Amandus, Dr. Johannes, xv., 20
Ammeister, 264
Amsterdam, 3
Anclam, 1
Ancona, xx. 146, 147
Anelam, 46
Anglus, Dr. Antonius, 95
Anhault, xii. 48
_Annales Pomeraniae_, 79, 82, 89
Antwerp, xxiii. 4, 85, 268, 270
_Appeal to the Christian Nobility_, xi.
Arndts, 331, 332
Arnsburg, 97
Arras, Bishop of, 222, 224, 249, 277, 291, 292
Ascagne, Count St. Florian, 150
Artopaeus, Herr Petrus, 263
Augsburg, xiii., xxii., 111, 176, 177, 195, 212, 215-230, 239,
244-249, 252, 253, 257, 263, 264, 292
Bishop of, 246
Augustus, Duke, 228
Babylonish captivity, The, xi.
Baden, 195, 255
Margrave of, xix. 263, 278
Badenweiler, 120
Balhorn, 103
Bamberg, 208, 209
Barbarossa, 245
Baremann, Nicholas, 69
Barns, xx.
Barnes, 95, 96, 103
Barth, 4
Basle, xxiii., 223, 263
Bavaria, Duke Albert of, 228, 233, 246
Duchess of, 229
Becker, Peter, 263
Belbuck, 11, 13
Benter, 196
Ber, 308
Berckmann, Johannes, 28, 54, 79, 82, 83, 85, 89, 278, 320
Bergen, 330, 333
Berkentin, 50
Berlin, 190, 199
Bensancon, 224
Besserer, George, 246
Beuter, 203
Biberach, 227
_Bilder aus der Deutschen Kulturgeschichte_, 228
Bischof, 43
Bitterfeld, 201, 202
Blumenow, Johannes, 82, 84, 85, 88
Bole, Victor, 34
Bogislaw X., Duke, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18
Duke Barnim, 16, 17, 30, 190, 205, 213, 214, 216, 265, 273,
281, 290, 293, 331
Duke George, 16, 17, 28, 30, 48
Boineburg, Ritter Conrad von, 241
Bois le Duc, 267
Boldewan, Abbot, 11, 13
Bologna, 160, 165, 166, 171, 173, 179, 291
Bolte, Nicholas, 75
Bonus, Herrman, 39
Bonnus, 40
Botzen, 176, 177
Brabant, 255
Brandenburg, xxiii., 9, 196, 205, 226, 306
Culmbach, 231
Elector of, 189, 197, 228, 246, 247
Wachim of, xiii., xxiii.
Brandenburg-the-Old, 202
Brassanus, Matthias, 40, 42
Bremen, Christopher, Bishop of, 80
Brenner, xx.
Brettheim, 125
Brixen, 176, 177
Broecker, Jacob, 97
Bruchsall, 122
Brunswick, Duke Henry of, 137, 138, 210, 228
Duke Philip of, 161
Brunswick-Luneberg, xii.
Bruser, Hermann, 49, 51, 53, 54, 103
Bruser, Leveling, 94
Bruser, Mrs. xviii., xix.
Brussels, xxiii., 227, 230, 255, 267, 270, 273
Buchow, Bartholomaei, 19
Buchow, Heindrich, 268
Bugenhagen, Johannes, 11
Bukow, 51
Bunsaw, Gaspard, 35, 285, 298
Bunsow, Dame, 288
Bunsow, Johannes, 287, 288
Burgrave of Mesnia, 182
Burenius Arnoldus, xvii., 96
Burn, Count Maximilian, 269
Burnet, Bishop, x.
Burtenbach, Captain Schaerthin von, 176
Burwitz, Joachim, 54
Buss, Valentine, 56
Butzbach, 131, 132, 260
Calvin, 249, 265
Camerarius, 169
Cammin, 261, 291, 333, 334, 246
Bishop of, 226, 266, 293, 294
Cannstadt, 178
Capito Daniel, 263
Carin, 319
Carlowitz, Christopher, 195, 196, 230, 235, 248, 252
Carmelites, 250
Cassel, 132
Cassules, 93
Castle of St. Angelo, 159
Cellini, Benvenuto, xx.
Charlemagne, 254, 255
Charles V., xii., xiii., xxii., 9, 161, 177, 197, 220, 235, 267,
146, 97
Citzewitz, Jacob, 187, 188, 189, 200, 215, 225, 227, 236, 257,
262, 279, 281, 283, 293, 299, 314, 319, 321
Citzewitz, James, xxii.
Classen, Bernard, 7, 8
Clerike, Jacob, 299
Cleves, Anne of, 96
Cleves, Duchy of, 263,
Duke of, 113, 228
Coburg, 206, 209
Colburg, 99, 226
Cologne, 225, 270, 271
Elector of, 246
Compestella, 19
Constance, 234
Copenhagen, 39, 80
_Cosmographie_, Munster's, 262, 264
Damitz, Captain Moritz, 191, 193, 236, 237, 238
Danquart, 98
Dantzig, 7, 22, 257
_De Anima_, xvii.
Dechow, Captain, 318, 319
Denmark, King of, 228
Deux Fonts, Prince, 195
Devonne, 208
Dialectica Caesarii, 99
Dick, Dr. Leopold, 107
Dueren, 113
Dinnies, Laurence, 187
Domitz, Maurice, 128
Donat, 31
Donauwerth, 216, 217
Dorpat, Bishop of, 98
Drache, Anthony, 313
Droege, Gerard, 19, 89
Duitz, Gaspard, 268, 269, 270
Eck, Dr., 17, 246
Eger, 191
Eichstedt, Valentin, 78, 314
Bishop of, 228
Einfriedlaw, 19
Eisleben, 166, 246
Elbe, 200, 217
Eldenow, 306
_Emek Habakha_, 143
Engelhardt, Dr. Simeon, 51, 108, 111, 117, 120, 121, 127, 250,
260, 261
Engeln, 48
_Epitome Annalium Pomerania_, 79
Erasmus, Desiderius, 264
Erckhorst, Cyriacus, 49, 55
Erfurt, 103
Ernest, Margrave, 120, 123, 125, 282
Esslingen, 122
Faber, 169
Fachs, Dr., 246
Falck, Chancellor, 273
Falcke, Dr., 190
Falsterbo, 70, 99
Farnese, Peter Aloys, 160
_Fasti_, Ovid's, 99
Ferrara, 173, 174
Ferdinand, King, 119, 177, 180, 182, 191, 196, 204
Florence, 172
Franconia, 206
Frankfurt, 130, 138, 178, 247, 254, 259, 262, 286
Frederick, III., Duke, xxii., 210, 211, 212
Frederick, King of Denmark, 61, 207
Freder, Johannes, 277
_Freedom of a Christian Man_, xi.
Frese, Widow, 15
Friesland, 133
Fribourg, 131, 208, 260
Friedrich, Johannes, 193, 197
Frobose, Peter, 5, 7, 281
Frock, Otto, 12
Froment, 16
Frubose, Matthew, 285
Furstenburg, Count Wilhelm, 239, 240
Frederick von, 240, 315
Gadebusch, 100
Gantzkendorf, 319, 320
Garpenhagen, 100
Gatzkow, Abraham, 198
Gelhaar, Joachim, 43, 59, 102
Geneva, 16, 265
Gentzkow, Dr. Nicholas, 86, 300, 302, 303, 313, 326, 329
Burgomaster Nicholas, 54
Ghent, 267
Charles of, 220
Goeslin, Margaret, 237
Gotha, 104
Gottschalk, Heinrich, 299
Johannes, 41, 187, 188, 287, 296
Prior, 331
_Grammatica Bonni_, 40
Granvelle, Cardinal, xxiii.
Nicholas, Perremot de, 224, 227, 249, 253, 277
Greiffenberg, 266
Greifswald, xi. xvii., xix., xxiv., 2, 5-7, 20-31, 33, 35, 39,
46, 48, 93, 98, 99, 110, 197, 235, 281, 282, 285, 287, 288,
297, 302, 306, 310, 313-317, 324-338
Grellen, Barber, 83
Gribou, 2
Grosse, Alexis, 278
Gruwel, Peter, 288, 298
Gruyere, Count Michael de, 207
Grynaeus, Simon, 168, 169
Guelderland, 113
Gutzkow, Count, 65, 93
Hahn, Werner, 201, 202
Halle, xxii., 201, 206
Hamburg, 3, 26, 65
Hannemann, 99
Hartmann, Brand, 329
George, 24, 25, 26, 29, 329
Hase, Dr. Heinrich, 195, 246
Hausen, Erasmus, 187, 188
Hawthorne, xx.
