Abyssinia, elevation of the mountains of, 116, 118.
Acaciæ, various species of, in South America, 307;
of Australia, 313.
Accaouais, tribe of the, 184.
Achaguas, savage tribe of, 197.
Acicular, or needle-leaved trees, natural history of, and their
extensive geographical diffusion, 314, _et seq._;
varieties of, 325, 328.
Aconcagua, elevation of the volcano of, 205.
Actiniæ, the, 252.
Adansonia, a colossal species of dragon-tree (known as the Baobab or
monkey-bread tree), 270, 271, 273.
Aërial Ocean, the influence of its pressure on plants, 292, 295, 296.
Africa, extensive barren plains in the interior of, 2;
deserts of, uninhabitable by man, 3;
Oasis of, 2;
deserts of described by Herodotus, 9;
causes of excessive heat, 9;
mountains of, 9;
Northern Africa one connected sea of sand, 9, 110;
character of its vegetation, 10;
two races of men separated by the great north desert, 19, 140;
nomadic tribes of, 50.
Agouti, the antelope of South America, 12.
Aguas Calientes, elevation of, 208.
Ahuahuetes, a colossal species of tree, 274.
Air, currents of, on the vertical ascent of, 266;
influence of its pressure on plants, 292, 295, 296.
Alders, 231.
Allco, a Peruvian dog, 218.
Alleghanys, temperature of the, 102, 103.
Almond tree, the Bertholletia excelsa, 158, 179.
Aloes, one of the vegetable forms by which the aspect of Nature is
principally determined, 228, 332;
various species of, 334.
Alpine regions, elevation and temperature of, 84.
Altai, mountain plateau of, 53;
the mountain-chain of, 63, 64.
Aluates, the plaintive cry of the, 199.
Amazon, plain of the, 6;
the wild luxuriance of its regions, 19;
called the “Great River” by the natives, 155;
its extent, 157;
boundless wooded plain of the, 161.
——, Upper, plains of, 390;
breadth of, at Tomependa, 401.
Amentaceæ, 194, 285.
America, migrations to, through Northern Asia, 11, 131;
absence of cereal food in, 12;
pastoral life unknown to the aborigines, 12;
on the cosmological origin of, 105;
the southern hemisphere cooler than the northern, 107.
——, North, inclination of the eastern shore, 29;
natural features and configuration of, 31–40;
no pastoral tribes discovered among the aborigines, 42;
on the climate and distribution of heat in, 102 _et seq._
——, South, the vast Steppes of, 6, 8, 85;
physical causes of the diminution of heat, 7, 96 _et seq._;
presents a remarkable similarity to the south-western continent of
the old world, 8, 105;
character of its vegetation, 10;
aborigines of, 11;
cattle of, 11;
quadrupeds of, 12, 133;
the regions by which the Steppes of, are bounded, 19;
the wild luxuriance of nature, 19;
various races of man, 20;
mountain systems of, 30, 31;
forests of, 98;
general disquisition on the climate of, 96–109;
vast savannahs of, 98;
early civilization of, 130, 131;
limits of European civilization in, 140;
carved rocks found in, 147–151;
the great rivers of, 155 _et seq._;
different routes proposed in the unknown portions of, 177;
Schomburgk’s journey across the continent of, 176, 177;
the early maps of, 181;
their uncertainty, 182;
immense extent of the woody region between the plains of Venezuela,
and the Pampas of Buenos Ayres, 194;
the vegetable kingdom of, as yet imperfectly explored, 292–294;
Humboldt’s journey across, from Caxamarca to the Pacific, 393–420.
Ammon, temple of, 2;
nomos of, 44;
the probability of its having stood on the sea-shore, 264.
Ammonites, found on the Andes, 403.
Amucu, lake of, 159, 179, 184, 185;
where situated, 186, 187.
Amygdaleæ, 95.
Anai, village of, 187.
