previously prepared, slightly differing from that now submitted. The
alterations your Memorialists have made are in favour of the Junior
grades of the service, upon which the loss will fall heavily, while
the compensation proposed is not considerable. Upon a point so deeply
affecting them, your Memorialists feel assured that their suggestion
will be received with a favourable consideration, and that your
Memorialists will experience at the hands of your Honorable Court that
liberality which has ever characterised the conduct of the Honorable
Company towards its Officers.
And your Memorialists, etc., etc.
(Signed) GEORGE PROBYN,
_Chairman of the Committee of Commanders
and Officers_.
_London, 30th July, 1834._
FOOTNOTES:
[429] Hakluyt, vol. i. pp. 214-220.
[430] Hakluyt, vol. i. pp. 297-9.
[431] Cotton Library, British Museum.
[432] Archæol. vol. xxvi.
[433] Harl. 1579, f. 150.
INDEX.
_Act of Parliament_ passed in 1733 for the encouragement of the
sugar trade, p. 228
_Acts_, various retaliatory, and hostile legislation against England,
pp. 404-6
_Adams, W._, settles in Japan and opens the trade with England, p. 159
_African Company_, sketch of the history of, p. 203, _note_
_Alexander I. of Russia_ takes off the embargo and makes peace, p. 271
_Alva, Duke of_, seizes all the English residents in the Netherlands,
p. 135
——, ships escorting him to Netherlands capture Spanish merchantmen
in Calais roads, p. 139
_America, North_, discovered by the English, p. 56, _note_
——, not to be more favoured commercially than other nations, p. 251
——, instead of asserting the independence of her flag, intrigues
with Napoleon for special immunities in the trade with England,
p. 308
——, war between, and England, due to an intrigue which was a
masterpiece of perfidy, p. 328
——, fraudulent certificates provided for sailors in, p. 330
——, committee of House of Representatives in, pass a measure
opening the door to future measures of reciprocity, p. 376
——, many enlightened statesmen in, p. 377
—— quietly looks on, while England prepares to resist invasion by
Bonaparte, p. 383
_American Colonies_, rapid commercial progress and prosperity of, p.
226
_American Commissioners_ evince the strongest desire for
conciliation, p. 393
—— satisfied with article in Treaty about the circuitous trade
route, p. 393
_American Government_ pass an Act of Non-intervention, March 1st,
1809, p. 400
_American Independence_ recognised by England in 1783, p. 346
_American Laws_ almost wholly founded upon English laws, p. 364
_American Ships_, six hundred seized, under orders of Council, Nov.
6, 1793, and March 28, 1794, p. 256
—— become liable to capture by both France and England, owing to
order of Convention, May 1793, p. 262
——, extensive seizure of, under the decision of the English
Admiralty Courts, p. 386
——, lists of those taken and condemned by the French and English,
p. 395
_American Shipowners’_ belief is, that every act of the English
Legislature is specially directed against them, p. 368
—— frightened at the mere suggestion of a policy of reciprocity,
p. 369
—— maintain that the two countries are not on an equal footing
while England stands by her Navigation Acts, p. 370
—— say that the English Navigation Act will prevent their carrying
anything except their own produce, p. 373
——, various arguments of, addressed to different classes of their
countrymen, _ibid._
——, etc., stand by Lord Hawkesbury’s minute, p. 387
_American Statesmen_ try to turn the attention of their countrymen to
agricultural pursuits, p. 365
_Americans_ form associations to dispense with English manufactures,
p. 232
—— resolve to import no goods from Great Britain with the
exception of Ireland, p. 233
——, immediately after their Independence, adopt a Registration
system similar to the English, p. 246
—— lay a general embargo on their shipping in reply to Order in
Council of Nov. 11, 1807, and complain that they are losing
their carrying trade owing to the stringency of this Order, p.
