On the 22nd of March I pursued my journey to Konigsberg, but remained two
days at the court of the Margrave of Brandenburg, where I was received
with kindness. The Margrave had bestowed favours on me, during my
imprisonment at Magdeburg.
I departed thence through Soldin to Schildberg, here to visit my relation
Sidau, who had married the daughter of my sister, which daughter my
sister had by her first husband, Waldow, of whom I have before spoken. I
found my kinsman a worthy man, and one who made the daughter of an
unfortunate sister happy. I was received at his house within open arms;
and, for the first time after an interval of two-and-forty years, beheld
one of my own relations.
On my journey thither, I had the pleasure to meet with Lieutenant-General
Kowalsky: This gentleman was a lieutenant in the garrison of Glatz, in
1745, and was a witness of my leap from the wall of the rampart. He had
read my history, some of the principal facts of which he was acquainted
with. Should anyone therefore doubt concerning those incidents, I may
refer to him, whose testimony cannot be suspected.
From Schildberg I proceeded to Landsberg, on the Warta. Here I found my
brother-in-law, Colonel Pape, commander of the Gotz dragoons, and the
second husband of my deceased sister: and here I passed a joyous day.
Everybody congratulated me on my return into my country.
I found relations in almost every garrison. Never did man receive more
marks of esteem throughout a kingdom. The knowledge of my calamities
procured me sweet consolation; and I were insensible indeed, and
ungrateful, did my heart remain unmoved on occasions like these.
In Austria I never can expect a like reception; I am there mistaken, and
I feel little inclination to labour at removing mistakes so rooted. Yet,
even there am I by the general voice, approved. Yes, I am admired, but
not known; pitied but not supported; honoured, but not rewarded.
When at Berlin, I discovered an error I had committed in the commencement
of my life. At the time I wrote I believed that the postmaster-general
of Berlin, Mr Derschau, was my mother's brother, and the same person who,
in 1742, was grand counsellor at Glogau, and afterwards, president in
East Friesland. I was deceived; the Derschau who is my mother's brother
is still living, and president at Aurich in East Friesland. The
postmaster was the son of the old Derschau who died a general, and who
was only distantly related to my mother. Neither is the younger
Derschau, who is the colonel of a regiment at Burg, the brother of my
mother, but only her first cousin; one of their sisters married Lieut.-
Colonel Ostau, whose son, the President Ostau, now lives on his own
estate, at Lablack in Prussia.
I was likewise deceived in having suspected a lieutenant, named Mollinie,
in the narrative I gave of my flight from Glatz, of having acted as a spy
upon me at Braunau, and of having sent information to General Fouquet. I
am sorry. This honest man is still alive, a captain in Brandenburg. He
was affected at my suspicion, fully justified himself, and here I
publicly apologise. He then was, and again is become my friend.
I have received a letter from one Lieutenant Brodowsky. This gentleman
is offended at finding his mother's name in my narrative, and demands I
should retract my words.
My readers will certainly allow the virtue of Madame Brodowsky, at
Elbing, is not impeached. Although I have said I had the fortune to be
beloved by her, I have nowhere intimated that I asked, or that she
granted, improper favours.
By the desire of a person of distinction, I shall insert an incident
which I omitted in a former part. This person was an eye-witness of the
incident I am about to relate, at Magdeburg, and reminded me of the
affair. It was my last attempt but one at flight.
The circumstances were these:--
As I found myself unable to get rid of more sand, after having again cut
through the planking, and mined the foundation, I made a hole towards the
ditch, in which three sentinels were stationed. This I executed one
night, it being easy, from the lightness of the sand, to perform the work
in two hours.
No sooner had I broken through, than I threw one of my slippers beside
the palisades, that it might be supposed I had lost it when climbing over
them. These palisades, twelve feet in length, were situated in the front
of the principal fosse, and my sentinels stood within. There was no
sentry-box at the place where I had broken through.
This done, I returned into my prison, made another hole under the
planking, where I could hide myself, and stopped up the passage behind
me, so that it was not probable I could be seen or found.
When daylight came, the sentinel saw the hole and gave the alarm, the
slipper was found, and it was concluded that Trenck had escaped over the
palisades, and was no longer in prison.
Immediately the sub-governor came from Magdeburg, the guns were fired,
the horse scoured the country, and the subterranean passages were all
visited: no tidings came; no discovery was made, and the conclusion was I
had escaped. That I should fly without the knowledge of the sentinels,
was deemed impossible; the officer, and all the guard, were put under
arrest, and everybody was surprised.
I, in the meantime, sat quiet in my hole, where I heard their searches,
and suppositions that I was gone.
My heart bounded with joy, and I held escape to be indubitable. They
would not place sentinels over the prison the following night, and I
should then really have left my place of concealment, and, most probably
have safely arrived in Saxony. My destiny, however, robbed me of all
hope at the very moment when I supposed the greatest of my difficulties
were conquered.
Everything seemed to happen as I could wish. The whole garrison came,
and visited the casemates, and all stood astonished at the miracle they
beheld. In this state things remained till four o'clock in the
afternoon. At length, an ensign of the militia came, a boy of about
fifteen or sixteen years of age, who had more wit than any or all of
them. He approached the hole, examined the aperture next the fosse,
thought it appeared small, tried to enter it himself, found he could not,
therefore concluded it was impossible a man of my size could have passed
through, and accordingly called for a light.
This was an accident I had not foreseen. Half stifled in my hole, I had
opened the canal under the planking. No sooner had the youth procured a
light, than he perceived my shirt, examined nearer, felt about, and laid
hold of me by the arm. The fox was caught, and the laugh was universal.
My confusion may easily be imagined. They all came round me, paid me
their compliments, and finding nothing better was to be done, I laughed
in company with them, and, thus laughing was led back with an aching
heart to be sorrowfully enchained in my dungeon.
I continued my journey, and arrived, on the fourth of April, at
Konigsberg, where my brother expected my arrival. We embraced as
brothers must, after the absence of two-and-forty years. Of all the
brothers and sisters I had left in this city, he only remained. He lived
a retired and peaceable life on his own estates. He had no children
living. I continued a fortnight within him and his wife.
Here, for the first time, I learned what had happened to my relations,
during their absence. The wrath of the Great Frederic extended itself to
all my family. My second brother was an ensign in the regiment of
cuirassiers at Kiow, in 1746, when I first incurred disgrace from the
King. Six years he served, fought at three battles, but, because his
name was Trenck, never was promoted. Weary of expectation he quitted the
army, married, and lived on his estates at Meicken, where he died about
three years ago, and left two sons, who are an honour to the family of
the Trencks.
