Cadmium, discovery and uses of, 386
Calabria, earthquake of 1783 in, 98
conduct of the peasants in the, 99
movement of the sea during the earthquake, 107
depth of the original shock of 1857, 111
Calamine, zinc produced from, 380
worked in Prussia, Belgium, and England, 381
Calamites nodosus, 393
Caldera, copper mines of, 326
California, upheaval of the land at, 34
discovery of gold in, 288
immense flood of emigration into, 289
gold-washing at, 295
copper mines of, 328
iron discovered in, 362
quicksilver of, 378
Callistus, catacomb of, discovery of the, 210
Calobozo, sounds accompanying earthquakes at, 103
Camborne, copper mines of, 317
Cambrian rocks, antiquity of the, 2, 3, 10
fossils of the, 10, 11
Cambyses, his enormous wealth, 286
Campagna, different kinds of stone of the, 208
Canada, iron pyrites of, 448
Canary Islands, earthquakes of the, 100
maare, or crateriform hollows, of the, 132
Cane, Grotto del, cruel experiments on dogs at, 89
Canstadt, in Wurtemberg, mills kept at work in winter by Artesian
wells, 50
Capac Urcu, the volcanic cone of, blown to pieces, 67
Caraccas, town of, destroyed by an earthquake, 101
Carbonic acid gas springs, 88
those of Germany, 88
Carboniferous period, fishes of the, 13
vegetable and animal remains of the, 14, 18
insects of the, 15
rain-drops of the, preserved at Sydney, in Cape Breton, 29
proof of the density of the atmosphere of the, 29
plants of the, 391
Carburetted hydrogen, springs of, 90-93
Carclaze tin mine, 341
Cardiganshire, lead mines of, 366
Cardona, rock-salt of the valley of, 437
Cardrew mine, in Cornwall, drainage of, 270
Carguairazo, fish disgorged from the eruption of the volcano of, 69, 70
Carinthia, dollinas and jamas of, 130
subterranean water-courses of, 150
fungi of the caves of, 158
iron of, 358
Carlsbad, hot springs of, 43
Carmel, Mount, grotto of the prophet Elijah on, 188
church on, 188
Carniola, dollinas and jamas of, 130
subterranean water-courses of, 150
Carnon, near Falmouth, tin-stream of, 338
Carrara marble, origin of, 4
quarries of, 465
situation of the quarries, 465
the town of, 465
Carron iron-works established, 350
Carson river, silver mines near the, 314
Cass, General, his report on the copper mines of Lake Superior, 328
Cassiterides, or tin islands, Herodotus’ mention of, 333
Cassotis, at Delphi, antiquity of the, 44
Castro, John di, his manufacture of alum at Tolfa, 458
Catacombs of Rome, 205
gallery with tombs, 206
sepulchral inscriptions, 209
Bosio’s discovery of the catacombs, 209
Cavaliere de Rossi’s researches, 210
these of Naples and Syracuse, 210
those of Paris, 210
Catania threatened by the lava-stream from Etna, 72
partly destroyed by the lava, 73
Catorce, Alamos de, silver mine of, 303
Caucasus, mud volcanoes of the, 93, 95
earthquakes of, 100
Cavern-roofs, falling in of, causing landslips, 129
Caves, in general, 133
their various forms, 133
natural tunnels, 133, 134
dimensions of caves, 135
discovery of caves, 135
the various rocks in which they occur, 136
marine caves, 142
volcanic caves, 146
cave rivers, 149
cave vegetation, 156
subterranean animals, 159
caves as places of refuge, 169
hermit caves and rock-temples, 178
subterranean places of worship, 181
ice-caves and wind-holes, 192
rock-tombs and catacombs, 202
caves with bones of extinct animals, 213
subterranean relics of prehistoric man, 221
troglodytes, or cave-dwellers, 231
cave of St. Peter’s Mount, near Maestricht, 470
Celsius, his observations of the rise of the land in Sweden, 35
Cemeteries, rock-hewn, of Egypt, 204, 205
Cenis, Mont, railway tunnel through, 238-240
machines for boring the, 238, 239
mode of proceeding, 238-240
Cervus megaceros, the, of Ireland, 28
Ceylon, rock-temples of, 184
Chalcedony, 497
Chaldæa, silver mines of, 298
Chalk group, star fish of the, 18
Charlemagne, imperial mantle of, 478
Cheshire, salt mines of, 431
Chili, number of active volcanoes of, 61
great earthquake of, in 1835, 79
earthquakes of, generally, 100
effects of the earthquake sea-wave after the shock, 108
silver mines of, 313, 314
copper mines of, 326
lead mines of, 367
China-clay, or kaolin, how formed, 460
mode of treating it, 460
export of, from Cornwall and Devonshire, 461
‘Chinaman’s Hole,’ gold diggings at, 292
Chinese, their use of springs of carburetted hydrogen, 90, 91
at the Australian gold diggings, 291
their discovery of gold near Mount Ararat, 291
Choke-damp, or black-damp, 278
destruction caused by, 281
Choquier, bones of extinct animals found in the cavern of, 214
Christians, tombs of the early, near Rome, 207, 208
Chrome, uses of, 385
discovery of, 386
whence obtained, 386
Chrysoberyl, or oriental chrysolite, 491
Chuquibamba, height of the volcano of, 54
Cinnabar, uses of, in early ages, 370
Cirknitz Lake, the Proteus first discovered in the, 164, 165
Clara, Boveda de Santa, at Almaden, 372
Cleveland district, iron manufacture of the, 354
Clausthal, length of the argentiferous veins of, 247
great adit levels of the mines of, 270
Clodius, Roman prætor, defeated by Spartacus at Vesuvius, 82
Coal and coal mines, 245, 246
age of, 390
plants of the Carboniferous age, 391
extent of the coal seams, 395
vast time required for the formation of the coal-fields, 395
the probable mode of formation, 396
derangements and dislocation of coal beds, 397, 398
separation of a coal-field into small areas by dykes or faults, 399
bituminous and non-bituminous coals, 401
chief coal-producing countries of the world, 402
the coal-fields of Great Britain, 402-422
the hewers and their work, 415, 418
other workmen, below and above the pit, 416, 417
early knowledge of coal, 419
its use prohibited by Edward I. in London, 419
the trade in coal in the middle of the seventeenth century, 420
increase in the demand and supply, 420
the question of the duration of our coal-fields, 420
coal-fields of foreign countries, 422-425
Coal-hewers of the North of England, 414
at work, 415
how they are paid, 416
Coalbrookdale, iron manufacture in, 349
Coal-cutting machines, 415
Cobalt, name of, 384
uses of, and whence obtained, 384
Coca, stimulating properties of, 311
Cochin China, rock-temples of, 184
Coins, the oldest known gold, 287
Collieries, casualties in, 245
drainage of the water in, 272
Colossochelys Atlas, gigantic proportions of the, 24
Columbia, mud volcanoes of, 93
Columbia, British, gold-fields of, 293
coal-fields of, 424
Consolidated Mines in Cornwall, amount of sinking in the, 251
Conto, Monte, landslip of the, 127
Copal-tree, resin at the foot of the, 451
Copiapo, in Chili, discovery of silver at, 248
silver mines of, 313
Copper, name and antiquity of, 315
how found, 315
its uses and compounds, 315
mines of Cornwall, 316, 317
ores and process of smelting, 320, 321
mines of Sweden, Germany, and Russia, 322-326
those of America, 326-329
and of Australia, 329
history of some of our copper mines, 329
lodes of Cornwall, 337
Copperopolis, copper mines of, 328
Coquimbo, copper mines of, 326
Corals, primeval, 16
Corneale, Cave of, colossal stalagmites of the, 140
Cornwall, mines of, 316
tin mines of, 336
persons employed in them, 343
zinc produced in, 382
China-clay of, 460, 461
Corsica, marine caves of, 145
Cort, Mr., his improvements in iron manufacture, 350
Corundum, 489
Cosiguina, phenomena of an eruption of, 65, 67
destruction caused by the eruption of 1835, 67
Cosmo III., Grand Duke of Tuscany, burns a diamond, 479
Cotopaxi, shape of, 53
enormous stones hurled by an eruption of, 66
phenomena of the eruption of 1803, 69
noises heard 109 miles off during an eruption of, 104
Cretaceous period, fossils of the, 19, 22, 23
causes of landslips in the, 129
Crete, labyrinth of, 174, 175
consecrated caves and grottoes to Zeus in, 187
Crimea, mud volcanoes of the, 93
Crinnis Copper Mine, Old, abandoned but reworked, 329, 330
Crinoids, or sea-lilies, fossil, 17
Crœsus, his enormous wealth, 286
Crookes, Mr., his discovery of thallium, 388
Crowe, Mr., of Hammerfest, forms a copper-mining company in Norway, 324
Crustaceans of the Silurian seas, 11, 12
cavern, 163, 167
Cuba, copper mines of, 329
iron ores of, 363
Cumana, destruction of the town of, by an earthquake, 102
sounds accompanying the shocks, 103
Cuthbert, St., his cave on the Coast of Northumberland, 180
account of him, 180
‘beads of St. Cuthbert,’ 180
Curtis, Thomas, his difficult work in the Huel Wherry tin mine, 339,
340
Cyclops, troglodytic caverns of the, at the base of Mount Etna, 232
Cyrus, enormous treasures accumulated by, 286
Cyprus, ancient silver mines of, 298
Cyzicus, the oldest known specimen of a gold coin of, 287
Dahra, French atrocities at the caves of the, 176
Dalecarlia, iron ores of, 360
Dalmatia, dollinas and jamas of, 130
subterranean water-courses of, 150
Dalton-le-Dale, drainage of the coal-mine of, 272
Dambool, rock-temple of, 184
Dammara australis, masses of resin at the base of the trunk of the, 451
Dana, Professor, his views respecting volcanoes, 79
Dannemora, iron-works of, 360
Dantzig, amber found near, 449
Darien, platinum discovered at, 382
Darius Hystaspis, his enormous wealth, 286
Davy, Sir Humphry, his safety-lamp, 280
his discovery of aluminium and magnesium, 387
and of sodium, 388
Delgada, Punta, in the Island of San Miguel, 147
Delphi, subterranean hollow under the tripod of the priestess of, 187
Demidoff, Prince, his copper mines, 326
his iron mountain in the Oural, 357, 358
Denbighshire, lead mines of, 366
Derbyshire, lead mines of, 366
Denmark, enormous antiquity of the peat mosses of, 221
remnants of a former vegetation and articles of human workmanship
found in the mosses of, 222
the ‘shell-mounds’ of, 222
Depressions, subterranean, 34, 36
