STAGES OF SAMĀDHI
Saṃprajñāta samādhi (absorptive concentration in an object) may be
divided into four classes, savitarka, nirvitarka, savicāra and
nirvicāra.
To comprehend its scope we must first of all understand the relation
between a thing, its concept, and the particular name with which the
concept or thing is associated. It is easy to see that the thing
(_artha_), the concept (_jñāna_), and the name (_śabda_) are quite
distinct. But still, by force of association, the word or name stands
both for the thing and its concept; the function of mind, by virtue of
which despite this unreality or want of their having any real identity
of connection they seem to be so much associated that the name cannot be
differentiated from the thing or its idea, is called vikalpa.
Now that state of samādhi in which the mind seems to become one with the
thing, together with its name and concept, is the lowest stage of
samādhi called savitarka; it is the lowest stage, because here the gross
object does not appear to the mind in its true reality, but only in the
false illusory way in which it appears associated with the concept and
the name in ordinary life. This state does not differ from ordinary
conceptual states, in which the particular thing is not only associated
with the concepts and their names, but also with other concepts and
their various relations; thus a cow will not only appear before the mind
with its concept and name, but also along with other relations and
thoughts associated with cows, as for example—“This is a cow, it belongs
to so and so, it has so many hairs on its body, and so forth.” This
state is therefore the first stage of samādhi, in which the mind has not
become steady and is not as yet beyond the range of our ordinary
consciousness.
The nirvitarka stage arises from this when the mind by its steadiness
can become one with its object, divested of all other associations of
name and concept, so that it is in direct touch with the reality of the
thing, uncontaminated by associations. The thing in this state does not
appear to be an object of my consciousness, but my consciousness
becoming divested of all “I” or “mine,” becomes one with the object
itself; so that there is no such notion here as “I know this,” but the
mind becomes one with the thing, so that the notion of subject and
object drops off and the result is the one steady transformation of the
mind into the object of its contemplation. This state brings home to us
real knowledge of the thing, divested from other false and illusory
associations, which far from explaining the real nature of the object,
serves only to hide it. This samādhi knowledge or prajñā is called
nirvitarka. The objects of this state may be the gross material objects
and the senses.
Now this state is followed by the state of savicārā prajñā, which dawns
when the mind neglecting the grossness of the object sinks deeper and
deeper into its finer constituents; the appearance of the thing in its
grosser aspects drops off and the mind having sunk deep, centres in and
identifies itself with the subtle tanmātras, which are the constituents
of the atoms, as a conglomeration of which the object appeared before
our eyes in the nirvitarka state. Thus when the mind, after identifying
itself with the sun in its true aspect as pure light, tends to settle on
a still finer state of it, either by making the senses so steady that
the outward appearance vanishes, or by seeking finer and finer stages
than the grosser manifestation of light as such, it apprehends the
tanmātric state of the light and knows it as such, and we have what is
called the savicāra stage. It has great similarities with the savitarka
stage, while its differences from that stage spring from the fact that
here the object is the tanmātra and not the gross bhūta. The mind in
this stage holding communion with the rūpa tanmātra, for example, is not
coloured variously as red, blue, etc., as in the savitarka communion
with gross light, for the tanmātric light or light potential has no such
varieties as different kinds of colour, etc., so that there are also no
such different kinds of feeling of pleasure or pain as arise from the
manifold varieties of ordinary light. This is a state of feelingless
representation of one uniform tanmātric state, when the object appears
as a conglomeration of tanmātras of rūpa, rasa or gandha, as the case
might be. This state, however, is not indeterminate, as the nirvitarka
stage, for this tanmātric conception is associated with the notions of
time, space and causality, for the mind here feels that it sees those
tanmātras which are in such a subtle state that they are not associated
with pleasures and pains. They are also endowed with causality in such a
way that from them and their particular collocations originate the
atoms.
It must be noted here that the subtle objects of concentration in this
stage are not the tanmātras alone, but also other subtle substances
including the ego, the buddhi and the prakṛti.
But when the mind acquires the complete habit of this state in which it
becomes identified with these fine objects—the tanmātras—etc., then all
conceptual notions of the associations of time, space, causality, etc.,
spoken of in the savicāra and the savitarka state vanish away and it
becomes one with the fine object of its communion. These two kinds of
prajñā, savicāra and nirvicāra, arising from communion with the fine
tanmātras, have been collocated under one name as vicārānugata. But when
the object of communion is the senses, the samādhi is called
ānandānugata, and when the object of communion is the subtle cause the
ego (_asmitā_), the samādhi is known as asmitānugata.