Fame spoke him a person capable of rendering the state essential service,
as a military man; but he was my brother, and the King would never suffer
his name to be mentioned.
My youngest brother applied himself to the sciences; it was proposed that
he should receive some civil employment, as he was an intelligent and
well-informed man; but the King answered in the margin of the petition,
"No Trenck is good for anything."
Thus have all my family suffered, because of my unjust condemnation. My
last-mentioned brother chose the life of a private man, and lived at his
ease, in independence, among the first people of the kingdom. The hatred
of the monarch extended itself to my sister, who had married the son of
General Waldow, and lived in widowhood, from the year 1749, to her second
marriage. The misfortunes of this woman, in consequence of the treachery
of Weingarten, and the aid she sent to me in my prison at Magdeburg, I
have before related. She was possessed of the fine estate of Hammer,
near Landsberg on the Warta. The Russian army changed the whole face of
the country, and laid it desert. She fled to Custrin, where everything
was destroyed during the siege. The Prussian army also demolished the
fine forests.
After the war, the King assisted all the ruined families of Brandenburg;
she alone obtained nothing, because she was my sister. She petitioned
the King, who repined she must seek for redress from her dear brother.
She died, in the flower of her age, a short time after she had married
her second husband, the present Colonel Pape: her son, also, died last
year. He was captain in the regiment of the Gotz dragoons. Thus were
all my brothers and sisters punished because they were mine. Could it be
believed that the great Frederic would revenge himself on the children
and the children's children? Was it not sufficient that he should wreak
his wrath on my head alone? Why has the name of Trenck been hateful to
him, to the very hour of his death?
One Derschau, captain of horse, and brother of my mother, addressed
himself to the King, in 1753, alleging he was my nearest relation and
feudal heir, and petitioned that he would bestow on him my confiscated
estates of Great Sharlack. The King demanded that the necessary proofs
should be sent from the chamber at Konigsberg. He was uninformed that I
had two brothers living, that Great Sharlack was an ancient family
inheritance, and that it appertained to my brothers, and not to Derschau.
My brothers then announced themselves as the successors to this fief, and
the King bestowed on them the estate of Great Sharlack conformable to the
feudal laws. That it might be properly divided, it was put up to
auction, and bought by the youngest of my brothers, who paid surplus to
the other, and to my sister. He likewise paid debts charged upon it,
according to the express orders of the court. The persons who called
themselves my creditors were impostors, for I had no creditors; I was but
nineteen when my estates were confiscated, consequently was not of age.
By what right therefore, could such debts be demanded or paid? Let them
explain this who can.
The same thing happened when an account was given in to the Fiscus of the
guardianship, although I acknowledge my guardians were men of probity.
One of them was eight years in possession, and when he gave it up to my
brothers he did not account with them for a single shilling. At present,
therefore, the affair stands thus:--Frederic William has taken off the
sentence of confiscation, and ordered me to be put in possession of my
estates, by a gracious rescript: empowered by this I come and demand
restitution; my brother answers, "I have bought and paid for the estate,
am the legal possessor, have improved it so much that Great Sharlack, at
present, is worth three or four times the sum it was at the time of
confiscation. Let the Fiscus pay me its actual value, and then let them
bestow it on whom they please. If the reigning king gives what his
predecessor sold to me, I ought not thereby to be a loser."
This is a problem which the people of Berlin must resolve. My brother
has no children, and, without going to law, will bequeath Great Sharlack
to mine, when he shall happen to die. If he is forced in effect to
restore it without being reimbursed, the King instead of granting a
favour, has not done justice. I do not request any restitution like
this, since such restitution would be made without asking it as a favour
of the King. If his Majesty takes off the confiscation because he is
convinced it was originally violent and unjust, then have I a right to
demand the rents of two-and-forty years. This I am to require from the
Fiscus, not from my brother. And should the Fiscus only restore me the
price for which it then sold, it would commit a manifest injustice, since
all estates in the province of Prussia have, since 1746, tripled and
quadrupled their value. If the estates descend only to my children after
my death, I receive neither right nor favour; for, in this case, I obtain
nothing for myself, and shall remain deprived of the rents, which, as the
estate is at present farmed by my brother amount to four thousand rix-
dollars per annum. This estate cannot be taken from him legally, since
he enjoys it by right of purchase.
Such is the present state of the business. How the monarch shall think
proper to decide, will be seen hereafter. I have demanded of the Fiscus
that it shall make a fair valuation of Great Sharlack, reimburse my
brother, and restore it to me. My brother has other estates. These he
will dispose of by testament, according to his good pleasure. Be these
things as they may, the purpose of my journey is accomplished.
Thou, great God, has preserved me amidst my trouble. The purest
gratitude penetrates my heart. Oh, that thou wouldst shield man from
arbitrary power, and banish despotism from the earth!
May this my narration be a lesson to the afflicted, afford hope to the
despairing, fortitude to the wavering, and humanise the hearts of kings.
Joyfully do I journey to the shores of death. My conscience is void of
reproach, posterity shall bless my memory, and only the unfeeling, the
wicked, the confessor of princes and the pious impostor, shall vent their
rage against my writings. My mind is desirous of repose, and should this
be denied me, still I will not murmur. I now wish to steal gently
towards that last asylum, whither if I had gone in my youth, it must have
been with colours flying. Grant, Almighty God, that the prayer I this
day make may be heard, and that such may be the conclusion of my eventful
life!
HISTORY OF
FRANCIS BARON TRENCK.
WRITTEN BY
FREDERICK BARON TRENCK,
AS A NECESSARY SUPPLEMENT TO HIS OWN HISTORY.
Francis Baron Trenck was born in 1714, in Calabria, a province of Sicily.
His father was then a governor and lieutenant-colonel there, and died in
1743, at Leitschau, in Hungary, lord of the rich manors of Prestowacz,
Pleternitz, and Pakratz, in Sclavonia, and other estates in Hungary. His
christian name was John; he was my father's brother, and born in
Konigsberg in Prussia.
The name of his mother was Kettler; she was born in Courland. Trenck was
a gentleman of ancient family; and his grandfather, who was mine also,
was of Prussia. His father, who had served Austria to the age of sixty-
eight, a colonel, and bore those wounds to his grave which attested his
valour.
