0 kWh (2007 est.)
Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)
Oil - production:
1.125 million bbl/day (2007 est.)
Oil - consumption:
108,900 bbl/day (2006 est.)
Oil - exports:
1.026 million bbl/day (2005)
Oil - imports:
0 bbl/day (2005)
Oil - proved reserves:
15.21 billion bbl (1 January 2008 est.)
Natural gas - production:
59.8 billion cu m (2007 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:
20.5 billion cu m (2007 est.)
Natural gas - exports:
39.3 billion cu m (2007 est.)
Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2007 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:
25.63 trillion cu m (1 January 2008 est.)
Current account balance:
$10.41 billion (2007 est.)
Exports:
$42.02 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Exports - commodities:
liquefied natural gas (LNG), petroleum products, fertilizers, steel
Exports - partners:
Japan 39.9%, South Korea 19.9%, Singapore 9.9%, India 5.1%, Thailand
4.9%, UAE 4% (2007)
Imports:
$19.86 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, food, chemicals
Imports - partners:
US 13.3%, Italy 10.8%, Japan 8.9%, France 7.9%, Germany 7.3%, UK
5.7%, South Korea 5.6%, UAE 5.1%, Saudi Arabia 4.3% (2007)
Economic aid - recipient:
$2.18 million (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$9.752 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Debt - external:
$33.09 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$11.18 billion (2007 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$5.625 billion (2007 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$61.56 billion (2006)
Currency (code):
Qatari rial (QAR)
Currency code:
QAR
Exchange rates:
Qatari rials (QAR) per US dollar - 3.64 (2007), 3.64 (2006), 3.64
(2005), 3.64 (2004), 3.64 (2003)
Communications
Qatar
Telephones - main lines in use:
237,400 (2007)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
1.264 million (2007)
Telephone system:
general assessment: modern system centered in Doha
domestic: combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone density
is roughly 165 telephones per 100 persons
international: country code - 974; landing point for the Fiber-Optic
Link Around the Globe (FLAG) submarine cable network that provides
links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and the US; tropospheric scatter
to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and the UAE;
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian
Ocean) and 1 Arabsat
Radio broadcast stations:
AM 6, FM 5, shortwave 1 (1998)
Radios:
256,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations:
1 (plus 3 repeaters) (2001)
Televisions:
230,000 (1997)
Internet country code:
.qa
Internet hosts:
563 (2008)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)
Internet users:
351,000 (2007)
Transportation
Qatar
Airports:
5 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 3
over 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2007)
Heliports:
1 (2007)
Pipelines:
condensate 322 km; condensate/gas 209 km; gas 1,970 km; liquid
petroleum gas 87 km; oil 741 km (2007)
Roadways:
total: 7,790 km (2006)
Merchant marine:
total: 22
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 2, chemical tanker 2, container 8,
liquefied gas 4, petroleum tanker 4
foreign-owned: 7 (Kuwait 7)
registered in other countries: 5 (Liberia 4, Panama 1) (2008)
Ports and terminals:
Doha, Ra's Laffan
Military
Qatar
Military branches:
Qatari Amiri Land Force (QALF), Qatari Amiri Navy (QAN), Qatari
Amiri Air Force (QAAF) (2007)
Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription
(2008)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 320,383
females age 16-49: 167,475 (2008 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 258,159
females age 16-49: 143,999 (2008 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 6,224
female: 4,845 (2008 est.)
Military expenditures:
10% of GDP (2005 est.)
Transnational Issues
Qatar
Disputes - international:
none
Trafficking in persons:
current situation: Qatar is a destination country for men and women
from South and Southeast Asia who migrate willingly, but are
subsequently trafficked into involuntary servitude as domestic
workers and laborers, and, to a lesser extent, commercial sexual
exploitation; the most common offense was forcing workers to accept
worse contract terms than those under which they were recruited;
other conditions include bonded labor, withholding of pay,
restrictions on movement, arbitrary detention, and physical, mental,
and sexual abuse
tier rating: Tier 3 - Qatar failed, for the second consecutive year,
to enforce criminal laws against traffickers, or to provide an
effective mechanism to identify and protect victims; it continues to
detain and deport victims rather than providing them protection; the
government made little progress to increase prosecutions for
trafficking in a meaningful way in 2007; workers complaining of
working conditions or non-payment of wages were sometimes penalized
(2008)
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2008
======================================================================
@Romania
Introduction
Romania
Background:
The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under
the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their
autonomy in 1856; they united in 1859 and a few years later adopted
the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its
independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and
acquired new territories - most notably Transylvania - following the
conflict. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and
participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years
later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The
post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a Communist
"people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The
decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in
1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive
and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and
executed in late 1989. Former Communists dominated the government
until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in
2004 and the EU in 2007.
