This exercise of _Rhetotike_, doeth contain in it all stre[n]gth
of arte, as who should saie, all partes of _Rhetorike_ maie co-
piouslie bee handled in this parte, called confirmacion. You
maie as matter riseth, ioigne twoo notes together, as the
reason of the argumente cometh in place, whiche Apthonius
[Fol. xxix.r]
a Greke aucthour herein vseth. As manifest and credible, pos-
sible and agreyng to truthe, comelie and profitable, but in al
these, as in all the reste: the theme or proposicion by it self, is
to bee placed, the reprehension of the aucthour by it self, the
exposicion of the theme by it self.
¶ The theme or proposicion.
IT is true that is saied of Zopyrus, the noble Per-
sian, who ve[n]tered his life: & did cause the deformi-
tie of his bodie, for the sauegarde of this countrie.
¶ The praise.
[Sidenote: Iustinus.]
IUstinus the Historiographer, for worthinesse
of fame and wisedome, deserueth in the poste-
ritie of all tymes, immortall fame, by whom
the famous actes of Princes, and other noble
[Sidenote: Chronicles
moste neces-
sary to be red.]
men, doe remaine Chronicled. Giuyng exam-
ples of all valiauntnesse and vertue: for, bothe the actes and
worthie feactes of Princes, would passe as vnknowen in all
ages, excepte the worthinesse of them, were in monumentes
of writyng Chronicled. For, by the fame of their worthines,
and vertues, co[m]mon wealthes and kyngdomes, doe stablishe
and make Lawes, the hartes of people are incensed, and in-
flamed, to the like nobilitie of actes, and famous enter-
[Sidenote: The worthi-
nesse of histo-
ries.]
prices, Histories of auncient tymes, bee vnto vs witnesses of
all tymes and ages, of kyngdomes and common wealthes, a
liuely example. A light to all truthe and knowlege, a schole-
[Sidenote: What is a hi-
storie.]
maister: of maners a memorie of life, for, by it we se the wise-
dom of all ages, the forme of the beste and florishing common
wealthes. We learne by the vertues of Princes and gouer-
nours, to followe like steppe of vertue: to flie and auoide vi-
ces, and all soche thynges, as are to the destruccion and de-
[Sidenote: An ignorant
life, a brutish
life.]
caie, of realme and countrie. How brutishe wer our life, if we
knewe no more then we se presently, in the state of our com-
mon wealthe and kyngdome. The kyngdomes of all Prin-
ces and common wealthes that now florisheth, doe stande by
[Fol. xxix.v]
the longe experience, wisedome, pollicy, counsaile, and god-
lie lawes of Princes of auncient times, no smal praise and
[Sidenote: The know-
lege of Histo-
ries maketh
vs as it were
liuyng in all
ages.
Historiogri-
phers.]
commendation can be attributed, to all suche as doe trauell
in the serching out the veritie of auncient Histories, for bi the
knoledge of them, we are as it were liuyng in all ages, the
fall of all kyngdomes is manifeste to vs, the death of Prin-
ces, the subuersions of kingdomes and common wealthes,
who knoweth not the first risyng & ende of the Assiriane mo-
narchie, the glorie of the Persians, and the ruynge of the
same, the mightie Empire of the Grekes, risyng & fallyng,
the Romane state after what sorte florishyng and decaiyng,
so that no state of common wealthe or kyngdome is vnkno-
wen to vs, therefore Iustine, and all suche as doe leue to the
posteritie, the state of al things chronicled, deserue immortal
commendacions.
¶ The exposicion.
[Sidenote: The treason
of the Assy-
rians.]
IN the time of Darius kyng of the Persians, the
Assyria[n]s who ware subiects to him, sence the time
of Cirus the firste kynge of the Persians, rebel-
led, inuaded and toke the myghtie Citie of Babi-
lon, whiche beyng possessed, with much difficultie, and not
[Sidenote: Darius.]
withoute greate daungers coulde bee attained. Darius the
kynge hearyng of the treason of the Assyrians and that the
[Sidenote: Babilon ta-
ken of the As-
syrians.]
mightie Citie of Babilon was taken, was very wroth wai-
ynge with him selfe, that there by, the ruyne of the Persian
kyngdome mighte happen. Zopyrus one of the .vij. noble
Peres of Persia, seing the daunger of the countrie, the state
of the Prince, and the welfare of the subiectes to decaie, in the
safegarde of his countrie, leuyng all priuate commoditie, for
the behoufe and felicitie of the Persian kyngdome, did ven-
[Sidenote: The fact of
Zopyrus.]
ter his owne life, commaunded his seruauntes at home to
teare and re[n]te his bodie with whippes, to cut of his nose, his
lippes and his eares, these thinges being vnknowen to Da-
rius the kynge. As sone as Darius sawe Zopyrus so torne
[Fol. xxx.r]
[Sidenote: Zopyrus cau[-]
sed the defor-
mitie of his
bodie, for the
good state of
his countrie.]
and deformed, bewailed his state being astonished, at so hor-
rible a faict: but Zopyrus shewed to the kynge his hole in-
tente and purpose that he mynded to go to Babylon, whiche
the Assyrians dyd traitorouslie possesse, & complained as that
these things had ben don by the tyrannie and crueltie of Da-
rius, he we[n]t to Babilon, and there complained of the cruel-
tie of his kyng, whereby purchasyng the fauor and loue of
the Assyrians, he shewed them how Darius came to be kyng
not by worthines, not by vertue, not by the common consent
of men, but by the neynge of a horse. Zopyrus therefore ad-
monished them, that they should trust more to their armour,
[Sidenote: The pollicie
of Zopyrus.]
then to their walles, he willed them to proclame ope[n] warre,
forthwith they encountred with the Persians, and for a time
victorie fel on the Babilonians side, suche was the pollice of
Zopyrus. The Assyrians reioised of the successe and felicitie
of their warres, the king of the Babilonians gaue to Zopy-
rus, the chiefe power & office, to leede a mightie armie, of the
whiche beynge Lieutenaunt, he betraied the Babilonians
and their Citie.
¶ Manifeste.
[Sidenote: Trogus Po[m][-]
peius.]
NOt onlie Trogus Pompeius the famous Historio-
grapher, and Iustine which tooke the Story of him,
but also the Greke writers doe sette forthe, as matter
of truthe, the valiaunte enterprises of Zopyrus: so that the
straunge and mightie facte of him can not seme vncredible,
[Sidenote: Zopyrus.]
hauyng testimonie of it in all ages. Zopyrus hauing not re-
spect to his owne life, to his owne priuate wealthe or glorie,
did thereby put of the daunger that insued to the Persiane
kyngdome: It maie seme a greate matter, to a mynde not
well affected towarde his countrie, to destroie or deforme his
[Sidenote: The saiyng
of Tullie.]
owne bodie, for the sauegarde of countrie or common welth.
But if we waie the State of oure bearth, oure countrie cha-
lengeth more at oure handes then frindes or parentes, so
[Sidenote: Plato.
Aristotel.]
muche price Plato the Philosopher, and Aristotle doe attri-
bute vnto our countrie, the volumes of all lawes and bokes
[Fol. xxx.v]
doe prefare oure naturall countrie before the priuate state of
[Sidenote: The state of
a publike
wealthe, is to
bee preferred
before a pri-
uate wealth.
Pericles.]
owne manne, wealthe, glorie, honor, dignitie, and riches of
one or fewe, the Statutes of all Princes, sekyng the glorie
of their countrie, doe prefare a vniuersal welthe, before a pri-
uate and particulare commoditie. Pericles the noble Athe-
nian in his oration made to the Athenians, sheweth that the
glorie and welthe of one man or manie, cannot plante suche
glorie, and renowne to their countrie, as that in all partes
thereby to be beautified and decorated, but whe[n] glorie a hap-
pie and florishyng state redoundeth to the kyngdome, the
subiectes, the nobelles and hye peres, the gouuernour stan-
deth happie and fortunate. Who so hopeth in sparing costes
and charges, monie or ornaments, to the behouf and imploi-
ment of his countrie and not by all meanes to his power and
strength aydeth and defendeth his naturall countrie, from
[Sidenote: A good sub-
iecte is redie
to liue and
die for his
countrie.]
the daunger and inuasion of his enemie, what state inioyeth
he, or what wealth remaineth priuatlie, when the trone and
scepter of his kyng faileth, the enemie wasteth, spoileth and
destroieth all partes of his state, with the reste his life pe-
risheth, so that no daunger, coste, is to bee refused, to serue
the kingdom and prince, by whose scepter, iustice, lawes, and
equitie we are gouuerned, there is no subiect well affected,
but that he onlie liueth to proffite his countrie, to liue & dye
therein.
¶ Probabell.
IF only Zopyrus had enterprised this valiaunt act,
and that no memorie were remainyng in anie age
of the noble acts of other men, it may seme not true-
lie chronacled, but from time to time, in all ages &
co[m]mon wealthes, famous men for their acts & nobilitie haue
ben, whiche with like courrage and magnanimitie haue sa-
[Sidenote: Horacius Co[-]
cles.]
ued their countrie, by the losse of their owne liues. Horatius
Cocles is bothe a witnesse and a light to the same, by whose
aduenture the mightie and stronge Citie Rome was saued:
For at what time as the Hetruscians entred on the citie, and
[Fol. xxxj.r]
were on the bridge, Horatius cocles defendid the ende of the
same, baryng of the brunte, and stroke of the enemie, vntill
the Romans, for the sauegarde of the cytie, had broken doun
the bridge, as sone as Horatius Cocles sawe the Cytie thus
deliuered, and the repulse of the enemie, he lepte with his ar-
mours into the flud Tibar, it semed he had not regard to his
life, that beyng burdened with the waighte and grauitie of
his armour, durst venter his life to so main and depe a water.
