The choice of Sir Edwyn Sandys as Treasurer of the Virginia Company in
1619 marks a turning-point in the history of both Company and colony. At
a moment when James I was aiming at absolute monarchy and was menacing
Parliament, Sandys and his party--the Liberals of the day--turned the
sessions of the Company into a parliament where momentous questions of
state and colonial policy were freely debated. The liberal spirit of
Sandys cast a beam of light, too, across the Atlantic. When Governor
Yeardley stepped ashore at Jamestown in mid-April, he brought with him,
as the first fruits of the new regime, no less a boon than the grant of
a representative assembly.
There were to be in Virginia, subject to the Company, subject in its
turn to the Crown, two "Supreme Councils," one of which was to consist
of the Governor and his councilors chosen by the Company in England.
The other was to be elected by the colonists, two representatives or
burgesses from each distinct settlement. Council and House of Burgesses
were to constitute the upper and lower houses of the General Assembly.
The whole had power to legislate upon Virginian affairs within the
bounds of the colony, but the Governor in Virginia and the Company in
England must approve its acts.
A mighty hope in small was here! Hedged about with provisions, curtailed
and limited, here nevertheless was an acorn out of which, by natural
growth and some mutation, was to come popular government wide and deep.
The planting of this small seed of freedom here, in 1619, upon the banks
of the James in Virginia, is an event of prime importance.
On the 30th of July, 1619, there was convened in the log church in
Jamestown the first true Parliament or Legislative Assembly in America.
Twenty-two burgesses sat, hat on head, in the body of the church, with
the Governor and the Council in the best seats. Master John Pory, the
speaker, faced the Assembly; clerk and sergeant-at-arms were at hand;
Master Buck, the Jamestown minister, made the solemn opening prayer.
The political divisions of this Virginia were Cities, Plantations,
and Hundreds, the English population numbering now at least a thousand
souls. Boroughs sending burgesses were James City, Charles City, the
City of Henricus, Kecoughtan, Smith's Hundred, Flowerdieu Hundred,
Martin's Hundred, Martin Brandon, Ward's Plantation, Lawne's Plantation,
and Argall's Gift. This first Assembly attended to Indian questions,
agriculture, and religion.
Most notable is this year 1619, a year wrought of gold and iron. John
Rolfe, back in Virginia, though without his Indian princess, who now
lies in English earth, jots down and makes no comment upon what he has
written: "About the last of August came in a Dutch man of warre that
sold us twenty Negars."
No European state of that day, few individuals, disapproved of the
African slave trade. That dark continent made a general hunting-ground.
England, Spain, France, the Netherlands, captured, bought, and sold
slaves. Englishmen in Virginia bought without qualm, as Englishmen
in England bought without qualm. The cargo of the Dutch ship was a
commonplace. The only novelty was that it was the first shipload of
Africans brought to English-America. Here, by the same waters, were the
beginnings of popular government and the young upas-tree of slavery. A
contradiction in terms was set to resolve itself, a riddle for unborn
generations of Americans.
Presently there happened another importation. Virginia, under the new
management, had strongly revived. Ships bringing colonists were coming
in; hamlets were building; fields were being planted; up and down were
to be found churches; a college at Henricus was projected so that Indian
children might be taught and converted from "heathennesse." Yet was the
population almost wholly a doublet--and--breeches--wearing population.
The children for whom the school was building were Indian children.
The men sailing to Virginia dreamed of a few years there and gathered
wealth, and then return to England.
Apparently it was the new Treasurer, Sir Edwyn Sandys, who first grasped
the essential principle of successful colonization: Virginia must be
HOME to those we send! Wife and children made home. Sandys gathered
ninety women, poor maidens and widows, "young, handsome, and chaste,"
who were willing to emigrate and in Virginia become wives of settlers.
They sailed; their passage money was paid by the men of their choice;
they married--and home life began in Virginia. In due course of time
appeared fair-haired children, blue or gray of eye, with all England
behind them, yet native-born, Virginians from the cradle.
Colonists in number sailed now from England. Most ranks of society
and most professions were represented. Many brought education, means,
independent position. Other honest men, chiefly young men with little
in the purse, came over under indentures, bound for a specified term of
years to settlers of larger means. These indentured men are numerous;
and when they have worked out their indebtedness they will take up land
of their own.
An old suggestion of Dale's now for the first time bore fruit. Over the
protest of the "country party" in the Company, there began to be sent
each year out of the King's gaols a number, though not at any time a
large number, of men under conviction for various crimes. This practice
continued, or at intervals was resumed, for years, but its consequences
were not so dire, perhaps, as we might imagine. The penal laws were
execrably brutal, and in the drag-net of the law might be found many
merely unfortunate, many perhaps finer than the law.
Virginia thus was founded and established. An English people moved
through her forests, crossed in boats her shining waters, trod the
lanes of hamlets builded of wood but after English fashions.
Climate, surrounding nature, differed from old England, and these and
circumstance would work for variation. But the stock was Middlesex,
Surrey, Devon, and all the other shires of England. Scotchmen came also,
Welshmen, and, perhaps as early as this, a few Irish. And there were De
La Warr's handful of Poles and Germans, and several French vinedressers.
Political and economic life was taking form. That huge, luxurious,
thick-leafed, yellow-flowered crop, alike comforting and extravagant,
that tobacco that was in much to mould manners and customs and ways
of looking at things, was beginning to grow abundantly. In 1620, forty
thousand pounds of tobacco went from Virginia to England; two years
later went sixty thousand pounds. The best sold at two shillings the
pound, the inferior for eighteen pence. The Virginians dropped all
thought of sassafras and clapboard. Tobacco only had any flavor of
Golconda.
At this time the rich soil, composed of layer on layer of the decay of
forests that had lived from old time, was incredibly fertile. As fast as
trees could be felled and dragged away, in went the tobacco. Fields must
have laborers, nor did these need to be especially intelligent. Bring in
indentured men to work. Presently dream that ships, English as well as
Dutch, might oftener load in Africa and sell in Virginia, to furnish the
dark fields with dark workers! In Dale's time had begun the making over
of land in fee simple; in Yeardley's time every "ancient" colonist--that
is every man who had come to Virginia before 1616--was given a goodly
number of acres subject to a quit-rent. Men of means and influence
obtained great holdings; ownership, rental, sale, and purchase of the
land began in Virginia much as in older times it had begun in England.
Only here, in America, where it seemed that the land could never be
exhausted, individual holdings were often of great acreage. Thus arose
the Virginia Planter.
In Yeardley's time John Berkeley established at Falling Creek the first
iron works ever set up in English-America. There were by this time in
Virginia, glass works, a windmill, iron works. To till the soil remained
the chief industry, but the tobacco culture grew until it overshadowed
the maize and wheat, the pease and beans. There were cattle and swine,
not a few horses, poultry, pigeons, and peacocks.
In 1621 Yeardley, desiring to be relieved, was succeeded by Sir Francis
Wyatt. In October the new Governor came from England in the George, and
with him a goodly company. Among others is found George Sandys, brother
of Sir Edwyn. This gentleman and scholar, beneath Virginia skies
and with Virginia trees and blossoms about him, translated the
"Metamorphoses" of Ovid and the First Book of the "Aeneid", both of
which were published in London in 1626. He stands as the first purely
literary man of the English New World. But vigorous enough literature,
though the writers thereof regarded it as information only, had, from
the first years, emanated from Virginia. Smith's "True Relation",
George Percy's "Discourse", Strachey's "True Repertory of the Wracke
and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates", and his "Historie of Travaile
into Virginia Brittannia", Hamor's "True Discourse", Whitaker's "Good
News"--other letters and reports--had already flowered, all with
something of the strength and fragrance of Elizabethan and early
Jacobean work.
For some years there had seemed peace with the Indians. Doubtless
members of the one race may have marauded, and members of the other
showed themselves highhanded, impatient, and unjust, but the majority
on each side appeared to have settled into a kind of amity. Indians came
singly or in parties from their villages to the white men's settlements,
where they traded corn and venison and what not for the magic things
the white man owned. A number had obtained the white man's firearms,
unwisely sold or given. The red seemed reconciled to the white's
presence in the land; the Indian village and the Indian tribal economy
rested beside the English settlement, church, and laws. Doubtless a
fragment of the population of England and a fragment of the English in
Virginia saw in a pearly dream the red man baptized, clothed, become
Christian and English. At the least, it seemed that friendliness and
peace might continue.
In the spring of 1622 a concerted Indian attack and massacre fell like
a bolt from the blue. Up and down the James and upon the Chesapeake,
everywhere on the same day, Indians, bursting from the dark forest that
was so close behind every cluster of log houses, attacked the colonists.
Three hundred and forty-seven English men, women, and children were
slain. But Jamestown and the plantations in its neighborhood were warned
in time. The English rallied, gathered force, turned upon and beat back
to the forest the Indian, who was now and for a long time to come their
open foe.
There followed upon this horror not a day or a month but years of
organized retaliation and systematic harrying. In the end the great
majority of the Indians either fell or were pushed back toward the upper
Pamunkey, the Rappahannock, the Potomac, and westward upon the great
shelf or terrace of the earth that climbed to the fabled mountains. And
with this westward move there passed away that old vision of wholesale
Christianizing.