Heidelberg, 114, 169, 260
Elector of, 272
Heidelsheim, 122
Heimsdorff, 195
Heindrich, Duke, 80, 207
Heinrichmann, Dr., 246
Helfmann, Johannes, 261
Henry II. of France, xiv.
Henry VIII., 95
Hentzer, 264
Heine Vogel, 270
Hertogenbosch, 267
Herwig, Christian, 86
Hesiod, 53
Hesse, Philip of, xii.
Hildebrand, Nicholas, 86
Hirnheim, Johannes Walther von, 237
Hochberg, 120
Hochel, Dr. Johannes, 106
Holde, Dr. Conrad, 247
Holme, Johannes, 66
Holste, 315, 316
Holstein, Duke Christian, 62, 66, 79
Homedes, Jean de, 130
Horns, the family of, 1, 2
Hose, Dr. Christopher, 116, 117, 119
Hovisch, Michael, 318, 319
Hoyer, Dr. Gaspard, 149, 150, 155, 164, 165, 176, 186
Hundfruck, 260
Hutten, Ulrich, von, 24
Ingoldstadt, 224
Innspruck, 177
_Itinerarium Germanicae_, 264
Juliers, Duke of, 111, 270
Kalen, George von, 316
Kalen, J. von, 314
Kalte, Johannes, 267
Kantzow, Thomas, 78
Kasskow, Master, 68
Kempe, George, 12
Kempten, 141, 142, 221, 175
Ketelhot, Christian, xvi., 11, 12, 13, 20, 23
_King Arthur_, 21
Kirchschwarz, 24
Kismann, 99
Klatteville, Peter, 81, 82
Kloche, Johannes, 49, 69
Krugge, Nicholas, 86, 303
Knipstrow, Dr. xxii., 22, 23, 34,48, 187, 302
Koenigstein, 132
Krahow, Valerius, 235
Krossen, Johannes, 81
Krou, Frau, 38
Kruse, 23, 65
Kurcke, Johannes, 11
Kussow, Michael, 93
Labbun, Christopher, 187
Lagebusch, Johannes, 100, 101, 102
Lanckin, Christopher von der, 321, 322
Landau, 250, 261
Landshut, 178
Lasky, Stanislas, 228, 245
Leipzig, 17, 45, 107, 192, 248, 252, 258, 321
Lepper, Hermann, 100, 101, 102
Lepusculus, 235, 264, 265
Lertmeritz, 191, 192, 193
Leveling, 49, 55, 56
Marie, 56
Lezen, Johannes von, 246
Lickow, 329
Liegnitz, xxii.
Duke Frederick von, 207, 208, 212, 214
Lievetzow, 309
Lingensis, Heinrich, 96, 97, 98
Livonia, 13
Lloytz, The, of Stettin, 261
Loewe, Nicholas, 87
Loewenstein, Christopher von, 130, 133, 135, 138
Loewenhagen, Joachim, 99
Lorbeer, Christopher, 12, 19, 20, 41, 50, 55, 67, 71-74, 79, 85,
88, 93, 324, 326-328, 334
Olaff, 84, 321
Zabel, 57, 333, 334
Loretto, xx., 149
Lorraine, Dowager of, 228
Louvain, 267, 270
Lubeck, xvii., xix., 3, 4, 26, 39, 40, 48, 50-52, 61-63, 66, 71,
72, 77, 80, 95, 100, 103, 128, 165, 297, 303
Lubbeke, 48
Ludwig, Duke Ernest, 89
Lake, Constance, 227
Luehe Von der, 313
Luther, Martin, xi.-xvii., 9, 14, 17, 18, 78, 94, 96, 103, 135,
152, 166, 200, 228, 250, 278
Madrid, 224
Madrutz, Gandenz von, 246, 271
Maestricht, 254
Magdeburg, xiii., 192
Malines, 270
Manlius, 169
Mantel, Jacob, 244
Mantua, 173, 174, 175
Duke of, 180
Marburg, xii., 133
Marforio, 227
Marie, Fraeulein, of Saxony, 78
Maries, The three, 57, 58
Marquardt, Johannes, 195, 222, 224, 226
Marschmann, 86
Mattzan, Berendt, 320, 321
Joachim, 2, 99, 300-302
Lutke, 319
Maurice, Duke, 195, 200, 231, 235
Mauritz, 177
Maximilian, Archduke, 119, 204, 231
Mayence, 128, 130, 132, 139, 141, 254, 260, 271
Bishop of, 246
Elector of, 246
Mecklenburg, 51, 71, 79, 95, 96, 100, 115, 299
Meisisch, Leonard, 40
Meiseburg, 246
Memmingen, 221
Melanchthon, Philip, xvi., xvii., 104, 106, 248, 298
Mesnia, 258
Mense, 267
Mey, Bernard, 261
Meyer, Christopher, 6, 7
Meyer, Gerard, 81
Meyer, Hermann, 12, 19
Meyer, Marx, 62-67, 81
Middleburgh, C. 304, 305
Milan, 149, 175, 176
Moller, Rolof, xv., 9, 10, 12, 16, 18, 19, 20, 31, 61, 85, 87, 91
Moller, George, 85
Monkwitz, Von, 216
Montefiascone, 171
Montfort, Count Hugo von, 246
Moritz, Joachim, 298, 299, 306, 313, 333, 334
Mount Scarperia, 173
Muggenwald, 302
Muhlberg, xxii., 188, 193, 194, 195
Muleg Hassan, King of Tunis, 245
Munich, 252
Munster, Sebastian, 262, 263, 264, 265
Musculus, 235
Muthrin, 257
Nares, 195
Naumberg, 206
Bishop of, 246
Naumberg, Duke of, 228
Naves, Seigneur Jean, 116
Negendanck, 309, 310
Nering, Nicholas, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85
Nerung, 299
New Camp, 225
Neuenkirchen, 25
Nicholas, 165, 175, 176, 177
Niederweisel, 130, 131, 132, 260
Niemann, Johannes, 277, 278
Nordgau, 227
Nordhauser, 183
Normann, George, 33, 235, 253, 254, 256
Heinrich, 191, 238
Nuremburg, 9, 14, 18, 155, 181, 209, 211, 223
Octavius, Duke, 160, 168
_Offices_, Cicero's, 97
Offing, 108
Oppenheim, 130, 254, 260
Ornans, 224
Oseborn, Zabel, 10, 321
Osnaburgh, 39
Osten, 2, 299
Ostiglia, 174
Ovid, 99
Palatine, Count, 195
Elector of, 246
Pappenheim, Marshal von, 229
Parow, Christian, 82, 83
Pasewalk, 315
Pasquin, 227
Paul III., Pope, 150, 175
Petrus, 147, 148, 165, 169, 175
Pflug, Gaspard, 191, 192
Johannes, 246
Julius, 192, 228
Pforzheim, xix., 120, 122, 126, 127, 140
Ernest von, 279
Philip, Duke, 78, 99, 190, 195, 260, 290, 298, 301, 318, 322, 330
Philip I., 17, 272
Philip V. of Spain, 233
Picht, Dr., 306
Place Moland, 16
Plate Simon, 235-238
Plawe, 181
Po, 173, 174
Poland, King of, 228
Pomerania, xii., xv., 3, 17, 28, 122, 145, 146, 151, 189, 200,
226, 238, 260
Duke of, 224
_Pomeranus_, 11
Portius, Dr. Johannes, 261
_Praecepta Grammaticae_, 40
Prestor, John, 220
Prien, V., 299
Prussia, Duke of, 278
Pritze, Joachim, 69
Puddegla, 315
Putkammer, Dr., 190
Putten, 44
Quilow, Johannes Osten von, 2
Ranke, 196
Rantzau, Count Johannes, 63, 64
Rantzin, 1, 3
Rantzow, Joachim 69, 74
Ratisbon, 178, 180, 233, 247
Diet of, 280
Rau, Balthazar, 298
Ravenna, 147
Reiffstock, Dr. Frederick, 106, 107, 108, 109
Reinburg, 327
Rheinfeld, 228
Rheinhausen, 122
Rhodes, 130, 131
Ribbenitz, 97, 102
Richter, 232
Rhode, Nicholas, 19, 49, 51, 52, 55
Roetteln, 120
Roevershagen, 36
Rode, Nicholas, 73, 74
Rome, 28, 147, 175, 178, 222, 269
Rostock, xvii., 19, 36, 37, 50, 61, 71, 85, 95, 96, 97, 100, 128,
300, 301, 303, 313
Rosse, Martin van, 113
Rotterdam, 264
Rubricken, Bock, xxiv., 10
Rugen, 33, 34, 93, 321, 330
Prince of, 93
Runge, 23, 302
Rust, Joachim, 187, 188
Sachsen, 197
St. Angelo, Governor of, 160
St. Brigitta, 16, 27, 164
St. Flore, Cardinal, Count de, 150, 164, 186
St. Simon, Duke, 233
St. Alrich, 218
Saluces, Marquis de, 196, 245
Salzburg, 247
Sandow, 23
Sansenberg, 120
Sarow, 319
Sastrow, Amnistia, 299
Anna, 5
Barbara, 7, 8
Bartholomew, ix., x., xv., xvi., xix., xx.-xxiv., 103, 106,
110, 196, 197, 235
Catherine, 6, 8, 299
Christian, 7
Gertrude, 7
Jeremy, 4
John, xx., 1, 2, 7, 39, 53, 93, 108, 122, 128, 149, 134, 298
Magdalen, 7
Sastrow, Nicholas, xvi., xvii., xviii., 94, 116
Saxony, Duke of, 78
Elector of, 114, 189, 191, 196, 205, 208, 222, 245, 247, 249
John of, xii., xiii.