[Sidenote: Marcus
Attilius.]
Marcus Attilius in the defence of his Prince, his right hand
being cut of, the which he laide on the ship of the Massilians,
forthwith he apprehended with the lefte hand, and ceased not
[Sidenote: Cynegerus.]
vntill he hadde soouncke thesame ship. Cynegerus the Athe-
nian lineth by fame and like nobilitie of actes, ve[n]teryng his
life for his countrie. The mightie cytie of Athenes, brought
[Sidenote: Hismenias.
Thrasibulus[.]]
vnder the dominions of the Lacedemonians. Thrasibulus,
Hismenias and Lisias bi their aduenture, and noble atchiue
reduced Athenes to his felicitie so moche loue, soo faithefull
hartes they hadde towardes theire countreie. Leonides the
King of the Lacedemonians, defendyng the narow straights
of the cytie Thermopolie with fower thousand men against
the mightie and huge armie of Xerxes, for Xerxes contemned
[Sidenote: Leonides
kyng of the
Lacedemo-
nians.]
theire smalle number and armie: Leonides the kyng hearde
that the place and hill of the battell was preue[n]tid of .xx. thou-
sande enemies, he exorted his souldiours parte of them to de-
parte vntill a better time might be locked for, and onlie with
the Lacedemonians he proued the conflicte and the combate,
although the campe of Xerxes was mightier & more in num-
ber: yet Leonides the kyng thought it good for the sauegarde
of his contrie, for saieth he, I must rather saue it, then to haue
respecte to my life, although the oracle of Delphos had fore-
shewed, that euen Leonides muste die in the fielde or battell
of the enemie, and therefore Leonides entred battail, & com-
fortid his men for their countrie sake, as to die therein, there-
fore he preuented the narrowe straightes of the countrie, and
the dangerous places, where the force of the enemie mought
[Fol. xxxj.v]
bruste in, he lingered not, leste the enemie mighte compasse
him in, but in the quiet season of the nighte, he set vppon his
enemie vnloked for, and they beynge but sixe hundred men
[Sidenote: Leonides.]
with the kyng Leonides, brust into the ca[m]pe of their enemies
beyng sixe hundred thousand menne, their valiauntnes was
suche, and the ouerthowe of their enemies so great, and Xer-
xes the kyng hauyng two woundes, retired with shame and
[Sidenote: Agesilaus.
Conon.]
loste the honor. Agesilaus and Conon valiaunte in actes,
and excellynge in all nobilitie, what great and mightie dan-
gers haue thei atchiued and venterid for their countrie sake,
howe moche haue thei neglectid their owne wealth, riches,
life and glorie, for the aduauncement and honor of their cou[n]-
[Sidenote: Lisander.]
trie. Lisander also the Lacedemonian, was indued with like
nobilitie with faithfull and syncéer harte towarde his coun-
[Sidenote: Archidamus[.]
Codrus.]
try. Archidamus also lieth not in obliuio[n], whose fame death
buried not the famous aduenture of Codrus kyng of the A-
thenians is maruelous and almoste incredible, but that the
Histores, truelie set forth, and declare a manifest truthe ther-
[Sidenote: Epamniun-
das.]
of, who is more famous then Epaminundas, bothe for vir-
tue, nobilitie and marciall feates among the Thebans, the
[Sidenote: Grecians.]
mightie armie of the Grecians, at the longe sege of Troie,
what valiaunte Capitains hadde thei, whiche in the defence
[Sidenote: Troians.]
of their countrie hasarde their life: the Troians also wanted
not for proues valiauntnes and al nobilitie, their péeres and
[Sidenote: Romans.]
nobles: amonge the Romans, what a greate number was
of noble peres, whose studie alwaies was to liue and dye in
the glorie, aide and defence of their countrie, for he liueth not
by whose cowardlines fainted harte and courage, the contrie
[Sidenote: Who liueth in
shame.]
or kyngdome standeth in perrill, he liueth in shame, that re-
fuseth daunger, coste or charge, in the defence or procuryng,
better state to his countrie. The worthie saiyng of Epami-
nundas declareth, who liueth to his countrie, who diyng va-
liauntlie in the felde, beyng thrust thorow with the speare of
his enemie, asked those questions of these that stoede by him
at the poincte of deathe, is my speare manfullie broken, and
[Fol. xxxij.r]
my enemies chassed awaie, the whiche things his co[m]panions
[Sidenote: Epameunn-
das a most no[-]
ble and vali-
aunt pere.]
in warre affirmed, then saide he: nowe your Capitaine Epa-
minundas beginneth to liue in that he dieth valiauntlie for
his countrie, and in the proffite & aduauncement of the same,
a worthie man, noble and valiaunte, his sentence also was
worthie to be knowen, and followed of all suche as bee well
affected and Godlie mynded to their countrie. Marcus Mar-
cellus of like sorte, and Titus Manlius Torquatus, & Sci-
pio Aemilianus, Marcus Attilius shewed in what hye price
our naturall countrée ought to bee had, by their valiaunt at-
chifes, and enterprises: I might passe by in sile[n]ce Scipio Ca-
to, and Publius Scipio Nasica, but that thei by like fame,
honour and glorie liue immortall to their countrie, the same
also of Uibeus, Ualerius Flaccus, and Pedanius Centurio
giueth ampell and large matter to all menne, endued with
nobilitie and valiaunt proues, for the defence of their coun-
trie with Quintus Coccius, Marcus Sceua and Sceuola.
¶ Possibilitie.
THere nedeth no doute to rise of possibilitie, seinge
that examples doe remain of famous men, of god-
lie and well affected persones, whiche haue with
like magnanimitie putte in daunger their life, to
[Sidenote: The order of
Athenes.]
saue their Prince, kyngdome, and countrie. Greate honour
was giuen of the Athenians, to soche noble and valiaunte
men, whiche ventered their liues for their common wealthe,
to maintaine the florishyng state thereof. The eloquente and
[Sidenote: Thusidides.]
copious oracion of Thusidides, the true, faithfull, and elo-
quente Historiographer doeth shewe: what honour and im-
mortall fame was attributed, to all soche as did venter their
liues, in the florishyng state of their countrie, in supportyng,
mainteinyng, and defendyng thesame. Who, although thei
loste their liues, whiche by death should bee dissolued, their
fame neuer buried, liueth with the soule to immortalitie, the
losse of their Priuate wealthe, glorie, riches, substaunce, or
dignitie, hath purchased and obtained fame, that withereth
[Fol. xxxij.v]
not, and glorie that faileth not.
¶ Agreyng and comelie.
BOthe the true Histories, doe leaue in commenda-
cion, the facte of Zopyrus, and the noble and wor-
thie enterprises of other: whiche haue giuen the
like assaie, and their fame is celebrated and titeled
with immortall commendacion and glorie, to the posteritie
[Sidenote: The duetie
of all good
subiectes.]
of all ages followyng. What harte can bee so stonie, or bru-
tishly affected, that wil not venter his life, goodes, landes, or
possessions: if with the daunger of one, that is of hymself, the
whole bodie and state of his countrie, is thereby supported,
and saued. What securitie and quietnesse remained, what
wealth, honour, or fame to Zopyrus: if not onely Zopyrus
had perished, but the kyng & people vniuersally had been de-
stroied. Therevpon Zopyrus weighing and co[n]sideryng, the
[Sidenote: The cause of
our birthe.]
state of his birthe, that his countrie chalenged his life, rather
then the dissolucion of the whole kyngdome, the decaie of the
Prince, the takyng awaie of the scepter, the slaughter of in-
finite people to ensue. He was borne to be a profitable mem-
ber to his countrie, a glorie and staie to thesame: and not spa-
ryng his life, or shunnyng the greate deformitie of his bo-
die, to bee a ruine of thesame. Was it not better that one pe-
rished, then by the securitie of one, a whole lande ouer run-
ned, as partes thereby spoiled: it was the duetie of Zopirus,
to take vpon hym that greate and famous enterprise. It was
also comelie, the kyngdome standyng in perill, a sage and
descrite persone to preuente and putte of, soche a daunger at
[Sidenote: The facte of
Zopyrus.]
hande: The faicte altogether sheweth all vertue and greate
singularitie, and a rare moderacion of minde, to cast of all re-
spectes and excuses, forsakyng presentlie honour, quietnesse
and obiecting himself to perill, he sawe if he onelie died, or by
ieopardie saued his countrie, many thereby liued, the kyng-
dome & people florished, where otherwise, he with his Prince
and kyngdome might haue perished.
¶ Proffitable.
[Fol. xxxiij.r]
[Sidenote: The fact of
Zopyrus.]
AL the power of the Babilonians, was by his pol-
icie throwen doune, the Citee taken, the enemie
brought to confusion: on the other side, the Persi-
ans rose mightie, soche a mightie enemie put vn-
derfoote. The fame of Zopyrus and glorie of the facte, will
neuer be obliterated, or put out of memorie, if this were not
profitable to the kyngdome of Persia: if this were not a re-
noume to the prince and people, and immortall glory to Zo-
[Sidenote: Zopyrus de-
formed, a
beautie of his
countree.]
pryus iudge ye. Zopyrus therfore, beautified his countrée, by
the deformitie of his bodie. Better it wer to haue many soche
deformed bodies, then the whole state of the realme destroied
or brought to naught: if we weigh the magnanimitie of that
man, and his enterprise, there is so moche honour in the fact,
that his fame shall neuer cease.