Francis Baron Trenck was his only son; he had attained the rank of
colonel during his father's life, and served with distinction in the army
of Maria Theresa. The history of his life, which he published in 1747,
when he was under confinement at Vienna, is so full of minute
circumstances, and so poorly written, that I shall make but little use of
it. Here I shall relate only what I have heard from his enemies
themselves, and what I have myself seen. His father, a bold and daring
soldier, idolised his only son, and wholly neglected his education, so
that the passions of this son were most unbridled. Endowed with
extraordinary talents, this ardent youth was early allowed to indulge the
impetuous fire of his constitution. Moderation was utterly unknown to
him, and good fortune most remarkably favoured all his enterprises. These
were numerous, undertaken from no principle of virtue, nor actuated by
any motives of morality. The love of money, and the desire of fame, were
the passions of his soul. To his warlike inclination was added the
insensibility of a heart natively wicked: and he found himself an actor,
on the great scene of life, at a time when the earth was drenched with
human gore, and when the sword decided the fate of nations: hence this
chief of pandours, this scourge of the unprotected, became an
iron-hearted enemy, a ferocious foe of the human race, a formidable enemy
in private life, and a perfidious friend.
Constitutionally sanguinary, addicted to pleasures, sensual, and brave;
he was unappeased when affronted, prompt to act, in the moment of danger
circumspect, and, when under the dominion of anger, cruel even to fury;
irreconcilable, artful, fertile in invention, and ever intent on great
projects. When youth and beauty inspired love, he then became supple,
insinuating, amiable, gentle, respectful; yet, ever excited by pride,
each conquest gave but new desires of adding another slave over whom he
might domineer; and, whenever he encountered resistance, he then even
ceased to be avaricious. A prudent and intelligent woman, turning this
part of his character to advantage, might have formed this man to virtue,
probity, and the love of the human race: but, from his infancy, his will
had never suffered restraint, and he thought nothing impossible. As a
soldier, he was bold even to temerity; capable of the most hazardous
enterprise, and laughing at the danger he provoked. His projects were
the more elevated because the acquirement of renown was the intent of all
his actions. In council he was dangerous; everything must be conceded to
his views. To him the means by which his end was to be obtained were
indifferent.
The Croats at this time were undisciplined, prone to rapine, thirsting
for human blood, and only taught obedience by violence; these had been
the companions of his infancy: these he undertook to subject, by
servitude and fear, to military subordination, and from banditti to make
them soldiers.
With respect to his exterior, Nature had been prodigal of her favours.
His height was six feet three inches, and the symmetry of his limbs was
exact; his form was upright, his countenance agreeable, yet masculine,
and his strength almost incredible. He could sever the head from the
body of the largest ox with one stroke of his sabre, and was so adroit at
this Turkish practice, that he at length could behead men in the manner
boys do nettles. In the latter years of his life, his aspect had become
terrible; for, during the Bavarian war, he had been scorched by the
explosion of a powder-barrel, and ever after his face remained scarred
and impregnated with black spots. In company he rendered himself
exceedingly agreeable, spoke seven languages fluently, was jocular,
possessed wit, and in serious conversation, understanding; had learned
music, sung with taste, and had a good voice, so that he might have been
well paid as an actor, had that been his fate. He could even, when so
disposed, become gentle and complaisant.
His look told the man of observation that he was cunning and choleric;
and his wrath was terrible. He was ever suspicious, because he judged
others by himself. Self-interest and avarice constituted his ruling
passion, and, whenever he had an opportunity of increasing his wealth, he
disregarded the duties of religion, the ties of honour, and human pity.
In the thirty-first year of his age, when he was possessed of nearly two
millions, he did not expend a florin per day.
As he and his pandours always led the van, and as he thence had an
opportunity to ravage the enemy's country, at the head of troops addicted
to rapine, we must not wonder that Bavaria, Silesia, and Alsatia were so
plundered. He alone purchased the booty from his troops at a low price,
and this he sent by water to his own estates. If any one of his officers
had made a rich capture, Trenck instantly became his enemy. He was sent
on every dangerous expedition till he fell, and the colonel became his
universal heir, for Trenck appropriated all he could to himself. He was
reputed to be a man most expert in military science, an excellent
engineer, and to possess an exact eye in estimating heights and
distances. In all enterprises he was first; inured to fatigue, his iron
body could support it without inconvenience. Nothing escaped his
vigilance, all was turned to account, and what valour could not
accomplish, cunning supplied. His pride suffered him not to incur an
obligation, and thus he was unthankful; his actions all centred in self,
and as he was remarkably fortunate in whatever he undertook, he ascribed
even that, which accident gave, to foresight and genius.
Yet was he ever, as an officer, a most useful and inestimable man to the
state. His respect for his sovereign, and his zeal in her service, were
unbounded; whenever her glory was at stake, he devoted himself her
victim. This I assert to be truth: I knew him well. Of little
consequence is it to me, whether the historians of Maria Theresa have, or
have not, misrepresented his talents and the fame he deserved.
The life of Trenck I write for the following reasons. He had the honour
first to form, and command, regular troops, raised in Sclavonia. The
soldiers acquired glory under their leader, and sustained the tottering
power of Austria: they made libations of their blood in its defence, as
did Trenck, in various battles. He served like a brave warrior, with
zeal, loyalty, and effect. The vile persecutions of his enemies at
Vienna, with whom he refused to share the plunder he had made, lost him
honour, liberty, and not only the personal property he had acquired, but
likewise the family patrimony in Hungary. He died like a malefactor,
illegally sentenced to imprisonment; and knaves have affirmed, and fools
have believed, and believe still, he took the King of Prussia prisoner,
and that he granted him freedom in consequence of a bribe. So have the
loyal Hungarians been led to suppose that an Hungarian had really been a
traitor.
By my writings, I wish to prove to this noble nation on the contrary,
that Trenck, for his loyalty deserved compassion, esteem, and honour in
his country. This I have already done in the former part of my history.
The dead Trenck can speak no more; but it is the duty of the living ever
to speak in defence of right.
Trenck wrote his own history while he was confined in the arsenal at
Vienna; and, in the last two sheets he openly related the manner in which
he had been treated by the council of war, of which Count Loewenwalde,
his greatest enemy, was president. The count, however, found supporters
too powerful, and these sheets were torn from the book and publicly burnt
at Vienna. Defence after this became impossible: he groaned under the
grip of his adversaries.