Maurice of, xiii., xv., 195
Schaerlini, 223
Schenck, Dr. Jacob, 106
Schermer, Frau, 14
Schladenteuffel, Nicholas, 303
Schlackenwerth, 191
Schlemm, 307, 308
Schlieben, Eustacius, 246
Schmalkalden, League of, 182, 188, 190, 197, 234, 269
Schwallenberg, 290, 292
Schoenfeld, Johannes, 319, 322, 324, 335, 336
Schorsow, 299
Schwede, Bailiff, 10, 15
Schwabe, Bartholomew, 226, 266
Schwallenberger, Dr., 267, 279, 280, 281, 283
Schwarte, Matthew, 288
Peter, 288
Schwartz, Arndt, 149
Christian, 21, 33, 36, 81
Schwartzenberg, 310, 312
Schwartz, Dr. Peter, 297
Schwendi, Lazarus von, 223
Schwendi, Lazarus, 242, 243, 245
Schwenkfeld, Gaspard von, 108
Schwerin, Marshal Ulrich, 293, 314
Seld, Dr. George Sigismund, 195, 222, 224, 246
Selneccerus, 169
Senckestack, Johannes, 69
Sickermann, Heindrich, 12
Siena, Virgo, 172
Sievershausen, 196, 232
Silesia, 108, 191, 207
Sitten, Nanz von, 128
Sixtus IV., Pope, 156, 157
Skramon, Admiral Peter, 64
Sleidan, 188, 196, 203, 219, 234, 239, 240, 241
Smalkald, xxi., xxii.
Smeker, H., 309, 310, 311, 312
Smiterlow, Anna, xvi.
Bartholamaei, 4
Bertrand, 28, 34, 36, 37, 334-337
Christian, 14, 258, 302
Smiterlow, George, 40, 43, 89,91
Johannes, 40
Nicholas, xvi., xviii., 4, 5, 10, 12, 14, 18, 20, 26, 29, 31,
35, 41, 49, 50, 61, 66-74, 79, 83, 87, 89, 91, 311
Solms, Count Reinhard, 241
Sonnenberg, Nicholas, 56, 84, 101
Heinrich, 100
Speckin, Martin, 297
Spires, xii., xix., xxiii., 9, 52, 103, 105, 106, 108, 111, 114,
116, 120, 125-129, 140, 178, 230, 250, 251, 254, 260, 262, 266,
271, 273, 279, 282, 301, 307, 310, 312
Stargurdt, 214
Stainbruck, 64
Steinkiller, 333
Steinwer, Canon Hippolytus, 12, 30
Sterzing, 177
Stettin, 16, 17, 35, 103, 190, 253, 257, 266, 267, 273, 279, 282,
289, 290, 314
Stiten, Franz von, 98, 138
Storentin, Frau, 99
Stochkolm, 54
Stolpe, 13, 265, 273, 281, 290
Stralsund, xv., xvi.-xix., xxiv., 3, 5, 7, 9, 11-28, 40, 43, 45,
50, 52, 54, 61, 66, 71, 72, 77, 82, 87, 96, 100, 102, 110, 190,
197, 214, 235, 268, 277, 286, 287, 295, 302, 303, 314, 322,
328, 330, 333-337
Stranck, Anna, 58, 59
Strasburg, 108, 123, 223, 233, 246, 263
Bishop of, 129
Stroientin, Dr. Valentin, 24-26
Stubenitz, Forest of, 330
Sturm, Jacob, 233, 234, 235, 246
Suave, Peter, 11
Suavenius, Petrus, 228
Svendsburg, 64
Swabia, 108, 120, 178, 192, 221
Tauber, Dr., 292, 293
Telchow, Simon, 306, 307
Terence, xvii.
Testenhagen, 325
Thomas, Wolf, 244
Thun, Peter, 307, 308
Tollenstein, 65
Torgau, 193, 197, 217
Castle of, 78
Torrentius, 31
Trent, xx., 175, 176, 177, 245, 268, 271
Cardinal of, 228
Council of, 173
Trepstow, 11, 266
Treuenbrietzen, 200
Treves, Elector of, 19
Truchess, Prelate Otto, 116
Tulliver, sen., Mr., x.
Tunis, King of, 245
Ulm, 108, 111, 178, 246, 253
Ulrich, Duke, 143
Upsal, Archbishop of, 22
Ukermuende, Geo. von, 11, 12, 128, 236, 289, 290
Valentine, 188, 213
_Valley of Tears_, 143
Venice, 175, 269
Verona, 175, 176
Virgil, 174
Vischer, L., 15, 19
Viterbo, 168
Vogelsberg, Sebastian, 223, 239-245
Vogt, Johannes, 100
Voss, Jacob, 320
Walde, Dr. B. von, 299, 314, 321
Wallenstein, xii.
Walter, Anthony, 99
Wardenburg, Zutfeld, 12, 26
Wedel, George von, 205, 207, 210, 222
Weingarten, Abbe von, 228, 246
Weinleben, Chancellor, 198
Welch, 241
Welfius, Heinrich, xvii.
Welsers, 216
Wessels, Franz, 12, 19, 27
Westphalia, xiii., 256
Wetteran, 131
Wetzlar, 12
Weitmulen, Sebastian von, 191
Wezer, Martin, 226, 253, 261, 267, 290-293
Willemberg, Castle of, 200
Willershagen, 101
Wismar, 51, 61, 71, 72, 303
Wissemberg, 223, 227, 240, 242
Wittenberg, xvi., 6, 11, 14, 17, 18, 40, 95, 103, 188, 193, 194,
197, 202, 222, 224, 245, 248, 292
Wolde, Canon von, 293
Wolder, Simon, 266, 281
Wolfenbuttel, 65
Wolff, Frau, 39
Wolgang, 228
Wolgast, xxii., 17, 40, 47, 86, 187, 190, 199, 205, 256, 257,
289, 290, 292, 300, 306, 314, 317, 319, 333
Worms, 9, 116, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 133, 139, 228, 230,
250, 251, 260
Wulflam, Wulf, 56
Wullenweber, George, xvii., 5, 61-66, 71, 79, 80, 190, 192
Wurzburg, Bishop of, 106, 246
Wustenfeld, 309, 311
Wustenhausen, 316
Zell, 122, 254
Ziegesar, 39
Ziegler, 267
Zigler, Dr. Louis, 254
Zittau, 191
Zober, 54
Zwingli, xii.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 1: At the beginning of the sixteenth century the monetary
unit in Pomerania was the golden florin, which within a fraction
was equivalent to the Rhenish florin and represented eight francs,
sixty-five centimes, regard being had to the fact that the value of
silver compared to that of gold was a third more than to-day. The
golden florin was divided into forty-eight schellings (not shillings),
sixteen of which constituted a mark; the schelling again was divided
into twelve pfenning. The schelling of Hamburg and of Lubeck were worth
double that of Stralsund.--Translator.]
[Footnote 2: House property was classified in three categories:
dwelling houses (_Haeuser_), shops (_Buden_), which were very light
constructions set apart for trade or for accommodating strangers, and
cellars (_Keller_), or places below the level of the ground floor. The
scale of house-tax was for booths, stalls or shops half, for cellars a
quarter of that due for dwelling-houses. A census of 1554 gives for
Stralsund 559 houses, 1,133 booths or shops, and 535 cellars; of which
numbers 30 dwelling houses, 39 booths and 38 cellars are not tenanted.