¶ A common place.
[Sidenote: Why it is cal-
led a common
place.]
A Common place is a Oracion, dilatyng and ampli-
fiyng good or euill, whiche is incidente or lodged in
any man. This Oracion is called a common place,
because the matter conteined in it, doeth agree vniuersally to
all menne, whiche are partakers of it, and giltie of thesame[.]
A Oracion framed againste a certaine Thefe, Extorcio-
ner, Murderer, or Traitor, is for the matter conteined in it,
metelie and aptlie compiled, against all soche as are giltie of
theft, murder, treason, or spotted with any other wickednes.
This oracion of a common place, is like to the laste argu-
ment or _Epilogus_ of any oracion, whiche the Grekes doe call
_Deuterologian_, whiche is as moche to saie, as a rehearsall of
that whiche is spoken of before.
Wherefore, a common place hath no _exhordium_, or be-
ginnyng, yet neuerthelesse, for the profite and exercise of the
learner, you maie place soche a _proemium_, or beginnyng of
the oracion, as maie be easie to induce the learner.
This parte of _Rhetorike_ is large to intreate vpon, for the
aboundaunce of matter.
This part of _Rhetorike_ is large to intreate vpon, for the
[Fol. xxxiij.v]
aboundaunce of matter.
The common place, whiche Aphthonius intreateth of, is
to be aplied against any man, for the declaimor to inuade, ei-
ther against vices, or to extoll and amplifie his vertues.
This oracion of a common place, serueth bothe for the ac-
cuser and the defender.
For the accuser, to exasperate and moue the Iudges or
hearers, against the offender, or accused.
For the defendour to replie, and with all force & strength
of matter, to mollifie and appease the perturbacions of the
Iudges and hearers, to pulle doune and deface the contrarie
alledged.
There is greate force in this oracion, on bothe the sides.
Properlie this kinde of _Rhetorike_, is called a common
place, though it semeth to be made againste this man, or that
man: because the matter of thesame shall properly pertain to
all, giltie of thesame matter.
[Sidenote: Pristianus.]
Pristianus sheweth, that this parte of _Rhetorike_, is as it
were a certaine exaggeracion of reason, to induce a manifest
probacion of any thyng committed.
As for example, a Theife taken in a robberie, in whom
neither shamefastnesse, nor sparcle of grace appereth against
soche a one: this oracion maie be made, to exasperate the Iud-
ges from all fauour or affeccion of pitie, to be shewed.
¶ The order of the Oracion followeth
with these notes to be made by.
¶ The firste Proheme.
DEmosthenes the famous Orator of Athenes in
his oracio[n] made against Aristogito[n] doeth saie,
[Sidenote: What are
Lawes.]
that Lawes wherewith a common wealthe, ci-
tie or Region is gouerned, are the gifte of God,
a profitable Discipline among men, a restraint
to with holde and kepe backe, the wilfull, rashe, and beastilie
[Sidenote: Aristotle.
Plato.]
life of man, and therupo[n] Aristotle and Plato doe shewe, that
through the wicked behauour of men, good lawes were first
[Fol. xxxiiij.r]
ordained, for, of ill maners, saie thei, rose good lawes, where
[Sidenote: Order.]
lawes doe cease, and good order faileth, there the life of man
will growe, rude, wild and beestlie: Man beyng a chiefe crea-
[Sidenote: Man borne
by nature to
societee.]
ture or God, indued with manie singuler vertues, is framed
of nature to a mutuall and Godlie societie of life, without
the whiche moste horrible wolde the life bee, for not onlie by
concorde and agremente, the life of man dothe consiste but al
things on the earth haue therin their being: the heauens and
lightes conteined in the same, haue a perpetuall harmonie
& concente in finishyng their appointed race. The elementes
[Sidenote: All thinges
beyng on the
yearth, dooe
consiste by a
harmonie or
concorde.]
of the worlde, where with the nature and substaunce of all
thinges, doe consiste onlie by a harmonie and temperature of
eche parte, haue their abidyng increase & prosperous beyng,
otherwise their substaunce, perisheth and nature in all partes
decaieth: Kyngdomes and common wealthes doe consiste in
a harmonie, so long as vertue and all singularitie tempereth
their state and gouernemente, and eche member thereof obe-
ieth his function, office and callynge, and as partes of the-
same bodie, euerie one as nature hath ordained theim occu-
piyng, their roume and place, the vse of euerie parte, all to the
vse and preseruacion of the hole bodie, and as in the bodie so
in the common wealthe, the like concorde of life oughte to be
in euery part, the moste principall parte accordyng to his di-
gnitie of office, as moste principall to gouerne thother inferi-
or partes: and it thei as partes moste principal of thesame bo-
die with all moderacion and equabilitie te[m]peryng their state,
[Sidenote: Order con-
serueth com-
mon wealth.]
office and calling. The meanest parte accordyng to his lowe
state, appliyng hym selfe to obeie and serue the moste prin-
cipall: wherein the perfecte and absolute, frame of common
wealthe or kyngdome is erected. And seyng that as the Phi-
losophers doe saie, of ill maners came good lawes, that is to
saie, the wicked and beastlie life of man, their iniurius beha-
uiour, sekyng to frame themselues from men to beastes mo-
[Sidenote: Euil maners
was the occa-
sion of good
Lawes.]
ued the wise and Godlie, elders to ordaine certaine meanes,
to rote discipline, whereby the wickedlie disposed personne
[Fol. xxxiiij.v]
should bee compelled to liue in order, to obeie Godlie lawes,
to the vpholdyng of societie. Therefore, all suche as dissolue
lawes, caste doune good order, and state of common wealth,
out as putride and vnprofitable weedes, to be extirpated and
plucked vp from Citie and Common wealthe, from societie,
who by mischeuous attemptes seke, to extinguishe societie,
amitie, and concord in life. Princes & gouernors with al other
magistrates ought in their gouernment to imitate the prac-
tise of the Phisician, the nature of man, wekedned and made
feble with to moche abundaunce of yll humors, or ouermoch
with ill bloode replenished, to purge and euacuate that, and
all to the preseruacion and healthe of the whole bodie: for so
was the meanyng of the Philosopher, intreatyng of the po-
litike, gouernment of kingdome and commonwealth, when
[Sidenote: Theiues not
mete to be in
any societie.]
thei compared a kingdome to the bodie of man: the thefe and
robber as a euill and vnprofitable member, and all other as
without all right, order, lawe, equitie and iustice, doe breake
societie of life, bothe against lawe and nature: possessing the
goodes of a other man, are to bee cutte of, as no partes, méete
to remaine in any societie.
¶ The seconde Proheme.
[Sidenote: Why theiues
and wicked
men, are cut
of by lawe.]
THe chifest cause that moued gouernours and ma-
gistrates, to cutte of the race of theues, and viole[n]te
robbers, and of all other mischeuous persons, was
that by them a confusion would ensue in al states.
What Citee could stande in prosperous state, yea, or what
house priuatlie inhabited, where lawes and aucthoritee were
exiled: where violence, will, luste, and appetite of pestiferous
men, might without terrour bee practised. If the labour and
industrie of the godlie, should be alwaie a praie to y^e wicked,
and eche mannes violence and iniurious dealyng, his owne
lawe, the beaste in his state, would bee lesse brutishe and in-
iurious. Who so seketh to caste doune this societée, he is not
méete to be of any societée, whiche he dissolueth. Who so rob-
beth or stealeth, to liue by the gooddes of an other manne, as
[Fol. xxxv.r]
his possession, is by violence and againste Nature: so by vio-
[Sidenote: A due rewar[-]
des for thie-
ues and mur-
therers.]
lence and against nature, their pestiferous doinges do frame
their confusion: their execrable & destetable purpose, do make
theim a outcaste from all good people, and as no members
thereof, cut of from all societée, their euill life rooteth perpetu-
al ignomie and shame. And thus is the tragicall ende of their
enterprise.
¶ The contrarie.
[Sidenote: Democratia.]
HErein the lose and dissolute state of gouernmente
called of the Grekes Democratia, haue conten-
ted the wilfull heddes of pestiferous men: where-
in euery man must bee a ruler. Their owne will
is their Lawe: there luste setteth order, no Magistrate, but
euery one to hymself a Magistrate. All thynges in common,
as long as that state doeth remain emong the wicked, a most
happie state coumpted, a wished state to idell persones, but it
[Sidenote: The thiefe.
The mur-
therer.]
continueth not. Herein the murtherer, the thiefe were meete
to be placed. The greater thiefe, the better manne: the moste
execrable murtherer, a moste mete persone, for soche state of
gouernemente. There is no nacion vnder the Sunne, but
that one tyme or other, this troublous state hath molested
theim: and many haue sought to sette vp soche a monsterous
state of regiment, a plagued common wealthe, and to be de-
tested. Soche was the order of men, when thei liued without
lawes. When the whole multitude were scattered, no citee,
Toune, or house builded or inhabited, but through beastlie
maners, beastlie dispersed, liued wilde and beastlie. But
the wise, sage, and politike heddes reduced by wisedome, into
[Sidenote: Houses.
Families.
Tounes.