I have given a literal copy of these sheets in the first part of this
history; and I again repeat I am able to prove the truth of what is there
asserted, by the acts, proceedings, and judicial registers which are in
my possession. He was confined in the Spielberg, because much was to be
dreaded from an injured man, whom they knew capable of the most desperate
enterprises. He died defenceless, the sacrifice of iniquity and unjust
judges. He died, and his honour remained unprotected. I am by duty his
defender: although he expired my personal enemy, the author of nearly all
the ills I have suffered. I came to the knowledge of his persecutors too
late for the unfortunate Trenck. And who are those who have divided his
spoils--who slew him that they might fatten themselves? Your titles have
been paid for from the coffers of Trenck! Yet neither can your cabals,
your wealthy protectors, your own riches, nor your credit at court,
deprive me of the right of vindicating his fame.
I have boldly written, have openly shown, that Trenck was pillaged by
you; that he served the house of Austria as a worthy man, with zeal; not
in court-martials and committees of inquiry, but fighting for his
country, sharing the soldier's glory, falling the victim of envy and
power; falling by the hands of those who are unworthy of judging merit.
He take the King of Prussia! They might as well say he took the Emperor
of Morocco.
Yes, he is dead. But should any man dare affirm that the Hungarian or
the Prussian Trenck were capable of treason, that either of them merited
punishment for having betrayed their country, he will not have long to
seek before he will be informed that he has done us both injustice. After
this preface, I shall continue my narrative on the plan I proposed.
Trenck, the father, was a miser, yet a well-meaning man. Trenck the son,
was a youthful soldier, who stood in need of money to indulge his
pleasures. Many curious pranks he played, when an ensign in I know not
what regiment of foot. He went to one of the collectors of his father's
rents, and demanded money; the collector refused to give him any, and
Trenck clove his skull with his sabre. A prosecution was entered against
him, but, war breaking out in 1756, between the Russians and the Turks,
he raised a squadron of hussars, and went with it into the Russian
service, contrary to the will of his father.
In this war he distinguished himself highly, and acquired the protection
of Field-marshal Munich. He was so successful as a leader against the
Tartars, that he became very famous in the army, and at the end of the
campaign, was appointed major.
It happened that flying parties of Turks approached his regiment when on
march, and Trenck seeing a favourable moment for attacking them, went to
Colonel Rumin, desiring the regiment might be led to the charge, and that
they might profit by so fair an opportunity. The colonel answered, "I
have no such orders." Trenck then demanded permission to charge the
Turks only with his own squadron; but this was refused. He became
furious, for he had never been acquainted with contradiction or
subordination, and cried aloud to the soldiers, "If there be one brave
man among you, let him follow me." About two hundred stepped from the
ranks; he put himself at their head, routed the enemy, made a horrible
carnage, and returned intoxicated with joy, accompanied by prisoners, and
loaded with dissevered heads. Once more arrived in presence of the
regiment, he attacked the colonel, treated him like the rankest coward,
called him opprobrious names, without the other daring to make the least
resistance. The adventure, however, became known; Trenck was arrested,
and ordered to be tried. His judges condemned him to be shot, and the
day was appointed, but the evening before execution, Field-marshal Munich
passed near the tent in which he was confined, Trenck saw him, came
forward, and said, "Certainly your excellency will not suffer a foreign
cavalier to die an ignominious death because he has chastised a cowardly
Russian! If I must die, at least give me permission to saddle my horse,
and with my sabre in my hand, let me fall surrounded by the enemy."
The Tartars happened to be at this time harassing the advanced posts; the
Field-marshal shrugged his shoulders, and was silent. Trenck, not
discouraged, added, "I will undertake to bring your excellency three
heads or lose my own. Will you, if I do, be pleased to grant me my
pardon?" The Field-marshal replied, "Yes." The horse of Trenck was
brought: he galloped to the enemy, and returned within four heads knotted
to the horse's mane, himself only slightly wounded in the shoulder.
Munich immediately appointed him major in another regiment. Various and
almost incredible were his feats: among others, a Tartar ran him through
the belly with his lance: Trenck grasped the projecting end with his
hands, exerted his prodigious strength, broke the lance, set spurs to his
horse, and happily escaped. Of this wound, dreadful as it was, he was
soon cured. I myself have seen the two scars, and can affirm the fact; I
also learned this, and many others in 1746, from officers who had served
in the same army.
During this campaign he behaved with great honour, was wounded by an
arrow in the leg, and gained the affection of Field-marshal Munich, but
excited the envy of all the Russians. Towards the conclusion of the war
he had a new misfortune; his regiment was incommoded on all sides by the
enemy: he entreated his colonel, for leave to attack them. The colonel
was once more a Russian, and he was refused. Trenck gave him a blow, and
called aloud to the soldiers to follow him. They however being Russians,
remained motionless, and he was put under arrest. The court-martial
sentenced him to death, and all hope of reprieve seemed over. The
general would have granted his pardon, but as he was himself a foreigner,
he was fearful of offending the Russians. The day of execution came, and
he was led to the place of death, Munich so contrived it that
Field-marshal Lowenthal should pass by, at this moment, in company within
his lady. Trenck profited by the opportunity, spoke boldly, and
prevailed. A reprieve was requested, and the sentence was changed into
banishment and labour in Siberia.
Trenck protested against this sentence. The Field-marshal wrote to
Petersburg, and an order came that he should be broken, and conducted out
of the Russian territories. This order was executed, and he returned
into Hungary to his father. At this period he espoused the daughter of
Field-marshal Baron Tillier, one of the first families in Switzerland.
The two brothers of his wife each became lieutenant-general, one of whom
died honourably during the seven years' war. The other was made
commander-general in Croatia, where he is still living, and is at the
head of a regiment of infantry that bears his name. Trenck did not live
long with his lady. She was pregnant, and he took her to hunt with him
in a marsh: she returned ill, and died without leaving him an heir.
Having no opportunity to indulge his warlike inclination, because of the
general peace, he conceived the project of extirpating the Sclavonian
banditti.
Trenck, to execute this enterprise, employed his own pandours. The
contest now commenced and activity and courage were necessary to ensure
success in such a war. Trenck seemed born for this murderous trade. Day
and night he chased them like wild beasts, killing now one, then another,
and without distinction, treating them with the utmost barbarity.