321
—— prefer risking capture to keeping their ships unemployed, p. 322
——, in spite of his treatment of them, unequivocally aid Napoleon,
_ibid._
——, disposition of, to be subservient to Napoleon, while hating
England, p. 324
—— assume that Napoleon must conquer Russia, and therefore declare
war against England, May 18, 1812, p. 326
—— aware of the fresh promulgation of the Berlin and Milan Decrees
before they went to war with England, p. 327
—— pretend that England has impressed 15,000 to 20,000 American
sailors, p. 329
—— take a very short-sighted view of European affairs, _ibid._
—— complain that their vessels are searched not only for enemies’
goods, but for seamen to man English ships, p. 382
_Amiens_, preliminaries of the peace of, signed Oct. 1, 1801, p. 271
——, many of the articles of the treaty of, not carried out by the
French, p. 274
_Angediva_, Portuguese, under De Gama, anchor at the Island of, p. 18
_Anson, Commodore_, sails in 1740 with six ships, chiefly to make
reprisals on the Spaniards in the Pacific, p. 217
—— returns with only one ship, the _Centurion_, having lost nearly
all his crews by scurvy and other sickness, _ibid._
——, scandalous manner in which his ships were manned, p. 218
_Anthony, Anthony_, ships of Henry VIII. drawn by him, in the British
Museum, p. 96
_Antigua_, extraordinary robbery of vessel from, p. 415
_Archæologia_, inventory in, of the ships of Henry VIII., p. 95
_Antwerp_, the fall of, favourable to the concentration of trade in
Holland, p. 178
_Armada_, the Spanish, size of, more than twice that of English
fleet, p. 146
_Armstrong, General_, states that the Americans have the highest
deference for the French Emperor, p. 400
—— and that if France will and England will not give explanation,
war shall at once be declared, p. 401
_Assurance Companies_, Royal Exchange and London, founded during the
period of the South Sea Bubble, and still existing as sound
speculations, p. 214
_Author_, successful attempt by, in 1850-3, to improve the form and
construction of merchant ships, pp. 492-4 _note_
——, description by, of the hard service he underwent when a
sea-apprentice, pp. 497-9, _note_
_Badajos_, conference at, with reference to the Spanish rights in the
Eastern seas, p. 69
_Baltic_, many new ports opened in, in anticipation of an ultimate
rupture with Spain, p. 136
_Baltimore_, shipwrights of, strongly urge on Congress the necessity
of protective duties, and maintain that they require more
protection than the English when the Navigation Act of 1660 was
passed, p. 366
_Baltimore_, a vessel from, reaches Canton in 1785, p. 377
“_Baltimore Clippers_,” a greatly improved class of American ships,
p. 492
_Baring, Alexander_ (Lord Ashburton), celebrated pamphlet by, p. 268
——, maintains English right of impressment, stating that there were
more than 16,000 English sailors serving in American ships, p.
331
—— moves a resolution, 1813, requiring that all ships from India
should unload in London, p. 460
_Barlow, Mr., U. S. Envoy_, receives, _a year after the date_, a
decree revoking those of Berlin and Milan, p. 326
_Basto, Mr. E. Pinto_, supplies drawing of Vasco de Gama’s ship, p. 3
_Baticala, King of_, remonstrance of, on the way that De Gama was
behaving, p. 31
——, Vasco de Gama levies tribute on, p. 32
_Bells_, used to mark time at sea, are struck every half hour, p. 531
—— sounded by two strokes following each other quickly, then a
short interval, and then two more, p. 532
——, even, come at the full hours, odd bells at the half-hours,
_ibid._
_Bere, O’Sullivan_, his piratical armament at Berehaven, p. 118
_Berlin Decree_, (Nov. 10 and 24, 1806) principal articles of, p. 292
—— not fully enforced till the spring of 1807, p. 297
_Bill_, prohibiting importation into English America of W. Indian
produce except in English ships, p. 237
_Bonding_, the privilege of, at present granted to eighty-five towns
in Great Britain, p. 430
_Boys or apprentices_ are sent at once aloft, to get accustomed to
the ship’s motion, and though they stand watch like the rest of
the crew, are generally set at first to light work, p. 530
_Breda_, Articles of the Peace of, require the Dutch to strike their
flag to the English in the Channel, p. 195
_Bridport_, petition of the people of, p. 101
_British Subjects_ allowed to carry in _British_ vessels naval
stores, lumber, etc., from U.S. of America to West Indies (July
2, 1783), p. 252
_Brougham, Mr._, in speech on the “Licence Trade,” quotes a circular
of a Liverpool firm offering to forge licences, p. 318
_Bull, Papal_, question how far it limits the right of Spain in the
Eastern Seas, p. 68
_Byron, Commodore_, sails, in 1764, on a voyage of special discovery
to ascertain the existence of the Pepys and Falkland Islands,
etc., p. 218
——, voyage of, valuable for his survey of the Straits of Magellan,
and of many groups of islands in the Pacific, _ibid._
_Cabot, John_, question whether he went with the earliest voyage, p.