Citees.]
a societie of life, nature leadyng thereto: Houses and habita-
cions, were then for necessitie made, families multiplied, vil-
lages and Tounes populouslie increased, and Citees raised
emong so infinite people. Nature by God inuented and sta-
blished Lawe, and the sage and wise persones, pronounced
and gaue sentence vpon Lawes. Whereupon, by the obedi-
ence of lawes, and preeminente aucthoritie of Magistrates:
[Fol. xxxv.v]
The state of mightie Kyngdomes and Common wealthes,
haue growen to soche a roialnesse and loftie state, many fa-
mous kingdomes haue been on the face of the yearth: many
noble Princes from tyme to tyme succedyng, whiche with-
[Sidenote: Obedience of
Lawes did
stablishe the
mightie mo-
narchies.]
out a order of godlie lawes, could not haue continued. What
was the cause that the mightie Monarchies, continued many
hundred yeres: did the losse of dissolute life of subiectes and
Princes, cause thesame but good lawes, and obedience to or-
ders. Therefore, where Magistrates, bothe in life and office,
[Sidenote: The life of
the Magi-
strate, a lawe[.]]
liue in the obedience of Lawes: the multitude inferiour, by
example of the Magistrates singularitie, incensed dooe place
before them, their example of life, as a strong lawe.
[Sidenote: The Epistle
of Theodosi-
uus Empe-
ror of Rome[.]]
Theodosius Emperor of Rome, writyng to Uolusianus
his chief Pretor, as concernyng his office, in these woordes,
saieth: _Digna vox est maiestate regnantis legibus alligatum se
principem profiteri. Adeo de autoritate Iuris nostra pendet
autoritas et reuera maius imperio est submittere legibus prin[-]
cipatum & oraculo presentis edicti quod nobis licere non pa-
timur alijs indicamus._ It is a worthie saiyng, and meete for
the Maiestie of a Prince, to acknowledge hymself vnder his
lawe. For, our aucthoritie, power, and sworde, doeth depende
vpon the force, might, and aucthoritie of Lawes, and it pas-
seth all power and aucthoritie, his gouernemente and kyng-
dome to be tempered by lawe, as a moste inuiolable Oracle
and decrée, so to doe as we prouulgate to other. Whereupon
it is manifeste, what force godlie lawes gaue to the Prince,
what aucthoritie. Take lawes awaie, all order of states fai-
[Sidenote: Princes
Lawe.]
leth, the Prince by Lawe, is a terrour to the malefactour: his
Maiestie is with all humblenesse serued, feared, and obeied.
By lawes, his state maketh hym as a God, emong menne, at
whose handes the preseruacion of eche one, of house, citee and
countrie is sought. Seing bothe lawes and the Prince, hane
that honour and strength, that without them, a _Chaos_ a con-
fusion would followe, in the bodie of all common wealthes
and kyngdomes. Let them by aucthoritie and lawe bee con-
[Fol. xxxvj.r]
founded, that practise to subuerte aucthoritie, to neclecte the
Prince, and his godlie lawes.
¶ The exposicion.
[Sidenote: Theiues and
all iniurious
persones.]
THe theife, or any other iniurious persone, doeth seke
to bée aboue all lawes, exempted from all order, vn-
der no obedience, their pestiferous dealyng, dooe vt-
[Sidenote: Demosthe-
nes in Ari-
stogiton.]
ter thesame: For, as Demosthenes the famous Orator of A-
thenes doeth saie. If that wicked men cease not their viole[n]ce
if that good men in all quietnes and securitie, can not enioye
their owne goddes, while lawe and aucthoritie of the magi-
strate, seuerelie and sharply vseth his aucthoritie and sword.
If dailie the heddes of wicked men, cease not to subuerte la-
wes, orders, and decrees godlie appoincted. Whiles that in
all Citees and common wealthes, the Princes and gouer-
[Sidenote: The force of
lawes.]
nours, are by lawes a terror to them. Lawes then ceasyng,
the dreadfull sente[n]ce of the Iudge and Magistrate wanting.
The sworde vndrawen, all order confounded, what a con-
fusion would followe: yea, what an open passage would bee
lefte open to all wickednesse. The terrour of Lawes, the
sworde and aucthoritie of the Magestrate, depresseth and put[-]
teth doune, the bloodie cogitacions of the wicked, and so hin-
dereth and cutteth of, many horrible and bloodie enterprises.
Els there would bee neither Prince, Lawe, nor subiecte, no
hedde or Magistrate: but euery manne his owne hedde, his
owne lawe and Magistrate, oppression and violence should
bee lawe, and reason, and wilfull luste would bee in place of
reason, might, force, and power, should ende the case. Where-
fore, soche as no lawe, no order, nor reason, will driue lo liue
as members in a common wealthe, to serue in their functio[n].
[Sidenote: Wicked men
burdeins of
the yearth.]
Thei are as Homere calleth the:m, burdeins to the yearth,
for thei are of no societie linked with Nature, who through
wickednesse are disseuered, abhorryng concorde of life, socie-
tie and felowship. Whom sinister and bitter stormes of for-
tune, doe daiely vexe and moleste, who in the defence of their
[Fol. xxxvj.v]
[Sidenote: Maimed sol-
diours muste
be prouided
for.]
countrie are maimed, and thereby their arte and science, for,
imbecilitie not practised, all art otherwise wantyng, extreme
pouertee fallyng on them, reason muste moue, and induce all
hartes, to pitée chieflie their state: who in defence and main-
teinaunce of our Countrie, Prince, and to the vpholdyng of
our priuate wealthe at home, are become debilitated, defor-
med and maimed, els their miseries will driue them to soche
hedlesse aduentures, that it maie bee saied, as it was saied to
[Sidenote: The saiyng
of a souldiour
to Alexander
the greate.]
Alexander the Greate. Thy warres, O Prince, maketh ma-
ny theues, and peace will one daie hang them vp. Wherein
the Grecians, as Thusidides noteth, had a carefull proui-
dence, for all soche as in the defence of their Countrie were
maimed, yea, euen for their wiues, and children of all soche,
as died in warre, to be mainteined of the commo[n] charge and
threasure of Grece. Reade his Oracion in the seconde booke,
made vpon the funerall of the dedde soldiours.
¶ A comparison of vices.
[Sidenote: The dru[n]kard[.]
The proude
persone.
The prodigal[.]
The couei-
teous.
The robber.]
THe dronkarde in his state is beastlie, the proude
and arrogante persone odious, the riotous and
prodigall persone to be contempned, the couei-
tous and nigardlie manne to bee reiected. But
who so by violence, taketh awaie the goodes of
an other man, or by any subtill meanes, iniustlie possesseth
thesame, is detestable, with all seueritée to be punished. The
[Sidenote: The adul-
terer.
The harlot.]
adulterer and the harlotte, who by brutishe behauiour, leude
affection, not godlines leadyng thereto: who by their vnchast
behauior, and wanton life doe pollute, and co[n]taminate their
bodie, in whom a pure minde ought to be reposed. Who tho-
rowe beastly affeccion, are by euill maners transformed to
beastes: and as moche as in theim lieth, multipliyng a bru-
[Sidenote: The homi-
cide.]
tishe societie. The homicide in his state more horrible, accor-
dyng to his outragious and bloodie life, is to bee tormented,
in like sort all other vices, accordyng to their mischiues, rea-
son, Lawe and Iustice, must temper and aggrauate due re-
[Fol. xxxvij.r]
ward, and sentence to them.
¶ The sentence.
[Sidenote: Thefte horri[-]
ble amo[n]g the
Scitheans.]
NO vice was more greuous, and horrible emong
the Scithians then thefte, for this was their sai-
yng: _Quid saluum esse poterit si licet furari_, what
can be safe, if thefte bee lefull or tolerated. Herein
[Sidenote: A sentence a-
genst thefte.]
the vniuersalle societée of life is caste doune, hereby a confu-
sion groweth, and a subuersion in all states immediatlie fol-
loweth, equitee, iustice, and all sincere dealyng is abaundo-
ned, violence extirpateth vertue, and aucthoritie is cutte of.
¶ The digression.
THE facte in other maie be with more facilitée to-
lerated, in that to theim selues, the facte and con-
uersacion of life is moste pernicious, and hurtfull,
but by soche kinde of menne, whole kyngdomes
and common wealthes would bee ouerthrowen. And for a
prosperous state and common wealthe, a common woe and
[Sidenote: Horrible vi-
ces.]
calamitée would fall on them, tumultes and vprores main-
tained, right and lawe exiled: neither in field quietnes, welth
or riches, houses spoiled, families extinguished, in all places
sedicion, warre for peace, violence for right, will and lust for
[Sidenote: Userers.]
lawe, a hedlesse order in all states. And as concernyng Usu-
rers, though their gaines be neuer so ample, and plentifull,
to enriche them, whereby thei growe to be lordes, ouer many
thousandes of poundes: yet the wealthe gotten by it, is so in-
iurious, that thei are a greate plague, to all partes of the co[m]-
mon wealthe: so many daungers and mischiues, riseth of the[m][.]
Cato the noble and wise Senator of Rome, being demaun-
ded diuers questions, what was firste to bee sought, in a fa-
milie or housholde, the aunsweres not likyng the demaun-
[Sidenote: The sentence
of Cato a-
gainst vsu-
rers.
Usure is mur[-]
ther.]
der: this question was asked, O Cato, what sente[n]ce giue you
of Usurie, that is a goodlie matter to bee enriched by. Then
Cato aunswered in fewe woordes. _Quid hominem occidere._
What saie you to be a murderer? Soche a thyng saieth he, is
[Fol. xxxvij.v]
Usurie. A brief sentence againste Usurers, but wittely pro-
nounced from the mouth of a godlie, sage, noble, and descrite
persone, whiche sentence let the Usurer, ioigne to his Usury
retourned, and repeate at the retourne thereof, this sentence
[Sidenote: The sentence
of Cato a dis-
comfort to v-
surers.]
of Cato, I haue murthered. This one sentence will discou-
rage any Usurer, knowyng hymself a murtherer. Though
moche more maie be spoken against it, this shalbe sufficient.