Two incidents will sufficiently paint the character of this unaccountable
man. He had impaled alive the father of a Harum-Bashaw. One evening he
was going on patrol, along the banks of a brook, which separated two
provinces. On the opposite shore was the son of this impaled father,
with his Croats. It was moonlight, and the latter called aloud--"I heard
thy voice, Trenck! Thou hast impaled my father! If thou hast a heart in
thy body, come hither over the bridge, I will send away my followers;
leave thy firearms, come only with thy sabre, and we will then see who
shall remain the victor." The agreement was made--and the Harum-Bashaw
sent away his Croats, and laid down his musket. Trenck passed the wooden
bridge, both drew their sabres; but Trenck treacherously killed his
adversary with a pistol, that he had concealed, after which he severed
his head from his body, took it with him, and stuck it upon a pole.
One day, when hunting, he heard music in a lone house which belonged to
one of his vassals. He was thirsty, entered, and found the guests seated
at table. He sat down and ate within them, not knowing this was a
rendezvous for the banditti. As he was seated opposite the door, he saw
two Harum-Bashaws enter. His musket stood in a corner; he was struck
with terror, but one of them addressed him thus:--"Neither thee, nor thy
vassals, Trenck, have we ever injured, yet thou dost pursue us with
cruelty. Eat thy fill. When thou hast satisfied thy hunger, we will
then, sabre in thy hand, see who has most justice on his side, and
whether thou art as courageous as men speak thee."
Hereupon they sat down and began to eat and drink and make merry. The
situation of Trenck could not be very pleasant. He recollected that
besides these, there might be more of their companions, without, ready to
fall upon him; he, therefore, privately drew his pistols, held them under
the table while he cocked them, presented each hand to the body of a
Harum-Bashaw, fired them both at the same instant, overset the table on
the guests, and escaped from the house. As he went he had time to seize
on one of their muskets, which was standing at the door. One of the
Croats was left weltering in his blood; the other disengaged himself from
the table, and ran after Trenck, who suffered him to approach, killed him
within his own gun, struck off his head and brought it home in triumph.
By this action the banditti were deprived of their two most valorous
chiefs.
War broke out about this time, in 1740, when all the Hungarians took up
arms in defence of their beloved queen. Trenck offered to raise a free
corps of pandours, and requested an amnesty for the banditti who should
join his troops. His request was granted, he published the amnesty, and
began to raise recruits; he therefore enrolled his own vassals, formed a
corps of 500 men, went in search of the robbers, drove them into a strait
between the Save and Sarsaws, where they capitulated, and 300 of them
enrolled themselves with his pandours. Most of these men were six feet
in height, determined, and experienced soldiers. To indulge them on
certain occasions in their thirst of pillage were means which he
successfully employed to lead them where he pleased, and to render them
victorious. By means like these Trenck became at once the terror of the
enemies of Austria, and rendered signal services to his Empress.
In 1741, while he was exercising his regiment, a company fired upon
Trenck, and killed his horse, and his servant that stood by his side. He
ran to the company, counted one, two, three, and beheaded the fourth. He
was continuing this, when a Harum-Bashaw left the ranks, drew his sword,
and called aloud, "It is I who fired upon thee, defend thyself." The
soldiers stood motionless spectators. Trenck attacked him and hewed him
down. He was proceeding to continue the execution of the fourth man, but
the whole regiment presented their arms. The revolt became general, and
Trenck, still holding his drawn sabre, ran amidst them, hacking about him
on all sides. The excess of his rage was terrific; the soldiers all
called "Hold!" each fell on their knees, and promised obedience. After
this he addressed them in language suitable to their character, and from
that time they became invincible soldiers whenever they were headed by
himself. Let the situation of Trenck be considered; he was the chief of
a band of robbers who supposed they were authorised to take whatever they
pleased in an enemy's country, a banditti that had so often defied the
gallows, and had never known military subordination. Let such men be led
to the field and opposed to regular troops. That they are never actuated
by honour is evident: their leader is obliged to excite their avidity by
the hope of plunder to engage them in action; for if they perceive no
personal advantage, the interest of the sovereign is insufficient to make
them act.
Trenck had need of a particular species of officers. They must be
daring, yet cautious. They are partisans, and must be capable of
supporting fatigue, desirous of daily seeking the enemy, and hazarding
their lives. As he was himself never absent at the time of action, he
soon became acquainted with those whom he called old women, and sent them
from his regiment. These officers then repaired to Vienna, vented their
complaints, and were heard. His avarice prevented him from making any
division of his booty with those gentlemen who constituted the military
courts, thus neglecting what was customary at Vienna: and in this
originated the prosecution to which he fell a victim. Scarcely had he
entered Austria with his troops before he found an opportunity of reaping
laurels. The French army was defeated at Lintz. Trenck pursued them,
treated his prisoners with barbarity; and, never granting quarter in
battle, the very appearance of his pandours inspired terror.
Trenck was a great warrior, and knew how to profit by the slightest
advantage. From this time he became renowned, gained the confidence of
Prince Charles, and the esteem of the Field-marshal Count Kevenhuller,
who discovered the worth of the man. No partisan had ever before
obtained so much power as Trenck; he everywhere pursued the enemy as far
as Bavaria, carrying fire and sword wherever he went. As it was known
Trenck gave no quarter, the Bavarians and the French flew at the sight of
a red mantle. Pillage and murder attended the pandours wherever they
went, and their colonel bought up all the booty they acquired. Chamb, in
particular, was a scene of a dreadful massacre. The city was set on fire
and the people perished in the flames; women and children who endeavoured
to fly, were obliged to pass over a bridge, where they were first
stripped, and afterwards thrown into the water. This action was one of
the accusations brought against Trenck when he was prosecuted, but he
alleged his justification.
The banks of the Iser to this day reverberate groans for the barbarities
of Trenck. Deckendorf and Filtzhofen felt all his fury. In the first of
these towns 600 French prisoners capitulated, although his forces were
four miles distant; but he formed a kind of straw men, on which he put
pandour caps and cloaks, and set them up as sentinels; and the garrison,
deceived by this stratagem, signed the capitulation. The services he
rendered the army during the Bavarian war are well known in the history
of Maria Theresa. The good he has done has been passed over in silence,
because he died under misfortunes, and did not leave his historian a
legacy. He was informed that either at Deckendorf or Filtzhofen there
was a barrel containing 20,000 florins, concealed at the house of an
apothecary. Impelled by the desire of booty, Trenck hastened to the
place, with a candle in his hand, searching everywhere, and, in his
hurry, dropped a spark into a quantity of gunpowder, by the explosion of
which he was dreadfully scorched. They carried him off, but the scars
and the gunpowder with which his skin was blackened rendered his
countenance terrific.
The present Field-marshal Laudohn was at that time a lieutenant in his
regiment, and happened to be at the door when his colonel was burnt.
