p. 61 (1823).
[612] A. Milne-Edwards, _Bull. Soc. Philom._ sér. 7, vol. ii. p. 1 (1878).
[613] Bonaparte, _Faun. Ital._ vol. i. (1832-41): Syn. _Furia_, F.
Cuvier, _Mém. du Muséum_, vol. xvi. p. 150 (1828). Preoccupied by Linn.
1766.
[614] Peters, _Monatsber. Ak. Berlin_, 1877, p. 185.
[615] Temminck (Van der Hoeven), _Tijdsch. Nat. Ges._ 1839, p. 22.
[616] Peters, _Monatsber. Ak. Berlin_, 1867, p. 479.
[617] Peters, _loc. cit._ p. 477.
[618] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_, p. 121 (1811).
[619] Geoffroy, _Descript. de l’Egypte_, vol. ii. p. 126 (1812).
[620] Wied, _Isis_, 1819, p. 1629.
[621] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 88 (1766).
[622] Geoffroy, _Descript. de l’Egypte_, vol. ii. p. 123 (1812).
[623] Horsfield, _Zool. Research Java_ (1824).
[624] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. vi. p. 154 (1805).
[625] Geoffroy, _Descript. de l’Egypte_, vol. ii. p. 114 (1812).
[626] New name: Syn. _Mystacina_; Gray, _Voyage of the “Sulphur,”_
“Mamm.” p. 23 (1843). Preoccupied by _Mystacina_, Boie, 1822.
[627] Gray, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ vol. iv. p. 4 (1839).
[628] Leach, _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. xiii. p. 76 (1820-22).—Amended.
[629] Tomes, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1863, p. 81.
[630] New name: Syn. _Macrotus_; Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1843, p. 21.
Preoccupied by _Macrotis_, Dej. 1833.
[631] New name: Syn. _Macrophyllum_; Gray, _Mag. Zool. Bot._ vol. ii. p.
489 (1838). Preoccupied by _Macrophylla_, Hope, 1837.
[632] Leach, _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. xiii. pp. 74, 75 (1822). For the
references to the other genera see Dobson, _Cat. Chiropt. Brit. Mus._
[633] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1866, p. 113. Syn. _Schizostoma_; Gervais,
1855. Preoccupied by Broun, 1835.
[634] New name: Syn. _Tylostoma_; Gervais, 1855. Preoccupied by Sharpe,
1849.
[635] Gervais, Castlenau’s _Exped.-Zool._ p. 43 (1855): Syn. _Carollia_,
Gray, 1838. Preoccupied by _Carolia_, Cantraine, 1837.
[636] The references to the genera of this and the following division
will be found in Dobson’s _Catalogue_.
[637] New name: Syn. _Ischnoglossa_, Saussure, 1860. Preoccupied by
Kraatz, 1856.
[638] Wied, _Beitr. Natgesch. Brasil_, vol. ii. p. 231 (1826).
[639] Spix, _Sim. et Vesp. Brasil_, p. 68 (1823).
[640] For the arguments in favour of placing the Lemurs in a separate
order see Milne-Edwards, “Observations sur quelques points de
l’embryologie des Lemuriens et sur les affinités zoologiques de ces
animaux,” in the _Ann. des Sciences Nat._ October 1871; and P. Gervais,
“Encephale des Lemures,” in _Journ. de Zoologie_, tom. i. p. 7. For those
for retaining them among the Primates, see Mivart, “On _Lepilemur_ and
_Chirogaleus_, and on the Zoological Rank of the Lemuroidea,” in _Proc.
Zool. Soc._ 1873, p. 484.
[641] Geoffroy, _Mag. Encyclop._ 2d ann. vol. i. p. 46 (1796), “Indri.”
[642] Bennett, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1832, p. 20.
[643] Jourdan, _Mém. de l’Institut_, vol. ii. p. 231 (1834).
[644] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 44 (1766).
[645] _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1879, p. 132.
[646] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1870, p. 829.
[647] I. Geoffroy, _Cat. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris_, p. 75 (1851). Amended
from _Lepilemur_.