The Hebrues calleth Usurie, by the name of _Shecke_, that is
a bityng gaine, of the whiche many haue been so bitten, that
whole families haue been deuoured, & beggerie haue been
their gaine. And as Palingenius noteth.
_Debitor aufugiens portat cum fænore sortem._
The debtour often tymes saieth he, runneth awaie, and
carieth with hym, the debte and gaines of the Usurie. The
Grekes calleth Usurie _Tokos_, that is properlie the trauaile
of women of their childe: soche is their Usurie, a daungerous
gettyng. Demosthenes likeneth their state as thus, as if ter-
restriall thynges should be aboue the starres: and the heaue[n]s
[Sidenote: Usure a dan-
gerous gaue.]
and celestialle bodies, gouerned by the base and lowe terre-
striall matters, whiche by no meanes, can conserue the ex-
cellencie of them, for, of them onely, is their matter, substau[n]ce
and nature conserued.
¶ Exclusion of mercie.
WHerefore, to whom regimente and gouerne-
mente is committed, on whose administracion,
the frame of the co[m]mon wealth doe staie it self:
thei ought with al wisedome and moderacion,
to procede in soche causes, whose office in wor-
[Sidenote: Princes and
magistrates
be as Gods
on the earth.]
thinesse of state, and dignitée, maketh the[m] as Goddes on the
yearth, at whose mouthes for wisedome, counsaill, and for-
tunate state, infinite people doe depende. It is no smal thing
in that their sword & aucthoritée, doeth sette or determine all
thinges, that tendereth a prosperous state, whereupon with
all integritée and equitée, thei ought to temper the affeccions
of their mynde: and accordyng to the horrible facte, and mis-
[Fol. xxxviij.r]
chiues of the wicked, to exasperate & agrauate their terrible
iudgemente, and to extirpate from the yearth, soche as be of
[Sidenote: The homicide.
The Theue.
The Adulte-
rer.]
no societie in life. The bloodie homicide, the thief, the adul-
terer, for by these all vertue is rooted out, all godlie societie
extinguished, citees, realmes, and countrées, prostrate & pla-
gued for the toleracion of their factes, against soch frendship
in iudgemente muste cease, and accordyng to the state of the
cause, equitee to retaine frendship, money muste not blinde,
nor rewardes to force and temper Iudgementes: but accor-
dyng to the veritee of the cause, to adde a conclusion. Wor-
[Sidenote: Whey the pi-
ctures of ma-
gistrates bee
picturid with-
oute handes.]
thelie the pictures of Princes, Gouernours and Magistrates
in auncient tymes doe shewe this, where the antiquitée ma-
keth theim without handes, therein it sheweth their office,
and iudgemente to proceade with equitée, rewardes not to
blind, or suppresse the sinceritée of the cause. Magistrates not
to bee bounde to giftes, nor rewardes to rule their sentence.
_Alciatus_ in his boke called _Emblemata, in senatu[m] sancti prin-
cipis_.
[Sidenote: Princes and
magistrates
graue & con-
stante.]
_Effigies manibus trunc[ae] ante altaria diuum
Hic resident, quarum lumine capta prior
Signa potestatis summ[ae], sanctiq[ue] senatus,
Thebanis fuerant ista reperta viris.
Cur resident? Quia mente graues decet esse quieta
Iuridicos, animo nec variare leui.
Cur sine sunt manibus? Capiant ne xenia, nec se
Pollicitis flecti muneribus ve sinant.
Cecus est princeps quod solis auribus, absq[ue]
Affectu constans iussa senatus agit._
Where vertue and integritée sheweth it self, in the persone
and cause, to vpholde and maintein thesame. Roote out hor-
rible vices from common wealthe, that the more surer and
stronge foundacion of vertue maie be laied: for, that onelie
cause, the scepter of kinges, the office of magistrates was left
to the posteritée of all ages.
¶ Lawfull and iuste.
[Fol. xxxviij.v]
¶ Lawfull and iust.
[Sidenote: Lawes giue
equitie to all
states.]
SEyng that lawes bee godlie, and vniuersally thei
temper equitée to all states, and giue according to
iustice, euery man his owne: he violateth vertue,
that dispossesseth an other manne of his own, and
[Sidenote: What driueth
y^e magistrate
to horrible
sentence a-
gainst wicked
persons.]
wholie extinguisheth Iustice. And thereupon his beastly life
by merite forceth and driueth, lawe and Magistrate, to terri-
ble iudgement. For, who so against right, without order, or
lawe, violateth an other man, soche a one, lawes of iustice,
muste punishe violentlie, and extirpate from societée, beyng
a dissoluer of societee.
¶ Profitable.
IF soche wicked persones be restrained, and seuerelie
punished, horrible vices will be rooted out: all artes[,]
sciences, and godlie occupacions mainteined, vphol-
ded and kept. Then there must bée a securitée in all states, to
[Sidenote: Magistrate.
Subiect.]
practise godlines, a mutuall concorde. The Magistrate with
equitée, the subiecte with faithful and humble obedience, ac-
complishyng his state, office, and callyng. Whereupon by
good Magistrates, and good subiectes, the common wealthe
and kyngdom is in happie state stablished. For, in these twoo
[Sidenote: Plato.]
poinctes, as Plato doeth saie, there is vertuous rule, and like
obedience.
¶ Easie and possible.
[Sidenote: The begyn-
nyng of vice
is to be cut af.]
AL this maie easely be doen, when wickednes is cutte
of, in his firste groweth, when the magistrate driueth
continually, by sworde and aucthoritée, all menne to
obedience, bothe of lawes and gouernuurs. Then in al good
common wealthes, vices are neuer tolerated to take roote: be-
cause the beginnyng and increase of vices, is sone pulled vp,
his monsterous kyngdome thereby ouerthrowen.
¶ The conclusion.
SO doyng, happie shall the kyng be, happie kyngdome,
and moste fortunate people.
[Fol. xxxix.r]
¶ The parte of Rhetorike, called praise.
His Oracion, which is titeled praise, is a declamacio[n]
of the vertuous or good qualitées, propertees belon-
gyng to any thyng, whiche doeth procede by certaine
notes of arte.
All thynges that maie be seen, with the iye of man, tou-
ched, or with any other sence apprehended: that maie be prai-
sed, or dispraised.
{ Manne. Citees. }
{ Fisshe. Floodes. }
{ Foule. Castles. }
{ Beaste. Toures. }
As { Orchardes. Gardeins. }
{ Stones. Stones. }
{ Trees. Artes. }
{ Plantes. Sciences. }
{ Mettals. }
Any vertue maie be praised, as wisedome, rightuousnes[,]
fortitude, magnanimitée, temperaunce, liberalitée, with all
other.
These are to be celebrated with praise.
The persone, as Iulius Cesar, Octauius Augustus,
Hieremie, Tullie, Cato, Demosthenes.
Thynges, as rightuousnes, temperaunce.
Tymes, as the Spryng tyme of the yere, Sommer, Har-
uest, Winter.
Places, as Hauens, Orchardes, Gardeins, Toures,
Castles, Temples, Islandes.
Beastes wantyng reason, as Horse, Shepe, Oxen[,] Pla[n]-
ntes, as Uines, Oliues.
In the praise of vertue, this maie be saied.
THe excellencies of it, the antiquitee and originalle be-
ginnyng thereof, the profite that riseth to any region
by it, as no kyngdome can consiste without vertue,
[Fol. xxxix.v]
and to extoll the same, in makyng a comparison, with other
giftes of nature, or with other giftes of fortune, more infe-
riour or base.
[Sidenote: Wherein the
praise of a ci-
tie consisteth[.]]
Upon a citée, praise maie be recited, consideryng the good-
lie situacion of it, as of Paris, Uenice, London, Yorke: con-
sideryng the fertilitie of the lande, the wealthe and aboun-
daunce, the noble and famous goueruours, whiche haue go-
uerned thesame. The first aucthors and builders of thesame,
the politike lawes, and godlie statutes therein mainteined:
The felicitée of the people, their maners, their valeaunt pro-
wes and hardines. The buildyng and ornatures of thesame,
with Castles, Toures, Hauens, Floodes, Temples: as if a
manne would celebrate with praise. The olde, famous, and
[Sidenote: The praise of
London.
Brutus buil[-]
ded Londo[n] in
the .x. yeare of
his raine.]
aunciente Citée of London, shewyng the auncient buildyng
of thesame: the commyng of Brutus, who was the firste au-
cthor and erector of thesame. As Romulus was of the migh-
tie Citée Rome, what kyngs haue fro[m] tyme to tyme, lineal-
ly descended, and succeded, bearing croune and scepter there-
in: the valiauntnes of the people, what terror thei haue been
to all forraine nacions. What victories thei haue in battaile
obteined, how diuers nacions haue sought their amitée and
[Sidenote: Fraunce and
Scotlande
vpholded by
y^e gouernors
of this lande.]
league. The false Scottes, and Frenche menne truce brea-
kers: many and sonderie tymes, losyng their honour in the
field, and yet thei, through the puissaunt harte of the kynges
of this lande, vpholdyd and saued, from the mighte and force
[Sidenote: Cambridge.
Oxforde.]
of other enemies inuadyng theim. The twoo famous Uni-
uersitées of this lande, from the whiche, no small nomber of
greate learned men and famous, haue in the co[m]mon wealthe
sprong, with all other thynges to it.