Scarcely was Trenck cured before his spies informed him that Laudohn had
plenty of money. Immediately he suspected that Laudohn had found the
barrel of florins, and from that moment he persecuted him by all
imaginable arts. Wherever there was danger he sent him, at the head of
30 men, against 300, hoping to have him cut off, and to make himself his
heir. This was so often repeated that Laudohn returned to Vienna, where,
joining the crowd of the enemies of Trenck, he became instrumental in his
destruction. Yet it is certain that, in the beginning, Trenck had shown
a friendship for Laudohn, had given him a commission, and that this great
man learned, under the command of Trenck, his military principles.
General Tillier was likewise formed in this nursery of soldiers, where
officers were taught activity, stratagem, and enterprise. And who are
more capable of commanding a Hungarian army than Tillier and Laudohn? I,
one day said to Trenck, when he was in Vienna, embarrassed by his
prosecution, and when he had published a defamatory writing against all
his accusers, excepting no man,--"You have always told me that Laudohn
was one of the most capable of your officers, and that he is a worthy
man. Wherefore then do you class him among such wretches?" He replied,
"What! would you have me praise a man who labours, at the head of my
enemies, to rob me of honour, property, and life!" I have related this
incident to prove by the testimony of so honourable a man, that Trenck
was a great soldier, and a zealous patriot, and that he never took the
King of Prussia prisoner, as has been falsely affirmed, and as is still
believed by the multitude. Had such a thing happened, Laudohn must have
been present, and would have supported this charge.
Bavaria was plundered by Trenck; barges were loaded with gold, silver,
and effects, which he sent to his estates in Sclavonia; Prince Charles
and Count Kevenhuller countenanced his proceedings; but when
Field-marshal Neuperg was at the head of the army, he had other
principles. He was connected with Baron Tiebes, a counsellor of the
Hofkriegsrath who was the enemy of Trenck. Persecution was at that time
instituted against him, and Trenck was imprisoned; but he defended
himself so powerfully that in a month he was set at liberty. Mentzel,
meanwhile, had the command of the pandours; and this man appropriated to
himself the fame that Trenck had acquired by the warriors he himself had
formed. Mentzel never was the equal of Trenck. Trenck now increased the
number of his Croats to 4,000, from whom, in 1743, a regiment of
Hungarian regulars was formed, but who still retained the name of
pandours. It was a regiment of infantry. Trenck also had 600 hussars
and 150 chasseurs, whom he equipped at his own expense. Yet, when this
corps was reduced, all was sold for the profit of the imperial treasury,
without bringing a shilling to account.
With a corps so numerous, he undertook great enterprises. The enemy fled
wherever he appeared. He led the van, raised contributions which
amounted to several millions, delivered unto the Empress, in five years,
7,000 prisoners, French and Bavarian, and more than 3,000 Prussians. He
never was defeated. He gained confidence among his troops, and will
remain in history the first man who rendered the savage Croats efficient
soldiers. This it was impossible to perform among a bloodthirsty people
without being guilty himself of cruel acts. The necessity of the
excesses he committed, when the army was in want of forage, was so
evident that he received permission of Prince Charles, though for this he
was afterwards prosecuted; while the plunders of Brenklau, Mentzel, and
the whole army, were never once questioned. That Trenck advanced more
than 100,000 florins to his regiment, I clearly proved, in 1750. This
proof came too late. He was dead. The evidence I brought occasioned a
quartermaster, Frederici, to be imprisoned. He confessed the
embezzlement of this money, yet found so many friends among the enemies
of Trenck that he refunded nothing, but was released in the year 1754,
when I was thrown into the dungeon of Magdeburg.
My cousin, who had lived like a miser, did not, at his death, leave half
of the property he had inherited from his father, and which legally
descended to me; it was torn from me by violence.
In 1744 he obliged the French to retire beyond the Rhine, seized on a
fort near Phillipsburg, swam across the river with 70 pandours, attacked
the fortifications, slew the Marquis de Crevecoeur, with his own hand
manned the post, traversed the other arm of the Rhine, surprised two
Bavarian regiments of cavalry, and by this daring manoeuvre, secured the
passage of the Rhine to the whole army, which, but for him, would not
have been effected. Wherever he came, he laid the country under
contribution, and, at this moment of triumph for the Austrian arms,
opened himself a passage to enter the territories of France. In
September, 1744, war having broken out between Austria and Prussia, the
imperial army was obliged to return, abandon Alsatia, and hasten to the
succour of the Austrian states. Trenck succeeded in covering its
retreat. The history of Maria Theresa declares the damages he did the
enemy, during this campaign. He gave proof of his capacity at Tabor and
Budweis. With 300 men he attacked one of these towns, which was defended
by the two Prussian regiments of Walrabe and Kreutz. He found the water
in the moats was deeper than his spies had declared, and the scaling
ladders too short: most of those led to the attack were killed, or
drowned in the water, and the small number that crossed the moats were
made prisoners. The garrison of Tabor, of Budweis, and of the castle of
Frauenburg, were, nevertheless, induced to capitulate, and yield
themselves prisoners, although the main body under Trenck was more than
five miles distant. His corps did not come up till the morrow, and it
was ridiculous enough to see the pandours dressed in the caps of the
Prussian fusiliers and pioneers, which they wore instead of their own,
and which they afterwards continued to wear.
The campaign to him was glorious, and the enemy's want of light troops
gave free scope to his enterprises, highly to their prejudice. He never
returned without prisoners. He passed the Elbe near Pardubitz, took the
magazines, and was the cause of the great dearth and desertion among the
Prussians, and of that hasty retreat to which they were forced. The King
was at Cohn with his headquarters, where I was with him, when Trenck
attacked the town, which he must have carried, had he not been wounded by
a cannon-ball, which shattered his foot. He was taken away, the attack
did not succeed, and his men, without him, remained but so many ciphers.
In 1745, he went to Vienna, where his entrance resembled a triumph. The
Empress received him with distinction. He appeared on crutches; she, by
her condescending speech, inflamed his zeal to extravagance. Who would
have supposed that the favourite of the people would that year be
abandoned to the power of his enemies; who had not rendered, during their
whole lives, so much essential service to the state as Trenck had done in
a single day? He returned to his estate, raised eight hundred recruits
that he might aid in the next campaign, and gather new laurels. He
rejoined the army. At the battle of Sorau he fell upon the Prussian
camp, and seized upon the tent of the King, but he came too late to
attack the rear, as had been preconcerted. Frederic gave up his camp to
be plundered, for the Croats could not be drawn off to attack the army,
and the King was prepared to receive them, even if they should. In the
meantime, the imperial army was defeated.
