Machine for Solving Ordinary Differential
Equations, _Engineers Digest_ (American
Edition), vol. 1, May 1944, pp. 326-328.
From the historical point of view there are some interesting papers on
a machine for solving differential equations by Sir William Thomson
(Lord Kelvin), including one by his brother James Thomson. They are
in the _Proceedings of the Royal Society_, vol. 24, Feb. 1876, pp.
262-275. The method of integration by a machine is described, but
the state of machine tools at the time was such that no accurate
mechanism was constructed. Another interesting paper foreshadowing the
differential analyzer is:
WAINWRIGHT, LAWRENCE L., _A Ballistic
Engine_, Chicago: University of Chicago,
thesis for Master’s Degree, 1923, 28 pp.
Some of the applications and mathematical limitations of differential
analyzers are covered in:
BUSH, V., and S. H. CALDWELL,
Thomas-Fermi Equation Solution by the Differential
Analyzer, _Physical Review_, vol. 38, no. 10,
1931, pp. 1898-1902.
HARTREE, D. R., A Great Calculating Machine:
the Bush Differential Analyser and Its Applications
in Science and Industry, _Proceedings of the
Royal Institution of Great Britain_, vol. 31,
1940, pp. 151-170.
HARTREE, D. R., and A. PORTER,
The Application of the Differential Analyser
to Transients on a Distortionless Transmission
Line, _Journal of the Institute of Electrical
Engineering_, vol. 83, no. 503, Nov. 1938,
pp. 648-656.
HARTREE, D. R., and J. R. WOMERSLEY,
A Method for the Numerical or Mechanical Solution
of Certain Types of Partial Differential Equations,
_Proceedings of the Royal Society of London_,
series A, vol. 161, 1937, pp. 353-366.
MAGINNISS, F. J., Differential Analyzer
Applications, _General Electric Review_,
vol. 48, no. 5, May 1945, pp. 54-59.
SHANNON, CLAUDE E., Mathematical Theory of the
Differential Analyzer, _Journal of Mathematics
and Physics_, Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, vol. 20, no. 4, 1941,
pp. 337-354.
HARMONIC ANALYZERS AND SYNTHESIZERS
Another branch of the analogue calculating machine is the harmonic
analyzer and synthesizer. These are machines that study wave motions
and related physical and mathematical functions. A brief list of
articles on this type of machine follows:
ARCHER, R. M., Projecting Apparatus for
Compounding Harmonic Vibrations, _Journal of
Scientific Instruments_, vol. 14, 1937,
pp. 408-410.
BROWN, S. L., A Mechanical Harmonic
Synthesizer-Analyzer, _Journal of the Franklin
Institute_, vol. 228, 1939, pp. 675-694.
BROWN, S. L., and L. L. WHEELER,
A Mechanical Method for Graphical Solution
of Polynomials, _Journal of the Franklin
Institute_, vol. 231, 1941, pp. 223-243.
BROWN, S. L., and L. L. WHEELER, Use
of the Mechanical Multiharmonograph for Graphing
Types of Functions and for Solution of Pairs of
Non-Linear Simultaneous Equations, _Review of
Scientific Instruments_, vol. 13, Nov. 1942,
pp. 493-495.
BROWN, S. L., and L. L. WHEELER,
The Use of a Mechanical Synthesizer to Solve
Trigonometric and Certain Types of Transcendental
Equations, and for the Double Summations Involved
in Patterson Contours, _Journal of Applied
Physics_, vol. 14, Jan. 1943, pp. 30-36.
FÜRTH, R., and R. W. PRINGLE, A
New Photo-Electric Method for Fourier Synthesis
and Analysis, _London, Edinburgh and Dublin
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science_,
vol. 35, series 7, 1944, pp. 643-656.
INTERNATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC BUREAU, _Tide
Predicting Machines_, International Hydrographic
Bureau, Special Publication 13, July 1926.
KRANZ, FREDERICK W., A Mechanical Synthesizer
and Analyzer, _Journal of the Franklin
Institute_, vol. 204, 1927, pp. 245-262.
MARBLE, F. G., An Automatic Vibration
Analyzer, _Bell Laboratories Record_, vol. 22,
Apr. 1944, pp. 376-380.
MAXWELL, L. R., An Electrical Method for
Compounding Sine Functions, _Review of Scientific
Instruments_, vol. 11, Feb. 1940, pp. 47-54.
MILLER, DAYTON C., A 32-Element Harmonic
Synthesizer, _Journal of the Franklin
Institute_, vol. 181, 1916, pp. 51-81.
MILLER, DAYTON C., The Henrici Harmonic
Analyzer and Devices for Extending and Facilitating
Its Use, _Journal of the Franklin Institute_,
vol. 182, 1916, pp. 285-322.
MILNE, J. R., A “Duplex” Form of Harmonic
Synthetiser and Its Mathematical Theory,
_Proceedings of the Royal Society of
Edinburgh_, vol. 39, 1918-19, pp. 234-242.
MONTGOMERY, H. C., An Optical Harmonic
Analyzer, _Bell System Technical Journal_,
vol. 17, no. 3, July 1938, pp. 406-415.
RAYMOND, W. J., An Harmonic Synthesizer Having
Components of Incommensurable Period and Any
Desired Decrement, _Physical Review_, vol. 11,
series 2, 1918, pp. 479-481.
ROBERTSON, J. M., A Simple Harmonic Continuous
Calculating Machine, _London, Edinburgh and
Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of
Science_, vol. 13, 1932, pp. 413-419.
SOMERVILLE, J. M., Harmonic Synthesizer for
Demonstrating and Studying Complex Wave Forms,
_Journal of Scientific Instruments_, vol. 21,
Oct. 1944, pp. 174-177.
STRAITON, A. W., and G. K. TERHUNE,
Harmonic Analysis by Photographic Method,
_Journal of Applied Physics_, vol. 14, 1943,
pp. 535-536.
WEGEL, R. L., and C. R. MOORE, An
Electrical Frequency Analyzer, _Bell System
Technical Journal_, vol. 3, 1924, pp. 299-323.
NETWORK ANALYZERS
A third branch of the analogue calculating machine is the network
analyzer. To solve problems, this machine uses the laws governing a
network of electrical circuits. For example, an electric power company
with a system of power lines over hundreds of miles may have a problem
about electrical power: will an accident or a sudden demand cause a
breakdown anywhere in the system? In the General Electric Company
in Schenectady, N. Y., there is a machine called the A.C. Network
Analyzer. All the properties of the power company’s network of lines
can be fed on a small scale into the analyzer. Certain dials are turned
and certain plugwires are connected. Then various kinds of “accidents”
and “sudden demands” are fed into the machine, and the response of the
system is noted. The answers given by the machine are multiplied by the
proper scale factor, and in this way the problem of the power company
is solved.
There are two kinds of problems that network analyzers are built to
solve: the steady state conditions and the transient conditions. For
example, you may not overload a fuse with an electric iron when it is
plugged in and being used, but as you pull out the cord, you may blow
the fuse: the steady state does not overstrain the system, but the
transient does.
Some articles on network analyzers are:
ENNS, W. E., A New Simple Calculator of Load
Flow in A.C. Networks, _Transactions of the
American Institute of Electrical Engineers_,
vol. 62, 1943, pp. 786-790.
HAZEN, H. L., and others, _The M.I.T.
Network Analyzer_, Cambridge, Mass.:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department
of Electrical Engineering, Serial No. 69, Apr. 1931.
KUEHNI, H. P., and R. G. LORRAINE,
A New A.C. Network Analyzer, _Transactions of the
American Institute of Electrical Engineers_,
vol. 57, 1938, pp. 67-73.
PARKER, W. W., Dual A.C. Network Calculator,
_Electrical Engineering_, May 1945,
pp. 182-183.
PARKER, W. W., The Modern A.C. Network
Calculator, _Transactions of the American
Institute of Electrical Engineers_, vol. 60,
Nov. 1941, pp. 977-982.
PETERSON, H. A., An Electric Circuit Transient
Analyzer, _General Electric Review_,
Sept. 1939, pp. 394-400.
VARNEY, R. N., An All-Electric Integrator
for Solving Differential Equations, _Review of
Scientific Instruments_, vol. 13, Jan. 1942,
pp. 10-16.
Some of the articles on applications of network analyzers to various
problems are:
KRON, GABRIEL, Equivalent Circuits of the
Elastic Field, _Journal of Applied Mechanics_,
vol. A11, Sept. 1944, pp. 146-161.
KRON, GABRIEL, Tensorial Analysis and
Equivalent Circuits of Elastic Structures,
_Journal of the Franklin Institute_, vol. 238,
Dec. 1944, pp. 399-442.
KRON, GABRIEL, Numerical Solution of Ordinary
and Partial Differential Equations by Means
of Equivalent Circuits, _Journal of Applied
Physics_, vol. 16, 1945, pp. 172-186.
KRON, GABRIEL, Electric Circuit Models for
the Vibration Spectrum of Polyatomic Molecules,
_Journal of Chemical Physics_, vol. 14, no. 1,
Jan. 1946, pp. 19-31.