submarine forests in various places, 36
evidences of depression, 36, 37
probable causes of, 38
Derbyshire spar, 469
Devon Great Consols Mines, success of the copper mines of, 330
Devonian period, fishes of the, 13
Devonshire, tin mines of, 336
miners and wages of, 343
china-clay of, 460, 461
Diablerets, falls of the, 121
escape of a peasant from his living tomb in the, 122
causes of the phenomenon, 123
Diamond, the, 477
diamond-cutting, 478
rose diamonds and brilliants, 479
destroyed by heat, 479
stones of India and Brazil, 480
the Russian diamond, and the Pitt or Regent diamond, 485
that of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, 485
the Koh-i-Noor, 486
diamonds and diamond-dust used for industrial purposes, 489
Dinornis, size of the, 28
Professor Owen’s resuscitation of the, 217
Dinotherium, size and characteristics of the, 23
Diodorus Siculus, his account of the tin trade of Britain, 333
Divining rod, the, 248
how used, 249
Dolcoath tin mine, 337
Dolores, mine of, 303
Domingos, San, in Portugal, Roman mines of, 448
now worked by the Baron of Pommorão, 448
account of the works, 448
Donati, Vitaliano, his account of the fall of a mountain near
Sallenches, 122
Doncaster, gigantic fungus in a tunnel near, 158
Donegal, bursting of bogs in, 131
Droitwich, salt-works of, 432
Drontheim, or Tronyem, city of, 324
Dudley, Lord, establishes iron-works near Stourbridge, 349
Dufan, in Arabia, sulphur of the, 446
Dukinfield colliery, depth of, 247
Dunfermline, monastery of, obtains a licence to dig coals, 419
Durham, coal-fields of, 403, 407
Dyeing, use of tin in the processes of, 335
Earthquakes, preceding volcanic eruptions, 65
volcanoes considered as the safety-valves of, 78, 79
but sometimes accompany volcanic eruption, 79
extent of misery caused by, 97-99
the horrors of, increased by man, 99
the progress of civilisation retarded by earthquakes, 99, 100
regions to which they are confined, 100
duration of the shocks, 101
indications of a coming earthquake, 102
sounds accompanying earthquakes, 103
sounds unaccompanied by movement of the earth, 104
vertical or undulatory motion of shocks, 104
extent and force of the seismic wave motion, 105, 106
movements of the sea in earthquakes, 106, 107, 117
extent of the wave motion, 109
changes caused by earthquakes in the configuration of the soil, 109,
110
causes of earthquakes, 111
probable depth of the focus, 111, 112
opinions of Sir C. Lyell and Mr. Poulett Scrope, 112
effects of an earthquake on man and animals, 112, 113
account of the great earthquake of Lisbon, 114
Egg, Isle of, atrocities of the Macleods in the cave of the, 171
Egypt, rock-temples of, 184
tombs of the kings in Thebes, 202-204
compared to an iron furnace, 347
quarries of, 474, 475
Ehrenberg, his discovery of the animated dust of the Harmattan, 156
Eifel, volcanic district of the, 58
carbonic acid gas springs of the, 88
crateriform hollows, or maare, in the, 131
Eileithyia, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
Eimeo, hole in the island of, 133
tradition respecting this hole, 133
Elba, iron industry of, 362
Elephanta, rock-temples of, 183
Elevations of the land produced by earthquakes, 111
Elfdal, porphyry of, 467
Ellora, rock-temples of, 183
Emerald, or beryl, 491, 492
Emery, whence obtained, 463
total production of, 463
Emmanuel, St., church of, in Abyssinia, 187
Ems, hot springs of, 43
Enamel, materials used for, 335
Encrinites lily, called ‘St. Cuthbert’s beads,’ 181
Encrinus liliiformis, fossil, 17, 18
Engihoul, human remains in the cavern of, 226
Dr. Schmerling’s explorations, 226
Sir C. Lyell’s, 227
Engis, human bones discovered in the cavern of, 226
Engines, stationary, used in mines, 263
England, subsidence of the land on the west and east coasts of, 36, 37
effects of a violent earthquake in, 100
shocks felt in, at various times, 100, 101
effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118
the extinct hyena of, found in caves, 214
ossiferous caves in, 227
flint implements found in, 231
main causes of the prosperity of, 245
copper mines of, 316
manufacture of iron in, 349
lead mines of, 365, 366
zinc produced in, 381, 382
vast deposits of coal of, 402, 403
and their convenient distribution, 403
extent of the Great Central Coal-field, 406
quarries of, 464
Eozoon canadense, the only fossil found in the Laurentian rocks, 10
its extreme antiquity, 10
Epomeo, volcano of, its long periods of rest, 58
Erasinos, in Greece, antiquity of the spring of, 44
Ernst August Stollen, in the Harz, 271
Erzberg, or iron mountain, in Styria, 358
works at, and produce of, 359
Esquimaux, their iron implements, 347
Estrella do Sul, or Star of the South, diamond, 487
Etna, Mount, M. Houel’s exploration of the crater of, 55
streams of lava in the eruption of 1669, 70
numbers of parasitic cones on the flanks of, 71
rate of progress of the lava-stream of 1699, 72
retention of heat in the lava-stream of 1832, 73
the Fossa della Palomba on, 147
ice-caves of, 198
troglodytic caverns of the Cyclops at the base of, 232
Euripides, his triumph, 476
Europe, volcanoes of, 61
Eurypterids, of the Silurian seas, 12
Fahlun, horses used in the copper mines of, 262
narrow escape in the mine, 264
copper-mine of, 322
ore of the mine, 323
the preserved body found in, 323
Ferdinand, Archduke, his visit to the Cave of Magdalena, 166
Fez, effects of the earthquake of 1755 at, 118
Fingal’s Cave, Sir W. Scott’s description of, 143
Fino, Don Andrea del, narrative of, in an earthquake, 99
Fire, its eternal strife with water, 1, 2
the subterranean forces, 7
Fire-damp, or carburetted hydrogen, 278
fatal explosions caused by, 281
Fish disgorged by volcanoes from caverns, 69
blind cavern, of the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, 168
of the Upper Silurian group, 13
destruction of vast numbers of, by volcanic eruption, 15, 16
Flintshire, lead mines of, 366
Flores, Padre, his silver mine of ‘La Bolsa de Dios Padre,’ 304
Florins, or fiorini, origin of, 287
Fontaine-sans-fond, the, near Sable, 149
Footprints of former ages, preservation of, 28, 29
Forests, submarine, in various places, 36
Fossils, chronological importance of, to the geologist, 5, 6, 8
extinction of species, 9, 10, 14
those of the oldest and later periods, 10-29
Fountains, artificial, principle on which they are constructed, 42
of lava, 71, 72
of marine caverns, 146
Foxdale lead mine, in the Isle of Man, 366
Frais Puits, phenomenon of the, 150
France, effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118
tin mines of, 336
consumption of coal in, 423
Frauenmauer Mountain in Upper Styria, ice-cave of the, 196, 197
Fredonia, town of, lit by springs of carburetted hydrogen, 90
Freiberg, drainage of the mines of, 270
French, their atrocities in the Cave of Longara, 170
their cruelty in Algeria, 176
Frio, Serro do, diamonds of the, 480
Fuegians, ‘shell mounds’ of the, 222
Fumaroles or steam-jets of volcanoes, 63
those of Jorullo of 1759 seen in 1803, 74
Fungi, subterranean, 157
Scopoli’s description of, 157
gigantic one at Doncaster, 158
the artificial mushroom-beds near Paris, 158
Furnaces, reverberatory, 321
Gallicia, salt mines of, 436
Ganoid fishes of the Upper Silurian group, 13
Garnet, the, 494
Garnock river bursts into a colliery, 276
Gas-springs, 88
Gellivara, in Swedish Lapland, mounds of magnetic iron-ore at, 360
Gems, superstitious power of, 477
Geological revolutions, influence of, on the earth-rind, 1
tabular geological profile, 3
periods of geological formations, 5
the same mineral substances in the oldest and newest formations, 5
guidance of the geologist in ascertaining the periods of the
formations, 5
a continuous development to more highly organised species, 6
Georges, St., ice-cave of, 192
entrance to the glacière of, 201
Georg Stollen, great adit levels of the, in the Harz, 270
Germain, St., artificial mushroom-beds at, 158
Germany, effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118
copper mines of, 325
lead mines of North Germany, 365
coal-fields of, 422
consumption of coal in, 423
quarries of, 464
Gibraltar, Rock of, monkeys of the, 24
Girgenti, town and trade of, 442
the sulphur mines of, 442
Glass, stained, colours of, how formed, 335
Glenmalure, lead mines of, 366
Glyptodon, size and characteristics of the, 25
Goaves, or old workings in coal mines, fire-damp in, 279
Goeppert, Professor, his observations on the extinct amber-tree, 451
Goethe, his remarks on the great Lisbon earthquake, 119
Goffin, Hubert, his heroism, 275
his future career, 276
Gold, antiquity of man’s knowledge of, 285
the story of the Golden Fleece, 285
statues of gold in ancient temples, 285
quantities of gold possessed by ancient monarchs, 286
earliest use of the metal, 287
auriferous land of the Iberian peninsula, 288
California and Australia, 288, 289
British Columbia and other places, 293
localities in which gold is deposited, 293, 294
Goldau, Vale of, devastated by a landslip, 123
destruction of the village of, 124
Golden Fleece, story of the, 285
Golubinas, or pigeon-holes, in Dalmatia and Carniola, 130
Goniatites of the Carboniferous period, 18
extinction of the, 18
Good Hope, Cape of, upheaval of the land at the, 34
Goroblagodat, Kuschwa, platinum of, 382
Gortyna, in Crete, labyrinth of, 174, 175
Gosforth Colliery, 409
Gothard, Mount St., proposed tunnel through, 241
Gower, bone-cave of, 228
Grâce-Dieu, glacière of, 192
stalagmites of ice in the, 193, 194
Graham’s Island, volcanic formation of, 59
its disappearance, 59
Granada, New, extent of the wave-motion of an earthquake at, 105
Granada, in Spain, destruction of the Moors of, 173
Graphite. _See_ Plumbago.
Grasshopper, wing of, of the Carboniferous period, 15
Greece, subterranean water-courses of, 150
consecrated caves and grottoes of, 187
Greenhouses kept warm by water from Artesian wells, 50
Greenland, evidence of subsidence of the land at, 37
Grenelle, heat of the Artesian well of, at various depths, 32, 49
Grenier, Mount, landslip of, 127
Grosmont, iron manufacture of, 355
Guacharo, the Cueva del, 160, 161
Guacharo, a troglodytic bird, 160, 161
wholesale slaughter of, by the Indians, 161, 162
where found, 160, 162
Gualgayoc, the ventanillas of, 133
Gualgayoc, Cerro de San Fernando de, silver mines of, 309, 311
Guanaxuato, subterranean noises heard at, without earthquake, 104
Guanaxuato, rise of the town of, 302
Guatemala, volcanoes near the town of, 61
Guadiana, engulfment of the river, 150
Gunpowder, amount of, used in blasting in mines, 260
Gwennap, copper mines of, 317
Gypsum, origin of, 4
Haggar Silsilis, in Egypt, quarries of, 475
Haiti, upheaval of the land at, 34
Hann, Professor, a coal-hewer in early life, 419
Hanover, iron manufacture of, 357
Harmattan, animated dust of the, 156
Hartlepool, export of coal from, 413
Hartley Colliery, accident in the, 253
Harz Mountains, subterranean flora of the, 158
ice-caves of the, 197
great adit levels of the mines in the, 270
Haussmann, Professor, his visit to the Norwegian copper mine of Röraas,
324
Hawaii, effect of the eruption of Mauna Loa in 1840, 76
effects of an earthquake sea-wave at, 109
Heat, subterranean, 31
zone of invariable temperature, 31, 32
increasing temperature at a greater depth, 32
rate of increase, 32
proof everywhere of a subterranean source of heat, 32
Heaton, accident at the colliery of, 273
Herculaneum, destruction of the town of, 81-85
the mud-stream which caused the destruction, 85
discovery of the buried town, 86
Hermits, caves of, 178
Hermits, numbers of, in rock-caves and huts in the East, 179
Herodotus, his mention of the Cassiterides, 333
Hetton Colliery, ventilation of the, 278
Hiera, volcanic island of, 60
Hilda, St., colliery and galleries of, 410
Himmelfürst, in Saxony, silver-fields of, 299
Hindostan, coal-fields of, 424
Hoffmann, G. F., his description of the subterranean flora of the Harz
Mountains, 158
Holland, earthquakes felt in, 101
effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118
Homer, tin ornaments mentioned by, 332
Honduras, coal-fields of, 424
Horses used in mines, 262
Hot-springs in the frozen lands as well as in the tropics, 33
as a vent of subterranean heat, 33
Houel, M., his dangerous exploration of the crater of Mount Etna, 55
Howitt, William, his description of shipping coal on the Tyne, 412
Huancayo, the Franciscan monk of, 313
Huatulco, fountains of marine caverns in, 146
Huel Wherry, rise and fall of the tin-mine of, 339
Humboldt, M., his visit to the volcano of Rucu-Pinchincha, 55
his treatise on subterranean fungi, 158
Huancavelica, quicksilver mine of, 378
Hungary, ice-caves of, 197
salt mines of, 436
Hutton, Dr., a coal-hewer in early life, 419
Hydrostatic laws regarding the flow of springs, 40, 41
Hyena, remains of, found in caves, 213,214
Ibarra, supposed causes of a fever at, 70
Iberian peninsula, auriferous land of, 288
Ice, effect of the meeting of a lava-stream with, 74
Ice-caves and their phenomena, 193-201
Iceland, volcanic formation of, 4
Iceland, geysirs of, 45-48
Bunsen’s theory of the causes of the geysirs of, 47, 48
volcanoes of, 61
mud-volcanoes of, 93
ice-caves of, 198
Ichthyosaurus communis, characteristics and size of the, 20, 21
where found, 22
Idria, fungi of the mines of, 158
quicksilver mines of, 373-378
Iktis, island of, mentioned by Diodorus Siculus, 333
Iguanodon, size and characteristics of the, 22
Ilezk, rock-salt deposit of, 438
Illinois, coal-fields of, 424
India, mud-volcanoes of, 93
rock-temples of, 181
Indiana, coal-fields of, 424
Indies, West, earthquakes of, 100, 101
Insects enclosed in amber, 452-455
Ipsamboul, rock-temple of, 184
Warburton’s description of it, 184-186
Ireland, effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118
coal-fields of, 404
why they are so little worked, 404
Iron, its value, 345
its wide diffusion, 345
meteoric iron, 347
ancient knowledge of, 347
extension of its uses in modern times, 348
British iron production, 348
smelting, 349
the hot blast, 353
the Cleveland district and the trade of Middlesborough, 364
amount and value of the British iron trade, 355
other statistics of the trade, 356
production of foreign countries, 357-363
Irtysch, copper and coal near the, 326
Isalco, formation of the volcano of, 59
in a constant state of eruption, 62
Iscalonga, in Basilicata, cave-dwellings of, 234
Iserlohn, in Westphalia, discovery of a cavern at, 135
Ispica, Val d’, cave-dwellings in the, 232
Istria, subterranean water-courses of, 150
Italy, mud-volcanoes of, 93
earthquakes of, 100
effects of the earthquake of 1755 in, 118
maare, or crateriform hollows, of, 132
cave-dwellings of Southern, 234
iron industry of, 362
Iwogasima, or Sulphur Island, of Japan, 444
Japan, sulphur of, 444
Java, number of active volcanoes of, 61
the ‘Valley of Death,’ or Poison Valley, of, 89
mud-volcanoes of, 93
maare, or crateriform hollows, of, 132
sulphur of, 445, 446
Jesuits, their intrigues during the earthquake at Lisbon, 116
Jet, formation of, 429
found at Whitby, 429
manufacture of jet ornaments, 430
John the Evangelist, St., his cave in the Isle of Patmos, 188
the cave converted into a chapel, 188
Jorullo, formation of the volcano of, 58
length of time the heat was retained in the lava-stream of 1759, 74
Judd, Dr., his dangerous visit to the crater of Kilauea, 56
Jura Mountains, cauldron-shaped depressions in the, 130
Kab, El, in Upper Egypt, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
Kamtschatka, energy of the volcanoes of, 61
earthquakes in, in 1737, 79
Kan, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
Kanara, rock-temples of, 181-183
Kaolin, or china-clay, how formed, and where, 460-462
Karli, rock-temples of, 183
Kea, Mount, tranquillity of the eruption of, in 1843, 76
Kentucky, coal-fields of, 424
Kertsch, mud-volcanoes near, 93
Kilauea, the lava lakes of, 64
length of the lava-stream in the eruption of 1840, 70
amount of lava thrown out by the eruption of 1840, 76
Killingworth Colliery, 410
Kingston, in Jamaica, effects of an earthquake sea-wave at, 107
Kinsale, effect of an earthquake sea-wave in the harbour of, 118
Kirghise hordes, their salt-works, 438
Kirkdale, Dr. Buckland’s account of the ossiferous cave of, 214, 215
Klaproth, his discovery of uranium, 385
works at Joachimsthal, 385
his discovery of rutile, or titanium, 386
Klîutschewskaja Skopa, eruption of the volcano of, 79
Koh-i-Noor, or Mountain of Light, diamond and its history, 486
Kohl, uses of, 383
Kongsberg, in Norway, silver mines of, 299
nuggets found at, 299
Kopperberg, iron manufacture of, 360
Kötlingia, effects of the eruption of, in 1758, 69
Kremnitz, discovery of the gold mines of, 248
Krisuvick, in Iceland, solfatara of, 444
Kupferschiefer, or copper-slate, of Thuringia, fossils of the, 15
Labuan, coal-fields of, 424
Lacustrine dwellings of Switzerland, 315
discovery of the, 223
ancient iron weapons found in the, 347
Laibach, Upper, river traversing the caves of, 150
Lalibala, rock-churches of, 186
town of, and country round, 187
Landslips, effects of earthquakes in producing, 110
that of Putley, in Hertfordshire, 110
igneous and aqueous causes of landslips, 121
cases of landslips, 121-128
caused by the falling in of cavern-roofs, 129
Lanuto volcano, lake formed in the extinct crater of the, 57
Lapis lazuli, 494
Lapland, auriferous veins in, 293
Laureacum, on the Danube, Roman iron manufactures at, 358
Laurentian rocks, 2, 3
their thickness, 2
the only fossil found in the, 10
Laurium, ancient silver mines of, 298
amount of lead in the scoriæ of the ancient silver mines of, 367
Lava, formation of fiery streams of, during volcanic eruptions, 70
phenomena attending the flow of a lava-stream, 72
effect of the meeting of a lava-stream with the sea, 73
and with ice, 74
vast dimensions of lava-streams, 74-76
waste of desolation of lava-fields, 77
progress of lava-streams, 77
Laxey lead mine, in the Isle of Man, 366
Lead, mine of, in Cardiganshire, section of a, 252
its property and uses, 364
its antiquity, 364
the mines of, in Europe, 365
production of, in foreign countries, 366-368
preparation of the ores, 368
Pattinson’s process, 368
Leadhills, in Lanarkshire, lead mines of, 366
Lebadeia, in Bœotia, cave of Trophonios near, 187
Lepidodendron elegans, 392
Leptodirus Hochenwartii, of the Cave of Adelsberg, 163
Levant, Cornish copper mine of, 319
Levels, in mining, 251
extent of the works in some cases, 251
drainage by adit levels, 269, 270
Lias, fossils of the, 19
Liège, depth of the coal mines of, 247
accident in a colliery at, 263
Life, organic, progress of, on earth, 28, 29
everywhere present on the earth, 156
Lignite, or wood-coal, 401
Lima, frequency of earthquakes at, 105
displacement of stones of obelisks by earthquake shocks, 105
effects of the earthquake sea-wave of 1746, 108
indifference of the inhabitants of, to earthquakes, 113
Limestone, magnesian, or Permian group, animal remains of the, 15
Limestone caves, 136
causes of their excavation, 136
stalactites and stalagmites, 139, 140
origin and slow formation of limestone, 141
Lisbon, great earthquake of, 114
effect of the shock, 114
fire and thieves in the city, 115, 116
total loss of life from all causes, 116
effects of this earthquake in various parts of the world, 117-119
Little Bounds, copper mine of, 319
Livres, St., ice-caves of, 192