The praise of a Kyng, Prince, Duke, Erle, Lorde, Ba-
ron, Squire, or of any other man be maie declaimed of obser[-]
uing the order of this parte of _Rhetorike_.
This parte of _Rhetorike_ called praise, is either a particu-
ler praise of one, as of kyng Henry the fifte, Plato, Tullie,
Demosthenes, Cyrus, Darius, Alexander the greate.
[Fol. xl.r]
Or a generalle and vniuersalle praise, as the praise of all
the Britaines: or of all the citezeins of London.
¶ The order to make this Oracion, is thus declared.
Firste, for the enteryng of the matter, you shall place a
_exordium_, or beginnyng.
The seconde place, you shall bryng to his praise, _Genus
eius_, that is to saie: Of what kinde he came of, whiche dooeth
consiste in fower poinctes.
{ Of what nacion. }
{ Of what countrée. }
{ Of what auncetours. }
{ Of what parentes. }
After that you shall declare, his educacion: the educacion
is conteined in thrée poinctes.
{ Institucion. }
In { Arte. }
{ Lawes. }
Then put there to that, whiche is the chief grounde of al
praise: his actes doen, whiche doe procede out of the giftes,
and excellencies of the minde, as the fortitude of the mynde,
wisedome, and magnanimitée.
Of the bodie, as a beautifull face, amiable countenaunce[,]
swiftnesse, the might and strength of thesame.
The excellencies of fortune, as his dignitée, power, au-
cthoritee, riches, substaunce, frendes.
In the fifte place vse a comparison, wherein that whiche
you praise, maie be aduaunced to the vttermoste.
Laste of all, vse the _Epilogus_, or conclusion.
¶ The example of the Oracion.
¶ The praise of Epaminundas.
IN whom nature hath powred singuler giftes,
in whom vertue, & singularitée, in famous en-
terprises aboundeth: whose glorie & renoume,
rooteth to the posteritée, immortall commen-
dacion. In the graue, their vertues and godlie
[Fol. xl.v]
[Sidenote: Obliuion.]
life, tasteth not of Obliuion, whiche at the length ouerthro-
weth all creatures, Citées, and regions. Thei liue onelie in
all ages, whose vertues spreadeth fame and noble enterpri-
[Sidenote: Who liue in
all ages.]
ses, by vertue rooteth immortalitée. Who so liueth, as that
his good fame after death ceaseth not, nor death with the bo-
die cutteth of their memorie of life: Soche not onely in life,
but also in death are moste fortunate. In death all honor, di-
[Sidenote: Good fame
chieflie rou-
teth after
death.]
gnitée, glorie, wealthe, riches, are taken from vs: The fame
and glorie of singulare life is then, chieflie takyng his holde
and roote, wise men and godlie, in life, knowen famous, af-
ter death, remain moste worthie & glorious. Who knoweth
[Sidenote: Tullie.
Demosthe-
nes.
Iulius Ce-
sar.
Octauius
Augustus.
Uespasianus[.]
Theodosius.
Traianns.
Adrianus.]
not of Tullie, the famous Oratour of Rome. Doeth De-
mosthenes lieth hidden, that noble Oratour of Athenes. Is
not y^e fame of Iulius Cesar, Octauius Augustus remainyng
of Uespasianus: of Theodosius, of Traianus, of Adrianus,
who by praise minded, be left to the ende of al ages. Soche a
one was this Epaminundas, the famous Duke of Thebe,
whose vertues gaue hym honour in life, and famous enter-
prises, immortalitée of fame after death. What can bee saied
more, in the praise and commendacion, of any peere of estate,
then was saied in the praise of Epaminundas, for his ver-
tues were so singulare, that it was doubted, he beyng so good
a manne, and so good a Magistrate, whether he were better
manne, or better Magistrate: whose vertues were so vnited,
that vertue alwaies tempered his enterprises, his loftie state
as fortune oftentymes blindeth, did not make hym vnmind-
full of his state. No doubt, but that in all common wealthes,
famous gouernours haue been, but in all those, the moste
parte haue not been soche, that all so good men, and so good
magistrates: that it is doubted, whether thei were better me[n],
[Sidenote: Good man,
good magi-
strate, boothe
a good man
and a good
magistrate.]
or better magistrates. It is a rare thyng to be a good manne,
but a more difficult matter, to bee a good Magistrate: and
moste of all, to be bothe a good man, and a good Magistrate.
Honour and preeminent state, doeth sometyme induce obli-
uion, whereupon thei ought the more vigilantlie to wade:
[Fol. xlj.r]
in all causes, and with all moderacion, to temper their pree-
[Sidenote: The saiynge
of the Philo-
sophers.]
minent state. The Philosophers ponderyng the brickle and
slippere state of fortune, did pronounce this sentence: _Diffici-
lius est res aduersas pati, quam fortunam eflantem ferre_, it is
more easie to beare sharpe and extreme pouertie, then to rule
and moderate fortune, because that the wisest menne of all
[Sidenote: Obliuion.]
haue as Chronicles doe shewe, felte this obliuion, that their
maners haue been so chaunged, as that natures molde in the[m]
had ben altered or nuelie framed, in the life of Epaminu[n]das
moderacion and vertue, so gouerned his state, that he was a
honor and renowne to his state, nothing can be more ample
in his praise, then that which is lefte Chronicled of him.
[¶] Of his countrie.
EPaminundas was borne in Thebe a famous citie in
[Sidenote: Cadmus.
Amphion.
Hercules.]
Beotia, the which Cadmus the sone of Agenor buil-
ded, whiche Amphion did close & enuiron with wal-
les, in the whiche the mightie and valiaunt Hercules was
borne, & manie noble Princes helde therin scepter, the which
Citie is tituled famous to the posterity by the noble gouern-
ment of Epaminundas.
¶ Of his auncetours.
EPaminundas came not of anie highe nobilitie or
blood, but his parentes were honeste and verteous
who as it semed were verie well affected to vertue,
instructyng their soonne in all singulare and good
qualities, for by good and vertuous life and famous enter-
prises from a meane state, manie haue bene extolled to beare
scepter, or to attaine greate honour, for as there is a begyn-
[Sidenote: Nobility rose
by vertue.]
nyng of nobilitie, so there is an ende, by vertue and famous
actes towarde the common wealthe, nobilite first rose. The
[Sidenote: Cesar.
Scipio.]
stock of Cesar and Cesars was exalted from a meaner state,
by vertue onelie to nobilitie. Scipios stocke was not alwais
noble, but his vertues graffed nobilitie to the posteritie of
his line and ofspryng followynge. And euen so as their fa-
[Fol. xlj.v]
mous enterprices excelled, nobilite in theim also increased.
[Sidenote: Catilina.]
Catilina wicked, was of a noble house, but he degenerated
from the nobilitie of his auncestours, the vertues that graf-
fed nobilitie in his auncestors, were first extinguished in Ca-
[Sidenote: Marcus
Antonius.]
iline. Marcus Antonius was a noble Emperour, a Prince
indued with all wisedome and Godlie gouernme[n]t, who was
of a noble pare[n]tage, it what a wicked sonne succeded him, the
[Sidenote: Commodus.]
father was not so godlie, wise, and vertuous, as Commo-
dus was wickedlie disposed and pestiferous. There was no
vertue or excellence, méete for suche a personage, but that
Marcus attained to. Who for wisedome was called Marcus
Philosophus, in his sonne what vice was the[m] that he practi-
sed not, belie chier, druncknes and harlottes, was his delite,
his crueltie and bluddie life was suche that he murthered all
the godlie and wise Senatours, had in price with Marcus
[Sidenote: Seuerus.]
his father. Seuerus in like maner, was a noble and famous
Emperor, in the Senate moste graue, politike, and in his
[Sidenote: Marcus
Antonius
Caracalla.]
warres moste fortunate, but in his sonne Marcus Antoni-
nus Caracalla, what wickednes wanted, whose beastlie life
is rather to be put in silence, then spoken of. In the assemble
of the Grecians, gathered to consulte vpon the contencion of
[Sidenote: Aiax.
Ulisses.]
Achilles armour, Aiax gloriouslie aduaunceth hymself of his
auncestrie, from many kinges descended, whom Ulisses his
aduersarie aunswered: makyng a long and eloquente Ora-
cion, before the noble péeres of Grece, concernyng Aiax his
auncetours. These are his woordes.
_Nam genus et proauos et que non fecimus ipsi,
Vix ea nostra voco, sed enim quia retulit Aiax,
esse Iouis pronepos._
As for our parentage, and line of auncetours, long before
vs, and noble actes of theirs: as we our selues haue not doen
the like, how can we call, and title their actes to be ours. Let
them therefore, whiche haue descended from noble blood, and
famous auncetours: bee like affected to all nobilitée of their
auncetours, what can thei glory in the nobilitée of their aun-
[Fol. xlij.r]
cetours. Well, their auncetours haue laied the foundacion,
[Sidenote: Nobilitee.]
and renoume of nobilitee to their ofspryng. What nobilitee
is founde in them, when thei builde nothyng, to their aunce-
tours woorke of nobilitée. Euen as their auncetours, noblie
endeuoured them selues, to purchase and obtain, by famous
actes their nobilitée) for, nobilitée and vertue, descendeth al-
waies to the like) so thei contrary retire and giue backe, fro[m]
all the nobiliée of their auncestours, where as thei ought,
[Sidenote: A beginnyng
of nobilitee.]
with like nobilitée to imitate them. Many haue been, whiche
through their wisedome, and famous enterprises, in the af-
faires of their Prince, worthelie to honour haue been extol-
led and aduaunced: who also were the firste aucthours and
founders of nobiliée, to their name and ofspring. Whose of-
spring indued with like nobilitée of vertues, and noble actes
haue increased their auncestors glorie: the childre[n] or ofspring
lineally descendyng, hauyng no part of the auncestours glo-
rie, how can thei vaunte them selues of nobiliée, whiche thei
lacke, and dooe nothyng possesse thereof, Euen from lowe
[Sidenote: Galerius a
Shepherds
sonne Empe-
ror of Rome.
