REMARKS ON THE CULTIVATION OF BEET AND MANGEL-WURZEL.
[Sidenote: _EXTENSIVE CULTIVATION OF THE BEET._]
I found the best farmers in all the south of England, and throughout
Ireland, where the soils were at all stiff, increasing their crops
of these roots. For the production of milk they are, undoubtedly, a
more valuable crop than turnips or ruta bagas, though it is asserted
that the milk is more thin and watery. Some thought them equal, and
even superior, weight for weight, for fattening cattle. I think it is
certain that in such soils a larger amount of nutriment can be obtained
from a crop of them on an equal measure of ground. Donaldson says the
beet yields a larger weight per acre, both in roots and leaves, than
any other root crop known. I have heard of crops of from fifteen to
thirty-five tons an acre; and in one instance, near New York, at the
rate of forty-four tons an acre, from one quarter of an acre. Chemical
analyses and practical experiments in feeding, to ascertain their value
as compared with other roots, or with hay, differ so very greatly,
that nothing can be said with any certainty about it. The climate of
the United States, like that of France, is much better adapted to the
beet, and much less favourable to the ruta baga, than that of England.
The beet is much less liable to be injured by insects or worms than the
turnip or ruta baga, though I incline to think the latter is much more
favoured with us than in England in this respect.
The ground for beet crops is prepared the same as for turnips; that
is, it is finely and deeply tilled (and there is no crop which will
better show the value of draining and subsoil ploughing), and manured
with well-decomposed dung, compost, bones, or guano, in drills from
twenty-seven inches to three feet apart. The seed is usually prepared
by steeping for from twenty-four to forty-eight hours, and is then
rolled in lime. As rapidly as possible after the manure is deposited,
it is covered with soil and the seed dropped, sometimes being drilled
like turnip seed, but more commonly dibbled. There are two simple
machines used here for dibbling. Whatever way the seed is planted, it
must be expected that a large part will fail to germinate.
I have found dibbling by hand not very tedious, as follows: One man
making holes an inch deep, and six or eight inches apart, with a round
stick an inch in diameter, another following and dropping three seeds
in a hole, and a third covering by a single stroke, and pressing, with
a hoe. I have obtained a large crop planting so late as the middle of
July, in the climate of New York.
A rapid early growth of the plant is important. When the weeds come up,
the horse-hoe or cultivator is run through, and as often afterwards as
there is need, while the size of the beets will permit it, they are
horse and hand hoed. It is found that earthing-up with a plough is
injurious. When two or three inches high, the plants are thinned to
twelve inches apart. When two or three plants come up in a bunch, one
only of them must be left. It will wilt down flat upon the ground at
first, but soon recovers.
[Sidenote: _A HINT TO AMATEUR FARMERS._]
The outer leaves begin to dry and decay early in the fall, and may
then be plucked and fed to cows with profit, and without retarding
the continued growth of the root. The root may be pulled by hand,
and is harvested more readily than any other. It will keep (at New
York) in the open air, in stacks four feet wide and high, covered with
straw and six inches of earth, a small hole being left in the top for
ventilation, until April, and is then of great value to new milch-cows
and ewes with lamb.
I particularly recommend the cultivation of the sugar and mangel-wurzel
beets to cottage-farming gentlemen, who wish to keep a small dairy with
a limited extent of land.