To these figures must be added for the faubourgs or beyond the gates
239 tenements of lesser importance.
On the site of the house in Huns' Street stands or stood a few years
ago the Hotel Jarmer. An inscription on its frontage recalls the birth
of Jeremy Sastrow. According to a competent etymological authority, the
name of the Hunnenstrasse in Greifswald has not the faintest connexion
with the Huns, but is simply a Low German corruption of Hundestrasse,
_Platea Canum_, like in Lubeck and in Barth. In the latter town the
thoroughfare thus designated was the locale of the Prince's pack of
hounds.--Translator.]
[Footnote 3: Nicholas Smiterlow, who was councillor in 1507 and
burgomaster in 1516, enacted an important part at Stralsund at a period
when the political influence of that city spread far beyond its walls.
Events pleaded loudly in favour of the resolute and prudent burgomaster
against his adventurous adversary, George Wullenweber. In spite of his
dislike to popular agitation, Smiterlow was "one of the first and best
upholders of the Reformation," if we are to believe the evidence of a
chronicler of the sixteenth century. He died in July, 1539. Hailing
originally from Greifswald, he had got married at Stralsund in 1498.
The Smiterlows, Schmiterlows, or Smiterloews interpreted their name in
the sense of "Smiters of Lions." Their arms represented a man wielding
a club and a lion by his side. It was said that during the Crusades
their ancestor had laid low one of those animals with the blow of a
club.--Translator.]
[Footnote 4: It was the custom to give a present to a relative or to a
friend as a contribution to the furnishing of his house.--Translator.]
[Footnote 5: When Sastrow became secretary of Stralsund he took care to
collect, under the title of "Rubrikenbuch" all the documents relating
to the privileges and property of the city; a collection which proved
useful to the magistrates in office and which is of interest to-day as
a contribution to the local history.--Translator.]
[Footnote 6: The ancient monastery of Belbuck, near Treptow on the
Rega, became, under Abbot Boldewan, a nursery of learning. From thence
came George von Ukermuende, who was the first to preach the reformed
doctrine at Stralsund; the impassioned preacher Kurcke or Kureke;
Ketelhot, born in 1492, died in 1546, whom the chronicler Berckmann
calls the "Apostle of Stralsund and the founder of the holy doctrine";
Peter Suave, the pioneer of the Reformation in Denmark and Holstein;
and finally, Johannes Bugenhagen, famous under the name of _Pomeranus_,
born in 1485, died in 1558, pastor at Wittemberg since 1523, the author
of the first historical work on Pomerania, the translator of the Bible
into Low-German, and the veritable organizer of Protestantism into
those northern regions. Duke Bogislaw X, displeased with the spirit
that prevailed at Belbuck, suppressed that institution in 1523; the
dispersion of the monks only resulted in the prompter diffusion of the
new doctrines.
The chronology of the history of the Reformation at Stralsund remained
uncertain up to 1859, in which year the archives of the Imperial
Chamber, forgotten at Wetzlar, brought to light the documents in
connexion with the lawsuit brought by Canon Hippolytus Steinwer against
Stralsund, in order to despoil the city of certain revenues and
privileges. The principal dates may be fixed as follows: 1522.--First
conflict of the city with the Catholic clergy who refuse to be taxed;
Zutfeld Wardenburg, administrator of the diocese, flies to Rome. 1523
or end of 1522.--Arrival of the first reformed monks and preachers,
George Kempe, Heindrich Sichermann, George von Ukermuende. 1524.--First
preachings of Ketelhot (at Easter), and of Kurcke on St. Michael's Day.
1525.--The Monday after Palm Sunday (April 10), the churches and
convents are invaded; suppression of Catholic worship. 1525.--The
Sunday after All Saints' (November 5), official recognition of the
Reformation through the promulgation of the ecclesiastical and
scholastic ordinances of Johannes Alpinus.
With regard to political events the confusion was the same. Otho Frock,
the recent historian of Pomerania, made it his business to apply the
remedy, and the following are the results arrived at. 1524, from May to
June.--Installation of the Forty-Eight; voluntary exile of Smiterlow.
1525, January.--Frustrated attempt of Smiterlow to return to Stralsund
with the support of the Hanseatic towns. 1525 (probably April
15).--Riotous election of Rolof Moller and Christopher Lorbeer as
burgomasters, of Franz Wessel, Hermann Meyer and six other partisans of
the Reformation as councillors. 1525 (at St. John).--Entry into
Stralsund of Dukes George and Barnim; the rendering of homage and
confirmation of privileges. 1527 (July 24?).--Rolof Moller leaves
Stralsund, and on August 1 or 5 Smiterlow returns. 1529.--Return and
death of Rolof Moller.--Translator.]
[Footnote 7: There are various versions of the origin of this famous
tumult. According to some documents the servant's mistress was a widow
named Frese, who lived in the old market.--Translator.]
[Footnote 8: The fishmonger's bench or stall of Vischer reminds one of
that of the reformer Froment, preaching on the Place Molard at Geneva,
just as the departure of the nuns of St. Brigitta, at Stralsund,
reminds one, though not quite so seriously, of the flitting from Geneva
of the Sisters of Santa Clara.--Translator.]
[Footnote 9: In the ducal House of Pomerania the law of succession
admitted all the sons indistinctly to the throne. They reigned in
common, but if an understanding was impossible, the county was divided
between them. In 1478 the whole of Pomerania was united under the
sceptre of Bogislaw X. At the death of this able prince, which took
place in 1523, Dukes George and Barnim wielded power conjointly, in
spite of their utterly opposed sentiments. George remained faithful to
the old belief; Barnim, on the other hand, proceeded to the university
of Wittemberg, and in 1519 had accompanied Luther to Leipzig when he
was disputing with Eck. The honour accrued to Barnim in his capacity of
rector, a dignity seldom conferred upon a student.
George died in 1531, leaving an only son, Philippe. The division of
Pomerania long desired by Barnim occurred the following year. Barnim's
chance gave him Eastern Pomerania as far as the Swine, and with Stettin
as a residence. To his nephew, Philip I, fell Western Pomerania, of
which Wolgast became once more the capital. That agreement, concluded
for ten years, was renewed in 1541, and its effects were prolonged
until 1625, at which date there was a new reunion under Bogislaw XIV,
of the Stettin branch, who died in 1637, the last of the House. The
franchises of Stralsund, in fact, were so extensive as to reduce the
authority of the princes to a mere nominal rule. The bond between them
only consisted of a kind of perfunctory rendering of homage and the
payment of a small tribute, the amount of which had been fixed once for
all. The suzerain only entered the city after a notice of three months.
In 1525, with the political and religious crisis at its height, the
rendering of homage was preceded by protracted negotiations. No
safe-conduct, though delivered by the prince, was valid at Stralsund
unless it was countersigned by the council. The city exercised its
jurisdiction not only within its walls, but in its exterior domains.
Though exempt from military obligations as far as the reigning dukes
were concerned, the city imposed compulsory service both by sea and by
land on its citizens. It had the power to conclude treaties and was its
sole arbiter with regard to peace or war. These privileges were
preserved by Stralsund during the whole of the sixteenth century, in
spite of the decline of the Hanseatic bond.--Translator.]
[Footnote 10: Franz Wessel, born at Stralsund, September 30, 1487, died
May 19, 1570, was the son of a brewer of the Lange Strasse. At a very
early age--when scarcely more than twelve--he embraced a commercial
career and made long stays in foreign countries, besides pilgrimages to
Treves, Aix-la-Chapelle, Einfriedlaw, and St. James of Compostella. In
1516 he was back at Stralsund, and was one of the most energetic and
first promoters of the Reformation. Councillor in 1524, burgomaster in
1541, he played a scarcely less important political part. Wessel is the
author of a curious piece of writing on divine worship at Stralsund at
the period of papistry. The very year of his death, Gerard Droege,
who had been brought up in his house, published his biography at
Rostock.--Translator.]
[Footnote 11: Christopher Lorbeer, who was councillor in 1507,
burgomaster in 1524, and who died in 1555, belonged to a much
respected family of Stralsund and enjoyed great consideration
there.--Translator.]
[Footnote 12: According to tradition King Arthur or Artus, chief of the
Knights of the Round Table, lived in the sixth century. He and his
companions had devoted themselves to the recovery of the Holy Grail.