[648] _Monatsb. Ak. Berlin_, 1874, p. 690.
[649] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xix. p. 171 (1812).
[650] Geoffroy, _Mag. Encyclop._ 2d ann. vol. i. p. 49 (1796).
[651] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xix. pp. 162, 163 (1812).
[652] For the anatomy of this genus, see J. L. C. Shroeder van der Kolk
and W. Vrolik, “Recherches d’Anatomie comparée sur le genre _Stenops_
d’Illiger,” in _Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde_, Part 1, Amsterdam, 1848-54.
[653] Geoffroy, _Mag. Encyclop._ 2d ann. vol. i. p. 48 (1796).
[654] _Mammalia of British India_, p. 48 (1888).
[655] Bennett, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1839, p. 109.
[656] For the anatomy of _P. potto_, see Van der Hoeven and Van Campen
(_Ontleedkundige Onderzoek van den Potto van Bosman_, 1859) for _P.
calabarensis_, Huxley, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1864, p. 314.
[657] Storr, _Prodromus Meth. Mamm._ (1780).
[658] H. Burmeister, _Beiträge zur nähreren Kenntniss der gattung
Tarsius_, 1846.
[659] Cuvier, “Table de Class.” in _Leçons d’Anat. Comp._ vol. i. (1800).
[660] It was first named _Daubentonia_ by Geoffroy; but this name
was withdrawn by its author in favour of _Chiromys_, as it had been
previously given to a genus in the vegetable kingdom. This would not,
however, constitute preoccupation according to the modern rules of
nomenclature.
[661] R. Owen, “On the Aye-aye,” in _Trans. Zool. Soc._ 1862, vol. v.
p. 33; W. Peters, “Ueber die Säugethiergattung _Chiromys_,” in _Abhand.
Königl. Akad. der Wissenschaften_, Berlin, 1865, p. 79.
[662] One specimen has been seen with only three lower premolars.
[663] Article Ape, _Encyclopædia Britannica_, ninth edition.
[664] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_, p. 71 (1811).
[665] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xix. p. 120 (1812).
[666] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_, p. 70 (1811).
[667] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xix. p. 115 (1812).
[668] Gray, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1849, p. 9. Amended from _Ouakaria_: Syn.
_Brachyurus_; Spix, _Sim. et Vesp. Brasil_, p. 11 (1823). Preoccupied by
Fischer, 1814.
[669] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xix. p. 112 (1812).
[670] Kaup, _Thierreich_, vol i. p. 51 (1835).
[671] Spix, _Sim. et Vesp. Brasil_, p. 25 (1823).
[672] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. vii. p. 260 (1806).
[673] I. Geoffroy, _Dict. Class._ vol. xv. p. 443 (1829).
[674] Geoffrey, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xix. p. 106 (1812).
[675] Erxleben, _Syst. Règne Animal_, p. 44 (1777).
[676] Lacépède, “Nouv. tabl. méth.” (1799) in _Mém. de l’Institut_, vol.
iii. p. 490 1801.
[677] “‘Mandrill’ seems to signify a ‘man-like Ape,’ the word ‘Drill’
or ‘Dril’ having been anciently employed in England to denote an Ape or
Baboon. Thus in the fifth edition of Blount’s ‘_Glossographia_, or a
dictionary interpreting the hard words of whatsoever language now used
in our refined English tongue ... very useful for all such as desire
to understand what they read,’ published in 1681, I find ‘Dril, a
stonecutter’s tool wherewith he bores little holes in marble, etc. Also a
large overgrown Ape and Baboon, so called.’ ‘Drill’ is used in the same
sense in Charlton’s _Onomasticon Zoicon_, 1668. The singular etymology of
the word given by Buffon seems hardly a probable one.”—Huxley’s _Man’s
Place in Nature_, p. 10, 1863.
[678] I. Geoffroy, _Arch. du Muséum_, vol. ii. p. 576 (1841).
[679] I. Geoffroy, _Voyage de Belanger_, p. 66 (1834).