Probus a
Gardeiners
sonne, Em-
perour.]
birthe and degrée. Galerius Armentarius was aduaunced,
euen from a Shepherdes sonne, to sit in the Imperiall seat of
Roome. Galerius Maximinus whom all the Easte obaied,
his vertues and noble acts huffed hym to beare scepter in the
Empire of Roome. Probus a Gardiners soonne, to the like
throne and glorie asce[n]ded, so God disposeth the state of euery
man, placyng and bestowing dignitée, where it pleaseth him
as he setteth vp, so he pulleth doune, his prouidence & might
is bounde to no state, stocke, or kindred.
¶ Of his educacion.
EPaminu[n]das beyng borne of soche parentes, was
brought vp in all excellente learnyng, for, vnder
hym Philippe the kyng of the Macedonians, the
soonne of Amintas, was brought vp. This Epa-
minundas, the Histories note hym to be a chief Philosopher,
and a capitaine moste valiaunte. In Musike, in plaiyng, and
[Fol. xlij.v]
singyng finelie to his Instrumente, notable and famous, no
kinde of learnyng, arte, or science, wanted in his breaste: So
greate and aboundante were his vertues, that aboue all go-
uernours, whiche haue been in Thebe, his name and fame
is chieflie aduaunced.
¶ The praise of his actes.
[Sidenote: The dutie of
good gouer-
nors.]
EPaminundas beyng moste valiaunte and no-
ble, leauing all priuate commoditée, glory, and
riches a side: sought the renoume of his coun-
tree, as all rulers and gouernours ought to do.
[Sidenote: Howe a king[-]
dome riseth to
all felicitie.]
For, a kyngdome or common wealth, can not
rise to any high nobilitée or Roialnesse, where gouernours,
rulers, and magistrates, neclecting the vniuersall, and whole
body of the common wealthe, doe cogitate and vigilantly en-
deuour them selues, to stablish to them and theirs, a priuate,
peculiar, and domesticall profite, glorie, or renoume. Couei-
teousnes, whiche is in all ambicious Magistrates the poison,
plague, destruccion, and ruine of the beste and florishing co[m]-
mon wealthes, of al wickednes and mischief the roote: a vice,
[Sidenote: Couetousnes
a great euill.]
whereupon all vice is grounded, from whom all mischiefe
floweth, all execrable purposes issueth. That wanted in
Epaminundas, for in the ende of his life, his coffers were so
thin and poore, that euen to his Funerall, money wanted to
solempnise thesame. Priuate glorie nor excesse, was hunted
after of hym, yet his vertues were of soche excellencie, that
honour, dignitée, and preeminent state, was offered and gi-
uen to hym vnwillinglie. This Epaminundas was in go-
uernement so famous, and so vertuouslie and politikelie ru-
led thesame, that he was a glorie, renoume, honour, and fe-
licitée to his kingdome, by his state. Before the time of Epa-
[Sidenote: Beotia.
Thebes.]
minundas, the countree of Beotia was nothyng so famous
in their enterprises: neither the citee of Thebe so roiall, puis-
saunt or noble, the antiquitee of that tyme sheweth, that E-
paminundas wantyng the power of Thebes, their glorie,
strength, and felicitee fell and decaied. The learning of Epa-
[Fol. xliij.r]
minundas and knowlege, was so aboundant and profounde
bothe in Philosophie, and in all other artes and sciences, that
it was wounderfull. In chiualrie and in feates of warre, no
péere was more couragious and bolde, or hardie, neither in
that, whiche he enterprised, any could be of greater counsaile
in hedde more pollitike, of minde more sage and wittie: his
gouernement so good, that beyng so good a Magistrate, it is
doubted, whether he be better man, or better Magistrate, E-
paminundas died in the defence of his countrée. The Athe-
nians were enemies to the Thebanes, and many greate bat-
tailes were assaied of theim and foughten: and often tymes
the Athenians felt many bitter stormes, and fortune loured
of them, he beyng so valiaunt a capitain. Epaminundas be-
yng dedde, the Athenians ceased to practise, any one parte of
chiualrie, their prowesse and dexteritée decaied: thei hauyng
no aliaunte, and forraine enemie to moleste theim, or whom
[Sidenote: A valiant ca-
pitain, to his
countrie a pil[-]
lar[,] to his ene[-]
mie, a occasio[n]
to dexteritie.]
thei feared. So that a famous, wise, pollitike, and valiaunte
capitaine, is not onely a staie, a pillar and strong bulwarke
to his countrée. But also forraine nacions, hauyng one, who[m]
for his valiauntnes thei dreade, doe practise and inure them
selues, to all dexteritee, counsaile, wisedome, and pollicie:
soche a one was Epaminundas, to his enemies and cou[n]trée.
¶ The comparison.
[Sidenote: Hector.
Achilles.
Numa Pom[-]
peius.
Adrianus.]
NEither Hector of Troie, nor Achilles of Grece, might
bee compared with Epaminundas, Numa Pompili-
us was not more godlie, Adriane the Emperour of
Roome, no better learned, nor Galba the Emperour more
valiaunte, Nerua no more temperate, nor Traianus more
noble, neither Cocles nor Decius, Scipio nor Marcus Regu[-]
lus, did more valianntly in the defence of their countrie, soche
a one was this Epaminundas.
¶ The conclusion.
OF many thynges, these fewe are recited, but if his
whole life and vertues, wer worthely handeled: fewe
would beleue, soche a rare gouernour, so vertuous a
[Fol. xliij.v]
Prince, so hardie and valiaunte a capitaine, to haue remai-
ned in no age.
¶ The parte of Rhetorike, called dispraise.
THis parte of _Rhetorike_, which is called dispraise, is a in-
uectiue Oracion, made againste the life of any man.
This part of _Rhetorike_, is contrary to that, whiche is be-
fore set, called _laus_, that is to saie, praise: and by contrary no-
tes procedeth, for the Oratour or declaimer to entreate vpo[n].
This parte of _Rhetorike_, is called of the Grekes _Psogos_.
In praise, we extoll the persone: First by his countrée.
Then by his auncestours and parentes.
In the third place, by his educacion and institucion.
Then in the fowerth place, of his actes in life.
In the fifte place vse a comparison, comparyng the per-
sone with other, whiche are more inferiour.
Then the conclusion.
Now in dispraise, contrarily we doe procede.
Firste, in the dispraise of his countrée.
Of his auncetours and parentes.
His educacion is dispraised.
Then his actes and deedes of life.
Also in your comparison with other, dispraise hym.
Then in the laste place, adde the conclusion.
All thynges that maie be praised, maie be dispraised.
¶ The dispraise of Nero.
[Sidenote: Uertue.]
AS vertue meriteth commendacion and immor-
tall renoume, for the nobilitée and excellencie
reposed in it: so ougle vices for the deformitée of
them, are in mynd to be abhorred and detested,
and with all diligence, counsaile, and wisedome
[Sidenote: Uice.]
auoided. As pestiferous poison extinguisheth with his cor-
rupcion and nautinesse, the good and absolute nature of all
thinges: so vice for his pestiferous nature putteth out vertue
and rooteth out with his force all singularitée. For, vice and
[Fol. xliiij.r]
vertue are so of nature contrary, as fire and water, the vio-
lence of the one expelleth the other: for, in the mansion of ver-
tue, vice at one tyme harboreth not, neither vertue with vice
[Sidenote: What is ver-
tue.]
can be consociate or vnited, for, vertue is a singuler meane,
or Mediocrite in any good enterprise or facte, with order and
reason finished. Whose acte in life, doeth repugne order and
reason, disseuered from all Mediocrite, soche do leaue iustice,
equitée, wisedome, temperaunce, fortitude, magnanimitée,
and al other vertues, bothe of minde and body: onely by ver-
tues life men shewe theim selues, as chief creatures of God,
with reason, as a moste principall gifte, beautified and deco-
rated: In other giftes, man is farre inferiour to beastes, both
in strength of bodie, in celeritée and swiftnesse of foote, in la-
bour, in industrie, in sense, nothyng to bee compared to bea-
stes, with beastes as a peculier and proper thyng, wee haue
our bodie of the yearth: but our minde, whiche for his diuini-
tée, passeth all thynges immortall, maketh vs as gods emo[n]g
other creatures. The bodie therefore, as a aliaunt and forain
enemie, beyng made of a moste base, moste vile and corrup-
tible nature, repugneth the mynde. This is the cause, that
wickednesse taketh soche a hedde, and that the horrible facte
and enterprise of the wicked burste out, in that, reason exiled
and remoued from the minde, the ougle perturbacions of the
minde, haue their regiment, power, and dominio[n]: and where
soche state of gouernemente is in any one bodie, in priuate
and domesticalle causes, in forraine and publike affaires, in
kyngdome and co[m]mon wealthe. Uertue fadeth and decaieth,
and vice onely beareth the swaie. Lawe is ordered by luste,
and their order is will, soche was the tyme and gouernment
of this wicked Nero.