KRON, G., and G. K. CARTER, A.C.
Network Analyzer Study of the Schrödinger Equation,
_Physical Review_, vol. 67, 1945, pp. 44-49.
KRON, G., and G. K. CARTER, Network
Analyzer Tests of Equivalent Circuits of Vibrating
Polyatomic Molecules, _Journal of Chemical
Physics_, vol. 14, no. 1, Jan. 1946, pp. 32-34.
PETERSON, H. A., and C. CONCORDIA,
Analyzers for Use in Engineering and Scientific
Problems, _General Electric Review_, vol. 48,
no. 9, Sept. 1945, pp. 29-37.
MACHINES FOR SOLVING ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
Another branch of the analogue calculating machine is a type of machine
that will solve various kinds of algebraic equations (see Supplement
2). A list of some articles follows. The article by Mallock describes
a machine for solving up to 10 linear simultaneous equations in 10
unknowns, and the article by Wilbur, a machine for solving up to 9.
DIETZOLD, ROBERT L., The Isograph—A
Mechanical Root-Finder, _Bell Laboratories
Record_, vol. 16, no. 4, Dec. 1937, pp. 130-134.
DUNCAN, W. J., Some Devices for the Solution
of Large Sets of Simultaneous Linear Equations,
_London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical
Magazine and Journal of Science_,
vol. 35, series 7, 1944, pp. 660-670.
FRAME, J. SUTHERLAND, Machines for Solving
Algebraic Equations, _Mathematical Tables and
Other Aids to Computation_, vol. 1, no. 9,
Jan. 1945, pp. 337-353.
HART, H. C., and IRVEN TRAVIS,
Mechanical Solution of Algebraic Equations,
_Journal of the Franklin Institute_,
vol. 225, Jan. 1938, pp. 63-72.
HERR, D. L., and R. S. GRAHAM, An
Electrical Algebraic Equation Solver, _Review of
Scientific Instruments_, vol. 9, Oct. 1938, pp.
310-315.
MALLOCK, R. R. M., An Electrical Calculating
Machine, _Proceedings of the Royal Society_,
series A, vol. 140, 1933, pp. 457-483.
MERCNER, R. O., The Mechanism of the Isograph,
_Bell Laboratories Record_, vol. 16, no. 4,
Dec. 1937, pp. 135-140.
STIBITZ, GEORGE R., Electric Root-finder,
_Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to
Computation_, vol. 3, no. 24, Oct. 1948,
pp. 328-329.
WILBUR, J. B., The Mechanical Solution of
Simultaneous Equations, _Journal of the Franklin
Institute_, vol. 222, Dec. 1936, pp. 715-724.
ANALOGUE MACHINES—MISCELLANEOUS
Some articles referring to various other kinds of analogue machines and
their applications are here listed together:
BUSH, V., F. D. GAGE, and R. R.
STEWART, A Continuous Integraph, _Journal
of the Franklin Institute_, vol. 203, 1927,
pp. 63-84.
GRAY, T. S., A Photo-Electric Integraph,
_Journal of the Franklin Institute_, vol. 212,
1931, pp. 77-102.
HAZEN, H. L., G. S. BROWN, and W.
R. HEDEMAN, The Cinema Integraph: A Machine
for Evaluating a Parametric Product Integral (two
parts and appendix), _Journal of the Franklin
Institute_, vol. 230, July 1940, pp. 19-44,
and Aug. 1940, pp. 183-205.
MCCANN, G. D., and H. E. CRINER,
Mechanical Problems Solved Electrically,
_Westinghouse Engineer_, vol. 6, no. 2,
March 1946, pp. 49-56.
MYERS, D. M., An Integraph for the Solution
of Differential Equations of the Second-Order,
_Journal of Scientific Instruments_, vol. 16,
1939, pp. 209-222.
PEKERIS, C. L., and W. T. WHITE,
Differentiation with the Cinema Integraph,
_Journal of the Franklin Institute_, vol. 234,
July 1942, pp. 17-29.
SMITH, C. E., and E. L. GOVE,
An Electromechanical Calculator for
Directional-Antenna Patterns, _Transactions of
the American Institute of Electrical Engineers_,
vol. 62, 1943, pp. 78-82.
YAVNE, R. O., High Accuracy Contour Cams,
_Product Engineering_, vol. 19, part 2,
Aug. 1948, 3 pp.
ANONYMOUS, Electrical Gun Director
Demonstrated, _Bell Laboratories Record_,
vol. 22, no. 4, Dec. 1943, pp. 157-167.
ANONYMOUS, Development of the Electric
Director, _Bell Laboratories Record_, vol. 22,
no. 5, Jan. 1944, pp. 225-230.
ANONYMOUS, Old Field Fortune Teller:
Electronic Oil Pool Analyzer, _Popular
Mechanics_, vol. 86, Sept. 1946, p. 154.
HARVARD IBM AUTOMATIC SEQUENCE-CONTROLLED CALCULATOR
The basic scientific description of this machine as of September 1,
1945, is contained in:
AIKEN, HOWARD H., and STAFF OF THE
COMPUTATION LABORATORY, _A Manual of
Operation for the Automatic Sequence-Controlled
Calculator_, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, 1946, 561 pp.
The machine has changed rather a good deal since Sept. 1, 1945. Some
circuits have been removed. Other circuits have been added. The
capacity of the machine to do problems has been greatly increased.
The Computation Laboratory at Harvard University is cordial towards
scientific inquiries, and some unpublished, mimeographed information is
available at the laboratory regarding the details of these changes.
Some shorter scientific and technical descriptions of the machine are
contained in:
AIKEN, HOWARD H., and GRACE
M. HOPPER, The Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator (3 parts), _Electrical
Engineering_, vol. 65, nos. 8, 9, and 10,
Aug. to Nov. 1946, p. 384 ... (21 pp.).
BLOCH, RICHARD M., Mark I Calculator,
_Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale
Digital Calculating Machinery_, Harvard
University Press, 1948, pp. 23-30.
HARRISON, JOSEPH O., JR., The Preparation of
Problems for the Mark I Calculator, _Proceedings
of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating
Machinery_, Harvard University Press, 1948,
pp. 208-210.
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION,
_IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled
Calculator_, Endicott, N. Y.: International
Business Machines Corporation, 1945, 6 pp.
Some of the less technical articles regarding the machine are:
GENET, N., Got a Problem? Harvard’s Amazing
New Mathematical Robot, _Scholastic_, vol. 45,
Sept. 18, 1944, p. 35.
TORREY, V., Robot Mathematician Knows All the
Answers, _Popular Science_, vol. 145,
Oct. 1944, pp. 86-89....
ANONYMOUS, Giant New Calculator, _Science
News Letter_, vol. 46, Aug. 12, 1944, p. 111.
ANONYMOUS, Mathematical Robot Presented to
Harvard, _Time_, vol. 44, Aug. 14, 1944, p. 72.
ANONYMOUS, World’s Greatest Machine for
Automatic Calculation, _Science News Letter_,
vol. 46, Aug. 19, 1944, p. 123.
ANONYMOUS, Superbrain, _Nation’s
Business_, vol. 32, Sept. 1944, p. 8.
ANONYMOUS, Robot Works Problems Never Before
Solved, _Popular Mechanics_, vol. 82,
Oct. 1944, p. 13.
ENIAC, THE ELECTRONIC NUMERIC INTEGRATOR AND CALCULATOR
There is as yet no full-scale, published scientific account of the
Eniac. At the Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen, Md., where
the machine now is, there are a few copies of some long mimeographed
reports on the machine and the way it works. These were prepared by
H. H. Goldstine and others when at the Moore School of Electrical
Engineering, as a part of the contract under which the machine was
constructed for the U. S. Government. It is possible that these reports
might be consulted on request by serious students.
Some scientific descriptions of the machine and its properties are:
BURKS, ARTHUR W., Electronic Computing
Circuits of the ENIAC, _Proceedings of the
Institute of Radio Engineers_, vol. 35, no. 8,
Aug. 1947, pp. 756-767.
CLIPPINGER, R. F., _A Logical Coding System
Applied to the Eniac_, B. R. L. Report No. 673,
Aberdeen, Md.: Ballistic Research Laboratories,
Sept. 29, 1948, 41 pp.
ECKERT, J. PRESPER, JR., JOHN W.
MAUCHLY, HERMAN H. GOLDSTINE, and
J. G. BRAINERD, Description of the ENIAC
and Comments on Electronic Digital Computing
Machines, Applied Mathematics Panel Report 171.2R,
Washington, D. C.: National Defense Research
Committee, Nov. 1945, 78 pp.
GOLDSTINE, HERMAN H., and ADELE
GOLDSTINE, The Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer (ENIAC), _Mathematical Tables and
Other Aids to Computation_, vol. 2, no. 15,
July 1946, pp. 97-110.
HARTREE, D. R., The ENIAC, an Electronic
Computing Machine, _Nature_, vol. 158,
Oct. 12, 1946, pp. 500-506.