Here was a field for the enemies of Trenck to incite the people against
him. They accused him of having made the King of Prussia a prisoner in
his tent; that he also pillaged the camp instead of attacking the rear of
the army. After having ended the campaign, he returned to Vienna to
defend himself. Here he found twenty-three officers, whom he expelled
his regiment, most of them for cowardice or mean actions. They were
ready to bear false testimony. Counsellor Weber and Gen. Loewenwalde,
had sworn his downfall, which they effected. Trenck despised their
attacks. While things remained thus, they instructed one of the
Empress's attendants to profit by every opportunity to deprive him of her
confidence. It was affirmed, Trenck is an atheist! who never prayed to
the holy Virgin! The officers, whom he had broken, whispered it in
coffee-houses, that Trenck had taken and set free the King of Prussia!
This raised the cry among the fanatical mob of Vienna. Teased by their
complaints, and at the requisition of Trenck himself, the Empress
commanded that examination should be undertaken of these accusations.
Field-marshal Cordova was chosen to preside over this inquiry. He spoke
the truth, and drew up a statement of the case; it was presented to the
Court, and which I shall here insert.
"The complaints brought against him did not require a court-martial.
Trenck had broken some officers by his own authority; their demands ought
to be satisfied by the payment of 12,000 florins. The remaining
accusations were all the attempts of revenge and calumny, and were
insufficient to detain at Vienna, entangled in law-suits, a man so
necessary to the army. Moreover, it would be prudent not to inquire into
trifles, in consideration of his important services."
Trenck, dissatisfied by this sentence, and animated by avarice and pride,
refused to pay a single florin, and returned to Sclavonia. His presence
was necessary at Vienna, to obtain other advantages against his enemies.
They gave the Empress to understand, that being a man excessively
dangerous, whenever he supposed himself injured, Trenck had spread
pernicious views in Sclavonia, where all men were dependent on him. He
raised six hundred more men, with whom he made a campaign in the
Netherlands, and in October, 1746, returned to Vienna. After the peace
of Dresden, his regiment was incorporated among the regulars, and served
against France.
Scarcely had he arrived at Vienna, before an order came from the Empress
that he must remain under arrest in his chamber. Here he rendered
himself guilty by the most imprudent action of his whole life. He
ordered his carriage and horses, despising the imperial mandate, went to
the theatre, when the Empress was present. In one of the boxes he saw
Count Gossau, in company with a comrade of his own, whom he had
cashiered: these persons were among the foremost of his accusers.
Inflamed with the desire of revenge, he entered the box, seized Count
Gossau, and would have thrown him into the pit in the presence of the
Sovereign herself. Gossau drew his sword, and tried to run him through,
but the latter seizing it, wounded himself in the hand. Everybody ran to
save Gossau, who was unable to defend himself. After this exploit, the
colonel of the pandours returned foaming home.
Such an action rendered it impossible for Maria Theresa to declare
herself the protectress of a man so rash. Sentinels were placed over
him, and his enemies profiting by his imprudence and passion, he was
ordered to be tried by a court-martial. General Loewenwalde intrigued so
successfully, that he procured himself to be named, by the Hofkriegsrath,
president of the court-martial, and to be charged with the sequestration
of the property of Trenck. In vain did the latter protest against his
judge. The very man, whom the year before he had kicked out of the ante-
chamber of Prince Charles, received full power to denounce him guilty.
Then was it that public notice was given that all those who would prefer
complaints against Colonel Baron Trenck should receive a ducat per day
while the council continued to sit. They soon amounted to fifty-four,
who, in a space of four months, received 15,000 florins from the property
of Trenck. The judge himself purchased the depositions of false
witnesses; and Count Loewenwalde offered me one thousand ducats, if I
would betray the secrets of my cousin, and promised me I should be put in
possession of my confiscated estates in Prussia, and have a company in a
regiment.
That the indictment and the examinations of the witnesses were falsified,
has already been proved in the revision of the cause; but as the
indictment did not contain one article that could affect his life, they
invented the following stratagem. A courtesan, a mistress of Baron
Rippenda, who was a member of the court-martial, was bribed, and made
oath she was the daughter of Count Schwerin, Field-marshal in the
Prussian service, and that she was in bed with the King of Prussia, when
Trenck surprised the camp at Sorau, made her and the King prisoners, and
restored them their freedom. She even ventured to name Baron Hilaire,
aide-de-camp to Frederic, whom she affirmed was then present. Hilaire,
who afterwards married the Baroness Tillier, and who consequently was
brother-in-law to Trenck, fortunately happened to be in Vienna. He was
confronted with this woman, and through her falsehoods, the gentleman was
obliged to remain in prison, where they offered him bribes, which be
refused to accept; and, to prevent his speaking, he continued in prison
some weeks, and was not released till this shameful proceeding was made
public.
Count Loewenwalde invented another artifice; he drew up a false
indictment; and, that he might be prevented all means of justification,
he chose a day to put it in practice, when the Emperor and Prince Charles
were hunting at Holitzsch. Loewenwalde's court-martial had already
signed a sentence of death, and every preparation for the erection of a
scaffold was made. His intention was then to go to the Empress and
induce her to sign the sentence, under a pretence that there was some
imminent peril at hand, if a man so dangerous to the state was not
immediately put out of the way, and that it would be necessary to execute
the sentence of death before the Emperor could return. He well knew the
Emperor was better acquainted with Trenck, and had ever been his
protector.
Had this succeeded, Trenck would have died like a traitor; Miss Schwerin
would have espoused the aide-de-camp of Loewenwalde, with fifty thousand
florins, taken from the funds of Trenck, and his property would have been
divided between his judges and his accusers. As it happened, however,
the valet-de-chambre of Count Loewenwalde, who was an honest man, and who
had an intimacy with a former mistress of Trenck, confided the whole
secret to her. She immediately flew to Colonel Baron Lopresti, who was
the sincere friend of my kinsman, and, being then powerful at Court, was
his deliverer. The Emperor and Prince Charles were informed of what was
in agitation, but they thought proper to keep it secret. The hunting at
Holitzsch took place on the appointed day. Count Loewenwalde made his
appearance before the Empress, and solicited her to sign the sentence.