Arthur himself is supposed to have conquered Sweden and Norway. On the
other hand, the historian Johannes Magnus, Archbishop of Upsal, who
died in 1554, mentions a Swedish Arthur famed for his doughty deeds,
and he adds: "Even in our days, there exist in certain towns along the
Baltic, for instance at Dantzig and Stralsund, houses, _domus Arthi_,
on which the term illustrious has been bestowed; it is there that the
notables foregather for the relaxation of their minds, as if it were a
kind of school of the highest courtesy and amenity." Hence in the
trading cities of the north the magnificent structures set apart for
public and private rejoicings, as well as for commercial transactions,
were intimately bound up with the tradition of a legendary hero. If I
am not mistaken, only one of those buildings still remains, namely, the
_Artushof_ of Dantzig, which does duty as an exchange, and the ancient
halls of which were the scene of the interview of the German Emperor
and the Czar in September, 1881. The local chroniclers assert that the
_Artushof_ of Stralsund was built with the ransom of Duke Eric of
Saxony, taken prisoner by the city troops in 1316 The great fire of
June 12, 1680, completely destroyed it. On its site stands the official
residence of the military governor of the place.
When near his end Ketelhot expressed his regret at having, at that
period of his scant resources, too eagerly accepted the burgher's
hospitality. Johannes Knipstro (Knypstro or Knipstrow), born May 1,
1497, at Sandow in the March, was at first a Franciscan monk. He and
Ketelhot are considered as the most active propagators of the
Reformation at Stralsund. But for the earnings of his wife, it
is said, he would have been compelled to beg his bread, his salary
being too small to keep body and soul together. She was an erewhile
nun, and provided for both with her needle. Knipstro became
superintendent-general at Wolgast in 1535, and professor of theology at
Greifswald. He died October 4, 1556.--Translator.]
[Footnote 13: Doctor and ducal councillor Valentin Stroientin was the
friend of Ulrich von Hutten. Bugenhagen dedicated his _Pomerania_ to
him. He died in 1539.]
[Footnote 14: Johannes Aepinus (in German Hoeck or Hoch, high), was
born in 1499 at Ziegesar in the Urich, and died in 1553 superintendent
at Hamburg, where he had discharged the ministry since 1529. Aepinus
laboured hard at ecclesiastical and scholastic reform. Many writings,
especially against the Interim, came from his pen.--Translator.]
[Footnote 15: Hermann Bonnus, born in 1504, near Osnaburgh; he
preached the new doctrine at Greifswald, Stralsund and Copenhagen, and
died on February 12, 1548, superintendent at Lubeck, a post which had
been confided to him in 1531. Bonnus has written a chronicle of
Lubeck.--Translator.]
[Footnote 16: Nicholas Gentzkow, doctor of law, born December 6, 1502,
the son of a shoemaker, according to the annalist Berckmann, and
deceased February 24, 1576, was elected burgomaster of Stralsund in
1555. He, nevertheless, remained syndic, that is, legal adviser to the
city, just as, after his admission to the council, Sastrow continued
his functions of protonotary, or first secretary. Sastrow, who had many
disagreements with Gentzkow, as, in fact, with others, succeeded him in
the dignity of burgomaster. Gentzkow left a diary of which Zober
published extracts in 1870.--Translator.]
[Footnote 17: Wulf Wulflam, the head of the patricians of Stralsund,
and illustrious in virtue of his warlike exploits, treated on
a footing of equality with the crowned heads of the fourteenth
century.--Translator.]
[Footnote 18: The same story is related of the Schwerin family at
Lubeck.--Translator.]
[Footnote 19: A jocular allusion to the three Maries of Bethany, viz.,
the mother of James the Minor and sister of the Virgin; the mother of
the Apostles James and John, and Mary of Magdala.--Translator.]
[Footnote 20: The dean of the Drapers had precedence of the deans of
all the other corporations; in all the ceremonies he came immediately
after the council.--Translator.]
[Footnote 21: George Wullenweber was born about 1492, probably at
Hamburg. When the political and religious struggle broke out at Lubeck,
he was settled there as a merchant, and he distinguished himself by
being in the front rank clamouring for changes. At the end of February,
1533, he was elected councillor and afterwards burgomaster. From that
moment the whole of his attempts tended in the direction of the
restoration of the commercial monopoly the Hanseatic cities had so long
possessed on the shores of the Baltic. The aim was to close those ports
to the Dutch merchant navy, and to cause the influence of Lubeck to
prevail in the three Scandinavian kingdoms.
In the spring of 1533, Lubeck made up its mind to come to close
quarters with the Dutch, those detested rivals. A well-equipped fleet
stood out to sea; the erewhile landsknecht, Marcus Meyer, who began by
being a blacksmith at Hamburg, and had married the rich widow of a
burgomaster, assumed the command of the mercenaries. The others had,
however, been forewarned, and only some unimportant captures were made.
Meyer, after having confiscated English merchandize found on board of
the captured craft, made the mistake of landing on the English coast to
revictual; he was arrested for piracy and taken to London. By a whim of
Henry VIII, jealous of the power of the Netherlands and of Charles V,
Marx Meyer, instead of being put to death, received a knighthood and
immediately served as an intermediary between the king and Wullenweber
in the more or less serious negotiations they started.
This first campaign had cost much, and its issue was not very
profitable. The Dutch fleet had got some good prizes, and pillaged on
the Schonen (Swedish) coast some of the factories belonging to the
Hanseatic combination. The complaints of the traders themselves became
general. Was the war to be pursued? A diet foregathered at Hamburg in
March, 1534, in order to come to an understanding. Wullenweber was
received with universal recrimination; his haughty attitude drew from
the Stralsund delegate the famous and prophetic reminder recorded by
Sastrow a few pages further on. The proud burgomaster left the place at
the end of a few days, angry and embittered at heart; in spite of this,
an armistice of four years was signed:
Naturally, Wullenweber felt it incumbent to retrieve this check. The
elective throne of Denmark had become vacant through the death of
Frederick I of Holstein: His son, Christian III, was unfavourably
disposed towards the Hanseatic cities. Under those circumstances
Wullenweber hit upon the idea of the candidature of Christian II, who
had been deposed and afterwards confined to the castle of Sunderburg in
the island of Alsen. A condottiere of high birth, Christopher of
Oldenburg, accepted the chief command of the expedition. But the bold
burgomaster, not satisfied with the restoration of Christian II.,
offered to Duke Albrecht of Mecklenburg the crown of Sweden at that
time borne by Gustavus Wasa. That monarch had committed the blunder of
not showing himself sufficiently grateful for the aid lent to him by
Lubeck in days gone by.
The beginnings of the campaign were successful. Copenhagen opened even
its doors to the Count of Oldenburg. Christian III, however, had
secured an able captain in Count Johannes Rantzau, who, leaving the
enemy to carry on his devastations in Sealand, boldly came to invest
Lubeck, inflicted a bloody defeat on Marx Meyer and captured eight
vessels of war. Wullenweber understood that it was time to make
concessions; his partners retired from the councils, and on November
18, 1534, the very curious convention with Rantzau was concluded at
Stockeldorf by which the Lubeckers were left free to continue warring
in Denmark in favour of Christian II, but bound themselves to cease
hostilities in Holstein.
The candidates for the Danish throne increased. Albrecht of Mecklenburg
and even Count Christopher laid more and more stress upon their
pretensions; Wullenweber, in order to conciliate the Emperor, put
forward at the eleventh hour the name of a personage agreeable to the
House of Hapsburg, namely, Count Palatine Frederick, the son-in-law of
Christian II. The war went on with Christian III, whose cause Gustavus
Wasa had espoused. Marx Meyer fell into the hands of the enemy; left
prisoner on parole, he broke his pledge, made himself master of the
very castle of Warburg that had been assigned to him as a residence,
and his barbaric and cruel incursions terrified the country all round.
The naval battle of Borholm on June 9, 1535, was not productive of a
decisive result, a storm having dispersed the opposing fleets, but on
June 11 Johannes Rantzau scored a victory on land in Denmark; and
finally, on June 16, at Svendsburg, the Lubeck fleet fell without
firing a shot into the hands of Admiral Peter Skramon. Added to all
these catastrophes, Lubeck was threatened with being put outside the
pale of the Empire; the game was evidently lost. Nevertheless peace
with Christian III was only signed on February 14, 1536.
Marx Meyer, after a splendid defence, surrendered Warburg, on the
condition of his retiring with the honours of war; in spite of their
promise, the Danes tried and executed him together with his brother on
June 17, 1536. On July 28 of the same year Copenhagen capitulated,
after having sustained a twelve months' investment, aggravated by
famine. Christian III gave their liberty to Duke Albrecht of
Mecklenburg and to Count Christopher, although he inflicted repeated
humiliations on the latter. As for the Duke, the adventure left him
crestfallen for a long while.