¶ Of his countree.
NEro was a Romaine borne, though in gouerne-
ment he was wicked, yet his cou[n]trée was famous,
and noble: for, the Romaines wer lordes and hed-
des ouer all the worlde. The vttermoste Indians,
[Fol. xliiij.v]
the Ethiopes, the Persians, feared the maiestie and auctho-
[Sidenote: Rome.]
ritée of the Romaines. From Romulus, who was the firste
founder, and builder of that Citee: the Romaines bothe had
their name of hym, and grew afterward to marueilous pui-
saunt roialnes. There was no nacion vnder the Sunne, but
it dreaded their Maiestie, or felte their inuincible handes:
there hath been many mightie kyngdomes, on the face of the
yearth, but no kyngdome was able, with like successe and fe-
licitée in their enterprise, or for like famous gouernors, and
continuance of their state, to compare with them. This was,
and is, the laste mightée Monarchie in the worlde. Roome a
olde aunciente citée, inhabited firste of the Aborigines, which
[Sidenote: Carthage.]
came from Troie. The prouidence of God, so disposeth the
tymes and ages of the world, the state of kyngdomes, by the
fall of mightier kyngdomes, meaner grewe to power and
glorie. The Carthagineans, contended by prowes, and ma-
gnanimitee, to be lordes ouer the Romaines. Carthage was
a greate, mightie, olde, auncient & famous citée, in the whiche
valiaunte, wise, and pollitike gouernours, helde therein re-
giment, long warres was susteined betwene the Romaines
and Carthagineans, emong whom infinite people, and ma-
ny noble péeres fell in the duste. Fortune and happie successe
fell to the Romaines: the people of Carthage va[n]quished, and
prostrate to the grounde. Scipio the noble Consull, beyng at
the destruccion of it, seeyng with his iye, Carthage by fire
brunte to ashes, saied: _Talis exitus aliquando erit Rome_: eue[n]
[Sidenote: Destruction
of Rome to
ashes in time.]
as of Carthage, like shall the destruccion of Rome bee, as for
continuaunce of the Romaine state, of their glorie, power,
and worthie successe, no nacion vnder the Sunne, can com-
pare with theim: soche was the state of Rome, wherein wic-
ked Nero raigned.
¶ Of his anncestours.
DOmitianus Nero, the sonne of Domitius Enobar-
bus, Agrippina was his mothers name: this Agrip-
pina, was Empresse of Rome, wife to Claudius Ti-
[Fol. xlv.r]
[Sidenote: Agrippina.]
berius, the daughter of his brother Germanicus. This A-
grippina, the Chronicle noteth her, to be indued with al mis-
chief and crueltée: For, Tiberius her housbande, hauyng by
his firste wife children, thei were murthered by her, because
she might, thei beyng murthered, with more facilitée, fur-
ther the Empire, to her soonnes handes, many treasons con-
spired against them oftentimes, Agrippina poisoned her hus-
bande, then Nero succeded.
¶ Of his educacion.
[Sidenote: Seneca schol
maister to
Nero.]
SEneca the famous Poete & Philosopher, was schole-
maister to Nero, who brought hym vp in all nobili-
tie of learnyng, mete for his state: though that Nero
was wickedlie of nature disposed, as his beastlie gouerne-
ment sheweth, yet wickednes in him, was by the seueritie of
Seneca, and his castigacion depressed: for Traianus Empe-
rour of Rome, would saie, as concernyng Nero, for the space
of fiue yeres, no Prince was like to hym, for good gouerne-
ment, after fiue yeres, losely and dissolutly he gouerned.
¶ Of his actes.
[Sidenote: The dreame
of Agrippina
mother to
Nero, in his
concepcion.]
THis Nero, at what tyme as his mother was con-
ceiued of him, she dreamed that she was conceiued
of a Uiper: for, the young Uiper alwaies killeth
his dame. He was not onely a Uiper to his mo-
ther whom he killed, but also to his kyngdome and common
wealthe a destroier, whiche afterward shalbe shewed, what
[Sidenote: Nero a viper[.]]
a tyraunte and bloodie gouernour he was. This Nero made
in the Citee of Rome, the rounde seates and scaffoldes, to be-
holde spectacles and sightes, and also the bathes. He subdued
[Sidenote: Pontus.
Colchis.
Cappadocia.
Armenia.]
Pontus a greate countrée, whiche ioineth to the sea Pontus:
whiche countrée containeth these realmes, Colchis, Cappa-
docia, Armenia, and many other countrées, and made it as a
Prouince, by the suffraunce of Polemon Regulus, by whose
name it was called Pontus Polemoniacus. He ouer came
the Alpes, of the king Cotteius, Cottius the king being dedde[.]
[Fol. xlv.v]
[Sidenote: Nero vnwor[-]
thie to be chron[-]
icled.
Seneca.]
The life followyng of Nero was so abhominable, that the
shame of his life, will make any man a fraied, to leaue any
memorie of hym. This Domitius Nero, caused his Schole-
maister Seneca to be put to death, Seneca chosing his owne
death, his veines beyng cutte in a hotte bathe died, bicause he
corrected wicked Nero, to traine hym to vertue. He was out-
ragious wicked, that he had co[n]sideracion, neither to his own
honestie, nor to other, but in continuaunce, he tired hymself
as virgines doe when thei marie, callyng a Senate, the dou-
rie assigned, and as the maner of that solemnitée is, many re-
sortyng and frequentyng, in maidens tire and apparell. He
[Sidenote: The shamful
life of Nero.]
went beyng a man, to be maried as a woman: beside this, at
other tymes he cladde hymself with the skin of a wilde beast,
and beastlie did handle that, whiche Nature remoueth from
the sight. He defiled hymself with his owne mother, whom
he killed immediatlie. He maried twoo wiues, Octauia, and
Sabina, otherwise called Poppea, firste murtheryng their
[Sidenote: Galba.
Caius Iu-
lius.]
housbandes. In that tyme Galba vsurped the Empire, and
Caius Iulius: as sone as Nero heard that Galba came nere
towardes Rome, euen then the Senate of Rome had deter-
mined, that Nero should bee whipped to death with roddes,
accordyng to the old vsage of their auncestours, his necke yo-
ked with a forke. This wicked Nero, seyng himself forsaken
of all his friendes, at midnight he departed out of the Citée,
Ephaon, and Epaphroditus waityng on hym, Neophitus
and Sporus his Eunuche: whiche Sporus before tyme, had
[Sidenote: The death of
Nero.]
Nero assaied to frame and fashion out of kinde. In the ende,
Nero thruste himself through, with the poinct of his sworde,
his wicked man Sporus, thrustyng foreward his trembling
hande: this wicked Nero before that, hauyng none to mur-
ther hym, he made a exclamacion, in these woordes. Is there
neither friende nor enemie to kill me, shamefullie haue I li-
ued, and with more shame shall I die, in the .xxxij. yere of his
age he died. The Persians so entirely loued hym, that after
his death thei sente Ambassadours, desiryng licence to erecte
[Fol. xlvj.r]
to hym a monumente, all countrées and Prouinces, and the
whole Citée of Rome, did so moche reioyce of his death, that
thei all wearyng the Toppintant hattes, whiche bonde men
doe vse to ware, when thei bée sette at libertie, and so thei tri-
umphed of his death, deliuered from so cruell a tyraunte.
¶ A comparison.
[Sidenote: Nero.
Caligula.
Domitianus[.]
Antoninus.]
AS for wicked gouernement, Nero doeth make Ca-
ligula like to Comodus, Domitianus, Antoninus
Caracalla, thei were all so wicked, that the Senate
of Rome thought it méete, to obliterate their name, from all
memorie and Chronicle, because of their wickednesse.
¶ The conclusion.
MOche more the life and gouernement of wicked Ne-
ro, might be intreated of, but this shall be sufficient:
to shewe how tyrannically and beastly, he gouerned
vnmete of that throne.
¶ A comparison.
A Comparison, is a certain Oracion, shewyng by a
collacion the worthines, or excelle[n]cie of any thing:
or the naughtines of thesame, compared with any
other thyng or thynges, either equalle, or more in-
feriour.
In a comparison good thynges, are compared with good
as one vertue with an other: as wisedome & strength, whiche
of them moste auaileth in peace and warre.
Euill thynges maie bee compared with good, as Iustice,
with iniustice, wisedome with foolishnes.
Euill thynges maie be compared, with euill thynges, as
wicked Nero, compared to Domitianus, or Caligula to Co[m]-
modus, theft to homicide, drunkenes with adulterie.
Small thynges maie be compared with greate: the king
with his subiect, the Elephant or Camell to the Flie, a Cro-
codile to the Scarabe.
In a comparison, where argumente is supputated on
[Fol. xlvj.v]
bothe the sides, worthelie to praise, or dispraise.
Where a comparison is made, betwene a thyng excel-
lente, and a thyng more inferiour: the comparison shall pro-
cede with like facilitee.
All thynges that maie bee celebrated with praise, or that
meriteth dispraise: al soche thynges maie be in a comparison.
The persone, as Cato being a wise man, maie be compa-
red with Nestor, the sage péere of Grece: Pompei with Ce-
sar, as Lucane compareth them, and so of all other men.
Thynges maie bee compared, as golde with siluer: one
mettall with an other.
Tymes maie be compared, as the Spryng with Som-
mer: Harueste with Winter.
Places maie be compared, as London with Yorke, Ox-
forde with Cambridge.
Beastes without reason, as the Bée with the Ante, the
Oxe with the Shepe.
Plantes, as the Uine, and the Oliue.