HARTREE, D. R., _Calculating Machines:
Recent and Prospective Developments and Their
Impact on Mathematical Physics_, Cambridge,
England: The University Press, 1947, 40 pp.
(Pages 14 to 27 are devoted to the Eniac.)
TABOR, LEWIS P., Brief Description and
Operating Characteristics of the ENIAC,
_Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale
Digital Calculating Machinery_, Harvard
University Press, 1948, pp. 31-39.
Some of the less technical articles on Eniac are:
ROSE, A., Lightning Strikes Mathematics:
ENIAC, _Popular Science_, vol. 148,
Apr. 1946, pp. 83-86.
ANONYMOUS, Robot Calculator: ENIAC, All
Electronic Device, _Business Week_,
Feb. 16, 1946, p. 50 ...
ANONYMOUS, Answers by ENY: Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer, ENIAC,
_Newsweek_, vol. 27, Feb. 18, 1946, p. 76.
ANONYMOUS, Adds in ¹/₅₀₀₀ Second: Electronic
Computing Machine at the University of
Pennsylvania, _Science News Letter_, vol. 49,
Feb. 23, 1946, p. 113 ...
ANONYMOUS, ENIAC: at the University of
Pennsylvania, _Time_, vol. 47,
Feb. 25, 1946, p. 90.
ANONYMOUS, It Thinks with Electrons; the
ENIAC, _Popular Mechanics_, vol. 85,
June 1946, p. 139.
ANONYMOUS, Electronic Calculator: ENIAC,
_Scientific American_, vol. 174,
June 1946, p. 248.
BELL LABORATORIES RELAY COMPUTERS
As yet no full-scale scientific report is available on the Bell
Laboratories general-purpose relay computers that went to Aberdeen and
Langley Field. However, there is some information about these and other
Bell Laboratories relay computing machines in the following articles:
ALT, FRANZ L., A Bell Telephone Laboratories’
Computing Machine (two parts), _Mathematical
Tables and Other Aids to Computation_, vol. 3,
no. 21, Jan. 1948, pp. 1-13, and vol. 3, no. 22,
Apr. 1948, pp. 69-84.
CESAREO, O., The Relay Interpolator, _Bell
Laboratories Record_, vol. 24, no. 12,
Dec. 1946, pp. 457-460.
JULEY, JOSEPH, The Ballistic Computer, _Bell
Laboratories Record_, vol. 25, no. 1,
Jan. 1947, pp. 5-9.
WILLIAMS, SAMUEL B., A Relay Computer
for General Application, _Bell Laboratories
Record_, vol. 25, no. 2,
Feb. 1947, pp. 49-54.
WILLIAMS, SAMUEL B., Bell Telephone
Laboratories’ Relay Computing System,
_Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale
Digital Calculating Machinery_, Harvard
University Press, 1948, pp. 40-68.
ANONYMOUS, Complex Computer Demonstrated,
_Bell Laboratories Record_, vol. 19, no. 2,
Oct. 1940, pp. v-vi.
ANONYMOUS, _Computer Mark 22 Mod. 0:
Development and Description_, Navord Report
No. 178-45, Washington, D. C.: Navy Department,
Dec. 6, 1945, 225 pp.
ANONYMOUS, Relay Computer for the Army,
_Bell Laboratories Record_, vol. 26, no. 5,
May 1948, pp. 208-209.
THE KALIN-BURKHART LOGICAL-TRUTH CALCULATOR
As yet there are no published references on the Kalin-Burkhart
Logical-Truth Calculator.
Some books covering a good deal of mathematical logic are:
QUINE, W. V., _Mathematical Logic_, New
York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1940, 348 pp.
REICHENBACH, HANS, _Elements of Symbolic
Logic_, New York: The Macmillan Co., 1947, 444
pp.
TARSKI, ALFRED, _Introduction to Logic_,
New York: Oxford University Press, 1941, 239 pp.
WOODGER, J. H., _The Axiomatic Method in
Biology_, Cambridge, England: The University
Press, 1937, 174 pp.
Chapter 2, pp. 18-52, is an excellent and
understandable summary of the concepts of
mathematical logic.
Several papers on the application of mathematical logic to the analysis
of practical situations are:
BERKELEY, EDMUND C., Boolean Algebra
(The Technique for Manipulating “And,” “Or,”
“Not,” and Conditions) and Applications to
Insurance, _Record of the American Institute of
Actuaries_, vol. 26, Oct. 1937, pp. 373-414.
BERKELEY, EDMUND C., Conditions Affecting
the Application of Symbolic Logic, _Journal of
Symbolic Logic_, vol. 7, no. 4, Dec. 1942,
pp. 160-168.
SHANNON, CLAUDE E., A Symbolic Analysis of
Relay and Switching Circuits, _Transactions of
the American Institute of Electrical Engineers_,
vol. 57, 1938, pp. 713-723.
This paper has had a good deal of influence here
and there on the development of electric circuits
using relays.
The following report discusses the solution of some problems of
mathematical logic by means of a large-scale digital calculator:
TARSKI, ALFRED, _A Decision Method for
Elementary Algebra and Geometry_, Report R-109,
California: Rand Corporation, Aug. 1, 1948, 60 pp.
OTHER DIGITAL MACHINES FINISHED OR UNDER DEVELOPMENT
The Aiken Mark II Relay Calculator
The Computation Laboratory of Harvard University finished during
1947 a second large relay calculator, called the Aiken Mark II Relay
Calculator. This machine is alluded to briefly at the end of Chapter 10
and is described more fully in the following:
CAMPBELL, ROBERT V. D., Mark II Calculator,
_Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale
Digital Calculating Machinery_, Cambridge,
Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 69-79.
FREELAND, STEPHEN L., Inside the Biggest
Man-Made Brain, _Popular Science_, May 1947,
pp. 95-100.
MILLER, FREDERICK G., Application of Printing
Telegraph Equipment to Large-Scale Calculating
Machinery, _Proceedings of a Symposium on
Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery_,
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948,
pp. 213-222.
The Edsac
The Edsac is a machine under construction in England.
WILKES, M. V., The Design of a Practical
High-Speed Computing Machine: the EDSAC,
_Proceedings of the Royal Society_, series A,
vol. 195, 1948, pp. 274-279.
WILKES, M. V., and W. RENWICK, An
Ultrasonic Memory Unit for the EDSAC, _Electronic
Engineering_, vol. 20, no. 245, July 1948,
pp. 208-213.
The Edvac
The Edvac is a machine under construction at the Moore School of
Electrical Engineering, Philadelphia.
KOONS, FLORENCE, and SAMUEL LUBKIN,
Conversion of Numbers from Decimal to Binary Form
in the EDVAC, _Mathematical Tables and Other Aids
to Computation_, vol. 3, no. 26, Apr. 1949,
pp. 427-431.
ANONYMOUS, EDVAC Replaces ENIAC, _The
Pennsylvania Gazette_, Philadelphia: University
of Pennsylvania, vol. 45, no. 8, Apr. 1947,
pp. 9-10.
The IBM Selective-Sequence Electronic Calculator
The IBM Selective-Sequence Electronic Calculator was finished and
announced in January 1948, and is alluded to briefly at the end of
Chapter 10. More information about this machine is in the following
references:
ECKERT, W. J., Electrons and Computation,
_The Scientific Monthly_, vol. 67, no. 5,
Nov. 1948, pp. 315-323.
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION,
_IBM Selective-Sequence Electronic
Calculator_, New York: International Business
Machines Corporation (form no. 52-3927-0), 1948,
16 pp.
The Raytheon Computer
The Raytheon Computer is a machine under construction at the Raytheon
Manufacturing Co., Waltham, Mass.
BLOCH, R. M., R. V. D. CAMPBELL,
and M. ELLIS, The Logical Design of the
Raytheon Computer, _Mathematical Tables and Other
Aids to Computation_, vol. 3, no. 24, Oct. 1948,
pp. 286-295.
BLOCH, R. M., R. V. D. CAMPBELL, and
M. ELLIS, General Design Considerations
for the Raytheon Computer, _Mathematical Tables
and Other Aids to Computation_, vol. 3, no. 24,
Oct. 1948, pp. 317-323.
A “System of Electric Remote-Control Accounting”
During the 1930’s a system using connected punch-card machinery was
experimented with in a department store in Pittsburgh. The purpose of
the system was automatic accounting and analysis of sales. This system
is described in:
WOODRUFF, L. F., A System of Electric
Remote-Control Accounting, _Transactions of the
American Institute of Electrical Engineers_,
vol. 57, Feb. 1938, pp. 78-87.
The Univac
The Univac is a machine under construction at the Eckert-Mauchly
Computer Corporation, Philadelphia. A similar but smaller digital
computer called the Binac is also being developed.
ECKERT-MAUCHLY COMPUTER CORPORATION, _The
Univac System_, Philadelphia: Eckert-Mauchly
Computer Corp., 1948, 8 pp.