At Lubeck the men of the old regime obtained power once more,
Wullenweber having resigned towards the end of August, 1535. In the
beginning of October, while crossing the territory of the Archbishop of
Bremen, the brother of his enemy, Duke Heinrich the Younger, of
Brunswick, he was arrested, taken to the castle of Rothenburg, and put
on the rack as a traitor, an anabaptist and a malefactor. After which
he was transferred to the castle of Stainbrueck, between Brunswick and
Hildesheim, and flung into a narrow dungeon, where to this day the
following inscription records the event: "Here George Wullenweber
suffered, 1536-1537." Finally, on September 24, a court of aldermen
summoned at Tollenstein, near Wolfenbuettel, by Heindrich of Brunswick,
sentenced the wretched man to suffer death by the sword, a sentence
which was carried out immediately, the executioner quartering the body
and putting it on the wheel. Such was the deplorable end of the man
whose ambition had dreamt the political and commercial domination of
his country in the north of Europe. According to a sailor's ditty of
old, "The people of Lubeck are regretting every day the demise of
Master George Wullenweber." The historian Waitz has devoted three
volumes to the career of the famous burgomaster; the purely literary
men and dramatic authors, Kruse and Gutzkow, have also seized upon this
dramatic figure.--Translator.]
[Footnote 22: Under the name of Wends, the Sclavs settled on the shores
of the Baltic, engaged in maritime traffic, and became the founders of
the Hanseatic League. In the sixteenth century the kernel of that
confederation still consisted of the group of the six Wendish cities:
"Lubeck the chief one, Hamburg, Luneburg, Rostock, Stralsund and
Wismar."--Translator.]
[Footnote 23: The Hanseatic League had established its most important
factories, and above all for the herring traffic, in Schonen; enormous
fairs were being held there from the beginning of July to the end of
November. The centre of all this commerce was Falsterbo, at the extreme
southwest of Sweden.--Translator.]
[Footnote 24: Valentin Eichstedt died in 1600 as Chancellor of Wolgast.
He wrote the life of Duke Philip I, an _Epitome Annalium Pomerania_ and
_Annales Pomeraniae_. Johannes Berckmann, a former monk of the order of
St. Augustine, and preacher, an eye-witness of the scenes of the
Reformation at Stralsund, is the author of a chronicle of that city
which was published in 1833 by Mohnike and Gober. Sastrow has now and
again borrowed from him for events anterior to his personal
recollections; he nevertheless rarely misses an opportunity of
attacking his fellow-worker in history. This may have been due to
hatred of the popular party and perhaps to professional jealousy, apart
from the fact of Berckmann being more favourable to his patron Christopher
Lorbeer than to Burgomaster Nicholas Smiterlow. Born about the end of
the fifteenth century, Berckmann died in 1560.--Translator.]
[Footnote 25: Robert Barnes, chaplain to Henry VIII, and sent by the
latter to Wittemberg in order to consult the theologians on the subject
of Henry's divorce from Catherine of Arragon. At his return to London
he showed so much zeal for the new faith that Henry sent him to the
Tower. He recanted in order to recover his freedom; then overwhelmed
with remorse fled to Wittemberg and stayed there several years with
Bugenhagen under the name of Dr. Antonius Anglus. Henry VIII, after his
rupture with the Pope, reinstated Barnes as his chaplain and entrusted
him with the negotiations of his marriage with Anne of Cleves; but when
the divorce took place, Barnes was brought before Parliament and was
burned July 30, 1540. He wrote the lives of the Roman pontiffs from St.
Peter to Alexander III.--Translator.]
[Footnote 26: Arnold Bueren, the son of a peasant, took his name from
the hamlet of Bueren, in Westphalia, in the neighbourhood of which he
was born, in 1484. He spent fifteen years at Wittemberg with Luther and
Melanchthon. The latter recommended him to the Duke of Mecklenburg,
Henry the Pacific, as a tutor to his son Magnus, who was reported to be
the most learned prince of his times. To Bueren belongs the credit of
having restored the prestige of the University of Rostock, seriously
impaired by the pest and by the troubles of the Reformation. He died on
September 16, 1566. His tomb is in St. Mary's, at Rostock; among the
scutcheons adorning it are the Genevese key and eagle.--Translator.]
[Footnote 27: The herring fishery and the brewing industry gave a great
importance to the coopers' guild, which was moreover protected against
foreign competition by ancient enactments.--Translator.]
[Footnote 28: Gaspard von Schwenkfeld, born in 1490 at the castle of
Offing, in Silesia, died at Ulm in 1561. Entered into holy orders, he
reproached Luther with restoring the reign of literal interpretation
and with neglecting the spirit. Banished from Silesia as a fanatic, he
made his way to Southern Germany, and stayed at Strasburg, Augsburg,
Spires and Ulm. For some time he seemed to incline towards the
Anabaptists, but soon parted from them to found a particular sect. He
taught that God reveals Himself in direct communication to every man,
and that regeneration is accomplished by the spiritual life and not by
outward means of grace. His profound conviction and great piety gained
him many adherents, notably in Swabia and Silesia. A colony of his
persecuted disciples settled in Philadelphia, U.S.--Translator.]
[Footnote 29: At the head of the bands recruited by the Duke of Cleves
and the King of Denmark, Martin van Rosse, or von Rossheim, acting in
concert with the French troops, had ravaged Brabant. Not only did the
Duke of Cleves retain Guelderland, on which Charles V pretended to
have claims, but he continued his intrigues with France and Denmark. To
put an end to these, Charles, in 1543, got together 35,000 men,
Spaniards, Italians and Germans, and proceeded down the Rhine. The
fortified place of Dueren having been carried by assault, the Duke
considered himself lucky to be able to conclude a peace which only cost
him Guelderland, and Martin van Rosse took service once more with the
Emperor.--Translator.]
[Footnote 30: Sastrow has the whole of the grant of poet laureate,
with the full description of the arms conferred. In reality it
was not a patent of nobility in the proper significance of the
term.--Translator.]
[Footnote 31: Les especes enlevees, il renferma la bourse et le fou de
s'ecrier: "Monseigneur, appelez votre coquin de pretre (il ne le
calumnioit point) qu'on le taille a son tour. Votre Grace sait qu'il a
engrosse une fille de Butzbach." On suspendit derriere le poele les
angelots cousus dans un sachet.]
[Footnote 32: Duke Henry of Brunswick endeavoured to hold his own
against the Protestant princes, but in 1545, abandoned by the
mercenaries, he was compelled to surrender to the Landgrave Philip of
Hesse.--Translator.]
[Footnote 33: On the subject of the child Simeon, the following may be
read with interest in the martyrology of the Israelites, entitled _Emek
Habakha_, or _The Valley of Tears_ (published by Julian See, 1881): "At
that period (1475), a scoundrel named Enzo, of Trent, in Italy, killed
a child of two years old with the name of Simeon and flung it secretly
into a pond, not far from the house of the Jew Samuel without any one
having seen the deed. Immediately, as usual, the Jews were accused of
it. At the order of the bishop their houses were entered into; the
child, of course, was not found, and everybody went back to his home.
The body was found afterwards. The bishop, after having had it examined
on the spot itself, ordered the arrest of all the Jews, who were
harassed and tortured to such a degree as to confess to a thing which
had never entered their mind. Only one among them, a very old man,
named Moses, refused to avow this signal falsehood and died under his
torture. May the Lord reward him according to his piety."
Two Christians, learned and versed in the law came from Padua to judge
for themselves. The wrath of the inhabitants of Trent was kindled
against them and they were nearly killed. The bishop condemned the
Jews, heaped bitterness upon them, tortured them with red-hot pincers,
finally burned them, and their guiltless souls ascended to heaven. He
subsequently took possession of all their property as he had intended,
and filled his cellars with spoil. The child was already reported as
admitted among the saints, and was supposed to perform miracles. The
bishop disseminated the announcement of it throughout all the
provinces, crowds rushed to see, and they did not come empty-handed.
All the people of that country began to show great hatred to the Jews
in the spots where they resided, and ceased to speak peacefully to
them. Meanwhile, the bishop having asked the pope to canonize the
child, considering that it was among the saints, the pope sent one of
his cardinals with the title of legate to examine the affair more
closely, and the latter did not fail before long to discover that it
was nothing but an imposture and fancy. He also wished to see the
corpse; the corpse was embalmed. Thereupon the cardinal began to jeer;
he declared in the presence of the people that it was nothing but sheer
deception. The people, however, became furious against him; he was
obliged to flee and to take refuge in a neighbouring town. When there
he sent for all the documents relating to the avowals of the
unfortunate Jews and the measures taken against them, had the servant
of the scoundrel who killed the child arrested, and the latter declared
that the crime had been committed by order of the bishop in order to
ruin the Jews. The cardinal took the servant with him to Rome, gave an
account of his mission to the pope, who refused to canonize the child
as the bishop kept asking him. The child was only "beatified," but up
to the present (1540) it has not been "canonized." Still, it was
canonized in 1588, and its "day" is celebrated with great pomp at Trent
on March 24.--Translator.]