Geography
Romania
Location:
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and
Ukraine
Geographic coordinates:
46 00 N, 25 00 E
Map references:
Europe
Area:
total: 237,500 sq km
land: 230,340 sq km
water: 7,160 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Oregon
Land boundaries:
total: 2,508 km
border countries: Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km,
Serbia 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (east) 169 km
Coastline:
225 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate:
temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny
summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Terrain:
central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Plain of Moldavia
on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the
Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m
Natural resources:
petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore,
salt, arable land, hydropower
Land use:
arable land: 39.49%
permanent crops: 1.92%
other: 58.59% (2005)
Irrigated land:
30,770 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
42.3 cu km (2003)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 6.5 cu km/yr (9%/34%/57%)
per capita: 299 cu m/yr (2003)
Natural hazards:
earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure
and climate promote landslides
Environment - current issues:
soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in
south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta
wetlands
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans,
Moldova, and Ukraine
People
Romania
Population:
22,246,862 (July 2008 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 15.6% (male 1,778,864/female 1,687,659)
15-64 years: 69.7% (male 7,718,125/female 7,791,102)
65 years and over: 14.7% (male 1,337,915/female 1,933,197) (2008
est.)
Median age:
total: 37.3 years
male: 35.9 years
female: 38.7 years (2008 est.)
Population growth rate:
-0.136% (2008 est.)
Birth rate:
10.61 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Death rate:
11.84 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Net migration rate:
-0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 23.73 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 26.81 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 20.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 72.18 years
male: 68.69 years
female: 75.89 years (2008 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.38 children born/woman (2008 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
6,500 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
350 (2001 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Romanian(s)
adjective: Romanian
Ethnic groups:
Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German
0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)
Religions:
Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 86.8%, Protestant
(various denominations including Reformate and Pentecostal) 7.5%,
Roman Catholic 4.7%, other (mostly Muslim) and unspecified 0.9%,
none 0.1% (2002 census)
Languages:
Romanian 91% (official), Hungarian 6.7%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.1%, other
1.2%
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.3%
male: 98.4%
female: 96.3% (2002 census)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total: 14 years
male: 14 years
female: 14 years (2006)
Education expenditures:
3.5% of GDP (2005)
Government
Romania
Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Romania
local long form: none
local short form: Romania
Government type:
republic
Capital:
name: Bucharest
geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Administrative divisions:
41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality*
(municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud,
Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi,
Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati,
Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov,
Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare,
Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea
Independence:
9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire;
independence recognized 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin); 26
March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic
proclaimed)
National holiday:
Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)
Constitution:
8 December 1991; revision effective 29 October 2003
Legal system:
based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Traian BASESCU (since 20 December 2004);
note - President Traian BASESCU was suspended by vote of parliament
on 19 April 2007, but resumed his duties on 23 May 2007 after a
popular referendum confirmed that his impeachment should not stand
head of government: Prime Minister Calin Popescu-TARICEANU (since 29
December 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 28 November 2004
with runoff between the top two candidates held 12 December 2004
(next to be held in November-December 2009); prime minister
appointed by the president with the consent of the Parliament
election results: percent of vote - Traian BASESCU 51.23%, Adrian
NASTASE 48.77%
Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat
(137 seats; members are elected by popular vote on a proportional
representation basis to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of
Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (334 seats; members are elected by
popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve
four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 30 November 2008 (next expected to be
held in November 2012); Chamber of Deputies - last held 30 November