ELECTRONIC CONTROL CO. (now ECKERT-MAUCHLY
COMPUTER CORP.), _A Tentative Instruction
Code for a Statistical Edvac_, Philadelphia:
Electronic Control Co. (now Eckert-Mauchly Computer
Corp.), May 7, 1947, 19 pp.
SNYDER, FRANCES E., and HUBERT M.
LIVINGSTON, Coding of a Laplace Boundary Value
Problem for the UNIVAC, _Mathematical Tables and
Other Aids to Computation_, vol. 3, no. 25,
Jan. 1949, pp. 341-350.
The Zuse Computer
The Zuse Computer is a small digital computer constructed in Germany.
LYNDON, ROGER C., The Zuse Computer,
_Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to
Computation_, vol. 2, no. 20, Oct. 1947,
pp. 355-359.
THE DESIGN OF DIGITAL MACHINES
Following are a number of references on various aspects of the design
of digital computing machines:
Organization
BURKS, ARTHUR W., Super-Electronic Computing
Machine, _Electronic Industries_, vol. 5,
no. 7, July 1946, p. 62.
BURKS, ARTHUR W., HERMAN H. GOLDSTINE
and JOHN VON NEUMANN, _Preliminary
Discussion of the Logical Design of an Electronic
Computing Instrument_, Princeton, N. J.:
Institute for Advanced Study, 2nd edition,
Sept. 1947, 42 pp.
ECKERT, J. PRESPER, JR., JOHN W.
MAUCHLY, and J. R. WEINER, An
Octal System Automatic Computer, _Electrical
Engineering_, vol. 68, no. 4, Apr. 1949, p. 335.
FORRESTER, JAY W., WARREN S. LOUD,
ROBERT R. EVERETT, and DAVID R.
BROWN, _Lectures by Project Whirlwind Staff
on Electronic Digital Computation_, Cambridge,
Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Servo-mechanisms Laboratory, Mar. and Apr. 1947,
149 pp.
LUBKIN, SAMUEL, Decimal Point Location in
Computing Machines, _Mathematical Tables and
Other Aids to Computation_, vol. 3, no. 21,
Jan. 1948, pp. 44-50.
PATTERSON, GEORGE W., editor, and others,
_Theory and Techniques for Design of Electronic
Digital Computers_ (subtitle: _Lectures
Given at the Moore School 8 July 1946-31
August 1946_), Philadelphia: The University
of Pennsylvania, Moore School of Electrical
Engineering, vol. 1, lectures 1-10, Sept. 10, 1947,
161 pp.; vol. 2, lectures 11-21, Nov. 1, 1947, 173
pp.; vol. 3 and 4 in preparation.
STIBITZ, GEORGE R., _Relay Computers_,
Applied Mathematics Panel Report 171.1R,
Washington, D. C.: National Defense Research
Council, Feb. 1945, 83 pp.
STIBITZ, GEORGE R., Should Automatic Computers
be Large or Small? _Mathematical Tables and Other
Aids to Computation_, vol. 2, no. 20, Oct. 1947,
pp. 362-364.
STIBITZ, GEORGE R., The Organization of
Large-Scale Calculating Machinery, _Proceedings
of a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating
Machinery_, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 1948, pp. 91-100.
STIBITZ, GEORGE R., A New Class of Computing
Aids, _Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to
Computation_, vol. 3, no. 23, July 1948,
pp. 217-221.
Input and Output Devices
ALEXANDER, SAMUEL N., Input and Output Devices
for Electronic Digital Calculating Machinery,
_Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale
Digital Calculating Machinery_, Cambridge,
Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 248-253.
FULLER, HARRISON W., The Numeroscope,
_Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale
Digital Calculating Machinery_, Cambridge,
Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 238-247.
O’NEAL, R. D., Photographic Methods for
Handling Input and Output Data, _Proceedings of
a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating
Machinery_, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 1948, pp. 260-266.
TYLER, ARTHUR W., Optical and Photographic
Storage Techniques, _Proceedings of a Symposium
on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery_,
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948,
pp. 146-150.
ZWORYKIN, V. K., L. E. FLORY, and
W. S. PIKE, Letter-Reading Machine,
_Electronics_, vol. 22, no. 6, June 1949,
pp. 80-86.
ANONYMOUS, Letter-Printing Cathode-Ray Tube,
_Electronics_, vol. 22, no. 6, June 1949,
pp. 160-162.
Storage Devices
BRILLOUIN, LEON N., Electromagnetic Delay
Lines, _Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale
Digital Calculating Machinery_, Cambridge,
Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 110-124.
FORRESTER, JAY W., High-Speed Electrostatic
Storage, _Proceedings of a Symposium on
Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery_,
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948,
pp. 125-129.
HAEFF, ANDREW V., The Memory Tube and
its Application to Electronic Computation,
_Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to
Computation_, vol. 3, no. 24, Oct. 1948,
pp. 281-286.
KORNEI, OTTO, Survey of Magnetic Recording,
_Proceedings of a Symposium on Large-Scale
Digital Calculating Machinery_, Cambridge,
Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948, pp. 223-237.
MOORE, BENJAMIN L., Magnetic and Phosphor
Coated Discs, _Proceedings of a Symposium on
Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery_,
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948,
pp. 130-132.
RAJCHMAN, JAN A., The Selectron—A Tube for
Selective Electrostatic Storage, _Mathematical
Tables and Other Aids to Computation_, vol. 2,
no. 20, Oct. 1947, pp. 359-361 and frontispiece.
SHARPLESS, T. KITE, Mercury Delay Lines as
a Memory Unit, _Proceedings of a Symposium on
Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery_,
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948,
pp. 103-109.
SHEPPARD, C. BRADFORD, Transfer Between
External and Internal Memory, _Proceedings of
a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating
Machinery_, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 1948, pp. 267-273.
Programming or Coding
EVERETT, ROBERT R., _Digital Computing
Machine Logic_ (memorandum M-63), Cambridge,
Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Servo-mechanisms Laboratory, Mar. 19, 1947, 48 pp.
GOLDSTINE, HERMAN H., and JOHN VON
NEUMANN, _Planning and Coding of Problems
for an Electronic Computing Instrument_,
Princeton, N. J.: Institute for Advanced Study,
1947, 69 pp.
GOLDSTINE, HERMAN H., and JOHN VON
NEUMANN, _Planning and Coding of Problems
for an Electronic Computing Instrument_,
Princeton, N. J.: Institute for Advanced Study,
part 2, vol. 3, 1948, 23 pp.
MAUCHLY, JOHN W., Preparation of Problems for
Edvac-Type Machines, _Proceedings of a Symposium
on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery_,
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948,
pp. 203-207.
DIGITAL MACHINES—MISCELLANEOUS
Many of the following articles are nontechnical and contain much
interesting information about machines that think:
ALT, FRANZ L., New High-Speed Computing
Devices, _The American Statistician_, vol. 1,
no. 1, Aug. 1947, pp. 14-15.
BUSH, VANNEVAR, As We May Think, _Atlantic
Monthly_, July 1945, pp. 101-108.
CONDON, EDWARD U., _The Electronic Brain
Means a Better Future for You_ (broadcast),
Columbia Broadcasting System, Jan. 4, 1948.
DAVIS, HARRY M., Mathematical Machines,
_Scientific American_, vol. 180, no. 4,
Apr. 1949, pp. 29-39.
LAGEMANN, JOHN K., It All Adds Up,
_Collier’s Magazine_, May 31, 1947,
pp. 22-23 ...
LOCKE, E. L., Modern Calculators,
_Astounding Science Fiction_, vol. 52, no. 5,
Jan. 1949, pp. 87-106.
MACLAUGHLAN, LORNE, Electrical Mathematicians,
_Astounding Science Fiction_, vol. 53, no. 3,
May 1949, pp. 93-108.
MANN, MARTIN, Want to Buy a Brain? _Popular
Science_, vol. 154, no. 5, May 1949, pp. 148-152.
NEWMAN, JAMES R., Custom-Built Genius, _New
Republic_, June 23, 1947, pp. 14-18.
PFEIFFER, JOHN E., The Machine That Plays Gin
Rummy, _Science Illustrated_, vol. 4, no. 3,
Mar. 1949, pp. 46-48 ...
RIDENOUR, LOUIS N., Mechanical Brains,
_Fortune_, vol. 39, no. 5, May 1949,
pp. 108-118.
TUMBLESON, ROBERT C., Calculating Machines,
_Federal Science Progress_, June 1947, pp. 3-7.
ANONYMOUS, Almost Human, _Home Office
News_, Newark, N. J.: Prudential Insurance
Company of America, Feb. 1947, p. 8.
APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL MACHINES
Some of the problems that mechanical brains can solve, some of the
methods for controlling them to solve problems, and some of the
implications of mechanical brains for future problems are covered in
the following references:
Solving Problems
BERKELEY, EDMUND C., Electronic Machinery for
Handling Information, and its Uses in Insurance,
_Transactions of the Actuarial Society of
America_, vol. 48, May 1947, pp. 36-52.
BERKELEY, EDMUND C., Electronic Sequence
Controlled Calculating Machinery and Applications
in Insurance, _Proceedings of 1947 Annual
Conference, Life Office Management Association_,
New York: Life Office Management Association, 1947,
pp. 116-129.