Andes, chain of the, 31;
the seat of active volcanos, 43;
inhabited by the Spanish race, 192;
chain of, in Bolivia, various elevations of the, 205;
sojourn on the ridge of the, 290;
paramos of the, 292;
Humboldt’s journey across, from Caxamarca to the Pacific Ocean,
390–420;
elevation of, at the Paramo del Assuay, 393;
succession of Paramos, 407;
picturesquely marked by masses of erupted porphyry and trachyte, 403;
marine fossils found 12,800 feet above the level of the sea, 403;
illustrative notes of the, 421;
derivation of, 423;
the point where they are intersected by the magnetic equator, 407,
429.
Animal kingdom, great divisions of the, 222.
Animal life existing in the solitudes of the loftiest mountains, 210;
in the atmosphere, in the waters, and the earth, 211–214.
Animalcules of the atmosphere, the water, and the earth, 211–214.
Animals which yield milk, 11, 125, 126;
of South America, 12, 133;
struggles and conflicts of, 17;
on the hybernation of, 242, 243;
domestic, inquiry respecting the origin of, 52;
nocturnal life of, in the primeval forests of South America, 191 _et
seq._;
traits of, 198, 199;
various cries of, 199, 200;
illustrative notes, 202.
Antilles, sea of the, 23;
springs among the islands of the, 155, 174;
inhabited by the Spanish race, 191.
Antisana, mountainous plain of, 17;
great elevation of, 139;
cavern of, its great elevation, 237;
volcano of, 371.
Anurahdepura, the sacred fig-tree of, 275.
Aparecidas las islands so called, 24.
Apes, the foreboders of rain, 20, 141;
nocturnal cry of, 199, 203.
Aposentos de Mulalo, of the Andes, 393, 423.
Apure, River, steppes of the, 6;
observations on, 194.
——, Llanos de, temperature of, 137.
Aqueducts, of the Peruvians, 398.
Aragua, valley of, 24.
Arborescent vegetation, 322.
Aristolochia, immense blossoms of the, 230, 348.
Armadillo, of South America, 12.
Arum cordifolium, vital heat of the, 330.
Arundinaria, 180.
Ascaris, 213, 251.
Asia, Central, contains the largest steppes in the world, 3, 4, 94;
the mountain plateaux of, 53–62;
table of elevations, 58;
general review of the mountain chains of, 63–73;
the volcanos of, distant from the sea, 65;
vegetation of the steppes of, 95.
Astrææ, the, 253.
Atabapo, the river, 159;
blackness of its water, 160.
Atahuallpa, the ancient fortress and palace of, 408–411;
his captivity, 410, 429;
historical notices of, 411 _et seq._;
death of, and the appearance of a comet, 429;
his descendants at Caxamarca, 11, 411–413.
Ataruipe, cave of, the tomb of an extinct tribe, 171, 188;
numerous skeletons found, 171, 172.
Atlantic Ocean, northern waters of, agitated by a gyratory movement,
120–122;
form of a longitudinal furrowed valley, 154, 174;
calmness of its surface in certain latitudes, 154, 174.
Atlantic and Pacific, immense advantages to be derived from a
communication, 433.
Atlantis, Island of, 55.
Atlas, Mount, covered with perpetual snow, 9;
inhabitants to the north of, 19;
Greater and Lesser, remarks on, 88, 89;
elevation of, 89;
on the position of the Atlas of the ancients, 110–113.
Atmosphere, animalcules of the, 211;
the influence of its pressure on plants, 222, 295, 296.
Atolls (coral-walls), situation of, 254;
origin of, 259;
process of formation of, 262.
Atures, cataracts of the, 153 _et seq._;
general account of, 162 _et seq._
——, the brave Indian tribe, melancholy legend of, 172;
verses on the parrot of, 189.
Australia, Acacias, Myrtaceæ, and Casuarinæ, the principal vegetable
forms of, 313.
Auvergne, plateau of, its elevation, 58.
Avars, early migration of the, 5.
Avenacecæ, 128.
Axum, plateau of, its elevation, 58.
Azteks, ruins of the fortress of the, 127;
seat of the, 207;
relics of civilization found, 207;
pyramidal buildings of the, 398.