[680] Lacépède, _Mém. de l’Institut_, vol. iii. p. 450 (1801). Amended.
[681] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xix. p. 97 (1812).
[682] Erxleben, _Syst. Règne. Animal_, p. 22 (1777).
[683] Or _Colobinæ_.
[684] Geoffroy, _Ann. du Muséum_, vol. xix. p. 90 (1812).
[685] F. Cuvier, _Hist. Nat. des Mammifères_ (1821), “Semno-pithèque.”
[686] Separated generically by some writers as _Rhinopithecus_.
[687] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_, p. 69 (1811).
[688] Wagner, _Gelehrte Anzeigen_, vol. viii. No. 38, p. 310 (1839).
[689] Depéret, _Comptes Rendus_, vol. cix. p. 982 (1889); see also _Mém.
Soc. Géol. France_, “Palæontologie,” vol. i. (1890).
[690] Gervais, _Comptes Rendus_, vol. lxxiv. p. 1217 (1872).
[691] Scimmie Fossili Italiane, _Boll. Comm. Geol._ 1890.
[692] Illiger, _Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium_, p. 67 (1811).
[693] Linn. _Syst. Nat._ 12th ed. vol. i. p. 34 (1766).
[694] A Malay word, signifying “Man of the Woods.”
[695] One skeleton in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons has
five lumbar vertebræ, and has thus given rise to the statement that the
number of vertebræ in the Orang is the same as in Man.
[696] I. Geoffroy, _Comptes Rendus_, vol. xxxiv. p. 84 (1852).
[697] De Blainville, _Leçons Orales_ (1839). The Chimpanzees have been
very generally described under the name of _Troglodytes_, but since this
name is preoccupied for a genus of birds, it is incumbent to follow the
strict rule, and adopt the name _Anthropopithecus_, although both the
present writers have elsewhere expressed the opposite opinion.
[698] Lartet, _Comptes Rendus_, vol. xliii. p. 219 (1856).
[699] _Mém. Soc. Géol. France_, “Palæontologie,” vol. i. Mém. No. 1
(1890).
[700] _Man’s Place in Nature_, 1863, and _Anatomy of Vertebrated
Animals_, 1871. See also the more recent investigations of Broca into the
comparative structure of Man and the higher Apes, published mostly in the
_Revue d’Anthropologie_.
[701] “On the Classification of the Varieties of the Human Species,” by
W. H. Flower, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain
and Ireland_, May 1885.
[702] The Malay of Blumenbach was a strange conglomeration of the then
little known Australian, Papuan, and true Malay types.
[703] No one can have seen a group of Botocudos from Brazil or of
natives of Tierra del Fuego without being struck by their markedly
Mongolian external characteristics.
INDEX
Aard-Wolf, 540
Aard-Vark, 211
Absorbent system, 63
_Acanthoglossus_, 125
_Acanthomys_, 476
_Aceratherium_, 411
_Achænodon_, 292