59
_Cabot, Sebastian_, first certain journey of, 1497, p. 55
——, patent granted to, by Henry VII., _ibid._
——, discoveries of, and their order, pp. 56-9 and _notes_
—— unquestionably preceded Columbus as the discoverer of the
mainland of America, p. 59
——, like Columbus, believed that Cathay would be reached by sailing
to the N.W., _ibid._
——, evidence in favour of his discoveries from Privy Purse
expenses, p. 61
——, how employed from 1498 to 1512, pp. 61-2
—— did not leave England till after the death of Henry VII., p. 63
—— enters the service of Spain in 1512, and is employed in the
revision of Spanish maps, p. 64
—— nominated pilot-master for Spain; returns to Spain with Charles
V., p. 68
—— placed at the head of a Spanish association for trade with the
East, p. 69
—— appointed on commission to ascertain Spanish rights in the
Eastern seas of India, and takes command of a Spanish
expedition to the East, _ibid._
——, bitter hostility of the Portuguese against, as supporting Spain
against them in the question of the rights they claimed in the
Eastern seas, p. 70
—— compels the malcontents in his fleet to land, _ibid._
—— ascends the Rio de la Plata and the Parana, p. 71
—— has a sanguinary encounter with the natives on the Parana, p. 72
—— is detained long on the Plata owing to want of support from
Charles V., _ibid._
—— returns ultimately to Bristol about 1549, p. 73
—— chief employment on return to England, the reduction of his
observations on the variation of the needle, p. 74
——, during his retirement, largely consulted on all questions
relating to the Mercantile Marine, _ibid._
—— forms the association known by the name of the ‘Merchant
Adventurers’ Company,’ and becomes governor of that Company, p.
75
—— proposes to send ships to discover the “north” of Europe, p. 76
—— draws up the letters of instruction for the guidance of the
Northern discoverers, p. 77
——, England more indebted to, than to “the navigation laws of
Oliver Cromwell,” p. 84
—— much injured by death of Edward VI. and the accession of Philip
and Mary, p. 85
——, not known when or where he died, but alive as late as May 25th,
1557, p. 86
_Calçadilha, Bishop_, celebrates mass previously to the starting of
Vasco de Gama, p. 7
—— preaches on “the grandeur of India and its miraculous
discovery,” p. 23
_Calicut_, arrival of the Portuguese at, p. 13
——, Moorish traders of, mistrust the Portuguese, _ibid._
——, treaty concluded with, by the Portuguese, p. 15
——, treachery of the Moors and king of, p. 16
——, destruction by Vasco de Gama of large Moorish ships from, p. 32
——, de Gama refuses all peace with the people of, and bombards it,
_ibid._
——, king of, determines to avenge himself on the cruelty of de
Gama, p. 37
——, second embassy from king of, to de Gama, p. 40
_Canada_, emigration encouraged with, partly with a view of England’s
becoming independent of the Baltic and Russian trade, p. 288
——, great value of the trade with, in timber for ship-building
purposes, _ibid._
_Cananore, King of_, friendly relations between, and the Portuguese,
p. 16
——, arranges trade with the Portuguese, p. 33
——, factory built at, by the Portuguese, p. 34
——, and completed before de Gama returns to Europe, p. 43
_Carew, Sir Peter_, ordered by Queen Elizabeth to suppress piracy in
West of England, 1564, p. 118
_Carpenter_, if he ships as an able seaman, must do seaman’s work, p.
523
_Carteret, Capt._, the discoverer of Pitcairn’s Island, the future
home of the mutineers of the _Bounty_, p. 219
_Castlereagh, Lord_, extraordinary influence of, in counteracting the
schemes of Napoleon, p. 338
_Catherine, Empress_, declaration of, 1780, to the Courts of St.
James, Versailles, and Madrid, p. 260
—— places herself at the head of an armed neutrality of Denmark,
Sweden, and Russia, p. 261
——, attempt of the Emperor Paul to carry out the plan of the armed
neutrality proposed by, p. 262
_Catholics_, all the ships of, considered by the English fair prize,
p. 137
_Cavendish, T._, memorable voyage of, to the East Indies in 1591, p.