There is a difference of opinion regarding the object of the last two
varieties of samādhi, viz. ānandānugata and asmitānugata, and also about
the general scheme of division of the samādhis. Vācaspati thinks that
_Yoga-sūtra_ I. 41 suggests the interpretation that the saṃprajñāta
samādhis may be divided into three different classes according as their
objects of concentration belong to one or other of the three different
planes of grāhya (external objects), grahaṇa (the senses) and grahītṛ
(the ego). So he refers vitarka and vicāra to the plane of grāhya
(physical objects and tanmātras), ānandānugata to the plane of grahaṇa
(the senses) and asmitānugata to the plane of grahītṛ. Bhikshu, however,
disapproves of such an interpretation. He holds that in ānandānugata the
object of concentration is bliss (ānanda) and not the senses. When the
Yogin rises to the vicārānugata stage there is a great flow of sattva
which produces bliss, and at this the mind becomes one with this ānanda
or bliss, and this samādhi is therefore called ānandānugata. Bhikshu
does not think that in asmitānugata samādhi the object of concentration
is the ego. He thinks that in this stage the object of concentration is
the concept of self (_kevalapurushākārā saṃvit_) which has only the form
of ego or “I” (_asmītyetāvanmātrākāratvādasmitā_).
Again according to Vācaspati in addition to the four varieties of
savitarka, nirvitarka, savicāra and nirvicāra there are two varieties of
ānandanugata as sānanda and nirānanda and two varieties of asmitānugata
as sāsmita and nirasmita. This gives us eight different kinds of
samādhi. With Bhikshu there are only six kinds of samādhi, for he admits
only one variety as ānandānugata and one variety as asmitānugata.
Bhikshu’s classification of samādhis is given below in a tabular form
(see Vācaspati’s _Tattvavaiśāradī_ and _Yoga-vārttika_, I. 17, 41, 42,
43, 44).
samprajñāta samādhi
|
+---------------------+----------------------+
| |
sthūlavishayaka sūkshma vishayaka
(vitarkānugata) |
samādhi +--------+-----+--------------+
+-------------------+ | | |
| | | ānanda asmitā
1. savitarka 2. nirvitarka | or purusha
(with associations (without association |
of name and concept of name) | 5. (ānandānugata) 6. (asmitānugata)
of the object) |
|
tanmātra
vicārānugata
samādhi
|
+---------------+--------------+
| |
3. savicāra 4. nirvicāra
(with association of (without association
name and concept of name, etc. )
of the tanmātras)
Through the nirvicāra state our minds become altogether purified and
there springs the prajñā or knowledge called ṛtambharā or true; this
true knowledge is altogether different from the knowledge which is
derived from the Vedas or from inferences or from ordinary perceptions;
for the knowledge that it can give of Reality can never be had by any
other means, by perception, inference or testimony, for their
communication is only by the conceptual process of generalisations and
abstractions and these can never help us to affirm anything about things
as they are in themselves, which are altogether different from their
illusory demonstrations in conceptual terms which only prevent us from
knowing the true reality. The potency of this prajñā arrests the potency
of ordinary states of consciousness and thus attains stability. When,
however, this prajñā is also suppressed, we have what is called the
state of nirvīja samādhi, at the end of which comes final prajñā leading
to the dissolution of the citta and the absolute freedom of the purusha.
Samādhi we have seen is the mind’s becoming one with an object by a
process of acute concentration upon it and a continuous repetition of it
with the exclusion of all other thoughts of all kinds. We have indeed
described the principal stages of the advancement of samprajñāta Yoga,
but it is impossible to give an exact picture of it with the symbolical
expressions of our concepts; for the stages only become clear to the
mental vision of the Yogin as he gradually acquires firmness in his
practice. The Yogin who is practising at once comes to know them as the
higher stages gradually dawn in his mind and he distinguishes them from
each other; it is thus a matter of personal experience, so that no
teacher can tell him whether a certain stage which follows is higher or
lower, for Yoga itself is its own teacher.
Even when the mind is in the samprajñāta state it is said to be in
vyutthāna (phenomenal) in comparison with the nirodha state, just as the
ordinary conscious states are called vyutthāna in comparison with the
samprajñāta state; the potencies of the samprajñāta state become weaker
and weaker, while the potencies of the nirodha state become stronger and
stronger until finally the mind comes to the nirodha state and becomes
stable therein; of course this contains within itself a long mental
history, for the potency of the nirodha state can become stronger only
when the mind practises it and remains in this suppressed condition for
long intervals of time. This shows that the mind, being made up of the
three guṇas, is always suffering transformations and changes. Thus from
the ordinary state of phenomenal consciousness it gradually becomes
one-pointed and then gradually becomes transformed into the state of an
object (internal or external), when it is said to be undergoing the
samādhi pariṇāma or samādhi change of the samprajñāta type; next comes
the change, when the mind passes from the samprajñāta stage to the state
of suppression (_nirodha_). Here also, therefore, we see that the same
dharma, lakshṇa, avasthāpariṇāma which we have already described at some
length with regard to sensible objects apply also to the mental states.