Badger, hybernation of the, 244.
Balboa, Vasco de, his adventurous expedition over the South American
Continent, 418, 432.
Balch Pass, elevation of the, 79.
Bambusaceæ, one of the most beautiful ornaments of tropical climates,
334, 335.
Bananas, 221;
one of the plants by which the aspect of Nature is principally
determined, 224, 227;
cultivated from the earliest infancy of civilization, 305.
Banisterias, 173.
“Banks,” of steppes, probably the marine shoals of the primeval world,
1, 26;
phenomena of, explained, 27;
composed of floetz strata, 28;
immense tracts of, in the deserts of Africa and Asia, 28.
Banyan-tree, colossal size of, 275.
Baobab, colossal dimensions of the, 271, 272.
Baraguan, narrow pass of, 162.
Barjikang Pass, elevation and vegetation of the, 78.
Basalt, formation of, 218.
Bats of the South American steppes, 15.
Bavaria, plateau of, its elevation, 58.
“Bay of Sadness,” 155.
Bear, hybernation of the, 224.
Bees, discovered at the summit of the Rocky Mountains, 33.
Befaria, the purple-flowering, 23.
Beke, on the Mountains of the Moon, 115, 116.
Bengal, bay of, an arrested effort of Nature to form an inland sea,
254.
Bertholletia excelsa, colossal size of, 158, 179.
Bignonia, 173.
Binimi, fatal expedition to, 188.
Birds, hybernation of, 242;
the ratio of their numerical distribution, 288.
Bison, of North America, 40–42.
Bixa Orellana, pigment of, 171.
Black Sea. See Euxine.
Boa-constrictor of the Orinoco, 20, 142;
periodic torpidity of, 243.
Bolivia, geographical observations on, 204, 205.
Bolson de Massimi, el, elevation of, 208.
Bombaceæ, one of the vegetable forms by which the aspect of Nature is
principally determined, 224.
Botany. See Plants and Vegetation.
Bougainvillæa, new and beautiful species of, 400, 401.
Brahmins, geographical notions of the, 67.
Branco River, 178, 181, 182, 183, 184.
Buenos Ayres, situation and temperature of, 109.
Buffalo, of South America, 11, 125, 126;
of the Mississippi, 40–42.
Butterflies, on the summit of Mont Blanc and on the Chimborazo, 232,
233.
Cacao, Montes de, 194–202.
Cactus, the, 15, 138;
one of the vegetable forms by which the aspect of Nature is
principally determined, 225;
indigenous to America, 310;
its natural history, 311, 312.
Caladium, belongs exclusively to tropical climates, 329.
California, mountain coast-range of, 36, 37;
volcanos still active in, 37;
its golden treasures, and the advantages of the discovery, 433.
Cameji, on the Orinoco, 163;
mouth of the, 166.
Camel, “the ship of the desert,” 3, 51;
great utility of the, 51;
natural history of the, 52, 53.
Camosi, rock of, 165.
Canada, monument discovered in the prairies of, 82.
Cañar, fortress of, 394, 424.
Canaries, inhabited by the Spanish race, 191.
Caouac, the food of the Indians, 145.
Cape Nun, situation of, 93.
Cape Town, situation and temperature of, 139.
Capybara, of the Orinoco, 198.
Caracas, alpine valleys of 1, 2, 4;
the vast steppes of, 6;
littoral chain of, 22;
a mountainous region, 23;
sugar-cane of, 26;
Llanos of, 26, 94;
plateau of, its elevation, 58.
Carguairazo, volcano of, falling in of the summit from an eruption, and
curious phenomenon, 367.
Caribbean Gulf, 1.
—— Islands, disintegration of the, 23.
Carichana, Indian mission of, 161.
Carolinias, 160.
Carpathian Mountains, general features of the, 40.
Casas Grandas, ruins of an Aztek palace, 126.
Caschmere, valley of, 69.
Cassiquiare, the river of, 159, 160.
Cactaceæ, 138.
Castille, plateau of, its elevation, 58.
Casuarineæ, 221;
one of the vegetable forms by which the aspect of Nature is
principally determined, 226;
the principal vegetable form of Australia, 313, 314;
physiognomy of the, 330.
Cataracts of the Orinoco, dissertation on the, 139 _et seq._;
illustrative notes to, 174–190.
—— of Maypures and Atures, general account of, 162 _et seq._
Cattle of South America, 11, 125;
vast quantities of, in the Pampas of, 14, 137.
Caura, sources of the, 162.
Causeways of the Inca road over the Andes, 394, 424.
Caxamarca (the ancient capital of the Inca Atahuallpa), Humboldt’s
journey over the plateau or table-land of, 390–420;
the scene of the sanguinary history of the Spanish conquest, 403;
originally called Cassamarca, the “City of Frost,” 407;
fertile valley of, 407;
general description of, 408;
ancient fort and palace of Atahuallpa, 408–411;
descendants of the Inca resident at, 411–415;
Humboldt’s departure from, 415;
and arrival at the Pacific, 419;
illustrative notes on, 421–436.
Cayos Flamenco, Bonito, &c. coral islands of, 257.
Celaya, elevation of the, 208.
Central fire of the earth connected with volcanic eruptions, 65, 66,
67, 360, 361, 372.
Cereals, on the culture of, 128, 129.
Cerro Duida River, 178.
Cervus Mexicanus, 133.
Cesalpineæ, 220.
Chagos Bank, formed of coral, 254, 255.
Chamaya, Rio de, 399, 400, 401;
fall of its waters, 400, 427.
Chasars, early migration of the, 5.
Cherson, situation and temperature of, 104.
Chiguires, herds of, in South America, 12, 135.
Chihuahua, elevation of, 208.
Chimborazo, elevation of, 43;
butterflies and other winged insects found on the summit of, 210,
232;
peculiar colour of the water flowing from, 160;
elevation of the four peaks, Pomarape, Gualateiri, Parinacota, and
Sahama, 204;
the vertical height, 234;
probable derivation of the name, 234;
defined as “the snow of Chimbo,” 235;
the name probably transmitted from a bygone age, 235.
Chinchilla, the, 233.
Chinchon, Countess de, biographical notices of, 390, 422.
Chinese, ancient orographic knowledge of the, 56.
Choropampa, plain of, 406.
Chota, ruins of, 204;
silver mines of, 402, 403.
Cidaris, species of, 403.
Cinchona, its first discovery and medical virtues, 390, 422;
its habitat and natural history, 391.
Cinchona bark hunters, 281.
Civilization, limits of, in South America, 19, 140;
and remains of, 207;
progressive stages of, 398;
in ancient Mexico and Peru, 425.
Climate, of South America, 7;
general disquisition on, 95 _et seq._;
of North America, 100 _et seq._;
forms the various characteristics of nations, 219.
Climbing plants, 331, 332.
Coast Reefs, situation of, 253.
Cochabamba, Cordilleras of, 84.
Cocuyza, el Mogote de, rock of, 161.
Cœlebogyne, germination of the, 245.
Colossochelys, 222.
Columbia, cataracts and shores of the, 37.
Columbus, his voyage through the fucus banks of the ocean, 49, 50;
his first discovery of the new continent, 156, 175, 432;
his observations on the equinoctial currents, 175.
Compositæ, numerical relations of the, 279, 280, 281, 283, 284, 286;
numerous species of, 291.
Condor, the giant among vultures, 210, 237;
various names of the, 237;
its native region, 237;
immense altitude to which it soars, 237, 238;
its habits, 239;
mode of capture, 239.
Coniferæ, 194, 221;
on the vegetable forms by which the aspect of Nature is principally
determined, 227;
their extensive geographical diffusion, 314, 322, 323, _et seq._
Coral animals, labours of the, 214.
—— animalcules, wonderful formation of, 252 _et seq._;
depth at which they can exist, 259.
—— Islands, 257.
—— Reefs, natural history of, 253, 257 _et seq._
Corals, the greatest number in the Ægean Sea, 259;
various forms of, in the Red Sea, 255.
Cordilleras, of South America, vast extent of, 42;
names of the highest points, 43;
of Cochabamba, 84;
of Peru, 210;
deserts of the, 393;
remains of the great road of the Incas across the, 393.
Corentyn River, exploration of the, 150.
Cormolache, mountain of, 404.
Cosiquiriachi, elevation of, 208.
Cosmos, quoted. See Humboldt.
Creeping Plants, 227, 331.
Crescentia, delicate blossoms from the rough bark, 230, 348.
Crocodile, of the Orinoco, 20, 142, 198;
periodic torpidity of, 243.
Crotalus, the, 251.
Cruciferæ, 95, 285, 286.
Cryptogamia, 215;
wonderful regermination of the, 241;
numerical distribution of, 337.
Cumadanimari, hills of, 164.
Cumana, expedition to, 181.
Cunabami, mountain group of, 162.
Cupiliferæ, their geographical distribution, 322.
Curata, the Indian name of the colossal grass of South America, 180.
Curare, an Indian poison, 151, 152.
Curtius, Professor, his verses on the Parrot of the Atures, 189.
Cuzco, the capital of the Incas of Peru, 395;
ancient fortress of, 397, 398.
Cyathea speciosa, 338.
Cyclidiæ, the, 213.
Cynometia, delicate blossoms spring from the rough bark, 348.
Cyperaceæ (Cypresses), 94, 95, 231, 284;
gigantic forms of, 326.
Date Palms, geographical situation of, 297, 302.
Dead, Indian method of preserving the, 171.
Dead Sea, specimens of the Porites elongata from the, 260.
Delf and Pottery, remains of, found in South America, 207.
Deserts, general view of, 1 _et seq._;
of Africa, 2, 3;
probable causes of their sterility, 10;
of Northern Africa, 110.
See Steppes.
Dhawalagiri, elevation of the, 68, 71, 236.
Dicotyledons, numerous species of, 292.
Diodorus, his traditions respecting the primeval formation of the
Mediterranean and of Samothrace, 262, 263.
Diœcious Plants, fructification of, 244, 246.
Djawahir, elevation of the, 69, 71.
Djebel-al-Komr, the Mountains of the Moon, 9.
Dogs, wild, herds of, in South America, 85;
objects of Indian adoration, 85;
natural history of, 86–88.
Dolphins of the Orinoco, 199, 202.
Dorado, fabulous, 185, 188.
“Dormideras,” the name of, applied to certain plants, 94.
Dormouse, hybernation of the, 243.
Dragon Tree, colossal dimensions of the, 220, 268 _et seq._;
its habitats, 268;
its prodigious age, 269, 270.
Dragon’s Mouth, at the entrance of the Orinoco, 155, 175.
Drought of the Steppes, 14, 15;
effects of the change from, 16, 139.
Duida, the mountain of, described, 158.
Durango, in Mexico, elevation of, 268.
Earth, the food of the Otomaks and other Indians, 142–146;
on the indurating and heat-emitting mass of the, 218, 267, 268.
Earthquake, submersion of a forest by an, 28;
evidence of subterranean fire communications, 360;
of 1811 and 1813, which shook the various parts of the New Continent,
260.
Eels, electric, 17;
mode of capturing, 18;
experiments on, 113.
Egypt, once overflowed by the sea, 264;
left uncovered by the retreat of the Mediterranean, 264.
El Dorado, the fable of, 159.
Elater Noctilucus, phosphorescence emitted from the, 250.
Elbow Lake, situation of, 40.
Electric Fishes, 248.
Electricity, operations and extent of, 19, 140.
Elements, perpetual struggle of the, 387.
Elias, Mount, an active volcano, 37.
Elysian Plains, of the ancients, 111.
Encaramada, engravings on the rock of, 164.
Engravings on the rocks of central America, 147, 148;
on the rocks of Uruana and Encaramada, 164.
Ephedra, the different species of, 328.
Epicharmus, the philosopher of Syracuse, his illustrations of vital
force from the painting of the “Rhodian Genius,” 383–385.
Equinoctial Current, observations on the, 175.
Eratosthenes, geographical views of, 67.
Ericaceæ, 308, 310;
the vegetable covering of the earth’s surface, 110, 225.
See Heaths.
Escalloniæ, of the family of the Eriaceæ, geographical distribution of,
344.
Esmeralda, town of, 176, 179.
Esquimaux. See Indians.
Euglenes, the, 213.
Euphorbiaceæ, 197, 245, 285.
Euxine, primeval outburst of the waters of, 262;
originally an inland lake, 263;
forced the passage of the Dardanelles, 263;
extract from Strabo, recording the primeval convulsion of its waters
on the authority of Strato, 263.
Fan Palms of South America, 12, 13, 135, 136.
Fair Weather, Mount, an active volcano, 38.
Ferns, growth of, in different climates, 108;
one of the vegetable forms by which the aspect of Nature is
principally determined, 229, 337–340;
numerical relation and geographical distribution of, 280, 337;
climatic relations under which they flourish, 339, 340.
Fish, the swimming-bladder of, 251.
Flamingoes, multitudes of, 197.
Floetz, strata of, 1.
Flora Japonica, curious properties of the, 320.
Forests of South America, 19, 98;
plants composing the, 280.
—— primeval, on the nocturnal life of animals in the, 191 _et seq._;
between the Orinoco and the Amazon, 193;
definition and description of, 193;
the Spanish word _Monte_ applied both to a forest and a mountain,
193;
between the plains of Venezuela and Pampas of Buenos Ayres, immense
extent of, 194;
of Europe and Northern Asia, 194;
impenetrability of some portions of, 195;
illustrative notes, 202.
Fort George, situation and temperature of, 104.
Fossils, Marine, found on the Andes, 403, 428.
“Fountain of Youth,” fatal expedition to discover the, 188.
Frémont, Captain, geographical investigations of, 29, 32;
lofty peak called after his name, 32, 33.
Fresnillo, elevation of, 208.
Frogs, vitality of, under water, 242.
Fucus, immense size of the marine Macrocystis pyrifera, 276;
banks of the ocean, 47–50.
Galapagos, the, 256.
Gallinazos, different species of, 239;
appreciated for their utility, 240.
Gallionellæ, 212.
Gambia, the river, 3.
Gebette River, 179.
Geneva, situation and temperature of, 104.
Geognostic (or Geological) profiles, 33.
Gerard, Dr., his visit to Shahil Pass, 76.
Gila River, delf and pottery found on the banks of, 207.
Globe, primeval, distribution of land and water different from the
present, 164.
Glumaceæ, 95;
numerical relation of the, 279, 283, 284.
Gobi, Steppe of, 5, 58;
elevation of, 59.
Gomphrenas, 214.
Gonzales, Juan, shipwrecked, 172.
Gothard, Mont, height of, 35.
Gottenburg, situation and temperature of, 104.
Gramineæ, 94, 285, 286.
Granite, masses of leaden-coloured, 19, 141;
turned black by the waters of the Orinoco, 163, 164.
Grasses of the Steppes, 16;
farinaceous, culture of, 128;
colossal stalks of a species of, 158, 180;
arborescent, 221;
one of the vegetable forms by which the aspect of Nature is
principally determined, 228, 334–337.
Greeks, extent of their maritime discoveries, 111.
Grossulariaceæ, 310.
Guaharibes, waterfall of the, 158.
Guaicas, tribe of the, 158.
Guainia, the river, 159, 160.
Gualgaya, argentiferous mountain of, 404;
value of silver obtained from, 405.
Guamani, Paramo de, 417.
Guanaco, of South America, 126.
Guanaxuato, elevation of, 208.
Guancabamba, Rio de, 398;
the swimming couriers of, 399, 400.
Guanches, race of the, 51.
Guangamarca, Andes pass of, 417, 418.
Guaranes, a tribe of South America, 12, 13, 134, 135.