153
_Chancellor, Richard_, reaches the bay of St. Nicholas, where now
Archangel, and making his way across Russia to Moscow, opens
the first commercial intercourse between England and Russia, p.
81
—— returns to England with the first Russian ambassador—but is
drowned at Pitsligo, Nov. 7, 1556, p. 82
_Charles I._ seizes charters of Colonies on the pretence that they
were not rightly granted, p. 168
_Chaumont_, treaty of, and league between England and the European
powers against Napoleon, p. 338
_Child, Sir Josiah_, terms Charles II.’s Navigation Act “The Maritime
Charter of England,” p. 188
—— points out that ships can be built much more cheaply by the
Danes, etc., than by us, p. 199
_Clarke_, an English shipowner, captures 18 prizes worth 50,000_l._,
p. 110
_Cobham, Thomas Lord_, desperate piratical deeds of, p. 114
—— sews up the captain and survivors of the crew of a Spanish ship
in their own sails and throws them overboard, p. 115
_Cochym, King of_, asks de Gama to settle with the Queen of Coulam
about the pepper from her country, p. 39
_Collier Service_, the nursery of our most daring seamen in the old
war, p. 538
_Colliers_, very hard life of those who serve on board them, p. 536
——, skill required in “jumping” or unloading colliers, p. 537
_Colonial System of England_ not so disastrous to the Colonies as
partial American writers assert, p. 196
—— secured the exclusive carrying trade of all produce from our
own plantations, _ibid._
_Colonies_, a Secretary of State appointed, and a council for the
affairs of trade, organised as at present, in 1786, p. 210
——, northern and southern in North America, have widely differing
interests, p. 237
_Colonies, French_, in the W. Indies, vigorously blockaded in 1804,
p. 283
_Colonists, English_, in the W. Indies claim exclusive monopoly of
the trade with the colonies on the continent, p. 227
_Colquhoun, Mr. Patrick_, able essay by, on the commerce and police
of the Thames, p. 412
——, estimate given by, of the trades of London and the number of
vessels employed in each, p. 413, _note_
——, estimate of the amount of plunder from the W. and E. India
trades, etc., p. 414
——, list given by, of the different plunderers in the port of
London, and of the nick-names whereby they were known, p. 415
——, numbers given by, of persons engaged in plundering merchant
vessels in port of London, p. 420
_Commerce_, legitimate of England did not exceed 50,000 tons in 14th
Eliz., p. 139
_Commercial Docks_, on Surrey side of the Thames, opened A.D. 1660,
p. 409
_Commercial Intercourse_, between N. American Colonies, France, and
Holland connived at, p. 235
_Commercial Rights_, controversy about the, to be conceded to
America, p. 346
_Confederacy against England_ of France, Prussia, Denmark, Sweden,
Russia, and United States, p. 268
_Congress_, in 1784, recommends the prohibition, for fifteen years,
of the importation of all merchandise from nations who have not
commercial treaties with U.S., p. 253
——, in reply to England and France, passes an Act (May 1st, 1810)
excluding from their waters English and French armed vessels,
p. 323
——, Secretary of State of, attempts to adopt Free-Trade, p. 349
_Congress_, vested by its constitution with the power of regulating
commerce with foreign nations, p. 348
—— proposes in 1784 to prohibit for fifteen years the import or
export of merchandise with nations not having treaties with
America, p. 347
——, and, without the consent of each separate State, to levy duties
on exports and imports, p. 349
—— declines to increase the differential duties, p. 375
_Consul_, the first English, established in Chios in 1513, p. 54
_Control, Board of_, require that all matters concerning revenue in
India be submitted to them, p. 455
_Convention between England and America_ to regulate commerce and
navigation—on the model of the English reciprocity treaties, p.