_Achyrodon_, 114
_Acrobates_, 155
_Acrotherium_, 440
_Adapis_, 697
_Adapisorex_, 634
_Adapisoricidæ_, 634
_Adapisoriculus_, 634
_Addax_, 345
_Adenota_, 339
_Adinotherium_, 440
_Ælurictis_, 524
_Ælurodon_, 562
_Æluroidea_, 501
_Æluropus_, 560
_Ælurus_, 562
_Æpyceros_, 341
_Æpyprymnus_, 164
_Agabelus_, 260
Agouti, 488
_Agriochœrus_, 293
Ai, 182
Air-sacs, 68
_Alactaga_, 480
Albinism, 10
_Alcelaphus_, 334
_Alces_, 326
Allantois, 77
_Allodon_, 111
_Allops_, 413
Allotheria, 109
Alpaca, 303
_Amblotherium_, 114
Amblypoda, 436
_Amorphochilus_, 666
_Amphictis_, 539
_Amphicyon_, 555
_Amphidozotherium_, 634
_Amphilestes_, 114
_Amphiperatherium_, 135
_Amphisorex_, 628
_Amphitherium_, 114
_Amphitragulus_, 330
_Amynodon_, 412
_Anaptomorphus_, 697
_Anchilophus_, 376
_Anchippodus_, 441
_Anchitherium_, 376
Ancylopoda, 413
_Ancylotherium_, 413
_Anoa_, 361
_Anomaluridæ_, 449
_Anomalurus_, 449
_Anoplotheriidæ_, 293
_Anoplotherium_, 294
Anteater, 191
Scaly, 205
Antebrachium, 47
_Antechinomys_, 139
Antelopes, 334
_Anthops_, 657
_Anthorhina_, 674
_Anthracotheriidæ_, 292
Anthropoidea, 699
_Anthropopithecus_, 736
_Antilocapra_, 333
_Antilocapridæ_, 333
_Antilope_, 340
Antlers, 308
_Antrozous_, 661
_Anurosorex_, 626
Aoudad, 356
Apar, 199
Ape, 699
_Aphelops_, 411
_Aphelotherium_, 697
_Archælurus_, 524
Archæoceti, 246
_Archæomys_, 484
_Archizonurus_, 157
_Arctictis_, 534
_Arctocebus_, 693
_Arctocephalus_, 595
_Arctocyon_, 609
_Arctocyonidæ_, 609
_Arctogale_, 533
Arctoidea, 556
Arctomyinæ, 454
_Arctomys_, 454
_Arctonyx_, 574
_Arctotherium_, 561
Argali, 355
Armadillo, 195
_Artibeus_, 676
Artiodactyla, 275
_Arvicola_, 466
Arvicolinæ, 465
Ass, 383
_Atalapha_, 663
_Ateles_, 715
_Atherura_, 487
_Auchenia_, 298
_Aulacodus_, 483
_Aulaxinuus_, 723
Aurochs, 367
Australasian region, 102
_Avahis_, 686
Axis, 320
Aye-aye, 695
_Babirusa_, 287
Baboon, 719
_Bachitherium_, 307
Badger, 575
American, 576
Sand, 575
_Balæna_, 236
_Balænidæ_, 234
_Balænodon_, 251
Balænoidea, 234
_Balænoptera_, 242
_Balænotus_, 240
Bandicoot, 141
Banteng, 365
_Bassaricyon_, 566
_Bassaris_, 566
Bats, 641
_Bathyergus_, 478
_Bdeogale_, 537
Bear, 558
Beaver, 458
Beisa, 343
Beluga, 262
_Berardius_, 256
_Bettongia_, 163
Bharal, 356
_Bibos_, 360
Bighorn, 355
Binturong, 534
Bison, 362
Black-Fish, 269
Bladder, 69
_Blarina_, 624
_Blastomeryx_, 330
Blaubok, 343
Blessbok, 335
Blood, 63
_Bolodon_, 111
_Boncia_, 653
Bontebok, 334
Bosch-Vark, 286
_Boselaphus_, 345
_Bothriolabis_, 291
Bottlenose, 253, 270
_Bovidæ_, 334
Brachium, 47
_Brachyphylla_, 675
_Brachytarsomys_, 465
_Brachyurus_, 712
_Bradypodidæ_, 179
_Bradypus_, 181
Brain, 69