Guareke Indians, savannahs inhabited by the, 163;
melancholy legend of the, 172;
their extinction, 172;
skeletons and skulls of, 172.
Guaviare, the river, 159, 160.
Guayaquil, Rio de, peculiar blackness of its water, 160.
Guaycas, Indians, 178.
Guiana, the granitic stones of, 155;
impenetrable forests of, 161;
method of preserving the dead among the tribes of, 171;
observations on the coast of, 176.
Guinea, negroes of, eat earth, 145.
Guirion, mission of, 182.
Gulf-stream of Mexico, 121–124.
Gustavia, delicate blossoms spring from the rough bark, 230, 348.
Gymnotus, the electric eel, 17;
mode of capturing, 18;
experiments on, 139.
Hami, oasis of, 62.
Hanno, Periplus of, 113.
Harudsch, desert near the mountains of, 2;
basaltic mountains of, 44;
geological features of, 45.
Heat, physical causes for the diminution of in South America, 7;
general disquisition on, 96 _et seq._;
of North America, 103 _et seq._;
of the interior of the earth, 373, 379.
Heaths, of northern Europe, may be regarded as steppes, 2.
——, (Ericaceæ), one of the vegetable forms by which the aspect of
nature is principally determined, 225;
the habitats and natural history of, 308, 309.
Hedgehog, hybernation of the, 212.
“Hell’s Mouth,” the whirlpool so called, 162.
Hermesia castanifolia, 197, 202.
Herodotus, has described the deserts of Northern Africa, 9.
Herrera, his observations on the voyage of Columbus, 156, 175.
Hesperides, of the ancients, 111.
Hillhouse, Mr., navigates the Massaruni, 184, 185.
Himalaya, estimated height of the, 32;
mountain plateau of the, 54;
the mountain chain of, 63, 68;
observations of various travellers, 70;
general elevation of, 71;
on the perpetual snow-line of the, 74.
Hindoo-Coosh, situation of the, 67.
Hiongnu, a tribe of Eastern Asia, 52, 80, 81.
Hobart Town, situation and temperature of, 109.
Hordaceæ, 128.
Horse, the constant attendant of man, 17;
everywhere exposed to attack, 17.
Huancaya, canine worship of the Indians of, 85.
Huayna Capac, of the family of the Incas, 412, 430, 431.
Humboldt, Alexander von, his journey over the plateau or table-land of
Caxamarca to the shores of the Pacific, 390–420
(see Caxamarca);
illustrative notes of the journey, 421–436.
——, works of, referred to in various notes;—
Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 152, 278.
Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 205, 255, 258, 328.
Asie Centrale, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 89, 91, 97,
99, 113, 234, 260.
Cosmos, 41, 49, 53, 73, 114, 118, 124, 265, 273, 303, 305, 346, 388,
389.
De Distributione geographica plantarum, 278, 296, 304, 338, 343.
Essai Politique sur la Nouvelle Espagne, 31, 34, 37, 43, 88, 206,
257, 305, 306, 430, 434.
Essai sur la Géographie des Plantes, 84, 129, 136, 138, 277, 281,
305, 306.
Examen Critique de l’Histoire de la Géographie, 32, 48, 50, 88, 134,
236, 265, 271, 316, 322.
Fragment d’un tableau géologique de l’Amérique Méridionale, 23.
Letter to the Editor of the Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 249.
Mémoire sur les Montagnes de l’Inde, 53.
Mémoire sur les Lignes Isothermes, 87.
Nouvelles Annales des Voyages, 185.
Recueil d’Observations Astronomiques, 234, 238, 428.
Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie et d’Anatomie Comparée, 24, 139,
141, 203, 237, 251.
Relation Historique du Voyage aux
Régions équinoxiales, 29, 29, 46, 48, 82, 85, 133, 134, 137, 139,
141, 144, 147, 152, 180, 202, 203, 242, 250, 269, 305, 336, 338,
432, 434.
Sur la Fixation des limites des Guyanes Française et Portuguaise,
178.
Treatise on the Quina Woods, 423.
Uber die gereizte Muskel- und Nervenfaser, 295.
Vues des Cordillères et Monumens des Peuples indigènes de l’Amérique,
131, 236, 269, 424, 425.
Humming-birds, seen at an elevation of 14,600 feet, 237.
Huns, early migration of the, 5;
various races of, 80, 81.
Hybernation of animals, 242, 243.
Hydras, the, 252.
Hylæa, of the Amazon, 6.
Hymeneæ, 220.
Hypsometric observations on the heights of mountains and their peaks,
204–209.
Illimani Peaks, situation and elevation of, 204.
Inca roads of Peru, remains of, 393–397, 424;
flights of steps, 395, 424.
Inca Roca, State policy of, 431.
Incas of Peru, their early conquest of Quito, 236;
ancient fort and palace of the, at Caxamarca, 408–411;
descendants of, 411–413;
treasures taken from their temples by the Spaniards, 410, 430;
their worship of the Sun, 430, 431;
expected restoration of their ancient rule, 415, 432.
See Atahuallpa.
India, mountain plateaux of, 55.
Indians, driven on the coast of Germany, 124;
of the Orinoco, method of preserving their dead, 171.
Infusoria, vital tenacity of, 241, 242, 244;
marine, luminosity of the, 247 _et seq._
Insect life in the atmosphere, the ocean, and the earth, 211–214.
Insects, carried to an elevation of 19,000 feet above the plains, 232,
233.
“Inundation, the Valley of,” 183.
Ipomucena Islands, 187.
Ipurucotos, tribe of the, 182.
Islands formed of coral reefs, 257.
Italian scenery, 216;
sky, 217.
Jagua Palm, beauties of the 392.
Jaguar, of South America, 12;
traits of the, 195, 196, 197.
Jainti-dhára, elevation of the, 80.
Jao, sources of the, 162;
mouth of, 164.
Japan, history of the peopling of, 12, 131;
the character of its vegetation different from that of the Asiatic
continent, 320.
Jardin des Plantes, at Paris, rich collections of the, 287, 288.
Jardines del Rey, 257.
Jarures, race of the, 20.
Juncaceæ, 95, 285.
Kalmuck-Kirghis tribes, extensive steppes occupied by, 3.
Kashmir, valley of, its elevation, 59.
Keeling-Atoll, a coral lagoon, 255.
Keri, rocks of, 163, 164, 165.
Kinchinjinga, the highest point of the Himalaya, 68.
Kuen-lün, the mountain plateau of, 53;
the mountain chain of, 63, 66, 67.
Kyllyngiæ, the steppes covered with, 16.
Kyungar Pass, elevation and vegetation of, 79.
Labiatæ, 285, 286.
Lagoon Islands, 254;
hypothesis respecting, 261.
Lagos, elevation of, 208.
Lake Istaca, sources and elevation of, 40.
—— Superior, its elevation, 39.
Lakhur Pass, ascent to the, 80.
Lama, of South America, 126.
Landscape-painters, leading forms of vegetation, instructions to, 346.
—— painting, on the beauties of, as derived from the vegetable kingdom,
346, 347.
Languages, variety of, in the South American wilds, 20;
changes in the terms of, 191;
in language truth to nature should be the chief object, 192.
Latent life, disquisition on, 242, 243.
Lecideæ, 10, 125.
Leguminosæ, 280, 284, 285, 286.
Lemaur, Don F., his trigonometrical survey of the Bahia de Xagua, 174.
Lepidosiren, periodic torpidity of, 243.
Leprariæ, the, 214.
Leucopria, 213;
modulata, 251.
Lianes, or creeping plants, one of the vegetable forms by which the
aspect of Nature is principally determined, 227, 331.
Lichens, 10, 125.
Liliaceæ, one of the vegetable forms by which the aspect of Nature is
chiefly determined, 229, 341.
Lima, observations for determining the longitude of, 420, 435, 436.
Limande, of the Orinoco, 203.
Lions, of South America, 12;
nocturnal roar of, 199;
not to be found in the Sahara, 90.
Lithodendra, the, 253.