402
_Conversation_ not allowed among the seamen, when at work, in
presence of their officers, p. 534
_Cook, Capt._, early distinguishes himself on the St. Lawrence in aid
of General Wolfe, p. 219
——, employed under Sir Hugh Palliser on surveys of the Coast of
Newfoundland, p. 219
——, in command of the _Endeavour_, goes to Otaheite to view the
transit of Venus, 1768, and is accompanied by Mr. (afterwards
Sir Joseph) Banks, Dr. Solander, and Mr. Wales, p. 220
——, spends three months at Otaheite on first voyage, and names the
group of Islands round it the “Society Islands,” _ibid._
——, surveys West Coast of New Zealand, discovers Cook’s Straits,
and runs along the Coast of New Holland for 2000 miles, p. 221
——, remarkable for his humanity and his enlarged views as to the
rightful manner of dealing with the natives, _ibid._
——, sails on second voyage July 13th, 1772, in the _Resolution_,
surveys the S. Antarctic Ocean, and, after traversing 3660
leagues, reaches Dusky Bay in New Zealand, p. 222
——, lands on the shores of New Zealand several domestic animals,
and sows there seeds of various vegetables, _ibid._
——, examines New Amsterdam and Easter Island, and the groups of the
New Hebrides and Friendly Islands, p. 223
——, sails on his third voyage in the _Resolution_, July 12, 1776,
_ibid._
——, principal object of this voyage being to ascertain if any water
communication between North Pacific and North Atlantic, p. 224
——, on this voyage examines more fully Amsterdam Island (or
Tongataboo), Fiji groups, Nootka Sound in Vancouver Island, and
the Sandwich Islands, _ibid._
——, is murdered Dec. 26, 1779, on the shore of Owhyhee, the largest
of the Sandwich Islands, p. 226
_Cook_, chief business of, to attend to the “galley” and to keep the
cooking utensils clean, p. 526
——, may be required to lend a hand in all-hands work, p. 527
_Cooke, E. W., R.A., F.R.S._, drawing by of the _Discovery_, one of
Capt. Cook’s ships on his last voyage, p. 225
_Copenhagen_ attacked and bombarded by Nelson, April 2, 1801, p. 270
_Corn_, extraordinary high prices of, in England in 1795, p. 259
_Corn Vessels_ bound to France seized, but their cargoes paid for, p.
259
_Coulam_, the chief place where the pepper grows, p. 38
_Coulam, the Queen of_, sends an embassy to de Gama, p. 38
——, de Gama dissembles with, _ibid._
——, de Gama bids her send embassy to the king of Cochym, p. 39
_Council, the_, general corruption of, in reign of Edward VI., pp.
106-7
_Council, orders in_, list of the dates, etc., of each, p. 292, _note_
_Council, English_, believe that few articles are specially brought
from America, and that these may be got elsewhere, p. 351
_Courts_, English Admiralty, reverse (practically) Lord Hawkesbury’s
minute, p. 387
_Covilhan, Pero de_, sent by the king of Portugal to make researches,
p. 3
_Crimps_ and other disreputable agents employed in collecting the
crews, p. 496
_Cromwell_ compels the Dutch to strike their flag to the ships of the
Commonwealth, p. 187
_Crown Lands_ sold to remedy the evils of a debased currency, p. 109
_Currency_, depreciation and debasement of, in 1549, p. 106
_Dampier, W._, one of the buccaneers, makes an interesting voyage to
the Eastern Archipelago, p. 216
——, sent out by government to make further discoveries in the
Eastern Archipelago, 1699, in which he surveys part of the east
coast of New Holland, Timor, and New Guinea, _ibid._
_Dartmouth_, two French ships attempt to cut out two merchantmen from
harbour of, p. 90
_Davis, John_, discovers the Straits named after him in 1585, p. 151
——, is killed, after five voyages to India, by the Japanese in
1605, p. 152
_Despotic government of India_, evil effect of, as established by De
Gama, p. 45
_Discovery, New voyages of_, by Johnson, Finner, and Frobisher, p. 147
_Docks, London_, opened for business in 1805, p. 426
——, now amalgamated with the St. Katharine’s and Victoria Docks, p.
428
_Docks, St. Katharine’s_, partially opened for traffic, Oct. 1828, p.
427
_Docks, Victoria_, constructed 1850, _ibid._
_Docks, Millwall_, opened for traffic in 1868, p. 429
_Dock Companies_, charges levied by each, are, on the whole, very
similar, p. 430
_Docks, wet_, now existing in thirteen towns of Great Britain, _ibid._
_Dover_, the Mayor of, one of the most lawless plunderers of French
ships, p. 116
_Drake, Sir Francis_, rides from Plymouth to London to relate the
misfortunes of Hawkins’ expedition, p. 132
——, the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe, in 1577, p.
148.
——, and Sir John Norris, employed to ravage the Spanish coasts, p.
152
——, capture sixty ships belonging to the Hanse Towns, which the
Queen condemns, p. 153
_Dutch_ massacre English traders at Amboyna, p. 160
—— openly and derisively claim the dominion of the Narrow Seas, p.
172
—— drive the Portuguese out of the Japan trade in 1638, and secure
Ceylon in 1656, p. 174
—— fail to make an establishment in China, p. 176
—— trade greatly advantaged by its perfect freedom, p. 178
—— owed much to ancient laws of England, forbidding exports in
home bottoms, p. 179
—— allow their country to be an asylum for all foreigners who
choose to come there, _ibid._
—— perceive that the English Navigation Acts are directed against
their trade, p. 185
——, violent animosity in England against, p. 186.
——, on the whole, the severest sufferers by the first war with
England, _ibid._
—— force the chain in the Medway and burn three ships in Chatham
harbour, p. 193
_Dutch East India Company_ established soon after the English, p. 156
—— drives the Portuguese from the Moluccas, p. 157
_Dutch East Indiamen_ then far superior to the English, p. 175
_East India Company_, first plan for, sanctioned by Queen Elizabeth,
1600, p. 154
——, first voyage of, quite successful, p. 156
——, in difficulties, abandons the Greenland fisheries, p. 161
——, old and new companies, quarrels between, p. 445
——, different parties in the State side with one or the other, p.
446
——, united company, trade of, thrown open to the highest bidder,
1698, and joined under one title, ‘The United Company of
Merchants trading to India,’ 1702, p. 447
——, charter-party of, and conditions of their trades, p. 448
—— absorbs most of the trade of the East, as the Dutch and
Portuguese were ruined, p. 454
——, ships built in India first admitted in the trade, 1795, _ibid._
——, a secret board of three directors to transact business with the
Board of Control, p. 455
——, charter renewed 1796, with privileges of trade granted to
outsiders and to civil servants of Company, p. 456
—— suffers heavily from loss of ships in 1808-9, and from the
French War, p. 458
——, trade to India thrown open 1814, but not that to China, p. 459
——, comparative loss of the ships built by, and of those built by
the shipowners of the out-ports, p. 460
——, number of ships employed by, varied very much and generally
according to the demand, p. 462
——, no captain of a ship of, to be less than twenty-five years of
age, p. 464
——, gallant actions and other services performed by their ships,
Appendix, No. 11, _ibid._, _note_
——, naval service of, various particulars relating to, pp. 464-472
——, captains of ships required “to keep up the worship of Almighty
God” every Sunday, when possible, p. 466
——, promotion in naval service of, strictly according to seniority,
supposing character, abilities, etc., good, _ibid._
——, details of pay, etc., in the naval service of, Appendix, p.
467, _note_
——, officers serving in the navy of, allowed largely to participate
in the Company’s trade, _ibid._
——, captains of ships in, able rapidly to realise large fortunes,
p. 468
——, vast amount of illicit trade in, promoted by its own servants,
p. 472
——, one captain in service of known to have realised, in one
voyage, £30,000, _ibid._
——, clerk of the Company of Private Trade required to ascertain
from each ship’s books all details of her voyage out and home,
p. 474
——, officers of the customs connive with its servants in the
promotion of illicit trade, p. 475
——, ample remuneration of its servants on retirement from active
duties, p. 476
——, usual regulations of the service on board of their ships, pp.
477-480
——, territorial aggrandisement by, the end and object of its later
policy, p. 480
——, very doubtful whether, at any period of its history, its purely
commercial operations were successful, p. 481
——, history of the ships sold by, on giving up their trade with the
East, Appendix, No. 14, p. 483, _note_
——, Trade with China ceases, 1834, _ibid._
——, all privileges taken from, and government placed directly under
the Queen, 1858, _ibid._
——, memorials of officers for pensions, etc., on the close of the
trading operations, p. 484
——, actual and probable remuneration of the directors, pp. 487-8
——, enormous patronage of the directors of, p. 488
_Edward VI._, early youth of, and great expectations of, from his
remarkable youthful ability, p. 73
——, remarkable knowledge of, and taste for all matters connected
with shipping, _ibid._
—— gives letters to the northern discoverers in Greek, Latin, and
Chaldee, p. 76
——, king, too ill to witness the departure of his ships for the
North, p. 80
_Elizabeth, Queen_, weakness of the Royal Navy at the commencement of
her reign, p. 111
——, gives Hawkins _The Jesus of Lubeck_, p. 124
——, takes the treasure captured, and proposes to use it as a
“loan,” p. 134
—— arrests all the Spanish merchants in England, p. 135
—— compelled to rely for the defence of her coasts on a fleet of
privateers, p. 138
_England_, effect on, by the discoveries of the Portuguese,
especially of Magellan, p. 50
——, noble families of, command the ships in Henry VIII.’s first
fleet, p. 93
—— maintains her right to carry on her over-sea trade in her own
ships, p. 185
——, large subsidies of money voted by, to Austria, Russia, Prussia,
etc., p. 342
—— liable to lose more than any other nation by the present laws
as to captures at sea, p. 358
—— imposes countervailing duties in reply to the American
protectionists, p. 368
_Englishmen_ of all ranks gallantly support Henry VIII. in his
resistance to the French, p. 92
—— arm ships on pretence of avenging the misdeeds of the
Inquisition, p. 111
—— acquire more knowledge of West Indies and Mexico through
accession of Philip and Mary, p. 109
_English Protection System_ (under Henry VIII.), defensible on the
ground that the Italian republics did the same, p. 52
_English Merchant Vessels_ of sixteenth century badly built, and slow
as sailors, p. 54
_English Trade_ less injured than had been expected by the quarrels
with Spain, p. 54
_Food_, ordinary allowances of, per head, in merchant vessels bound
on long voyages, p. 502
_Foreign and Neutral Shipping_, immense increase of, in English ports
on the recommencement of the French War, p. 286
_Fox, Mr._, tries to make peace with France, 1806, p. 290
——, issues the first Order of Council for the blockade of the
French Coasts April 18, 1806, p. 291
_France_ collects vast fleets with the view of crushing Henry VIII.,
p. 91
—— furious at the Treaty concluded by Mr. Jay and Lord Grenville,
p. 358
—— issues a decree that she will treat neutrals as they allow
England to treat them, p. 359
—— condemns and destroys American vessels with every form of
injustice, pp. 360-2
_France, Coast of_, blockaded in 1804, from Fécamp to Ostend, p. 383
_Free-Trade_, the warmest advocates of, saw no harm in depriving
Africans of their liberty, p. 204
—— not really acknowledged by the Americans any more than by the
mother-country, p. 256
_Free Traders of the outposts_ think themselves as well qualified to
judge of the Indian Trade as the directors of the E. I. C., p.
460
——, whenever they had once established a footing in India, always
beat the Company, p. 481
_Gage, General_, seizes stores at Boston, p. 236
_Gama, Estevan de_, expedition of, p. 30
_Gama, Paul de_, brother of Vasco, dies at Terceira, p. 21
_Gama, Vasco de_, names of his ships different in different
chroniclers, p. 4
——, solemn preparations for his departure, p. 7
——, commencement of his voyage, July 9, 1497, p. 8
—— threatens revenge on the King of Calicut, p. 16
—— obtains pilots for the King of Melinde, and sails for Portugal,
p. 20
—— reaches the Tagus on return from his first voyage, Sept. 18,
1499, p. 21
—— created “Dom,” page 22
——, great value of the goods brought by him from India on first
voyage, p. 23
——, second expedition of, for revenge rather than for commerce, p.
24
—— agrees with King of Portugal to revenge themselves on the Moors
of Calicut, p. 24
——, second expedition of, starts March 25, 1502, attacks the Moors
on Coast of India, and wars on all the people except those of
Cananore, Cochym, and Coulam, p. 34
——, horrible barbarities of, at Calicut, p. 35
—— sails for Cochym and Coulam, p. 37
——, horrible cruelty of, to the second ambassador of the King of
Calicut, p. 40
—— entirely destroys the fleet collected by the King of Calicut,
p. 42
—— reaches Portugal at the close of his second voyage, Nov. 10,
1503, p. 43
—— goes to India for the third time in 1524, p. 47
——, establishes the rule of Portugal over all persons to the East
of the Cape, and dies three months after, Dec. 24, 1524, p.