CURRY, HASKELL B., and WILLA A.
WYATT, _A Study of Inverse Interpolation of
the Eniac_, B. R. L. Report No. 615, Aberdeen,
Md.: Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aug. 19,
1946, 100 pp.
HARRISON, JOSEPH O., JR., and HELEN
MALONE, Piecewise Polynomial Approximation for
Large-Scale Digital Calculators, _Mathematical
Tables and Other Aids to Computation_, vol. 3,
no. 26, Apr. 1949, pp. 400-407.
HOFFLEIT, DORRIT, A Comparison of Various
Computing Machines Used in Reduction of Doppler
Observations, _Mathematical Tables and Other Aids
to Computation_, vol. 3, no. 25, Jan. 1949,
pp. 373-377.
LEONTIEF, WASSILY W., Computational Problems
Arising in Connection with Economic Analysis of
Interindustrial Relationships, _Proceedings of
a Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating
Machinery_, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 1948, pp. 169-175.
LOTKIN, MAX, _Inversion on the Eniac
Using Osculatory Interpolation_, B. R. L.
Report No. 632, Aberdeen, Md.: Ballistic Research
Laboratories, July 15, 1947, 42 pp.
LOWAN, ARNOLD N., The Computation Laboratory
of the National Bureau of Standards, _Scripta
Mathematica_, vol. 15, no. 1, Mar. 1949,
pp. 33-63.
MATZ, ADOLPH, Electronics in Accounting,
_Accounting Review_, vol. 21, no. 4, Oct.
1946, pp. 371-379.
MCPHERSON, JAMES L., Applications of
High-Speed Computing Machines to Statistical
Work, _Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to
Computation_, vol. 3, no. 22, Apr. 1948,
pp. 121-126.
MITCHELL, HERBERT F., JR., Inversion of a
Matrix of Order 38, _Mathematical Tables and
Other Aids to Computation_, vol. 3, no. 23,
July 1948, pp. 161-166.
ANONYMOUS, Revolutionizing the Office,
_Business Week_, May 28, 1949, no. 1030,
pp. 65-72.
Speech
Some of the possibilities of machines dealing with voice and speech are
indicated in:
DUDLEY, HOMER, R. R. RIESZ, and
S. S. A. WATKINS, A Synthetic Speaker,
_Journal of the Franklin Institute_, vol. 227,
June 1939, pp. 739-764.
This is an article on the _Voder_, which is
an abbreviation of _V_oice _O_peration
_De_monstrator. The machine was exhibited at
the New York World’s Fair, 1939.
DUDLEY, HOMER, The Vocoder, _Bell
Laboratories Record_, vol. 18, no. 4, Dec. 1939,
pp. 122-126.
This is a more general type of machine than the Voder.
The Vocoder is both an analyzer and synthesizer of
human speech.
POTTER, RALPH K., GEORGE A. KOPP, and
HARRIET C. GREEN, _Visible Speech_,
New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1947, 441 pp.
ANONYMOUS, Pedro the Voder: A Machine that
Talks, _Bell Laboratories Record_, vol. 17,
no. 6, Feb. 1939, pp. 170-171.
Weather
Some of the possibilities of machines dealing with weather information
are covered in:
LAGEMANN, JOHN K., Making Weather to Order,
_New York Herald Tribune: This Week_,
Feb. 23, 1947.
SHALETT, SIDNEY, Electronics to Aid Weather
Figuring, _The New York Times_, Jan. 11, 1946.
ZWORYKIN, V. K., _Outline of Weather
Proposal_, Princeton, N. J.: Radio Corporation
of America Research Laboratories, Oct. 1945, 11 pp.
ANONYMOUS, Weather Under Control,
_Fortune_, Feb. 1948, pp. 106-111 ...
The Robot Machine
ČAPEK, KAREL, _R. U. R._ (translated from
the Czech by Paul Selver), New York: Doubleday,
Page & Co., 1923.
LAGEMANN, JOHN K., From Piggly Wiggly to
Keedoozle, _Collier’s Magazine_, vol. 122,
no. 18, Oct. 30, 1948, pp. 20-21 ...
LEAVER, E. W., and J. J. BROWN,
Machines Without Men, _Fortune_, vol. 34,
no. 5, Nov. 1946, pp. 165 ...
PEASE, M. C., Devious Weapon, _Astounding
Science Fiction_, vol. 53, no. 2, Apr. 1949,
pp. 34-43.
SHANNON, CLAUDE E., _Programming a Computer
for Playing Chess_, Bell Telephone Laboratories,
Oct. 8, 1948, 34 pp.
SHELLEY, MARY W., _Frankenstein_ (in
Everyman’s Library, No. 616), New York: E. P.
Dutton & Co., last reprinted 1945, 242 pp.
SPILHAUS, ATHELSTAN, Let Robot Work for You,
_The American Magazine_, Dec. 1948, p. 47 ...
ANONYMOUS, Another New Product for Robot
Salesmen, _Modern Industry_, vol. 13, no. 2,
Feb. 15, 1947.
ANONYMOUS, The Automatic Factory,
_Fortune_, vol. 34, no. 5, Nov. 1946,
p. 160 ...
ANONYMOUS, Machines Predict What Happens in
Your Plant, _Business Week_, Sept. 25, 1948,
pp. 68-69 ...
NAME INDEX
_Note: This list of persons mentioned in the text includes names of
fictional characters. The subject index, which follows, includes all
other names._
Aiken, Howard H., 90-112, 177-8, 232, 245-6
Alexander, Samuel N., 251
Alquist, 200
Alt, Franz L., 142, 237, 247, 253
Archer, R. M., 241
Aristotle, 152
Babbage, Charles, 89
Baehne, G. Walter, 232
Bailey, C. F., 237
Barcroft, Joseph, 229
Beach, Frank A., 229
Beard, R. E., 88, 240
Berkeley, Edmund C., 233, 248, 254
Berry, R. J. A., 229
Berry, T. M., 240
Bloch, Richard M., 246, 250
Bloomfield, Leonard, 231
Bodmer, Frederick, 231
Boelter, L. M. K., 240
Boole, George, 152
Boring, Edwin G., 229
Bower, E. C., 237
Brainerd, J. G., 247
Brillouin, Leon N., 252
Brown, David R., 251
Brown, G. S., 245
Brown, J. J., 255
Brown, S. L., 241-2
Buckingham, R. A., 240
Burkhart, William, 144, 155-6
Burks, Arthur W., 246, 251
Bush, Vannevar, 72, 74, 239, 241, 245, 253
Caldwell, Samuel H., 74, 239, 241
Campbell, Robert V. D., 249-50
Čapek, Karel, 199, 255
Carroll, Lewis, 12
Carter, G. K., 244
Cesareo, O., 248
Clemence, G. M., 237
Clippinger, R. F., 246
Comrie, John Leslie, 232
Concordia, C., 244
Condon, Edward U., 253
Crew, E. W., 232
Criner, H. E., 245
Culley, Frank L., 237
Curry, Haskell B., 254
Davis, Harry M., 253
Deming, W. Edwards, 237
Dietzold, Robert L., 244
Domin, Harry, 199
Dudley, Homer, 254-5
Duncan, W. J., 244
Dunlap, Jack W., 237
Dwyer, Paul S., 237
Dyer, H. S., 237
Eckert, J. Presper, Jr., 114, 178, 247, 251
Eckert, W. J., 233, 236-7, 239, 250
Edison, Thomas A., 15
Ellis, M., 250
Enns, W. E., 243
Everett, Robert R., 251-2
Feinstein, Lillian, 237
Flesch, Rudolf, 231
Flory, L. E., 252
Forrester, Jay W., 251-2
Frame, J. Sutherland, 244
Frankenstein, Victor, 198, 200
Franz, Shepherd I., 229
Freeland, Stephen L., 249
Fry, Macon, 232
Fuller, Harrison W., 252
Fürth, R., 242
Gage, F. D., 245
Genet, N., 239, 246
Godwin, Mary W. (Mary W. Shelley), 198, 255
Goldstine, Adele, 247
Goldstine, Herman H., 247, 251, 253
Gove, E. L., 245
Graff, Willem L., 231
Graham, R. S., 244
Gray, T. S., 245
Green, Harriet C., 255
Haeff, Andrew V., 252
Hansen, Morris H., 237
Harrison, Joseph O., Jr., 246, 254
Hart, H. C., 244
Hartkemeier, Harry Pelle, 233
Hartree, D. R., 232, 240-1, 247
Haupt, Ralph F., 237
Hayakawa, S. I., 231
Hazen, H. L., 243, 245
Hedeman, W. R., 245
Hedley, K. J., 233
Herget, Paul, 237
Herr, D. L., 244
Herrick, C. Judson, 229
Hoffleit, Dorrit, 254
Hogben, Launcelot, 231
Hollerith, Herman, 43
Hopper, Grace M., 246
Horsburgh, E. H., 232
Hotelling, Harold, 237
Householder, Alston S., 230
Jespersen, Otto, 231
Juley, Joseph, 248
Kalin, Theodore A., 144, 155-6
Kelvin, Lord, 72, 240
King, Gilbert W., 238
Koons, Florence, 249
Kopp, George A., 255
Kormes, Jennie P., 238
Kormes, Mark, 238
Kornei, Otto, 252
Kranz, Frederick W., 242
Kron, Gabriel, 243-4
Kuder, G. Frederic, 238
Kuehni, H. P., 240, 243
Lagemann, John K., 253, 255
Landahl, Herbert D., 230
Lang, H. C., 233
Lashley, Karl S., 229
Leaver, E. W., 255
Leontief, Wassily W., 254
Lettvin, Jerome Y., 230
Lilley, S., 232
Livingston, Hubert M., 250
Locke, E. L., 253
Lorraine, R. G., 243
Lotkin, Max, 254
Loud, Warren S., 251