_Bramatherium_, 333
Brocket, 330
_Brontotherium_, 413
Bruta, 176
_Bubalus_, 361
_Budorcas_, 351
Buffalo, 361
Bush-dog, 553
Cachalot, 249
_Cadurcotherium_, 412
Cæcum, 59
_Cælogenys_, 489
_Cænopithecus_, 696
_Cænotheriidæ_, 294
_Cænotherium_, 294
_Callinycteris_, 655
_Callithrix_, 713
_Callophoca_, 606
_Calomys_, 463
_Caloprymnus_, 164
_Calotragus_, 339
Camel, 296
_Camelidæ_, 295
_Camelus_, 296
_Canidæ_, 544
_Canis_, 546
_Capra_, 352
_Capreolus_, 327
_Capromys_, 482
Capybara, 491
Caracal, 518
_Cardiatherium_, 491
_Cardiomys_, 491
_Cariacus_, 329
Caribou, 324
Carnivora, 496
_Carollia_, 674
_Carponycteris_, 654
Carpus, 48
_Carterodon_, 484
_Castor_, 457
_Castoridæ_, 457
_Castoroididæ_, 488
_Castoroides_, 488
Cat, 517
_Cavia_, 489
_Caviidæ_, 489
Cavy, 490
_Cayluxotherium_, 621
_Cebidæ_, 711
_Cebochœrus_, 292
_Cebus_, 717
Cement, 15
_Centetes_, 637
_Centetidæ_, 637
_Centurio_, 676
_Cephalogale_, 562
_Cephalophus_, 338
_Cephalorhynchus_, 266
_Cephalotes_, 653
_Cercocebus_, 723
_Cercoleptes_, 567
_Cercomys_, 483
_Cercopithecidæ_, 718
_Cercopithecus_, 724
_Cerivoula_, 664
_Cervalces_, 327
_Cervicapra_, 340
_Cervidæ_, 313
_Cervinæ_, 316
_Cervulus_, 316
_Cervus_, 319
_Cetacea_, 225
_Cetotherium_, 245
_Chænohyus_, 291
_Chætomys_, 486
_Chalcochloris_, 639
_Chalicomys_, 458
_Chalicotheriidæ_, 413
_Chalicotherium_, 413
_Chalinolobus_, 662
Chamois, 349
_Champsodelphis_, 259
Cheeta, 523
Chevrotain, 305
Water, 306
_Chilonycteris_, 672
_Chimarrogale_, 626
Chimpanzee, 736
_Chinchilla_, 487
_Chinchillidæ_, 487
_Chirogaleus_, 689
_Chiromeles_, 669
_Chiromyidæ_, 694
_Chiromys_, 695
_Chironectes_, 134
Chiroptera, 641
Chiru, 341
_Chiruromys_, 476
_Chlamydophorinæ_, 196
_Chlamydophorus_, 196
_Chlamydotherium_, 201
_Chœronycteris_, 674
_Chœropotamidæ_, 292
_Chœropotamus_, 292
_Chœropsis_, 280
_Chœropus_, 143
_Cholœpus_, 182
Chorion, 77
_Chrysochloridæ_, 638
_Chrysochloris_, 639
_Chrysothrix_, 714
_Cimoliomys_, 113
Circulation, 63
Civet, 526
Palm, 532
Classification, 84, 88
_Claviglis_, 460
Claws, 12
Coati, 566
_Cobus_, 339
_Cœlodon_, 184
_Cœlops_, 658
_Cogia_, 250
_Coleüra_, 667
_Colobus_, 727
Colour, 8
_Comphotherium_, 621
Condylarthra, 438
_Condylura_, 630
_Conepatus_, 574
_Connochætes_, 336
_Contracavia_, 491
_Coryphodon_, 437
_Coryphodontidæ_, 438
Cotylophora, 307
_Cotylopidæ_, 293
_Cotylops_, 293
Coypu, 482
Cranium, 35
_Crassitherium_, 223
Creodonta, 606
_Cricetodipus_, 479
_Cricetodon_, 464
_Cricetomys_, 477
_Cricetus_, 463
_Criotherium_, 349
_Crocidura_, 626
_Crossarchus_, 537
_Crossopus_, 625
Crusta Petrosa, 15
_Cryptophractus_, 201
_Cryptopithecus_, 699
_Cryptoprocta_, 525