[Footnote 34: Ascagne, Count of St. Florian and Cardinal, was the son
of Constance Farnese, daughter of Pope Paul III.--Translator.]
[Footnote 35: Duke Octavius was the son of Peter-Aloys
Farnese.--Translator.]
[Footnote 36: This epicure was prelate of Augsburg, Johannes Fugger,
who in reality travelled for the sole purpose of getting a knowledge of
the different vintages. His servant had the following words cut on his
tombstone: "_Est, Est, Est et propter nimium Est; dominus meus mortuus
est._" The defunct left a legacy to empty so many bottles of wine on
his grave once a year, a ceremony replaced nowadays by a distribution
of bread to the poor. The wine of Montefiascone owes its name of _Est,
Est, Est_ to this adventure.--Translator.]
[Footnote 37: The famous Captain Schaertlin von Burtenbach had received
the command of the Protestant forces, among which figured the
contingents of Ulm and Augsburg: The successful night-surprise against
the fortress of Ehrenberg-Klause marks the beginning of the war of
Schmalkalden. From that moment Schaertlin, having become master of the
passages of the Tyrol, could stop the reinforcements despatched from
Italy to the emperor; he could descend into the plain and drive away
the Council of Trent. The citizens of Augsburg, though, being anxious
for the safety of their own town, pressed him to come back. "He obeyed,
racked," says one of his own companions, "by the same despair that
Hannibal felt when recalled from Italy by Carthage." The taking of the
same fortress by Mauritz of Saxony in 1552 compelled Charles V to leave
Innspruck in hot haste.--Translator.]
[Footnote 38: Here follows a very unsavoury passage, showing the
lamentable want of cleanliness even among the educated middle classes
in the sixteenth century throughout Europe, for the particulars given
by Sastrow did not apply to Germany only.--Translator.]
[Footnote 39: It is not the final dissolution brought about by the
defeat of Muehlberg. A passage from Sleidan explains the league of
Schmalkalden at the end of 1546. "The embassies of the Protestants,
which were not agreed, foregathered with the hope of being enabled to
deliberate more efficiently. But inasmuch as the 'Allied of the
Religion' gave no help, and the confederates of Luneburg and Pomerania
did not assist in anything, inasmuch as the other States and towns of
Saxony were most sparing with their subsidies, as there came nothing
from France, and the army dwindled down day by day because the soldiers
took their discharge on account of the season and other discomforts, it
was proposed to adopt one of three measures: to give battle, to retire
and put the soldiers into winter quarters, or to make peace. The
discussion resulted in a hint to make peace. But because the emperor,
who was aware of the state of things through his spies, proposed too
onerous conditions, it was decided to take the whole of the army into
Saxony. In consequence of all this, the war was by no means
successfully conducted."--Translator.]
[Footnote 40: Gaspard Pflug, the chief of the Protestant party in
Bohemia, must not be mistaken for Julius Pflug, Bishop of Naumburg, one
of the three men who drew up "the Interim."--Translator.]
[Footnote 41: Sastrow gives only one specimen, but I cannot reproduce
it.--Translator.]
[Footnote 42: After the victory of Muehlberg, the imperial army went to
lay siege to Wittenberg, which finally capitulated at the advice of
Johannes Friedrich of Sachsen himself.--Translator.]
[Footnote 43: The jurist, George Sigismund Seld, born in 1516, the son
of a goldsmith at Augsburg, had become vice-chancellor at the death of
Nares. His deputies were Johannes Marquardt of Baden, and Heinrich
Hase, formerly counsellor to the Count Palatine and the Prince of
Deux-Ponts. Seld died in 1565.--Translator.]
[Footnote 44: Christopher von Carlowitz, born at Heimsdorff, near
Dresden, on December 7, 1507, died on January 8, 1578. He was the able
counsellor of the valiant but changeable Maurice of Saxony, who, as is
well known, deserted the Protestant side for that of the emperor, and
was rewarded with the electoral dignity of which his kinsman and
neighbour Johannes-Friedrich was deprived. A few years later, Maurice,
at the head of the vanquished of Muehlberg, recommenced the struggle
against the emperor, and in 1552 imposed upon that monarch the peace of
Passau. In July 1553 Maurice met with a glorious death on the
battlefield of Sievershausen, where the Margrave of Brandenburg
suffered a defeat.--Translator.]
[Footnote 45: It was at Ingoldstadt that the challenge of the
Protestant princes was presented to Charles V. by a young squire,
accompanied by a trumpeter. The emperor simply sent word to the two
messengers that he granted them a safe-conduct; as for those by whom
they were sent, he should know how to deal with them. That is the
modern version of Ranke. According to Sastrow there were two challenges
and he gives them both. The first was brought to Landshut by a
gentleman accompanied by a trumpeter. Charles refused to receive him.
The second is that of Ingoldstadt, and is posterior by three weeks to
the other. It was presented on September 2. "This missive," adds
Sastrow, "has been the cause of all the great ills that have befallen
Germany, and I verily believe that wishing to chastise the German
nation for her sins, God allowed it to be written with infernal ink.
Neither Sleidan nor Beuter mentions it; it seems to me that there was
an attempt to garble or altogether to suppress it."--Translator.]
[Footnote 46: Sastrow had no easy task for his diplomatic beginnings:
Charles V had gained the crushing victory of Muehlberg over the German
Protestants on April 24, 1547; the League of Schmalkalden had ceased to
exist; its chiefs, the Elector Johannes-Friedrich of Sachsen and the
Landgrave of Hesse, Philip the Magnanimous, were both prisoners. Though
they were members of that league since 1536, the Dukes of Pomerania
had, it is true, observed a neutral attitude during the latter years;
nevertheless, the emperor's resentment inspired them, not without
reason, with great fear. Preparations for defence commenced everywhere;
Greifswald and Stralsund strengthened and increased their
fortifications. Finally, the dukes obtained their pardon, in
consideration of humiliating excuses, the acceptance of the Interim,
and the payment of a large contribution, towards which Stralsund
contributed 10,000 florins.--Translator.]
[Footnote 47: The Duke Frederick III von Liegnitz in Silesia, born in
1520, had become reigning duke in 1547. His ill-regulated conduct
caused him to be called "the Extravagant." Finally, the Emperor ordered
him to be deposed. Frederick III, who died in 1570, spent the last six
years of his life dependent upon private charity at the castle of
Liegnitz. Heindrich XI, his son and successor, followed his example in
every respect.
Far distant from Silesia, in a mountainous region of Switzerland, there
lived at that period another offshoot of an illustrious princely house,
namely, Count Michael de Gruyere, who, the last of his race, was soon
compelled to abandon to his creditors even the manor of his ancestors
By a curious coincidence the two incorrigible spendthrifts met at the
French court and became, it appears intimately acquainted, for the
noble Silesian paid a visit to the French noble in 1551 at his seat at
Devonne, near Geneva. It would be impossible to conceive a better
matched couple. Michael, finding his guest to be suffering from fever
caused by a fall from his horse at Lyons, took him to the Castle of
Gruyere. True to his custom, Frederick soon asked for a loan, and
obtained a big sum which the count himself had borrowed.
When it came to repayment they fell out; there was a lawsuit at
Friburg, and the Duke, ordered to refund, gave some jewels as security,
which, after all, were not redeemed. A letter from the Countess de
Gruyere says, in fact, that Count Michael, holding several precious
stones of great beauty, having belonged to the Duke von Liegnitz, has
pledged part of them with the lords of Lucerne and another part with
various people of Friburg. An innkeeper of that town with whom
the prince had lodged put a distraint on certain jewels and other
objects. Frederick succeeded in leaving the country, as usual, without
paying.--Translator.]
[Footnote 48: Those who refused to Charles V the title of Emperor
Called him Charles of Ghent.--Translator.]