2008 (next expected to be held November 2012)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by alliance/party -
PSD-PC 34.2%, PDL 33.6%, PNL 18.7%, UDMR 6.4%, other 7.1%; seats by
alliance/party - PSD-PC 49, PDL 51, PNL 28, UDMR 9; Chamber of
Deputies - percent of vote by alliance/party - PSD-PC 33.1%, PDL
32.4%, PNL 18.6%, UDMR 6.2%, ethnic minorities 3.6%, other 6.1%;
seats by alliance/party - PSD-PC 114, PDL 115, PNL 65, UDMR 22,
ethnic minorities 18
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Justice (comprised of 11 judges appointed for
three-year terms by the president in consultation with the Superior
Council of Magistrates, which is comprised of the minister of
justice, the prosecutor general, two civil society representatives
appointed by the Senate, and 14 judges and prosecutors elected by
their peers); a separate body, the Constitutional Court, validates
elections and makes decisions regarding the constitutionality of
laws, treaties, ordinances, and internal rules of the Parliament; it
is comprised of nine members serving nine-year terms, with three
members each appointed by the president, the Senate, and the Chamber
of Deputies
Political parties and leaders:
Conservative Party or PC [Daniela POPA] (formerly Humanist Party or
PUR); Democratic Liberal Party or PDL [Emil BOC]; Democratic Union
of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Bela MARKO]; National Liberal
Party or PNL [Calin Popescu-TARICEANU]; Romania Mare Party (Greater
Romania Party) or PRM [Corneliu Vadim TUDOR]; Social Democratic
Party or PSD [Mircea Dan GEOANA] (formerly Party of Social Democracy
in Romania or PDSR)
Political pressure groups and leaders:
other: various human rights and professional associations
International organization participation:
Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA
(cooperating state), EU (new member), FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA (observer),
MIGA, MONUC, NAM (guest), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW,
OSCE, PCA, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina,
UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (associate
partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Adrian Cosmin VIERITA
chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851, 4852
FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Nicholas F. TAUBMAN
embassy: Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest
mailing address: pouch: American Embassy Bucharest, US Department of
State, 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch)
telephone: [40] (21) 200-3300
FAX: [40] (21) 200-3442
Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red;
the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow
band has been removed; now similar to the flag of Chad, also
resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova
Economy
Romania
Economy - overview:
Romania, which joined the European Union on 1 January 2007, began
the transition from Communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete
industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's
needs. The country emerged in 2000 from a punishing three-year
recession thanks to strong demand in EU export markets. Domestic
consumption and investment have fueled strong GDP growth in recent
years, but have led to large current account imbalances. Romania's
macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a
middle class and address Romania's widespread poverty. Corruption
and red tape continue to handicap its business environment.
Inflation rose in 2007 for the first time in eight years, driven in
part by the depreciation of the currency, rising energy costs, a
nation-wide drought affecting food prices, and a relaxation of
fiscal discipline. Romania hopes to adopt the euro by 2014.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$247.1 billion (2007 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):
$166 billion (2007 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
6% (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$11,100 (2007 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 7.9%
industry: 35.6%
services: 56.5% (2007 est.)
Labor force:
9.3 million (2007 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 29.7%
industry: 23.2%
services: 47.1% (2006)
Unemployment rate:
4.1% (2007 est.)
Population below poverty line:
25% (2005 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 1.2%
highest 10%: 20.8% (2006)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
31 (2005)
Investment (gross fixed):
28% of GDP (2007 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $52.13 billion
expenditures: $56.01 billion (2007 est.)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
Public debt:
13% of GDP (2007 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.8% (2007 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
NA
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
13.35% (31 December 2007)
Stock of money:
$25.17 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of quasi money:
$34.96 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of domestic credit:
$58.76 billion (31 December 2007)
Agriculture - products:
wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes;
eggs, sheep
Industries:
electric machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, light
machinery and auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials,
metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining
Industrial production growth rate:
10.6% (2007 est.)
Electricity - production:
58.25 billion kWh (2007 est.)
Electricity - consumption:
48.43 billion kWh (2006 est.)
Electricity - exports:
3.362 billion kWh (2007 est.)
Electricity - imports:
1.277 billion kWh (2007 est.)
Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 62.5%
hydro: 27.6%
nuclear: 9.9%
other: 0% (2001)
Oil - production:
112,400 bbl/day (2007 est.)
Oil - consumption:
238,200 bbl/day (2006 est.)
Oil - exports:
125,200 bbl/day (2005)
Oil - imports:
219,000 bbl/day (2005)
Oil - proved reserves:
600 million bbl (1 January 2008 est.)
Natural gas - production:
12.5 billion cu m (2006 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:
17.09 billion cu m (2007)
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2007 est.)
Natural gas - imports:
4.8 billion cu m (2007 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:
63 billion cu m (1 January 2008 est.)
Current account balance:
-$23.02 billion (2007 est.)
Exports:
$40.32 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Exports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, metals and metal
products, machinery and equipment, minerals and fuels, chemicals,
agricultural products
Exports - partners:
Italy 17.2%, Germany 16.9%, France 7.7%, Turkey 7%, Hungary 5.6%, UK
4.1% (2007)
Imports:
$64.54 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, fuels and minerals, chemicals, textile and
products, metals, agricultural products
Imports - partners:
Germany 17.2%, Italy 12.8%, Hungary 6.9%, Russia 6.3%, France 6.2%,
Turkey 5.4%, Austria 4.8% (2007)
Economic aid - recipient:
$914.3 million (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$39.96 billion (31 December 2007)
Debt - external:
$74.54 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$60.82 billion (2007 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$915 million (2007 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$45.42 billion (2007)
Currency (code):
"new" leu (RON) was introduced in 2005; "old" leu (ROL) was phased
out in 2006; note - because of currency revaluation, 10,000 ROL = 1
RON
Currency code:
ROL
Exchange rates:
lei (RON) per US dollar - 2.43 (2007), 2.809 (2006), 3 (2005), 3
(2004), 3 (2003)
Communications
Romania
Telephones - main lines in use:
4.3 million (2007)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
22.875 million (2007)
Telephone system:
general assessment: domestic and international service improving
rapidly, especially in wireless telephony
domestic: more than 90 percent of telephone network is automatic;
liberalization in 2003 is transforming telecommunications;
fixed-line teledensity is roughly 20 telephones per 100 persons;
mobile-cellular teledensity now slightly exceeds 100 telephones per
100 persons
international: country code - 40; the Black Sea Fiber Optic System
provides connectivity to Bulgaria and Turkey; satellite earth
stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate
in Bucharest (2007)
Radio broadcast stations:
698 (frequency type NA) (2006)
Radios:
7.2 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:
623 (plus 200 repeaters) (2006)
Televisions:
5.25 million (1997)
Internet country code:
.ro
Internet hosts:
2.195 million (2008)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
38 (2000)
Internet users:
12 million (2007)
Transportation
Romania
Airports:
61 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 25
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m: 12
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 36
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 12
under 914 m: 22 (2007)
Heliports:
2 (2007)
Pipelines:
gas 3,674 km; oil 2,424 km (2007)
Railways:
total: 11,385 km
broad gauge: 60 km 1.524-m gauge
standard gauge: 10,898 km 1.435-m gauge (3,888 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 427 km 0.760-m gauge (2006)
Roadways:
total: 198,817 km
paved: 60,043 km (includes 228 km of expressways)
unpaved: 138,774 km (2004)
Waterways:
1,731 km
note: includes 1,075 km on Danube River, 524 km on secondary
branches, and 132 km on canals (2006)
Merchant marine:
total: 17
by type: cargo 11, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker
2, roll on/roll off 1
registered in other countries: 49 (Cambodia 1, Georgia 16, North
Korea 4, Liberia 2, Malta 8, Marshall Islands 1, Moldova 3, Panama
7, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1,
Sierra Leone 3, Syria 2) (2008)
Ports and terminals:
Braila, Constanta, Galati, Tulcea
Military
Romania
Military branches:
Land Forces, Naval Forces, Romanian Air Force (Fortele Aeriene
Romane, FAR), Special Operations (2008)
Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription
officially ended October 2006; all military inductees (including
women) contract for an initial 5-year term of service; subsequent
voluntary service contracts are for successive 3-year terms until
the age of 36 (2006)
Manpower available for military service: