Vulnerability of Airships
[Illustration: Airship and escort warship]
Mention airships and most people will immediately raise the question of
vulnerability.
Large, slow moving, a tempting target, airships could be shot out of the
sky by ship or shore guns, or by hostile airplane fire, it is argued,
almost as easily as a dinner guest touching his cigaret to a toy
balloon.
And this is probably true, with reservations, if enemy ships or
anti-aircraft batteries or planes were around. But the airship,
non-rigid, has no more business in such areas than a British airplane
carrier would have to drop anchor in Hamburg harbor.
It was because of the imminence of attack from sea or shore or air that
neither England nor Germany used airships in the present war,
particularly since they would have to use the inflammable hydrogen gas.
It was because such attack on American airships from any of these three
sources was much less likely—and that we have helium gas, which does not
burn—that this country is using them.
Their chief field of operations is not off the enemy’s coasts but our
own, along that broad ribbon of waters used by our coastwise shipping,
an area roughly marked in the Atlantic by the 100 fathom curve, the
favorite fishing grounds of enemy submarines. Thousands of miles of blue
water, not the narrow lanes of the North Sea or British Channel are
between them and the shore guns of an enemy.
An enemy fleet, though likelihood of this seems remote, might penetrate
those coast waters in attempted invasion, attack the blimps with
anti-aircraft fire. But such an enemy, arriving in force, would have
either to knock out our Atlantic fleet, or slip past it in surprise
attempt. In the remote later contingency, the information relayed back
by airship radio that the enemy was moving in would be worth losing
airships or any other craft, to get.
The third hypothesis, attack by airplane, is also conceivable. But if
long-ranging enemy planes were able to get that close to our shores
they’d have more important business in hand than wasting time and powder
on a helium bubble bobbing in the air, 10,000 feet below—which in any
event would already have radioed the news ashore.
In the fairly remote contingency that the airplane did choose to attack
the blimp, it would find the position of that moving target, flying at
an indeterminate distance below, much more difficult to calculate than a
fixed target ashore, no easy thing to drop bombs on.
If it swung down close, it might riddle the bag with machine gun bullets
but without necessarily sinking it—as witness the case of Trotter’s ship
in Oklahoma leaking gas for 72 hours from 14 gaping holes and still able
to fly 400 miles for repairs. The plane would have almost to cut the
blimp in two with a spray of bullets to destroy it—if it chose to use
its precious far-borne ammunition in such fashion—and would find it
better to attack from below, on the chance of a lucky hit into the
airship structure or controls, or one which disabled its crew. But in
that event the airship, also armed, shooting it out from its more stable
gun platform above would have as good a chance as the plane.
The airship is vulnerable—as are all other military craft—but used as
the Navy proposes to use airships, it may be said to have an acceptable
degree of vulnerability, in view of its potential usefulness in its
special field—defense against submarine attack on convoys or coastwise
shipping.
The airship’s advantages have been pointed out, but may be repeated.
These grow out of its speed range, from zero to a maximum of 65 knots or
so. Its slow speed, as compared to the airplane has the compensation
that it does not have to circle around to maintain altitude, can keep
any suspect object under continuous observation. Its high speed enables
it to reach a given point much sooner than the fastest surface scout.
[Illustration: Barrage balloons—spiders who spin out webs of steel
as they ascend—but these spiders are out to catch fliers, not flies,
enemy fliers who threaten our democracy.]
[Illustration: Modern armies towing a few of these pocket sized
barrage balloons along, might not be too much concerned over attacks
by strafing airplanes.]
[Illustration: This Strata Sentinel will fly at 15,000 feet, twice
the height of other barrage balloons. By that time the lobes will be
completely filled out by expanding pressure of the lifting gas.]
[Illustration: This airship, silhouetted against the afternoon sun
might be pacing a peaceful cruiser race through the surf off Long
Beach, on the Southern California coast. Or it might be leading
units of the mosquito fleet to sea off Cape Cod, to hold an enemy
U-boat in check till ships of heavier armament could arrive.]
[Illustration: Helium-inflated, fast, long ranged, the modern K-type
Navy patrol ship is a far cry from the primitive airships of World
War I. They are armed with bombs and machine guns.]
[Illustration: In brilliant sunshine, or overcast, in fog or rain or
snow, the blimps take off from their bases day after day, on guard
against any enemy who may invade the coastal waters. A faint smoke
screen, miles distant over the endless waters, may turn out to be a
peaceful merchantman—or a vessel with grimmer purpose, seeking the
advantage of surprise attack.]
[Illustration: Airship over cargo ship]
The detection of a submarine even on the surface is largely a matter of
looking in the right direction at the right time. The open windows on
all sides of the airship, without obstruction by wings give it special
value in this field.
A submarine submerged is still harder to find as its tell-tale feather
is not easy to spot from a speeding plane or from the crow’s nest of a
surface craft.
A non-rigid airship throttling down to the speed of its prey, and having
the altitude of the airplane, has a much better chance of sighting the
submarine, before it can launch its torpedoes.
Taking off in fog, flying in low visibility, compelled to fly close to
the water, these factors do not worry the airship or handicap its
usefulness overmuch, and might under given conditions prove extremely
useful.
The airship appears to have some advantage too in the length of time it
may remain on station, ranging from 30 hours at high speed to
undetermined days at low. Indeed its endurance is not so much a matter
of fuel capacity as of the ability of crews to stand long watches
without relief.
There might be emergencies where airship scouts were wanted on
continuous duty over a considerable period. Commander Roands’
experiments point out interesting possibilities in this respect, through
the transfer of fuel and supplies from a surface ship, and the taking on
of fresh crews.
This generally was the case men saw for the airship up to 1941, as
having potential usefulness, in the event of war, against attack by sea.
Then came Pearl Harbor, and America’s entrance into a new war. German
U-boats, larger, faster, more deadly, moved swiftly in to attack, as if
waiting for the signal. The Japs made reconnaissance raids along the
West Coast.
“Wolf packs” of submarines in new under-water tactics stalked convoys,
picked off stragglers. More than 600 coast-wise ships, merchantmen from
the Caribbean and South America, and tankers from the Gulf, were sunk in
the first year of war. The loss of tankers brought serious complications
ashore, the rationing of gas along the eastern seaboard to conserve
supply for military purposes. Despite a quickly expanding program of
ship construction merchantmen were being sunk faster than they could be
built.
The Navy’s sea-frontier defense moved to meet the attack. Non-rigid
airships were assigned a place in that program, wherever they could be
utilized and with what ships were on hand, and new airship construction
was rushed.
Under authorization from Congress, a program of airship and base
construction, together with helium procurement, was accelerated, and by
the end of the year, stations were in commission or being built at key
points along both coasts and the Gulf of Mexico.
Akron expanded its facilities many fold for the building of new
airships, which were flown to the various bases with increasing
frequency during the year. Large classes of officers, aviation cadets
and enlisted men went into intensified training at Lakehurst and Moffett
Field, preparing themselves to man the ships as fast as they were
delivered.
The blimps which have been available to the sea-frontier forces have
rendered valuable service in patrol and escort missions. Their exact
record of performance, including number of submarine sinkings, obviously
cannot now be published.
On sighting a submarine, or finding indication of its presence, the
tactical doctrine might call either for attack, or to stand by,
summoning airplanes and surface craft in for the kill, keeping the enemy
under unsuspected surveillance the while, and saving the blimp’s own
depth bombs for another action.
The airship is capable of carrying on patrol and escort missions day
after day under a wide range of weather conditions, going for months at
some stations, even in the winter, without missing a day.
Though no detailed summary of airship activities is possible now, it is
no secret that, just as in the last war, the submarines avoided attack
upon convoys where airships were on guard. The German high command
tacitly admitted that this was one type that the U-boats did not want to
meet, an enemy immune to its torpedoes, whose presence the sub’s
under-water detectors did not reveal, and which might appear overhead
without warning. Admiral Doenitz, commanding the German submarine force,
testified in a press interview to their respect for our blimps.
The battle against the submarines will be long and difficult, and ships
will still go down and men will be lost, but the chase will be
relentless as long as the menace exists. Airships, non-rigid, have taken
their place in that phase of America’s war effort.
References
Little is available in the way of bibliography on lighter-than-aircraft,
their history and characteristics. Among the best works dealing with
this subject are Captain C. E. Rosendahl’s, “What About the Airship?”
(Scribner’s), and “Up Ship” (Dodd Mead); Captain Ernst Lehmann’s
“Zeppelin” (Longman’s) and Captain J. A. Sinclair’s “Airships in Peace
and War” (Rich & Cowan, London).
Copies of “The Story of the Airship (Non-Rigid),” may be procured
through The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. at Akron, Ohio; or at Los
Angeles, or branch offices.
Index
A
Alcock (and Brown) Atlantic Crossing, 16.
B
Ballast recovery, 40 et seq.
Bases, airship, world war, 14;
peacetime, 58, 59, 64, 65.
Baldwin, Major Tom, 25, 45.
Bennett, James Gordon, races won by Goodyear pilots, 13;
by Westover, 30;
Van Orman, 46.
Barrage Balloons, 63, illust. opp. 62, 63, 68.
Blimp, origin of name, 25.
Blanchard, Jean Pierre, channel crossing, 22.
Boettner, Jack, pilot, 51, 52, 58, 65.
Boyd, Lt., 19-20.
Brannigan, Charles, photograph opp. vi;
pilot, 45, 46, 50, 51.
C
C-5, illust. opp. 14, 22;
Atlantic crossing, 15, 16.
Charles, J. A. C., first hydrogen balloon, 22;
drag rope, 23.
Chatham, U-boat attack, 14.
Consolidated, planes, 63.
Curtiss planes, early flights, 27;
Goodyear part in construction, 62.
Crum, H. W., pilot, 56, 57.
D
Defender, 47;
at Havana, 55.
De Rozier, 22.
Drag rope, developed by Charles, 23;
use at sea, 42;
with mast, at sea, 70.
E
Eckener, Hugo, 31, 37.
F
Fickes, Karl, pilot, 52;
record flight of K-5, 54, 57, 58, 65.
Finger patch, illust. opp. 14, 35.
Franklin, Benj., observations on aeronautics, 22.
Fulton, Captain Garland, 37.
Furculow, Pilot, 57, 58.
G
Goodyear Aircraft Corporation, 62, 63.
Greene, Col. E. H. R., dock at New Bedford, 60.
Grosse Ile, hangar, 50.
Grumman, planes, 63.
H
Hawker (and Greene) Atlantic Crossing, 16.
Helium, characteristics, 24, 33;
discovery of, 34.
Hockensmith, pilot, 50.
Hydrogen, first use in balloon, 22;
characteristics, 24, 33.
I
Iron Horse, 37, 40.
J
Jutland, battle, 10.
K
Kenworthy, Commander J. L., 17.
L
Lange, Karl, pilot, 51, 52, 57, 58, 66.
Lawrence, Lt. John, pilot, 15.
Lindbergh, flight, effect of, 31.
Litchfield, P. W., first air meet, 27;
starts blimp fleet, 30;
mast experiments, 38.
Little, Lt., pilot, 15.
Los Angeles, airship, illust. opp. 23;
why built, 29;
mast studies, 36, 44.
M
Macon, USS, size, 25.
Martin, planes, 63.
Mast, mooring, 36 et seq.;
illust. opp. 38.
Mills, Commander, G. H., 8, 17.
Minnesota, damaged by mine, 2.
Moffett, Admiral, W. A., photograph opp. iii;
report on value of airships, 12, 37.
Montgolfiers, first balloon flight, 21.
Morton, Walter, pilot, 45.
N
NC-4, Atlantic flight, 16;
illust. opp. 22.
Norge, airship, 25.
P
Parsevals, airships, 25.
Peck, Commander S. E., C-5 flight, 15.
Pilgrim, airship, 26, 31, 33, 66;
launching, 66.
Pony Blimp, airship, 47, 50.
Preston, R. A. D., pilot, 13, 15.
R
R-34, Atlantic Crossing, 15, 16;
size, 25.
Radio, first use of, 55.
Reichelderfer, Commander F. W., chief U. S. Weather Bureau, 62.
Rieker, John, pilot, 58, 65.
Roma, Italian-built airship, 35.
Rosendahl, Captain, C. E., photograph opp. vi, 17, 37.
Rounds, Lt. C. S., ballast pick-up, 40, 66.
RS-1, army airship, 25, 30.
Rubber, use of synthetics, 35.
S
San Diego, USS, sunk by mine, 2.
Santos Dumont, illust. opp. 22;
first flights, 27.
Settle, Commander T. G. W., photograph opp. vi, 38.
Sewell, A. T., pilot, 56, 57, 58, 65.
Shenandoah, USS, 29.
Sheppard, S. H., pilot, 54, 57.
Smith, Alfred E., 36, 48.
Smith, Verne, pilot, 57, 58.
T
TC-14, airship, 17, 19.
Trotter, F. A., pilot, bullet holes in ship, 53, 58, 66.
U
Upson, R. H., pilot, 13.
V
Van Orman, W. T., balloon pilot, 46.
Volunteer, airship, 39;
cross country trip, 55;
masting out, 39.
W
Westover, General, 30.
Wilson, R. D., pilot, Everglades rescue, 48, 57.
Wright brothers, first flight, 21.
Footnotes
[1]See U.S. Navy Publication, “German Submarine Activities on the
Atlantic Coast of the United States and Canada,” 1920, also the
book, “German Subs in Yankee Waters”—Henry J. James, 1940.
Transcriber’s Notes
—Copyright notice provided as in the original—this e-text is public
domain in the country of publication.
—Silently corrected palpable typos; left non-standard spellings and
dialect unchanged.
—In the text versions, delimited italics text in _underscores_ (the HTML
version reproduces the font form of the printed book.)
End of Project Gutenberg's The Story of the Airship (Non-rigid), by Hugh Allen