[Footnote 49: Lazarus von Schwendi was born in 1525. After a brilliant
university career at Basle and Strasburg, he entered the service of
Charles V, who employed him both in warfare and in diplomatic
negotiations. It was he who was ordered to arrest, at Wissemburg,
Sebastian Vogelsberg, who, in spite of the Emperor's prohibition,
had taken service with France, and was relentlessly executed as an
example to Schaerlin and other Protestant captains who had taken refuge
at the court of the king. Schwendi became a member of the Imperial
Council for German Affairs. He went through all the campaigns in
Germany, the Low Countries and Hungary. In 1564 he was appointed
general-in-chief against the Turks. He retired to Alsace, and died
there in May, 1583, bequeathing to Strasburg ten thousand florins for
poor students.--Translator.]
[Footnote 50: Nicholas Perrenot de Granvelle, born at Ornans (Doubs) in
1486, died at Augsburg in 1550. He was the most influential minister of
Charles V. His son, Anthony, who was born at Besancon in 1517,
inherited the paternal omnipotence. Appointed Bishop of Arras
at twenty-three years of age, he died a cardinal at Madrid in
1586.--Translator.]
[Footnote 51: These "Portuguese" golden coins were pieces of mark and
often served as presents.--Translator.]
[Footnote 52: Margrave Albrecht of Brandenburg-Culmbach, nicknamed
Alcibiades, was born in 1522 and died in 1555. These two princes were
fated to oppose each other in 1553 at Sievershausen, where Maurice,
though victorious, perished. He had been ordered to reduce Albrecht
to order, as the latter continued to trouble the peace of the
Empire.--Translator.]
[Footnote 53: "Truc" was a kind of game of skill, not unlike billiards,
but more like bagatelle. There is a reproduction from an ancient
picture of a "truc" board in Richter's _Bilder aus der Deutschen
Kulturgeschichte_, vol. ii. p. 385.--Translator.]
[Footnote 54: At a grand ball at the court of Philip V of Spain,
the Duke de Saint Simon saw nearly two centuries later the ladies
seated on the carpet covering the floor of one of the reception
rooms.--Translator.]
[Footnote 55: Jacob Sturm, of Sturmeck, the great magistrate and
reformer of Strasburg, "the ornament of the German nobility," and who
undertook not less than ninety-one missions between 1525 and 1552. He
was born at Strasburg in 1489, and died therein 1553.--Translator.]
[Footnote 56: Of all the towns of Upper Germany Constance was the last
to submit to the emperor. On August 6, 1548, it was suddenly placed
without the ban of the Empire, and on the same day a contingent of
Spaniards endeavoured to take it by force. Though surprised, the
inhabitants took up arms. The enemy, already master of the advanced
part of the town, made for the bridge over the Rhine, and it was feared
that they would enter pell-mell with the retreating defenders. At that
critical moment, a burgher who was hard pressed by two Spaniards,
performed an act of heroism; he took hold of his adversaries, and
recommending his soul to God, dragged them into the stream with him,
giving his townsmen time to close the gates. Constance escaped for the
nonce, but, after having vainly waited for help, it had to capitulate
on the following October 14.--Translator.]
[Footnote 57: Sastrow's portrait is wanting in the collection of
portraits of the burgomasters of Stralsund. The passage above suggests
Sastrow's likeness to Jacob Sturm.--Translator.]
[Footnote 58: The "Interim" was the document drawn up by Charles V in
1548, which, until the decision of a general Church Convocation, was to
guide both Catholics and Protestants, which document was disliked by
both.--Translator.]
[Footnote 59: Johannes Walther von Hirnheim belonged to an old knightly
family and had no children by his wife Margaret Goeslin.--Translator.]
[Footnote 60: In 1548, after the promulgation of the "Interim,"
Melanchthon and some other theologians proposed a _modus vivendi_ which
was called the "Leipzig Interim." They accepted the jurisdiction of
bishops, confirmation and last unction, fasts and feasts, even those of
the _Corpus Domini_, and nearly the whole of the ancient Canon of the
Mass. All this, according to them, was so much _adiophora_, in other
words, things of no importance, to submit to which was perfectly
permissible for the sake of the unity and peace of the Church. This
concession, which was considered as a sign of weakness by many, caused
an animated polemical strife.--Translator.]
[Footnote 61: The Lloytz were the richest merchants of Stettin. They
went bankrupt in 1572 for twenty "tuns" of gold, i.e. for 280,000
pounds sterling. Half a century later the council of Stettin still
attributed the bad state of business to that failure.--Translator.]
[Footnote 62: The letter of the celebrated geographer is in Latin and
reads as follows: "I received thy letter dated from Spires January 22,
together with a large bundle of manuscripts and maps coming from
Pomerania. The ducal chancellor Citzewitz when I saw him promised me
those documents before Christmas without fail. We even waited for
another month, and nothing having come, we proceeded with our work. The
same thing happened with the Duchy of Cleves. In the one case as in the
other, I decline all responsibility, for in both I gave the rulers of
those countries ample notice. Herr Petrus Artopaeus asks me to send
thee the map of Pomerania, which he dispatched to me from Augsburg two
years ago. I comply with his wish; thou no doubt knowest what to do
with it. At the Frankfurt fair I shall write to the Chancellor of
Pomerania; I am too busy to do so at present: We are printing the last
sheets of the _Cosmographiae_; the printer must be ready to offer this
costly work for sale at the next fair, and it must be illustrated with
a number of figures. Among the things sent from Pomerania, I have found
the drawing of a big black fish with an explanation which I detach from
it in order for thee to copy it clearly, for I have my doubts about the
word '_Braunfisch_' (if I have read aright), and even stronger doubts
with regard to the English and Spanish. I shall feel obliged by thy
writing me those names more distinctly and to send them to me at the
Easter vacation by one of the many merchants from Basle who pass
through Spires on their return from the fair. Meanwhile, I wish thee
good health! Basle, Wednesday after _Riminiscere_ (the second Sunday in
Lent)." The printer of the _Cosmographie_ was H. Petri. Artopaeus
points out the theologian Peter Becker as the author of the description
of Pomerania largely consulted by Muenster.--Translator.]
[Footnote 63: A very ancient custom obliged the Ammeister, or first
magistrate of Strasburg, regularly to take his two meals per day during
his year of office at the expense of the city, at "The Lantern," unless
he preferred the stewpans patronized by his own tribe. The table was
open to every one willing to pay the fixed price. "_Ad istum prandium
omnibus et incolis et peregrinis pro certo pretio accedere licet_,"
says the _Itinerarium Germaniae_ of Hentzer, who visited Strasburg in
1599. Seven years later a gentleman from the March mentions also in his
journal the _Ammeisterstube_ (the _Ammeister's_ room), where the
_Ammeister_ and two _Stadmeister_ take their daily meals. Everybody is
free to go in and to be served by paying. Each tribe (set) has its
particular stewpan. What becomes of the _Ammeister's_ usual haunt when
the _Ammeister_ is a member of that particular tribe? Nevertheless, the
establishment mostly patronized is that of the Grain Market, which is
conveniently situated. Among other strictly observed formalities are
the blessing and the grace, announced by the rapping with a wand, and
the proceedings are always opened by a reminder of the submission due
to the authorities. The custom no doubt had its origin in the
provisions for public order which induced the magistrates of Geneva to
close all the taverns in 1546. They were replaced by five so-called
abbeys, each having at its head one of the four syndics or their
lieutenant; but after a few weeks, this reform, the idea of which had
been brought, perhaps, from Strasburg by Calvin had to be abandoned.
The _Ammeister_ for 1570 being too feeble to eat twice a day at the
expense of the city, the supper was suppressed. It would appear,
however, that the magistrates "forgot themselves" at table, for the
Council of Fifteen made an order in 1585 obliging the _Ammeister_ to be
at the Town Hall at one o'clock. "The magistrates too often only
appeared at the Senate and at the chancellerie between three and four
o'clock," says a chronicler. Apparently the order did not remedy the
evil, as in 1627 it was decided to do away with the ancient
institution.--Translator.]
[Footnote 64: An allusion to the thief whose execution Sastrow saw in
Rome.--Translator.]
[Footnote 65: The bishopric of Cammin had been secularized; the
importance of the debate bore wholly upon the revenues.--Translator.]
[Footnote 66: This son, who became a doctor of law and who died in 1593
without issue, had a very hasty temper. On one occasion he drew his
sword at a sitting of the Council whither his father had sent him to
present a document. On another occasion he shook the hall by violently
striking the magisterial bench with his fist, while his father kept
saying: "Gently, Johannes, gently."--Translator.]
[Footnote 67: It is to his two daughters Catherine and Amnistia, and to
his two sons-in-law Heinrich Gottschalk and Jacob Clerike, and to their
children, that Sastrow has dedicated his _Memoirs_, his son being
already dead.--Translator.]
* * *
Butler & Tanner, The Selwood Printing Works, Frome, and London.