lower glacière of, 193
upper glacière of, 195
ice-streams of the upper glacière, 195, 196
Lizards, oldest known fossils of, 14, 15
the enormous species of the Mesozoic ocean, 20, 21
Llandegui, slate quarries of, 469, 470
Locke, his remark respecting iron, 345
Lomond, Loch, sea-shells found on the banks of, 34
effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118
London shaken by the Lisbon earthquake of 1755, 118
subterranean wonders of, 237, 238
Long, Major, his report on the copper mines of Lake Superior, 328
Longara, Cave of, massacre by the French in the, 170
Lorca, sulphur mine of, 444
Lowerz, destruction of the village of, by a landslip, 124
Luganure, lead mines of, 366
Luna, Pope, waterspout of, 146
Lycopolis, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
Maare, or crateriform hollows, of the Eifel, 131
in other places, 132
Macaluba, mud volcano of, 94
known to the ancients, 94
Madana, in Santa Cruz, height of the volcano of, 54
Madeira, volcanic formation of, 4
Madfuneh, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
Magdalena Grotto, or ‘Black Grotto,’ Protei of the, 165, 166
visit of the Archduke Ferdinand to the, 166
Magnesium, discovery and uses of, 387
Magnetic mountain in Russia, 367
Maina, marble of, 467
Malacca, tinstone of, 335
Malaga, effects of the earthquake of 1755 at, 118
Malmesbury, section of the coal-field south of, 398
Malta, troglodytes of, 234
Malwah, rock-temples of, 184
Mammalia, geological period of its prominence in life, 23
Mammoth, or primitive elephant, size and characteristics of the, 26
Professor Owen’s skeleton of the, 217
Gray’s Inn Lane an ancient hunting-ground for, 231
Mammoth Cave, in Kentucky, vast dimensions of the, 135, 138
Professor Silliman on the, 139
clusters of bats in the, 159
animals of the, 167
Man, Isle of, lead mines of, 366
zinc produced in, 382
Man, prehistoric, subterranean relics of, in Denmark, 221
in Switzerland, 223
age of human relics in caves, 225
Manchester Coal-field, 403
Manganese, ores of, 386
Mansfeldt, in Prussia, silver and copper mines of, 325
Marble of Derbyshire and Devonshire, 465
that of Carrara, 4, 465
that of Pentelikon and Parian, 466
Rosso antico and Verde antico, 467
Marennes, upheaval of the chalk cliffs at, 36
Marpena, Mount, in Paros, marble of, 466
Marquette, American town of, its iron industry, 362
Marshall, James, his discovery of gold in California, 288
his subsequent life, 289
Marsupites ornatus, fossil, 18
Martinique, Island of, destructive earthquake in the, 101
Maryland, copper mines of, 328
Masaya, volcanoes of, constant eruption of the, 63
Massachusetts, copper mines of, 328
Master-borers in the North of England, 250
their charges per fathom, 250
Mastodon, where the fossils of, are mostly found, 27
size and characteristics of the, 27
Matlock, thermal springs of, 43
Mauna Loa, in Hawaii, shape of the volcano of, 53, 54
Dr. Judd’s visit to, 56
growth of ferns on, 63
the lava-lakes of, 64
length of the lava-stream of an eruption of, 70
parasitic cones of, 71
volume of the lava-stream of 1840, 75
Maunch Chunk (or Bear Mountain), in Pennsylvania, enormous coal-field
of, 425
Mauritius, fountains of marine caverns in, 146
Mediterranean Sea, upheaval of the land on the shores of the, 34
marine caverns of the coasts of the, 144
Medellin, the proprietor of the mine of Dolores, 303
Meerfeld, crateriform hollow and lake of, 132
Megatherium, size and characteristics of the, 24, 25
Melidoni, cave of, Turkish massacre in the, 175
Mequinez, effects of the earthquake of 1755 at, 118
Mercado, Cerro del, of Mexico, 363
Mercury, its properties and uses, 370, 371
known to the Greeks and Romans, 370
mines of Almaden, 371
those of Idria, 373
diseases to which the miners are liable, 373
mines of America, 378
Metallic veins, how generally found in mines, 246
how ores collected or precipitated in, 247
Metamorphic rocks, origin of, 4, 5
Meteoric iron, 347
the mass found at Otumpa, 347 _note_
Mettler, Bläsi, story of the escape of him and his wife, 124
Mettler, Sebastian Meinhardt, his escape from destruction, 125
Meuse, ossiferous caverns of the valley of the, 226
Mexico, silver mines of, 300-308
iron ores of, 363
Michael’s Mount, St., in Cornwall, 333
Middlesborough, its rapid rise, 354
its iron manufacture, 355
Miguel, Island of, the Punta Delgada of the, 147
Milagros, his silver mine in San Luis de Potosi, 308
Miller, Hugh, his account of a coal forest, 393
Milo, Island of, mud volcanoes of, 98
sulphur caves of the island of, 446
Mina Grande, lead mine of, 367
Minardo, Monte, near Bronte, volcanic formation of, 67
height of, 71
Mines, in general, 244
labours and perils of the miner, 244, 245
casualties in mines, 245
life in a mine, 245, 246
length and depth of mines, 247
discoveries of lodes, 248
the divining-rod, 248
boring, 249
divisions in coal mines, 255
long-wall working, 257
general view of mining operations, 257
tools employed in Cornwall, 258
mode of blasting, 258
heroism of miners, 259, 274
mode of loosening hard stones, 260, 261
tramways underground, and the conveyance of minerals, 261, 262
methods of descending, 263-266
man-engines for ascending or descending, 267
timbering and draining, 268-272
inundation, or drowning of mines, 273
evolution of foul gases, 276, 277
ventilation, 277
choke-damp, fire-damp, and blowers, 278, 279
the safety-lamp, 280
burning mines, 283
habits of the Mexican miners, 302
Minnesota mine, copper of, 327, 328
enormous nugget of copper found near, 328
Miocene period, animals of the, 23
Mirrors of silver among the Romans, 298
substance used for making, 335
Mississippi, ancient mounds in the valley of the, 224
Missouri, ‘iron-mountains’ of, 362
Moa, the great extinct bird of New Zealand, 216, 217
the cave of the Moa, 219
Moeris, Lake, hermits near the, 179
Molinos of the silver mines of Mexico, 306
Molybdenum, discovery and uses of, 387
Monarchs, vast treasures of, in ancient times, 286
Monkeys, fossil, of South America, characteristics of the, 24
small species of, on the Rock of Gibraltar, 24
Monk Wearmouth Colliery, 408
Montaño, Francisco, his descent into the crater of Popocatepetl, 446
Monte, Real del, silver mines of, 304
present yield of, 305
Monte Video, upheaval of the land at, 34
Montgomeryshire, lead mines of, 366
Montmartre, gypsum and alabaster of, 468
Montrouge, artificial mushroom-beds at, 158
Moors of Granada, destruction of, by Philip II. of Spain, 173
Moran, silver mines of, 304
Morocco, earthquakes of, 100
effects of the earthquake of 1755 at, 118
Morran, in Algeria, Artesian well in the desert of, 51
Mososaurus, size and characteristics of the, 23
skull of the, found, 473, 474
Moulin de la Roche, artificial mushroom-beds at, 158
Mountain Ash, in South Wales, coal workings of the New Navigation Pit
at, 406
Mud-streams caused by volcanic eruptions, 69
destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii by, 85
those of Obu, 95
Mud-volcanoes, 93-96
in various places, 93-95
origin of, 95, 96
Murchison, Sir Roderick, his surmises respecting gold in Australia, 289
Mürtschenstock, tunnel in the, 134
Mushrooms, subterranean, 157
the artificial mushroom-beds near Paris, 158
Musk-ox, food of the, 26
Mylodon, size and characteristics of the, 24, 25
Professor Owen’s skeleton of the, 217
Naples, earthquake in, in 1857, 98
catacombs of, 210
Nassau, iron manufacture of, 357
Nativity, grotto of the, at Bethlehem, 188
church of the, 188
Nauheim, carbonic acid gas spring of, 88
Naxos, consecrated caves to Dionysos in, 187
Naxos, emery of the island of, 463
Neilson, Mr., his discovery of the hot blast for iron furnaces, 353
Nemi, Lake of, the crateriform hollow forming the, 132
Nent Force Level, great drain of, 270
Nertschinsk, in Transbaikalia, copper mines of, 326
lead mines of, 367
Nettuno, Antro di, in Sardinia, 144
Nettuno, Grotta di, in Sicily, 145
Neusalzwerk, temperature of the well of, at various depths, 32
Nevada, state of silver mines of the, 314
Newcastle, coal-fields of, 407
their extent, 408
the various seams of coal, 408
human activity of the coal-fields, 411, 412
appearance of the town, 413
first licence to dig coals given to the town, 419
Newfoundland, gradual upheaval of the land of, 36
fountains of marine caverns in, 146
Niagara, carburetted hydrogen evolved near the falls of, 93
Nicaragua, Lake of, volcanoes near the, 61
Nicaragua, mud-volcanoes of, 93
earthquakes of, 100
Nicholas, St., rock-chapel of, in Crete, 189
legend of, 190
Nickel, name of, 384
uses of, and whence obtained, 384
Nicolas d’Aliermont, St., aquiferous layers or beds of stone at, 40
Noises, subterranean, accompanying earthquakes, 103
Normandy, traces of depression of the land on the coast of, 37
Norr Lake, emptied by a landslip, 130
Northumberland, coal-fields of, 403
Northwich, salt mines of, 431
Norway, copper mines of, 324
Noss, islet of, its marine caves, 142
Notornis, Professor Owen’s reconstruction of the, 217
Nuovo, Monte, in the Bay of Baiæ, volcanic formation of the, 67
Oberstein, rock-chapel of, 190
legend of the chapel, 190, 191
Obregon works the silver mine of Guanaxuato, 301, 302
his title and urbanity of character, 302
Obu, eruption of the, 95
mud-streams of, 95
Oche, Dent d’, landslip of the, 127
Oesterby, iron-works of, 360
Ohio, ancient mounds in the valley of the, 224
‘Oil harvest’ of Caripe, 161
Olm, or Proteus, discovery of the, 164, 165
various places in which it has been found, 166
description of the animal, 165-167
Olonne, Island of, upheaval of the land round the, 36
Onyx, the, 497
Ontanagon district, in America, ancient copper mines, 327
Oolite rocks, their thickness, 2
Oolitic period, fossils of the, 19, 22
Opal, precious, 495
mines of, in Hungary, 495
Ophir, seat of, 287
Ores, how generally found in mines, 246
how they have been collected or precipitated, 247
‘Orkneyman’s Harbour, The,’ the marine cavern so called, 143
Oroomiah, Lake, in Persia, salt of the hills and plains of, 437
Orthoceratites of the primitive seas, 18
extinction of the, 18
Oscillatory movements of the earth, 34-37
probable causes of, 38
Otero, a shopkeeper, joins in working the mine of Guanaxuato, 302
Owen, Professor, his memoir and skeleton of the great Moa of New
Zealand, 217
Owls, cave-haunting, 160
Pachuca, silver mines of, 304
Pachyderms, remains of large extinct, 26, 27
Palæotheriums, size and characteristics of, 23
Palæopteryx, Professor Owen’s reconstruction of the, 217
Palladium, discovery and uses of, 388
Palestine, Southern, hermits in, 179
Palomba, Fossa della, on Etna, 147
Papalardo, Baron, his efforts to divert the lava-stream from Catania,
72, 73
Parian marble, or Lychnites, 466
Paris, artificial mushroom-beds near, 168
catacombs of, 210, 211
old cemeteries of, 211
plaster of, 468
Parsees, their worship of fire, 91
their legend of the devil, 91
their occupation and abandonment of Baku, 92
Pasco, Cerro di, silver mines of, 309
Pasco, mining town of, 310
mines of, 310, 311
Patmos, cave and church of St. John the Evangelist, 188
Paul, St., of Thebes, the first hermit, his cave, 178
Pausilippo, Grotto of, 241
origin of the, 242
Paviland, ossiferous caves of, 215
Peak, in the Island of Timor, blown up and replaced by a cavity, 68
Pecopteris adiantoides, 391
Peniscola, fountains of marine caverns in, 146
Pennsylvania, copper mines of, 328
coal-fields of, 425
petroleum springs of, 427
Pentacrinus briareus, fossil, 17, 18
Pentelikon, or Mount Penteles, marble of, 466
Pepandajan, in Java, the volcanic cone of, blown to pieces, 67
Percy, Dr. John, his discovery of aluminium-bronze, 387
Perdix, Bartholomew, his manufacture of alum, 458
Permian period, fishes of the, 13
fossils of the, 15
Peroxide of tin, or tinstone, 335
richest deposits of, 335
Perticara di Talamella in Italy, sulphur mines of, 444
Peru, active volcanoes of, 61
earthquakes of, 100
indifference of man in, to earthquakes, 113
silver mines of, 300
iron furnaces of, 353
Peter’s Mount, St., near Maestricht, quarries of, 470
visit of Faujas de Saint-Fond, 472
Petroleum, formation of, 426
old springs of, in Europe, 426, 427
production of the springs of America, 427
Petrospongidæ, or stone sponges, 17
Pfeiffer, Ida, her visit to the diamond mines of Borneo, 480
Pharaohs, rock-tombs of the, in Thebes, 202-204
Philip II. of Spain, his destruction of the Moors of Granada, 173
Philip, Port, town of, 290
Philotheus, St., his cave on Mount Penteles, 466
Phœnicians, their tin-trade, 333
their traffic in and uses of lead, 364
Pietra Mala, burning springs of, 90
Pigeons, cave-haunting, 160
Pilot Knob ‘iron mountain,‘ 362
Pines, black, of Trinidad, 429
Pitt, or Regent, diamond, 485
Pittasphalte, formation of, 426
Piuka Jama, cave of, 154, 155
the River Poik flowing below the, 154
Piz Mountain, destructive effects of a landslip of the, 127
Planina, river traversing the Cave of, 150
explored by Adolph Schmidl, 151
abundance of Protei in the, 166
Platinum, discovery of, 382
where obtained, 382
its qualities, 383
Playfair, his observations as to the rise of the land in Sweden, 35
Plesiosaurus, size and characteristics of the, 21
where found, 22
Pleurotomaria carinata, fossils of, 15
Pliny the Elder, death of, as described by his nephew, 82-84
Pliocene period, animals of the, 24
Plumbago, graphite, or black lead, former trade in, in Cumberland, 462
the mine exhausted, 462
places where found at present, 462
Plürs, town of, buried by a landslip, 127
Polistena, effects of an earthquake at, 98
Poik River, engulfment and re-appearance of the, 150
a subterranean canoe voyage on the, 151-154
the river flowing beneath the Piuka Jama, 154
Pombal, Marquis of, his conduct in the great earthquake of Lisbon, 116,
117
Pompeii, destruction of the town of, 81-85
the mud-stream which effected the destruction, 85
present state of the Roman town of, 87
Pontus, hermits in, 179
Popocatepetl, depth of the crater of, 54
Montaño’s visit to the crater of, 446
Porphyry of Elfdal, 467
of the Altai, 468
Portugal earthquakes of, 100
Potosi, San Luis de, silver mines of, 303, 309
Precious stones, 477
Proteus anguinus, discovery of the, 164, 165
description of the animal, 165-167
its abundance in the Cave of Planina, 166
different caverns in which it has been found, 166
Prussia, iron manufacture of, 357
production of zinc in, 381
salt-works of, 438
Pterichthys Milleri of the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland, 13, 14
Pterodactyli, size and characteristics of the, 21
Pterygotus acuminatus, 12
Pulvermaar of Grillenfeld, lake or maare of, 132
Puzzuoli, solfatara of, 444
Quarries, celebrated, 464
those of France, 464
those of England and Germany, 464
of Carrara and the Pentelikon, 465, 466
porphyry, 467, 468
alabaster and plaster of Paris, 468
slate, 469
of St. Peter’s Mount, near Maestricht, 470
of Egypt, 474
Quicksilver. _See_ Mercury.
Quito, active volcanoes of, 61
tradition respecting them, 67
earthquakes of, 100
Radoboy, sulphur mines of, 444
Rain-prints of former ages, preservation of, 29
Rammelsberg, in the Hartz—silver mines of the, 299
discovery of the lode of the, 248
burning hard mineral stone in, 260, 261
copper found in, 325
Rat, blind cavern, of the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, 167
Rathlin, island of, massacre by the English under Sir John Norris in
the, 172
Ravinazzo Mountain, landslip of the, 127
Red-lead, how made, 365
Redruth, copper mines of, 317
Regla, Conde de la. _See_ Terreros.
Reptiles, oldest known fossils of, 14, 15
enormous marine fossil reptiles of the Mesozoic ocean, 20
footprints of reptiles of the Cambrian formation, 20
Rhodium, discovery and uses of, 388
Rhosdale, iron manufacture of, 355
Riobamba, destruction of the town of, 78, 79
destroyed by an earthquake, 104
remarkable displacement of objects during the shocks, 104
silence during the shocks, 104
Ripple-marks of former ages, preservation of, 28, 29
Rivers, cave, 149-151
explorations of Adolph Schmidl in the Cave of Planina, 151
Rochelle, La, upheaval of the land at, 36
Rock-tombs and catacombs, 202
Rock-crystal, 498
the grotto of the Galenstock, 499
Roebuck, Dr. John, his improvements in iron manufacture, 350
Romanus, the monk, feeds St. Benedict in his cave, 180
Rome, wealth of, after the third Punic war and in the time of the
Cæsars, 286, 298
gold coins of, 287
Ronciglione, Lake of, formed in the extinct crater of a volcano, 57
Roquefort cheese, 198
Röraas Mountains, copper mines of, in Norway, 324
Rosa, Sierra de Santa, 301
silver mines of the, 301
Rosalia, St., rock-church of, in Sicily, 188, 189
story of, and of the discovery of her bones, 188, 189
Rossberg, or Rufi, landslip of the, 123
causes of the catastrophe, 124
Rossi, Monte, height and area of, 71
Rossi, Cavaliere de, his researches in the catacombs of Rome, 210
Rosso antico, 467
Roth, natural ice-cave of, 198
Röthen, villages of Upper and Lower, destroyed by a landslip, 124
Royale, Isle, ancient copper mines of, 327
Ruby, the oriental, 489
in the crown of England, 490
Rucu-Pinchincha, Humboldt’s view down the volcano of, 55
Russia, copper mines of, 326
iron manufacture of, 357, 358
salt-works of, 437, 438
amber ornaments of, 457
the Imperial diamond of, 485
Rutile, or Titanium, discovery and uses of, 386, 387
Saarbrück, oldest known reptiles found in the coal-field of, 14
other wonders of the coal-field of, 15
vast time required for the formation of the coal-fields of the, 397
Sable, in Anjou, the Fontaine-sans-fond near, 149
Sabrina, island of, volcanic formation of the, 59
its disappearance, 59
Sacrée Madame, near Charleroi, depth of the colliery of, 247
mode of ventilation in the mine of, 277 _note_
Sacro, Monte, marble mountain of, 465
Safety-cages, used in descending mines, 264, 265
Safety-lamp, Davy’s, 280
improvements in the, 281
Sahara, wells of the inhabitants of the, 48, 50
future importance of Artesian wells to, 51
Salamis, fleet which gained the battle of, 298
Salcedo, silver mine of, 311
tragical end of its proprietor, Don José Salcedo, 312
Sallee, effects of an earthquake sea-wave at, 118
Sallenches, fall of a mountain near, 122
Salt, geological position of, 431
the mines of Northwich, 431
those of Droitwich and Stoke, 432
that of Wieliczka, 433-436
in other places, 436-439
method of preparing it, 439
origin of rock-salt, 440
Salza, manufacture of salt at, 439
Salzburg, salt mines of, 436
San Francisco, its rapid rise, 289
Santorin, submarine volcano of, 60, 61
Sapphire, red, 489
oriental, 490
Sardinia, cave-dwellers of, 234
the dwellings of the Sarde shepherds of the present day, 234
lead mines of, 366
Saviour’s, Our, tomb at Jerusalem, church built over the, 188
Saxony, tin mines of, 336
coal-fields of, 404
Schafloch, ice-cave of, 194, 195
Schmerling, Dr., his investigations respecting the antiquity of man,
226
Schemnitz, fungi of the mines of, 158
discovery of the rich mines of, 248
produce of silver in the mines of, 300
Schmidl, Adolph, his explorations of the subterranean river Poik and
Cave of Planina, 151
Schneeberg, large block of silver found at, 299
use made of the burning vapours, 283
bismuth of, 383
Scilano, village of, buried by a landslip, 127
Scilla, Prince of, his death, 107, 108
Scopoli, his description of subterranean fungi, 157
Scoriæ, length of time the liquid fire is retained in the interior of a
lava-stream, 73
Scotland, lead mines of, 366
coal-fields of, 403
Scott, Sir Walter, his visit to ‘The Orkneyman’s Harbour,’ 143
and to Fingal’s Cave, 143
Scrope, Mr. Poulett, his description of the Volcano of Stromboli, 62
Sea-shells found on the Andes and Alps, 34, 37
and in other places at present removed from the sea, 34
Sea, movements of the, in earthquakes, 106, 107
extent of the wave-motion, 105, 106
cases of the destructive effects of the earthquake waves, 107-109,
117-119
Segeberg, deposit of salt at, 439
Senegal, deposits of the Arca senilis on the banks of the river inland,
34
Sequoia, gigantic trees of the, 28
Seven Pagodas, rock-temples near Madras so called, 184
Seville, effects of the earthquakes of 1755 at, 118
Shelas, cave of, Colonel St. Arnaud’s massacre in the, 176
‘Shell-mounds’ of Denmark, 222
those of the Fuegians, 222
Shetland, marine caves of, 142
Shields inlaid with silver in Homer’s time, 298
Siberia, auriferous land of, 288
lead mines of, 367
emeralds of, 491
Sicanians, cave-dwellings of the ancient, 232
Sicily, earthquakes of, 100
marine grottoes of, 145
sulphur mines of, 441
Sickingen, Count, his experiments with platinum, 382
Sidi Rascheed, in Algeria, Artesian well of, 51
Sigillaria oculata, 392
Silurian period, crustacea of the, 10-12
brachiopods of the, 12, 13
fishes of the, 13
Silver, discoveries of lodes of, 248
antiquity of the discovery of, 297
most ancient silver mines, 298
European silver-fields, 299, 300
mines of Mexico and Peru, 300-314
mode of crushing and decomposing the ores, 306-307
law of Peru respecting the silver mines, 311
mines of Chili and Nevada, 313, 314
Singapore, antimony of, 383
Siphnos, ancient silver mines of, 298
Siphon, principle of a, 44 _note_
Siphonia costata, fossil, 16
Sioa, constant state of eruption of the volcano of, 63
Sivatherium giganteum, size and characteristics of, 27, 28
Skaptar Jökul, in Iceland, lava-stream of the eruption of, in 1783, 70
that of 1787, 75
Skerries, water-spouts or fountains of the, 146
Slate quarries of North Wales, 469
Smeaton, John, his improvements in iron manufacture, 350
Sodium, discovery and uses of, 388
Solway Moss, appearance and area of the, 130
bursting of the, 130, 131
Sommatino, conflagration of the solfatera of, 443
Somme, flint implements of the Valley of the, 230, 231
Spain, gold coins of the Visigoths of, 287
auriferous land of, 288
ancient silver mines of, 298
tin mines of, 336
iron industry of, 361
lead mines of, 365
coal-fields of, 423
cupriferous pyrites of, 447
Spartacus, revolt of, 82
his defeat of Clodius at Vesuvius, 82
Speerenberg, deposit of salt at, 439
Sphenopteris affinis, 391
Spider, eyeless, of the Cave of Adelsberg, 163
Spinel, the, 490
Spirifer princeps, 12
Spiriferidæ, 13
Sponges, fossil, of the primitive seas, 16
Springs, always warmer than the air in the locality where they gush
forth, 32
hydrostatic laws regarding the flow of, 40-42
temperature of the water of, 43
geological phenomena favouring the production of thermal springs, 43
mineral particles in springs, 43, 44
intermittent springs, 44
geysirs of Iceland, 45-48
Artesian wells, 48-52
carbonic acid gas springs, 88-90
of carburetted hydrogen, 90-93
Staffordshire, burning mines of, 283
the Burning Hill of, 283, 284
Stag, Professor Owen’s skeleton of the primeval, 217
Stalactites and stalagmites, formation of, 139, 140
their varieties of form and slow formation, 140
Dr. Schmidl’s ‘Stalactital Paradise,’ 152
in the Cave of Guacharo, 162
of the Cave of Melidoni, 176
in the Norwegian copper mine of Röraas, 325
Stalita tænaria, the eyeless cavern spider, 163, 164
Stamping-mill in the silver mines of Mexico, 306
Star fish, of the Chalk group, 18
Stassfurt, mines of, 438
Steam, important part played by, in volcanic phenomena, 41
Steam-jets, or fumaroles, of volcanoes, 63
those of the eruption of Jorullo in 1759, seen in 1803, 74
Stephenson, George, a coal-trapper in life, 419
Stikeen, gold-fields of, 293
Stockton-on-Tees, export of coal from, 413
Stoke, in Worcestershire, salt mines of, 432
Stone implements of Denmark, 222
of the Brixham caverns, 227
of the Valley of the Somme, 230
Stromboli, diameter of the crater of, 54
constant activity of the volcano of, 62
Mr. Poulett Scrope’s description of it, 62
Stromeyer, his discovery of cadmium, 386
Strontian, in Argyleshire, lead mines of, 366
Styria, iron of, 358
Subiaco, St. Benedict’s Cave near, 180
Suffioni of the Florentine lagoons, 460
Sulphur of the mines of Sicily, 441
exports of, 443
conflagration of a sulphur mine, 443
mines of Ternel and Lorca, 444
combinations of sulphur with metals, 447
Sumatra, deposits of tinstone in, 335
Sunderland, export of coal from, 413
Superior, Lake, copper scattered near the shore of, 325, 327
ancient copper mines near, 327
Surtshellir, in Iceland, formation of the, 148
Sutherland, gold-fields of, 293
Swallows, cave-haunting, 160
Swansea, copper-works of, 320, 321
Sweden, effect of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118
mode of descending mines in, 264
copper mines of, 322
Swifts, cave-haunting, 160
Switzerland, subterranean relics of prehistoric man in, 223
ancient iron implements found in, 347
Swoszwice, sulphur mines of, 444
Syene, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
Syracuse, catacombs of, 210
city of, 475
the Latomiæ of, 475
Syria, earthquakes of, in the reign of Tiberius, 97, 100
Syout, in Upper Egypt, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
Tagilsk, Nishne, platinum of, 382
Taman, mud-volcanoes of the peninsula of, 93, 95
Tamelhat, in Algeria, Artesian well at, 51
Tangiers, effects of an earthquake sea-wave in, 118
Tap cinders of the iron puddling furnaces, 355
Tasmania, coal-fields of, 424
Tauretunum, Roman town of, destroyed by a landslip, 127
Tees, importance of the river, 407
Teir, Djebel, height of the volcano of, 54
Temboro, cone of the volcano of, blown to pieces, 67
Temenitz, engulfment and reappearance of the river, 150
Temples, rock, of India, 181
Teneriffe, Peak of, shape of the, 53
ice-caves of, 198
solfatara of the, 445
Tenger, Gunong, in Java, diameter of the crater of the volcano of, 54
Terebratulæ of the Silurian seas, 13
hastata, fossils of, 15
Ternel, sulphur mine of, 444
Terni, Æolian caverns of, 198
Terranuova, effects of an earthquake at, 98
Terreros, Don Pedro, his silver mine of La Regla, 304
Tertiary period, mammalia of the, 23
Thallium, discovery and uses of, 388
Thaur, Mount, Mahomet’s refuge in a cave of, 169
Moslem miracle of, 169
Thebes, hermits in the desert of, 179
the royal tombs of, 202-204
Themud, rock city of the, 236
legendary tale respecting the, 236
Thomson, Dr., his cave explorations in New Zealand, 218-220
Tin, antiquity of the knowledge of, 332
mentioned in the Bible, 332
Phœnician trade in, 333
uses and importance of, 334
the two ores of tin, 335
lodes of Cornwall, 337
number of mines in Devon and Cornwall at work, 338
smelting of tin, 342
number and wages of the miners, 343
nature of the miner’s work, 343
Tin-foil, 334
Tino, island of, Rosso antico, 467
Titanium, or rutile, discovery and uses of, 386, 387
Titus, the Emperor, his benevolence to the survivors of Herculaneum and
Pompeii, 85
Tjerimai, Gunong, in Java, extinct volcano of, 55
its height and depth, 55
Tlalpujahua, silver mine of, 305
Toeplitz, hot springs of, 43
Tofua, constant activity of the volcano of, 63
lake formed in the crater of the extinct volcano of, 57
Tolfa, manufacture of alum at, 458
Tombs, rock-hewn, 202
Topaz, the, 493
Töplitz, effect of the Lisbon earthquake of 1755 on the mineral waters
of, 118
Torgatten, in Norway, natural tunnel of the grotto of, 134
Trajan, the Emperor, in an earthquake at Antioch, 97
Transbaikalia, iron of, 357
Transgariep country, cannibal caverns of the, 234
Transylvania, iron of, 358
salt mines of, 436
Travers, Val de, asphalte mine of the, 428
Trebich Cave, near Trieste, 134
Tresavean Copper Mine, wealth of, 329
tin mine, 337
Treviso, three villages of, buried by a landslip of the Piz Mountain,
127
Triassic rocks, their thickness, 2
fossils of the, 22
Trilobites, 10, 11
eye of, magnified, 11
gradually vanish in the Carboniferous period, 14
Trinidad, mud volcanoes of, 93, 94
Trinidad, the great Pitch Lake of, 428
the black pines of, 429
Tripolite, its composition and uses, 463
Troglodytes, or dwellers in caves, 232
Trophonios, Cave of, 187
visitors to the cave for information, 188
Trou-aux-Moutons, vast ice-cave of the Rothhorn, 194, 195
Tschudi, silver ornaments of the, 298
Tuileries, principle on which the grand fountain of the, is supplied,
42
Tungstate of soda, uses of, 385
Tungsten, discovery of, 384
uses of, 385
Tunnels, natural, 113, 34
Turks, their atrocities in modern warfare, 176
their use of amber in pipes, 456
Turquoise, the, 493
Turrilites tuberculatus, 19
Tuscany, suffioni of the lagoons of, 460
Tyne, importance of the river, 407
shipping coal on the banks of the, 411, 412
Tynemouth Priory, view from the, 414
Ubes, St., nearly destroyed by an earthquake sea-wave, 117
United States of America, copper mines of, 328, 329
Upheavals, subterranean, 34
taking place at the present day, 34
slow elevation of the land in Sweden, 35
and in other places, 35, 36
marks chiselled on the Swedish rocks, 37
probable causes of, 38
Upsala, iron manufacture of, 360
the old city of, and the burial-places of Odin, Thor, and Freya, 360
Ural, or Oural, Mountains, the iron of the, 357
copper mines of the, 326
Uranium, discovery and uses of, 385
Valenciana, Conde de, his silver mine and fortune, 302, 304
Valenciennes, depth of the coal mines of, 247
Valentinus, Basilius, his mention of antimony, 383
Valdivia, extent of wave-motion of an earthquake at, 105, 106
Valparaiso, upheaval of the land at, 34
Valparaiso, copper mines of, 326
Vaucluse, celebrated fountain of, 149
Vegetation, subterranean, 157
mushrooms or fungi, 157
Velleja, Roman town of, buried by a landslip, 127
Venetian gold coins, 287
Ventriculites, fossil, 16
Verde antico, 467
Vesuvius, its long period of rest, and resumption of its activity, 58
the lava-stream of the eruption of 1822, 70
lava-fountains of the eruption of 1794, 72
advance of a lava-stream into the sea near Torre del Greco, 73
vast dimensions of the lava-stream of, 75
state of the volcano previous to the eruption of 79 A.C., 81
first indication of the catastrophe, 82
account of Pliny the Younger, 85
Veta madre, silver mine of, 247, 301
Victoria, colony of, 290
gold-fields of, 294
Villaroel Don José, his silver mine of the Cerro di Potosi, 309
Vincent, Island of, volcanic eruption on the, 66
disappearance of a mountain at, 68
Virgil, tomb of, 242
belief in his incantations, 242
Visigoths of Spain, their gold coins, 287
Vivarrais, carbonic acid gas springs of the, 88
Vivian’s copper-works at Swansea, 321
Volcanoes, heat required for the production of the lava of, 33
extent of the action of, 33
important part played by steam in volcanic phenomena, 41
extinct and active volcanoes, 53
their shapes and heights, 53, 54
their craters, 54
desolation near them, 54
dimensions and depths of various craters, 54
dangers of crater explorations, 55, 56
lakes in the craters of extinct volcanoes, 57
line of demarcation between active and extinct volcanoes, 58
volcanoes still constantly forming, 58
submarine volcanoes, 59
formation of volcanic islands, 59
number of known volcanoes, 60
unequal distribution of, 61
in a constant state of activity, 61, 62
steam-jets, or fumaroles, 63, 74
phenomena of volcanic eruption, 65
stones and ashes thrown out, 66
explosion of cones, 67
disastrous effects of showers of sand, pumice, and lapilli, 68
mud-streams formed, 69
torrents formed by melted snow, 69
formation of fiery streams of liquid lava, 70
parasitic cones of eruption, 70
wooded volcanic craters, 71
phenomena attending the flow of a lava-stream, 72, 73
effect of the meeting of lava and the sea, 73
and of lava and ice, 74
vast dimensions of lava-streams, 75, 76
waste of desolation in lava-fields, 77
considered as safety-valves, 78, 79
probable causes of, 79, 80
destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii, 81-87
mud-volcanoes, 93-96
formation of volcanic caves, 146-148
Volterra, alabaster of, 468
Vultur, Mount, beauty of the forest scenery around the extinct craters
of, 57
Wales, auriferous veins found in, 293
lead mines of, 366
time required for the formation of the coal-fields of South, 397
their superficial extent, 405
the coal-fields of North, 403
total number of pits in the South, 406
slate quarries of North, 469
New South, copper mines of, 329
coal-fields of, 424
Walker colliery, on the Tyne, disaster in, prevented, 282
Wallsend colliery, drowned, 273
attempt made to work a part of it, 278
Wanlockhead, lead mines at, 366
Warburton, his description of the rock-temple of Ipsamboul, 184-186
his visit to the tombs of the Pharaohs at Thebes, 202-204
Wash, evidences of subsidence of the land on the shores of the, 37
Washoe silver mine, 314
Water, its eternal strife with fire, 1, 2
the waters of the Cambrian or Silurian ocean, 11
filtered and made pure by the earth, 40
temperature of the water of springs, 43
subterranean distribution of the waters, 39
hydrostatic laws regarding the flow of springs, 40, 41
Bunsen’s theory of the Geysirs, 47
geological phenomena favouring the production of thermal springs, 43
geysirs of Iceland, 45-48
Artesian wells, 48-52
effect of the meeting of a lava-stream and the sea, 73
movements of the sea in earthquakes, 107
action of water in limestone caves, 138, 139
and in forming marine caves, 142
Water-spouts of caverns in the Skerries, 146
in mines, 269
modes of draining, 269
Waterfall, a subterranean, 153
Watt, James, his invention and its importance in iron manufacture, 351
Wear, importance of the river, 407
Wermland, iron manufacture of, 360
Westphalia, coal-fields of, 405
Wheal Cock, copper mine of, 319
Wheal, Edward, Cornish copper mine of, 319
Wheal Vor, rise and fall of the tin mine of, 339
Whitehaven coal-basin, extent of the, 407
excavations under the sea at the, 410
White-lead manufacture of the Brohl, 89
White-lead, how made, 365
Wicklow, lead mines of, 366
iron pyrites of, 447
Wielitzka, salt mines of, 262, 433-435
method of descending the, 263
accident in the, 435
Wiesbaden, hot springs of, 43
Wind-grottoes, 198-200
fables respecting, 199
Wirksworth, ossiferous caves of, 215, 216
Wissokaja Gora, the magnetic mountain of, 357
Wolfram, discovery of, 384
Wollaston, his discovery of palladium, 388
and of rhodium, 388
Wood, Colonel, his discovery of a bone-cave at Gower, 228
Workington Colliery, drowned, 274
Worship, subterranean places of, 181-183
Worsley, in Lancashire, subterranean canals in, 263
Yeermalik, massacre by Genghis Khan in the cave of, 172, 173
visit to the cave, 173
as a natural ice-cave, 197
York, New, copper mines of, 328
Yorkshire, lead mines of, 366
Zacatecas, silver mine of, 302
Zealand, New, effects of the earthquake of 1855 in upraising land, 111
maare, or crateriform hollows of, 132
the Apteryx australis of, 216
the gigantic Moa of, 216, 217
Professor Owen’s memoir and skeleton of the bird, 217
ossiferous caves of the country, 218
gold-fields of, 293
vegetation of, similar to that of the coal-fields, 395
coal-fields of, 424
Zellerfeld, great adit levels of the mines of, 270
Zepeda, Don Barnebé de, his discovery of the silver vein of Catorce,
303
Zeus, Olympian, Phidias’ ivory and gold statue of, 286
Zinc, not known to the ancients, 380
production of, 380, 381
the chief zinc-producing countries, 381, 382
Zircon, the, 492
Zoroaster, religion of, restored by the Sassanides of Persia, 92
Zwickau, in Saxony, burning mine at, 283
Footnotes
_Works by the same Author._
--------------
THE SEA AND ITS LIVING WONDERS. With several hundred Wood Engravings;
and an entirely New Series of Illustrations in Chromoxylography,
representing the most Interesting Objects described in the Work, from
Original Drawings by Henry Noel Humphreys. Third English Copyright
Edition. 8vo. price 21_s._
-----------------------
‘Dr. HARTWIG’S volume is a perfect model of the popular treatment of a
large subject. It is at once full, clear, concise, and attractive; and
it possesses the merit, absolutely unique as far as our experience goes
in works of this kind, of being readable from end to end. Though closely
packed with details—sufficiently so indeed to be a good, though of
course not an exhaustive, book of reference for practical use—these are
so well selected and arranged, so concisely related, and so carefully
subordinated to general views, that they never produce any sensation of
weariness, monotony, or confusion. There are some admirable
chromoxylographs, and an infinitude of excellent woodcuts scattered up
and down the pages with a profuse hand. In short, _the Sea_ has received
from Dr. HARTWIG a recommendation to public attention which can scarcely
perhaps increase its popularity, but which will certainly enable many of
its admirers to regard it with a more enlarged and intelligent
admiration. The title, large as it is, does the work some injustice, for
we are apt to forget the _Sea_ itself in the _Living Wonders_ which it
nourishes; and we scarcely include, in our conception of life, the
vegetation of the ocean. This, however, is no fault of Dr. HARTWIG’S;
for he fairly exhausts his subject. The first seventy pages are devoted
to a very clear account of the general features of the sea. Its extent
and depth and colour, its coast-line and currents, the height and
velocity of its waves, the theory of its tides, the mighty circulation
whereby the life-currents of the earth rise in evaporation from the
ocean surface, are dispersed through the upper regions of the air, are
condensed in rain, and, trickling through the soil, return in rivers to
their native reservoir, are all set forth with great skill and beauty of
language. Dr. HARTWIG then passes on to the inhabitants of the sea.
First come the “hugest of living things,” the _Cetaceans_, with their
kindred the seals and walruses—animals which in their anatomy and habits
form a curious link between the tribes of earth and water, and in their
vast size and outlandish forms seem, at least in fancy, to connect the
present age with distant geological periods.... Penguins and auks and
albatrosses next come under our notice: then turtles, the only modern
representatives of the ancient saurians; then follows a description of
many of the more curious fishes—among which we notice some singular
creatures with fins and tails and gills, which can not only live for
days out of water, but actually creep up trees and catch insects. Crabs
and barnacles, worms and molluscs, star-fishes, sea-urchins, coral-
polyps, and our familiar friends the sea-anemones, all come in for their
fair share of attention. Even the microscopic foraminifera and
diatomaceæ are included: one chapter is given to marine plants, and
another to the primitive ocean; while the whole is appropriately closed
with a brief sketch of the progress of maritime discovery. And all this
is packed into an elegant volume of 400 pages. Never, surely, was such a
mine of information presented in so pleasing a shape. Dr. HARTWIG has
skimmed the very cream of marine science, and thrown all its daintiest
morsels into a single attractive dish.’