Thus the change from the vyutthāna (ordinary experience) to the nirodha
state is the dharmapariṇāma, the change as manifested in time, so that
we can say that the change of vyutthāna into nirodha has not yet come,
or has just come, or that the vyutthāna state (ordinary experience)
exists no longer, the mind having transformed itself into the nirodha
state. There is also here the third change of condition, when we see
that the potencies of the samprajñāta state become weaker and weaker,
while that of the nirodha state becomes stronger and stronger. These are
the three kinds of change which the mind undergoes called the dharma,
lakshaṇa and avasthā change. But there is one difference between this
change thus described from the changes observed in sensible objects that
here the changes are not visible but are only to be inferred by the
passage of the mind from one state to another.
It has been said that there are two different kinds of qualities of the
mind, visible and invisible. The visible qualities whose changes can be
noticed are conscious states, or thought-products, or percepts, etc. The
invisible ones are seven in number and cannot be directly seen, but
their existence and changes or modifications may be established by
inference. These are suppression, characterisation, subconscious
maintenance of experience, constant change, life, movement and power or
energy.
In connection with samprajñāta samādhi some miraculous attainments are
described, which are said to strengthen the faith or belief of the Yogin
in the processes of Yoga as the path of salvation. These are like the
products or the mental experiments in the Yoga method, by which people
may become convinced of the method of Yoga as being the true one. No
reasons are offered as to the reason for these attainments, but they are
said to happen as a result of mental union with different objects. It is
best to note them here in a tabular form.
─────────────────────────────────┬────────┬────────────────────────────
Object of Saṃyama. │Saṃyama.│ Attainment.
─────────────────────────────────┼────────┼────────────────────────────
(1) Threefold change of things │Saṃyama.│
as dharma, lakshaṇa and │ │
avasthāpariṇāma. │ │
(2) The distinctions of name, │ „ │Knowledge of the sounds of
external object and the │ │ all living beings.
concept which ordinarily │ │
appears united as one. │ │
(3) Residual potencies saṃskāra │ „ │Knowledge of previous life.
of the nature of dharma │ │
and adharma. │ │
(4) Concepts alone (separated │ „ │Knowledge of other minds.
from the objects). │ │
(5) Over the form of body. │ „ │Disappearance (by virtue of
│ │ perceptibility being
│ │ checked).
(6) Karma of fast or slow │ „ │Knowledge of death.
fruition. │ │
(7) Friendliness, sympathy, and │ „ │Power.
compassion. │ │
(8) Powers of elephant. │ „ │Power of elephant.
(9) Sun. │ „ │Knowledge of the world (the
│ │ geographical position of
│ │ countries, etc.).
(10) Heavens. │ „ │Knowledge of the heavenly
│ │ systems.
(11) Pole star. │ „ │Knowledge of its movements.
(12) Plenus of the navel. │ „ │Knowledge of the system of
│ │ the body.
(13) Base of the throat. │ „ │Subdual of hunger and
│ │ thirst.
(14) Tortoise tube. │Saṃyama.│Steadiness.
(15) Coronal light. │ „ │Vision of the perfected
│ │ ones—the knowledge of the
│ │ seer, or all knowledge by
│ │ prescience.
(16) Heat. │ „ │Knowledge of the mind.
(17) Purusha. │ „ │Knowledge of purusha.
(18) Gross nature subtle │ „ │Control over the element
pervasiveness and │ │ from which follows
purposefulness. │ │ attenuation, perfection of
│ │ the body and
│ │ non-resistance by their
│ │ characteristics.
(19) Act, substantive appearance,│ „ │Mastery over the senses;
egoism, pervasiveness and │ │ thence quickness of mind,
purposefulness of │ │ unaided mental perception
sensation. │ │ and mastery over the
│ │ pradhāna.
─────────────────────────────────┴────────┴────────────────────────────
These vibhūtis, as they rise with the performance of the processes of
Yoga, gradually deepen the faith _śraddha_ of the Yogin in the
performance of his deeds and thus help towards his main goal or ideal by
always pushing or drawing him forward towards it by the greater and
greater strengthening of his faith. Divested from the ideal, they have
no value.