She, however, had been pre-informed, the Emperor having returned on the
same day, and their abominable project proved abortive. Miss Schwerin
was imprisoned; Loewenwalde was deprived of his power, as well as of the
sequestration of the effects of Trenck; a total revision of the
proceedings of the court-martial, and of the prosecution of my cousin,
was ordered, which was an event, that, till then, was unexampled at
Vienna.
Trenck was freed from his fetters, removed to the arsenal, an officer
guarded him, and he had every convenience he could wish. He was also
permitted the use of a counsellor to defend his cause. I obtained by the
influence of the Emperor leave to visit him and to aid him in all things.
It was at this epoch that I arrived at Vienna, and, at this very instant,
when the revision of the prosecution was commanded and determined on.
Count Loewenwalde, supposing me a needy, thoughtless youth, endeavoured
to bribe me, and prevail on me to betray my kinsman. Prince Charles of
Lorraine then desired me seriously to represent to Trenck that his
avarice had been the cause of all these troubles, for he hind refused to
pay the paltry sum of 12,000 florins, by which he might have silenced all
his accusers; but that, as at present, affairs had become so serious, he
ought himself to secure his judges for the revision of the suit; to spare
no money, and then he might be certain of every protection the prince
could afford.
The respectable Field-marshal Konigseck, governor of Vienna, was
appointed president; but, being an old man, he was unable to preside at
any one sitting of the court. Count S--- was the vice-president, a
subtle, insatiable judge, who never thought he had money enough. I took
3,000 ducats, which Baron Lopresti gave me, to this most worthy
counsellor. The two counsellors, Komerkansquy and Zetto, each received
4,000 rix-dollars, with a promise of double the sum if Trenck were
acquitted; there was a formal contract drawn up, which a certain noble
lord secretly signed. Trenck was defended by the advocate Gerhauer and
by Berger. They began with the self-created daughter of Marshal
Schwerin; and, to conceal the iniquitous proceedings of the late court-
martial, it was thought proper that she should appear insane, and return
incoherent answers to the questions put by the examiners. Trenck
insisted that a more severe inquiry should be instituted; but they
affirmed that she had been conducted out of the Austrian territories.
Trenck was accused of having ordered a certain pandour, named Paul Diack,
to suffer the bastinado of 1,000 blows, and that he had died under the
punishment. This was sworn to by two officers, now great men in the
army, who said they were eye-witnesses of the fact. When the revision of
the suit began, Trenck sent me into Sclavonia, where I found the dead
Paul Diack alive, and brought him to Vienna. He was examined by the
court, where it appeared that the two officers, who had sworn they were
present when he expired, and had seen him buried, were at that time 160
miles from the regiment, and recruiting in Sclavonia. Paul Diack had
engaged in plots, and had mutinied three times. Trenck had pardoned him,
but afterwards mutinying once more, with forty others, he was condemned
to death. At the place of execution he called to his colonel: "Father,
if I receive a thousand blows, will you pardon me?" Trenck replied in
the affirmative. He received the punishment, was taken to the hospital,
and cured.
I brought fourteen more witnesses from Sclavonia, who attested the
falsity of other articles of accusation which were not worthy of
attention. The cause wore a new aspect; and the wickedness of those who
were so desirous to have seen Trenck executed became apparent.
One of the chief articles in the prosecution, which for ever deprived him
of favour from his virtuous and apostolic mistress, and for which alone
he was condemned to the Spielberg, was, that he had ravished the daughter
of a miller in Silesia. This was made oath of, and he was not entirely
cleared of the charge in the revision, because his accusers had excluded
all means of justification. Two years after his death, I discovered the
truth of this affair. Mainstein accused him of this crime that he might
prevent his return to the regiment; his motive was, because he, in
conjunction with Frederici, had appropriated to their own purposes 8,000
florins of regimental money.
This miller's daughter was the mistress of Mainstein, before she had been
seen by Trenck. Maria Theresa, however, would never forgive him; and, to
satisfy the honour of this damsel, he was condemned to pay 8,000 florins
to her, and 15,000 to the chest of the invalids, and to suffer perpetual
imprisonment. Sixty-three civil suits had I to defend, and all the
appeals of his accusers to terminate after his death. I gained them all
and his accusers were condemned in costs, also to refund the so much per
day which had been paid them by General Loewenwalde; but they were all
poor, and I might seek the money where I could. In justice, Loewenwalde
ought to have reimbursed me. The total of the sum they received was
15,000 florins.
Most of the other articles of accusation consisted in Trenck's having
beheaded some mutinous pandours, and broken his officers without a court-
martial; that he had bought of his soldiers, and melted down the holy
vessels of the church, chalices, and rosaries; had bastinadoed some
priests, had not heard mass every Sunday, and had dragged malefactors
from convents, in which they had taken refuge. When the officers were no
longer protected by Loewenwalde, or Weber, they decamped, but did not
cease to labour to gain their purpose, which they attained by the aid of
the Court-confessor. This monk found means to render Maria Theresa
insensible of pity towards a man who had been so prodigal of his blood in
her defence. Loewenwalde knew how to profit by the opportunity. Gerhauer
discovered the secret proceedings; and Loewenwalde, now deeply interested
in the ruin of Trenck, went to the Empress, related the manner in which
the judges had been bribed, and threatened that should he, through the
protection of the Emperor and Prince Charles, be declared innocent, he
would publicly vindicate the honour of the court-martial.
Had my cousin followed my advice and plan of flight he would not have
died in prison nor should I have lain in the dungeon of Magdeburg. With
respect to individuals whom he robbed, innocent men whom he massacred,
and many other worthy people whom he made miserable; with respect to his
father, aged eighty-four, and his virtuous wife, whom he treated with
barbarity; with respect to myself, to the duties of consanguinity and of
man, he merited punishment, the pursuit of the avenging arm of justice,
and to be extirpated from all human society.
EPILOGUE.
Thomas Carlyle's opinion of the author of this History is expressed in
the following passages from his _History of Friedrich II. of Prussia_:
"'Frederick Baron Trenck,' loud sounding phantasm, once famous in the
world, now gone to the nurseries as mythical, was of this carnival (1742-
3.) . . . A tall actuality in that time, swaggering about in sumptuous
Life Guard uniform in his mess-rooms and assembly-rooms; much in love
with himself, the fool! And I rather think, in spite of his dog
insinuations, neither Princess had heard of him till twenty years hence,
in a very different phasis of his life! The empty, noisy, quasi-tragic
fellow; sounds throughout quasi-tragical, like an empty barrel;
well-built, longing to be filled."--Book xiv., ch. 3.