Lowan, Arnold N., 254
Lubkin, Samuel, 249, 251
Lyndon, Roger C., 250
MacLaughlan, Lorne, 253
Maginniss, F. J., 241
Mallock, R. R. M., 244
Malone, Helen, 254
Mann, Martin, 253
Marble, F. G., 242
Massey, H. S. W., 240
Mastukazi, Kiyoshi, 19
Matz, Adolph, 254
Mauchly, John W., 114, 178, 247, 251, 253
Maxfield, D. K., 238
Maxwell, L. R., 242
McCann, G. D., 245
McCulloch, Warren S., 230
McLaughlin, Kathleen, 238
McPherson, James L., 254
McPherson, John C., 238
Meacham, Alan D., 237
Mercner, R. O., 244
Miller, Dayton C., 242
Miller, Frederick G., 249
Milliman, Wendell A., 238
Milne, J. R., 242
Mitchell, Herbert F., Jr., 254
Montgomery, H. C., 242
Moore, Benjamin L., 252
Moore, C. R., 242
Murray, Francis J., 232
Myers, D. M., 245
Newman, James R., 253
Ogden, C. K., 231
O’Neal, R. D., 252
Parker, W. W., 243
Patterson, George W., 251
Pease, M. C., 255
Pekeris, C. L., 245
Peterson, H. A., 240, 243-4
Pfeiffer, John E., 253
Pieron, Henri, 229
Pike, W. S., 252
Pitts, Walter, 230
Poesch, H., 240
Porter, A., 240-1
Potter, Ralph K., 255
Pringle, R. W., 242
Quine, W. V., 248
Rajchman, Jan A., 252
Rashevsky, N., 230
Raymond, W. J., 242
Reichenbach, Hans, 248
Renwick, W., 249
Ridenour, Louis N., 253
Riesz, R. R., 254
Robertson, J. M., 242
Rose, A., 247
Rossum, 199
Royer, Elmer B., 238
Sauer, R., 240
Schlauch, Margaret, 231
Schnackel, H. G., 233
Schrödinger, Erwin, 229
Schwarzchild, Martin, 237
Shalett, Sidney, 255
Shannon, Claude E., 153-5, 241, 248, 255
Sharpless, T. Kite, 252
Shelley, Mary W., 198, 255
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 198
Sheppard, C. Bradford, 252
Sherrington, Charles S., 229
Smith, C. E., 245
Snyder, Frances E., 250
Somerville, J. M., 242
Spilhaus, Athelstan, 255
Stewart, R. R., 245
Stibitz, George R., 129-30, 244, 251
Straiton, A. W., 242
Tabor, Lewis P., 247
Tarski, Alfred, 248-9
Terhune, G. K., 242
Thomas, George B., 238
Thomson, James, 240
Thomson, William, 72, 240
Tilney, Frederick, 229
Torrey, V., 246
Travis, Irven, 239, 244
Tumbleson, Robert C., 253
Turck, J. A. V., 232
Tyler, Arthur W., 252
Varney, R. N., 243
von Neumann, John, 124, 251
Wainwright, Lawrence L., 72, 241
Walpole, Hugh R., 231
Watkins, S. S. A., 254
Wegel, R. L., 242
Weiner, J. R., 251
Wheeler, L. L., 241-2
Whitten, C. A., 238
Wiener, Norbert, 229
Wilbur, J. B., 244
Wilkes, M. V., 249
Williams, Samuel B., 248
Wolf, Arthur W., 233
Womersley, J. R., 241
Wood, Thomas, 19
Woodger, J. H., 248
Woodruff, L. F., 250
Wyatt, Willa A., 254
Wylie, J., 240
Yavne, R. O., 245
Zworykin, V. K., 190, 252, 255
SUBJECT INDEX
_Notes: Phrases consisting of an adjective and a noun, or of a noun
and a noun, are entered in their alphabetical place according to the
first word. For example, “electrostatic storage tube” is under_ e, _and
“punch card” is under_ p.
_A_ field, 99
_A_ tape, 82-3
abacus, 17-9, 133, 220
_abax_ (Greek), 18
absolute value, 101, 222
accumulator, 115-6
accumulator decade, 118
accuracy, 67, 89
acetylcholine, 3
add output, 120
addend, 223
adder, 77
adder mechanism, 77-8
adding, 24-5, 27, 37, 55, 100, 119, 139
addition circuit, 37
Aiken Mark I Calculator, 10, 89-112, 245-6;
_see also_ Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled
Calculator
Aiken Mark II Relay Calculator, 176-8, 249
Aiken Mark III Electronic Calculator, 177
air resistance coefficient, 80-2
algebra of logic, 26, 36, 56-62, 105, 140, 151-2, 164, 221-3, 248
algebraic equations, machines for solving, 244
all-or-none response, 3
alphabet, 14
alphabetic coding, 13, 54
alphabetic punching, 46
alphabetic writing, 13
amplify, 73
analogous, 65
analogue, 65
analogue machines (machines that handle information
expressed as measurements), 65;
MIT Differential Analyzer No. 2, 65-88;
references, 239-45
analytical engine, 90
analyzer, 68, 241-4;
_see also_ differential analyzer
and, 146-8
and/or, 149
angle-indicator, 74-5
animal thinking, 4, 8, 188
annuities, 88
antecedent, 158
antilogarithm, 139, 226
antitangent, 139, 226
approximation, 220;
_see also_ rapid approximation
aptitude testing, 190
argument (in a mathematical table or function),
96, 103-4, 122, 136, 224
arithmetical operations, 55-6, 173
armor with a motor, 180, 195
array, 173, 227
Atomic Energy Commission, 203, 208
attitudes, 205
augend, 223
_aut_ (Latin), 149
automatic address-book, 181
automatic carriage, 53
“Automatic Computing Machinery”
(section in _Mathematical Tables and Other Aids
to Computation_), 177
automatic control: house-furnace, 189;
lawn-mower, 188;
tractor-plow, 188;
weather, 189
automatic cook, 181
automatic factory, 189
automatic library, 9, 181
automatic machinery, 182
automatic pilot, 189
automatic recognizer, 186-7
automatic sequence-controlled calculator, 90;
_see also_ Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled
Calculator
automatic stenographer, 185
automatic switching circuits, 248
automatic translator, 182
automatic typist, 182, 184
axon, 3
_B_ field, 99
_B_ tape, 82-3
Ballistic Research Laboratories, 1, 113-5, 127-8, 132, 142
base _e_, 226
base 10, 226
beam of electrons, 172
behavior, 4, 7-8, 29
Bell Telephone Laboratories, 4-5, 128-43, 247-8
Bell Telephone Laboratories’ general-purpose relay computer,
128-43, 247-8;
cost, 142;
reliability, 141;
speed, 142
Bessel functions, 111, 226
Binac, 179
binary coding, 11, 13
binary digit, 14
binary numbers, 14, 216-9
biophysics, 230
biquinary numbers, 133, 219-20
blocks of arguments, 137
Boolean algebra, 152, 248;
_see also_ mathematical logic
both, 149
bowwow theory, 12
brain evolution, 229
brain with a motor, 180, 195
BTL frames, 138-9
bus, 32, 119
button, 91, 94
_C_ field, 99
_C_ tape, 82-3
_calcis_ (Latin), 18
calculating punch, 47, 51-2, 235
calculator frames, 138
calculator programmed by punch cards, 236
cam, 94-5
cam contact, 91, 94-5
capacitance, 117
capacitor, 117
capacity: counter, 59;
selecting, 59
carbon dioxide, 190
card channel, 47, 52
card column, 48
card feed, 48, 91
card punch, 91, 97
card reader, 116, 118
card sorter, 96
card stacker, 48
card station, 47
Carnegie Institution of Washington, 113
carry impulse, 118
cell nucleus, 2-3
census, 43, 53
channel, 47, 52, 170
characteristic of a logarithm, 107
check counter, 105
check-marks, 151
checking, 105, 110, 179, 227
chess game, 117
chestnut blight, 201
chortle, 12
class selector, 59
clearing, 100
codes, 29, 54, 96, 99
coding, 30, 130, 252-3
coding line, 99
column (in a punch card), 45
connective, 148, 158-9
connective grouping, 159
collating, 51, 173
collator, 47, 51, 235
collator counting device, 51, 235
combining information, 15
combining operations, 173
Common, 59-60
comparer, 57-8
comparing, 50, 57-8
complement, 55;
_see also_ nines complement, ones complement,
tens complement
Complex Computer, 129-30
complex numbers, 128-9
computer, 6, 27
Computer 1 and Computer 2, 132, 138
conflicts between statements, 149-50
consequent, 158
constant, 224
constant ratio, 77
constant register, 96, 99
constant switch, 99
Constant Transmitter, 116, 118
consulting a table, 103, 122
convergent, 221
Converter, 115
context, 144
continuous annuities, 88
continuous contingent insurances, 88
continuously running gear, 93
control, 6, 28, 90-1
control brushes, 51-2
control frames, 138-9
Control Instrument Company, 43
control over robot machines, 196-208
control tape, 28
controversy, 197
cosine, 75, 85, 139, 226
cost of mechanical brains, 87, 109, 126, 142, 165, 168