_Ctenacodon_, 112
_Ctenodactylus_, 481
_Ctenomys_, 482
_Cuniculus_, 470
_Cuscus_, 149
_Cyclopidius_, 293
_Cycloturus_, 193
_Cynælurus_, 523
_Cynictis_, 537
_Cynocephalus_, 719
_Cynodictis_, 555
_Cynogale_, 534
_Cynohyænodon_, 608
Cynoidea, 544
_Cynomys_, 455
_Cynonycteris_, 652
_Cynopithecus_, 722
_Cynopterus_, 653
_Cyon_, 551
_Cystophora_, 605
_Dacrytherium_, 294
_Dactylomys_, 483
_Dactylopsila_, 152
_Damalis_, 351
_Daphœnus_, 555
_Dasymys_, 462
_Dasypodidæ_, 194
_Dasypodinæ_, 197
_Dasypotherium_, 201
_Dasyprocta_, 488
_Dasyproctidæ_, 488
_Dasypus_, 197
_Dasyuridæ_, 136
_Dasyurus_, 138
_Daubentonia_, 695
Deer, 317, 319
_Delphinapterus_, 262
_Delphinidæ_, 260
Delphinoidea, 247
_Delphinus_, 271
_Dendrohyrax_, 418
_Dendrolagus_, 165
_Dendromys_, 463
Dental system, 13
Dentine, 14
_Deomys_, 473
Dermoptera, 614
Desman, 629
_Desmodus_, 677
_Desmotylus_, 223
Diaphragm, 67
_Diceratherium_, 411
_Dichobunus_, 294
_Dichodon_, 294
_Dichodontidæ_, 294
_Diclidurus_, 668
_Dicolpomys_, 484
_Dicotyles_, 289
_Dicotylidæ_, 289
Didelphia, 128
_Didelphyidæ_, 133
_Didelphys_, 134
_Didymictis_, 539
Digestive system, 53
_Dinictis_, 523
_Dinoceras_, 437
_Dinocyon_, 556
_Dinomyidæ_, 489
_Dinomys_, 489
_Dinotheriidæ_, 435
_Dinotherium_, 435
_Dinoziphius_, 251
_Diobroticus_, 458
_Dioplotherium_, 223
_Diphylla_, 678
Diphyodont, 20
Diplarthra, 275
_Diplomesodon_, 626
_Dipodidæ_, 479
_Dipodomys_, 479
_Dipodops_, 479
_Diprotodon_, 171
Diprotodontia, 144
_Diprotodontidæ_, 171
_Dipus_, 480
_Distœchurus_, 155
_Dœdicurus_, 203
Dog, 551
_Dolichophyllum_, 673
_Dolichopithecus_, 728
_Dolichotis_, 490
Dolphin, 270
_Dorcatherium_, 306
_Dorcopsis_, 166
Dormouse, 459
Douroucouli, 714
_Dremotherium_, 330
_Dromatherium_, 113
_Dromicia_, 154
_Dryolestes_, 114
_Dryopithecus_, 738
Duck-bill, 120
Ductless glands, 65
Dugong, 221
Duikerbok, 338
Duplicidentata, 491
_Echidna_, 125
_Echidnidæ_, 124
_Echinogale_, 634
_Echinomys_, 483
_Echinothrix_, 477
Edentata, 176
Effodientia, 178
Eland, 348
_Elaphodus_, 318
_Elasmognathus_, 371
_Elasmotherium_, 411
_Eleotragus_, 340
Elephant, 424
_Elephantidæ_, 423
_Elephas_, 424
_Eleutherocercus_, 203
_Eliomys_, 459
_Eliurus_, 465
Elk, 326
_Ellobius_, 472
_Elotherium_, 292
_Emballonura_, 667
_Emballonuridæ_, 666
Enamel, 15
_Enhydra_, 570
_Enhydriodon_, 570
_Enhydrocyon_, 562
Entomophaga, 178
_Eohippus_, 374
_Eomys_, 464
_Eonycteris_, 654
_Eotherium_, 224
_Epiblema_, 488
Epiglottis, 67
_Epihippus_, 374
_Epomophorus_, 650
_Eporeodon_, 293
_Equidæ_, 376
_Equus_, 381
_Erethizon_, 484
_Ericulus_, 638
_Erinaceidæ_, 619
_Erinaceus_, 620
_Eriodes_, 715
Ermine, 590
_Eschatius_, 303