GUARDIAN, First Notice.
‘This is the third edition, considerably enlarged, of the first and best
of Dr. HARTWIG’S beautiful and popular volumes on natural history. The
size of the book is increased by a hundred pages; a good deal of it is
remoulded; two whole new chapters have been added, one on Marine Caves,
the other on Marine Constructions, such as Lighthouses and Breakwaters;
some of the old illustrations have disappeared, but their place has been
supplied by more and better; so that the new edition really amounts to a
recasting of the entire book. It was a very good book before; it is
better and more complete now. Whether we regard the letterpress or the
numerous illustrations, it takes a rank second to none among ornamental
and popular books of science.’ GUARDIAN, Second Notice.
THE TROPICAL WORLD: a Popular Scientific Account of the Natural History
of the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms and the Equatorial Regions. With
8 Chromoxylographic Plates and about 800 Woodcuts. 8vo. price 21_s._
-------------------------
‘This work well deserves popularity, and is just the book to interest
young persons who have the sense to perceive that the truths of nature
are not only stranger but far more profitable than some fictions. All
that intelligent women and children desire to know about the tropics
will be found here—the aspects of nature, the rivers and coasts, the
great sandy deserts, the gigantic vegetation, and the animal denizens
from insects to apes; but excluding the tropical varieties of man.’
MEDICAL TIMES _and_ GAZETTE.
‘Dr. HARTWIG has followed up his admirable book on the SEA by another,
not less admirable, on the _Tropical World_. The same wide erudition,
vivid powers of description, and happy intermixture of popular and
scientific treatment are displayed in it; and its pages are adorned by
the same profusion of elegant illustration. Within the tropics Nature
revels in her wildest luxuriance: bird, beast, reptile, and plant take
there strange forms and colours, or attain unusual magnitude. Dr.
HARTWIG has steeped his pen in the glowing atmosphere of the tropics;
and with it, as with a wand, he leads us through successive regions of a
sunny fairyland teeming with beautiful natural objects in inexhaustible
variety, changeful and brilliant as the effulgent landscapes amid which
they flourish.’
GUARDIAN.
‘The tropics give us something like a picture of the antediluvian world.
The heat and moisture, with the consequent luxuriance of vegetation in
tangled overgrowth, the violence of the storms, and the ferocity and
hideousness of many animal forms, mark out these equatorial regions as
very striking, very picturesque, very interesting, but not very
agreeable as a residence. Unless we are young, robust, and adventurous,
it is pleasanter to read of such regions in our milder Europe, and to
visit them in imagination, following the adventures of others. And this
journey Dr. HARTWIG enables us to make through his excellent
compilation.... We have indicated the nature of Dr. HARTWIG’S book, and
have only to add that it is compiled with great skill, and written in a
clear and agreeable style. It is seldom that we have occasion to notice
a more satisfactory work of the class to which it belongs.’
SATURDAY REVIEW.
‘We ought not to conclude these gleanings without a brief notice of Dr.
HARTWIG’S popular book. There are those who look with contempt on
popular science of all kinds, and regard with undisguised aversion such
compilations as the one before us. We do not share these feelings in the
least degree; on the contrary, we welcome most heartily such
introductions to the study of natural history. True, they may be
sometimes of little scientific value, but they are very useful stepping-
stones to something more solid. They are more especially intended for
the young, but those of mature years may derive much profit by a perusal
of many of these works, and even the naturalist may read them with
pleasure and instruction. The numerous beautifully illustrated and
carefully compiled works on natural history, such as the _Tropical
World_, together with the _Sea and its Living Wonders_, by the same
writer, and several others which have appeared within the last few
years, are an encouraging sign of the growing interest which the rising
generation takes in the study of the great Creator’s works, and we
heartily wish them Godspeed.’
QUARTERLY REVIEW.
_Works by the same Author._
THE HARMONIES OF NATURE,
OR THE UNITY OF CREATION.
With 8 full-page Engravings on Wood, from Original Designs by
F. W. Keyl, and about 200 Woodcuts in the Text.
8vo. price 18_s._
‘As a sort of abridged KOSMOS brought down so as to include the latest
discoveries of science, Dr. HARTWIG’S _Harmonies of Nature_ is admirable
for the view it gives of the order of nature as we can at present
conceive it. Such a work enlarges and clears our conception of the
universe, and we can heartily commend both the ability with which the
facts are elucidated and the reverential spirit with which they are
treated.’
GLOBE.
‘Dr. HARTWIG’S book at first looks like a system of natural history: it
swarms with woodcuts of zoology and comparative anatomy. But it properly
belongs to general psychology; for its object is comparison and
deduction, and a view of the chain of being, which ... after some
general cosmogony, begins at the lowest phases of vegetable life and
ends with man.... The book is very interesting, and fills a very useful
place.’
ATHENÆUM.
‘The nature of Dr. HARTWIG’S _Harmonies of Nature_ will perhaps be
better understood if we call it a popularised KOSMOS. Beginning with the
starry heavens, the Author leads us through air and ocean, and shows in
broad outline how material nature is adapted to the organic life which
fills it. He then traces out the ascending grades of organic life itself
from plants to sponges and jelly-fishes, and from them up through
molluscs, insects, fishes, birds, and mammals, to man himself, the crown
of all. This great outline is filled up with sufficient detail to give
it substance and interest. It is traced with a flowing and expressive
pen, and illustrated by an elegant and abundant pencil. Those who have
seen Dr. HARTWIG’S former works will be satisfied to know that this is
no unworthy companion to them.’
GUARDIAN.
‘The _Harmonies of Nature_ will add to its Author’s well-deserved
reputation as the most correct and philosophic as well as the most
entertaining writer of the day on popular natural history. Unlike most
of the compilers of this class of works, Dr. HARTWIG has a very
extensive knowledge of his subject, a knowledge sufficient to enable him
to present to his readers a well-arranged work, that may be read with
profit as well as with pleasure. The object of the work is to point out
and illustrate the unity of plan which prevails throughout creation....
Compared with the popular natural histories current in France and
England, the works of Dr. HARTWIG are of much higher excellence; and for
those readers who desire to know something about physical science
without becoming painful and diligent students, no volume can be
recommended as more delightful than the _Harmonies of Nature_.’
_The_ FIELD.
--------------------------------------------------
THE POLAR WORLD;
A POPULAR DESCRIPTION OF MAN AND NATURE IN THE ARCTIC
AND ANTARCTIC REGIONS OF THE GLOBE.
With 8 Chromoxylographic Plates, 3 Maps, and 85 Woodcuts.
8vo. price 21_s._
‘The appearance of Dr. HARTWIG’S book at this time is very opportune.
There is every reason to believe that public attention will be directed
during the next ten or fifteen years to the Polar regions and the
contemplated expeditions to them. Whether or not the suggestions are
carried out which were made at the recent meeting of the Geographical
Society for an educating trial trip to the Arctic coast, there can be no
doubt that there will be an expedition in 1881-1882 for the purpose of
observing the transit of VENUS in the Antarctic Seas. Sabrina Land and
Possession Island are spoken of as suitable stations for the
observations. Most readers would have to refer to their maps, or to
almost forgotten books of Antarctic travel to make themselves acquainted
with those localities. Dr. HARTWIG’S volume gives maps, description, and
history of all that is known concerning these icy regions in a few
compendious pages.... Like Dr. HARTWIG’S former works, the _Polar World_
is a model of interesting and authentic compilation. Starting from
Iceland, he takes us round the lands which circle about the North Pole,
describing their natural features, the people who inhabit them, the
birds, beasts, and fishes, and the scanty vegetation, which is
frequently little more than varieties of mosses and lichens. The same
plan is followed in the regions of the South Pole. In his treatment of
all these subjects the Author combines the qualities of a clever
historian, a well-informed geographer, and a correct naturalist.
Gathering up all the information supplied by numerous explorers, he has
presented to us the result in a beautifully illustrated volume,
containing a clear, concise, and faithful description of man and nature
in high latitudes. The work will be exceedingly useful as well as
interesting to the naturalist, as nearly every chapter in it contains
careful accounts of the animals peculiar to the regions described....
The _Polar World_ will add greatly to the already well-deserved
reputation of the Author.’
LAND _and_ WATER.
London: LONGMANS and CO. Paternoster Row.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Transcriber’s Note
At 370.16, the freezing point of mercury is given as ‘-39° Fahr.’, which
should be -39° Celsius.
At 198.9>, the paragraph ending ‘pillars supporting the roof’, includes
a single closing quote, the opening of which is either missing, or it is
itself a mistake. Given the wording of the paragraph, it is likely the
latter.
Errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and
are noted here. The references are to the page and line in the original,
or where two columns were employed, the page, column, and line. Where
the spelling of index entries disagree with their references in the
text, they have been corrected.
xvii.24 [(]Green Added.
5.13 subterran[n]ean fires Removed.
98.34 were found clasped in each other’s arms.[’] Added.
105.10 valley of the Mississip[p]i Added.
109.10 a vest[a/i]ge remaining Replaced.
158.40 præsertim subterraneas exhibens.[’] Added.
164.28 communicating with [un/nu]merous subterranean Transposed.
198.9 pillars supporting the roof.[’] Removed.
217.10 forms one of the most conspic[u]ous ornaments Added.
282.2 with the ox[gy/yg]en of the air, Transposed.
341.16 more like a vast natural crater tha[t/n] a Replaced.
hollow
356.20 of North and[ and] South Wales Removed.
399.18 acc[c]ompanying Removed.
443.19 Sic[n/u]liana Replaced.
496.31 an ample i[m/n]demnity Replaced.
504.2.3 Canstadt, in Wurtemb[u/e]rg>, Replaced.
508.1.41 Estrell[o/a] do Sul, or Star of the South Replaced.
514.2.4 Mushrooms, subterran[n]ean Removed.
514.2.17 Na[n/u]heim, carbonic acid gas spring of, 88 Replaced.
517.2.45 S[c]haflock, ice-cave of, 194, 195 Added.
End of Project Gutenberg's The Subterranean World, by George Hartwig