counter, 52, 74, 93-4
counter position, 93
counter wheel, 93, 118
counting, 55
coupling (numbers), 106
cube, 105, 224
Current (input of comparer), 57
cycle, 29, 45
Cycling Unit, 115-6
Cypriote, 13
Dartmouth College, 131
decade, 118
decimal digit, 11, 14
decimal position, 118
deciphering, 184, 188
decoding, 184, 188
definite integral, 111, 225
delay lines, 17, 20, 171-2
dendrite, 3
denial, 147
dependent variable, 81, 224
derivative, 68-71, 225
design of mechanical brains, 167-79, 251
desk calculating machines, 4, 11, 17, 19
detail cards, 50
dial switch, 92, 95-6
dial telephone, 17, 19, 128
differences, 110, 227
differential, 68, 70, 78
differential analyzer, 68, 72-88, 239-41
Differential Analyzer No. 2, 65-88;
accuracy, 86;
cost, 87;
reliability, 87;
speed, 87
differential equation, 68-9, 71, 111, 141, 225-6
differential function, 70
differential gear assembly, 78
digit, 11, 14
Digit Pickup, 60
digit selector, 60
digit tray, 119
digit trunk lines, 119
digit trunks, 119
digital machines
(machines that handle information expressed
as digits or letters):
Bell Laboratories’ general-purpose relay calculator, 128-43;
Eniac, 113-27;
Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator, 89-112;
punch-card calculating machinery, 42-64;
references, 232-9, 245-55
directions, 24
disc, 78-80
discrimination, 140
discriminator, 140-1
distance, 68-9
distinguishing _A_ and _H_, 184
dividend, 103, 223
Divider-Square-Rooter, 115-7
dividing, 55-6, 98, 102, 121, 140
divisor counter, 102
doorpost, 65-6
doubling, 76-7, 100
doubling mechanism, 76-7
drafting rules, 149
drag coefficient, 80
drive, 86
Dry Ice, 190
echo, 171
Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, 179, 250
economic relations, 194
Edsac, 249
“educated” machine, 101
Edvac, 177, 249
Egyptian, 12
either, 149
electric charge, 172
electric remote-control accounting, 250
electric typewriter, 91, 97, 236
electromagnet, 168
Electronic Binary Automatic Computer, 179
electronic calculating punch, 236
Electronic Control Company, 250
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (Eniac),
113-27, 246-7;
_see also_ Eniac
electronic tubes, 17, 20-1, 178-9;
Cathode, 21;
Grid, 21;
Plate, 21
electrostatic storage tube, 17, 20, 172
11 position, 45
11 punch, 58
else, 146-7
end-around-carry, 95, 217, 223
engine, 90
Eniac, 113-27, 246-7;
cost, 126;
panels, 115;
reliability, 126;
speed, 125;
unbalance, 124
“enough alike,” 184
Equal (output of sequencer), 61-2
equation, 68, 225
equivalent, 14
erase key, 134
Etruscan, 188
explanation, 209-13
explicit equation, 86
exponential, 85, 106, 225-6
extraction, 222
falsity, 147
farad, 117
fingers, 16, 18
fire-control instrument, 17, 19, 67, 131
5 impulse, 56
flights, 70
flip-flop, 119
following logically, 145
form feeding device, 236
formal logic, 152
formula, 68, 70, 224
Frankenstein’s monster, 198
function, 68, 70, 81, 103, 116, 118, 224
function table, 80-1, 116, 118
gang punching, 50
gearbox, 77-8
General Electric A.C. Network Analyzer, 243
General Electric Company, 243
geographic code, 54
giant brain, 1, 5-8
globe, 65-6
graph, 81
great circle, 69
greater-than, 25-7, 37, 222
greater-than circuit, 37
Greek letters, 120
guided missile, 197, 206
gun, 69
hail storm, 190
hand perforator, 132, 134
handling information, 10-18
harmonic analyzers, 241-2
harmonic synthesizers, 241-2
Harvard Computation Laboratory, 89, 176-7, 245, 249
Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator (Mark I),
10, 89-112, 245-6;
cost, 109;
efficiency, 111;
reliability, 110;
speed, 109
Harvard Sequence-Controlled Electronic Calculator (Mark III), 177
Harvard Sequence-Controlled Relay Calculator (Mark II), 176-8, 249
Harvard University, 1, 4, 8, 89, 176-7, 245, 249
hatred, 206
hoppers, 51
hub, 46, 98
human brain, 2-4, 16, 229
humidity, 63
IBM (International Business Machines),
43-64, 89-90, 177, 233-9, 249-50
IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator, 10, 89-112, 245-6;
_see also_ Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled
Calculator
IBM card-programmed calculator, 236
IBM pluggable sequence relay calculator, 236
IBM punch-card machinery, 43-64, 233-9
IBM Selective-Sequence Electronic Calculator, 177-9, 249
ideographic writing, 12
if, 146-7
if ... then, 149
ignorance, 205
illness, 191-2
imitative scheme, 12
in-code, 99
in-field, 99
independent variable, 81, 224
infinity, 86, 133, 212, 225
information, 10
initial conditions, 83, 225
Initiating Unit, 115-6
input, 6, 90-1
input devices, 175, 251-2
input register, 27
instantaneous rate of change, 70-1
Institute of Advanced Study, 124
instructions, 28, 83, 97, 178-9
insurance company, 42
insurance policies, 42
insurance values, 88
integral, 68, 71-2, 225
integral sign, 85, 225
integrating, 71-2, 78
integrator, 78-80
integrator mechanism, 78-9
International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), 43;
_see_ IBM
International Hydrographic Bureau, 242
International Phonetic Alphabet, 13
interpolating, 131, 221
interposing, 102
interpreter, 47, 49, 235
interpreting, 49
interval, 68, 70
intuitive thinking, 8
inverse, 71
judgments, 191
Kalin-Burkhart Logical-Truth Calculator, 144-66, 248;
cost, 165;
reliability, 166;
speed, 166
key punch, 47-8, 96, 235
keyboard, 48
knots, 17
language of logic, 56-62, 105, 140;
_see also_ mathematical logic
languages, 10-21, 231
latch relay, 40-1
left-hand components, 56, 121, 215
library, 9, 181
Library of Congress, 15
lie detector, 192
line of coding, 99
linear, 224-5
linear interpolation, 221
linear simultaneous equations, 141, 225
lobe, 94-5
logarithm, 67, 85, 106-8, 139, 225
Logarithm-In-Out counter, 107
logic, 144;
_see also_ mathematical logic
logical choice, 4;
_see also_ mathematical logic
logical connective, 148, 222
logical operations, 56-62, 173
logical pattern, 145-6
logical truth, 144-56, 166
Logical-Truth Calculator, 144-66;
_see_ Kalin-Burkhart Logical-Truth Calculator
loopholes, 149
Low Primary (output of sequencer), 61-2
Low Secondary (output of sequencer), 61-2
Lower Brushes, 52
loxodrome, 69-70
machine call number, 99
machine cycle, 56
machine language, 29, 99, 175, 191
machines as a language for thinking, 19-20;
references, 231-2
machines involving voice and speech, 185-6, 254
magnetic surfaces, 17, 20, 168-70, 179
magnetic tape, 169-70, 179
magnetic wire, 168
magnetized spot, 168-70
main connective, 160
many-wire cable, 50
Mark I (Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator),
10, 89-112, 245-6;
_see also_ Harvard IBM Automatic Sequence-Controlled
Calculator
Mark II (Harvard Sequence-Controlled Relay Calculator), 176-8, 249
Mark III (Harvard Sequence-Controlled Electronic Calculator), 177
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1, 20, 65, 72-88, 153
Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Differential
Analyzer No. 2, 65-88;
accuracy, 86;
cost, 87;
reliability, 87;
speed, 87
master card, 50
Master Programmer, 115-6
matching, 173
mathematical biophysics, 230
mathematical logic, 26, 36, 56-62, 105, 140, 151-2, 164, 221-3, 248
matrices, 173, 227
matrix, 173, 227
meanings, 209, 231
measurements, 65-6, 68
mechanical brain, 1, 5-8, 20;
crucial devices for, 20
mechanical brains under construction, 176-9
memory, 27, 90-1
mentality, 24, 27
mercury tank, 171, 179
merging, 173
metal fingers, 135
mica, 172
microphone, 185
mimeograph stencil, 16
Minoan, 188
miscellaneous field, 99
mistake, 134
Moore School of Electrical Engineering, 7, 113-27, 177, 249
multiplicand, 223
multiplicand counter, 101
multiplication schemes, 214-6
multiplier, 115-6
multiplier counter, 101
multiply-divide unit, 103
multiplying, 55-6, 101, 121, 140
multiplying punch, 47, 52, 235
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 128, 132
Naval Proving Ground, 177
negation, 24-5, 27, 34-6
negation circuit, 36
negative, 147
negative digit, 215
neon bulb, 119
nerve, 2-4
nerve cell, 2, 3, 16
nerve fiber, 2, 3
nerve networks, 230
nervous system, 188
network analyzers, 242-4
neurosis, 191
nine-pulses, 120-1
nines complement, 95, 121, 223
No X, 59
Northrop Aircraft, Inc., 179
not, 146-8
numeric coding, 13, 54
numerical X position, 45
numerical Y position, 45
occupation code, 54
octal notation, 179, 219
ohm, 117
Ojibwa, 12
ones complement, 217
only, 146-7
operation code, 103
operations with numbers, 24-7
or, 146-9
organization of digital machines, 251
out-code, 99
out-field, 99
output, 6, 90-1, 251-2
output devices, 176, 251-2
output register, 27
paper channel, 52
partial differential equations, 87
partial products, 115, 214
Pearl Assurance Company, 88
pebbles, 17-8
pen with a motor, 180, 195
permanent table frames, 138-9
personal income tax, 141
phonetic writing, 13
phonograph, 15-6
phonographic writing, 13
phototube, 81-2, 183-4
physical equipment for handling information, 11, 15-21, 91
physical problems, 69-72
physical quantities, 67-9
pictographic writing, 12
plugboard, 46, 98
plug-in units, 117-8
point of view, 207
pooh-pooh theory, 12
position (in a punch card), 45
position frames, 138-9
power, 43, 65, 133, 216, 224
prejudice, 205
Previous (input of comparer), 57
Primary (input of sequencer), 61-2
Primary Brushes, 51, 62
Primary Feed, 51, 61
Primary Sequence Brushes, 51
printer, 137
printer frames, 138
problem frames, 138
problem position, 132, 135
problem tape, 134
processor, 132, 134, 175
product, 70, 102, 223
product counter, 102
production scheduling, 193
program, 122, 173, 252-3
program-control switch, 123
program pulse, 122
program-pulse input terminal, 123
program register, 38
program tape, 28-9
program trays, 119
program trunk lines, 119
programming method of von Neumann, 124
pronoun, 223
psychological testing, 190
psychological trainer, 191-2
pulses, 120, 171
punch card, 17, 44-5, 95, 97
punch-card column, 45
punch-card machinery, 17, 20, 42-64, 232-9;
cost, 63;
reliability, 63-4;
speed, 62-3
punch feed, 51-2
punched paper tape, 17, 23, 82, 95
punching channel, 50
punching dies, 48, 51-2
pyramid circuit, 39
quantity of information, 11, 14-15
quartz, 171
quotient, 98, 103
_R.U.R._, 199
radar, 183
railroad line, 6, 119
rapid approximation, 106-8, 220-1
rate of change, 68, 70-1
ratio, 77, 83
Raytheon Computer, 250
reading, 57
reading brushes, 51-2
reading channel, 50
reading of punch cards, 44
reasoning, 144
rebus-writing, 13
reciprocal, 85, 224
recognizing, 8, 182-5
recorder, 132, 137
rectifier, 32
referent, 12
register, 27
reject, 49
relay, 17, 20-1, 23, 92, 129, 133, 178;
Common, 21;
Ground, 21;
Normally Closed, 21;
Normally Open, 21;
Pickup, 21
release key, 48
reliability, 63-4, 110, 126, 128, 141-2, 166, 168, 174
Remington-Rand, 43
reperforator, 137
rephrasing, 163-4
reproducer, 47, 49-50, 235
reproducing, 49
reset code, 100
resetting, 100
resistance, 80, 117
resistance coefficient, 80
resistor, 117
right-hand components, 56, 121, 215
robot machine, 197, 198-208, 255
robot salesman, 201
_robota_ (Czech), 199
Roman numerals, 212;
ancient style, 219
room, 70
Rossum’s Universal Robots, 199
rounding off, 55-6
routine, 8, 167, 173
routine frames, 138-9
routine tape, 28, 134
rules, 191, 224
satisfy, 225
scale factor, 74, 86
schemes for expressing meanings, 11-15
screen, 172
screw, 78
Secondary (input of sequencer), 61-2
Secondary Brushes, 51, 62
Secondary Feed, 61
Select-Receiving-Register circuit, 39
selecting, 26, 58, 104
selection, 26-7, 38, 222
selection circuit, 38
selection counter, 104
selector, 58-60
sensing digits, 108
separation sign, 129
sequence-control tape, 98
sequence-control-tape code, 98
sequence-controlled, 89
sequence-tape feed, 98
sequencer, 61
sequencing, 61
shifting, 217
short-cut multiplication, 215-6
Simon, 22-40
simultaneous, 225
simultaneous equations, 85, 225
sine, 75, 85, 106, 139, 226
sink (of a circuit), 154
slab, 18
slide rule, 65, 67
smoothness, 110, 227
social control, types, 203
sorter, 47-9
sorting, 57, 173
soundtracks, 16, 18
source (of a circuit), 154
space key, 48
speedometer, 68
spelling rules, 185
spoken English, 11
square, 224
square matrix, 227
square root, 116-7, 173, 220, 224
Start Key, 98
statements, 26, 144-51
static electricity, 63
storage, 6
storage counter, 93
storage devices, 252
storage register, 28, 93
storing information, 15
storing register frames, 138
storing registers, 139
string, 65-6
stylus, 16
subroutine, 106
Subsidiary Sequence Mechanism, 90, 106
subtract output, 120
subtracting, 55, 100, 119, 139, 223
subtracting by adding, 223
summary punch, 50, 116, 119
summary-punching, 50
switch open and current flowing, 154
switchboard, 76
switches in parallel, 154
switches in series, 154
switching circuits, 155
syllable-writing, 13
syllables, 211
syllogism, 146, 152
symbolic logic, 221-3, 248;
_see also_ mathematical logic
symbolic writing, 12
synapse, 3
System of Electric Remote-Control Accounting, 250
systems for handling information, 10
table tape, 134
tables (of values), 103, 136, 224
tabular value, 136, 224
tabulator, 47, 52, 119, 235
tallies, 17
tangent, 105, 226
tank (armored), 180, 195
tank (mercury tank), 171, 179
tape-controlled carriage, 236
tape feed, 91, 178-9
tape punch, 91, 97-8, 137
tape reels, 170
tape transmitter, 135, 137
telegraph line, 6, 119
telephone central station, 138
teletype, 17
teletype transmitter, 133, 135
teletypewriter, 130, 137
ten-position relay, 91-3
ten-position switch, 91-2
ten-pulses, 120-1
tens complement, 224
test scoring machine, 236
then, 146-7
thermostat, 187
thinking, 1-5, 10, 97
timed electrical currents, 44
timing contact, 94
tolerances, 67, 105
torque, 73, 86
torque amplifier, 73
trajectories, 69, 114, 141
transfer circuit, 33
transferring, 31, 34, 100, 119, 167
translating, 57
transmitter, 74
triggering control, 183, 186-7
trigonometric tables, 226
trigonometric tangent, 105, 226
truth, 144
truth table, 147, 155, 222
truth value, 26, 58, 105, 147, 222
tuning, 183
turning force, 72
12 position, 45
two-position relay, 21, 91-2;
_see also_ relay
two-position switch, 91-2
typewriter, 16, 18
typewriter carriage, 53
unattended operation, 174
understanding, 212-3, 231
unemployment, 201-2
Unequal (output of comparer), 57
unit of information, 11, 14-5, 169
United Nations, 203, 208
United States Army Ordnance Department, 113-4
Univac, 250
University of Pennsylvania, 7, 113
unknowns, 141
Upper Brushes, 52
value tape code, 96
value tape feed, 95-6
variables, 84, 223
_vel_ (Latin), 149
verifier, 47-8, 235
vibration, 69
Vocoder, 255
Voder, 254
voltage, 74
Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory, 239
weather control, 189, 255
weather forecasting, 189, 255
wheel (of a counter), 78
white elephant, 73, 114
winch, 73
words for explaining, 209-12
X, 59
X distributor, 59
X Pickup, 59
X punch, 45, 58
X selector, 59
zero, 133, 212
_zh_ (sound), 13, 185
Zuse Computer, 250