45-47
——, very inferior to either of his contemporaries, Columbus or
Magellan, p. 47
——, had advantages in his command that neither Columbus nor
Magellan enjoyed, p. 47
_Georgia_, state of, founded by General Oglethorpe in 1732, chiefly
with the view of raising silkworms, p. 227
_Glasgow, Port_, docks at, commenced A.D. 1662, p. 409
_Goods_, enormous prices of many, owing to their circuitous routes
through the Continent, p. 312
_Goods not contraband of war_, growing feeling that these should be
exempt from capture, p. 358
_Gosnold, Capt._, the first to sail directly across the Atlantic to
America, p. 167
_Great Britain_ may fairly claim the honour of the first discovery of
the American mainland, p. 60
_Greenland_, fisheries along the Coast of, ill-supported by the
English, p. 206
——, fisheries along coast of, thrown open to all nations by Act of
Parliament 1702, p. 207
_Hampden_, defeated in the Courts of Law, and the writs for
Ship-Money pronounced legal, p. 170
_Hampton Roads_, action in, between H.M.S. _Leopard_ and
_Chesapeake_, p. 392
_Hawkesbury, Lord_, view of, with reference to the meaning of “direct
trade,” p. 384
_Hawkins, John_, induces some lords of the Council and Queen
Elizabeth to take shares in a slaving cruise, p. 123
—— and Thomas Hampton the first English slavers, _ibid._
—— reaches West Indies with 400 slaves, whom he compels the
colonists to buy (1565), p. 125
——, a third expedition—at first successful, but is surrounded by
the Spanish Admiral at St. Jean d’Ulloa, and all his ships but
one destroyed, p. 130
——, persuades Philip that he will help in placing Mary Queen of
Scots on the throne, p. 144
——, thus obtains money from Philip and the release of the English
prisoners from Seville dungeons, p. 144
_Hawkins and Cartel_ sail on a slaving-cruise, but quarrel over the
division of the spoil, p. 124
_Hawkins and Drake_ start on a third expedition, having overcome the
pretended scruples of Queen Elizabeth, 1567, p. 129
_Heligoland_, Island of, secured to England by the treaty of, p. 312
_Helm_ always taken by the men, under the direction of the Master or
deck-officer for time being, p. 521
_Henry VII._ passes a law prohibiting importing of Bordeaux wines,
except in English, Irish, or Welsh bottoms, p. 51
—— asserts “that the earth is the common mother of mankind,” his
chief object being to secure improved advantages for the
English in foreign parts, and concludes a commercial treaty
with Scotland, p. 52
—— removes differential duties in force against English shipping,
p. 50
—— a merchant on his own account, as well as an encourager of
distant expeditions, _ibid._
_Henry VIII._ commences the formation of a Royal Navy, p. 89
——, Royal fleet, first successful engagement by, near Mount’s Bay,
p. 91
——, great ship, _The Harry Grâce à Dieu_, p. 94
——, the average of his whole fleet was under 240 tons each, p. 96
——, before the time of, no reliable account of England’s Maritime
Commerce, p. 100
—— makes many mistakes in his laws, especially in regulating
labour, _ibid._
_Hojeda_, story of, his seeing Englishmen in America during his
voyage, p. 62
_Holland_ not unlike Tyre and Venice, p. 178
_Hollar_, drawing of Dutch East Indiaman by, showing resemblance to
much later English ships, p. 180
_Hostilities_, first effect of the renewal of, on the Maritime
Commerce of England, p. 284
_Hotham, Sir Richard_, evidence of, as to the excessive cost of the
ships built for the E. I. C., p. 450
_Humphreys, Capt._, of H.M.S. _Leopard_, conduct of, considered, p.
392, _note_
_Iceland_, the English fishermen to, the first sailors in Henry
VIII.’s fleet, p. 89
_India_, private traders to, permitted under certain circumstances,
1698, p. 446
_Insurance-rates to China_, during the whole French war, did not
exceed half what they had been in 1782, p. 265
_Ireland_ secures commercial freedom for herself during the war
between England and America, but fails altogether to become a
leading naval power, p. 243
—— always a clog on the industry of England, p. 243
_Jay, Mr. John_, sent as Envoy Extraordinary from United States to
London in 1794, p. 256
——, at the close of treaty concluded by, holds out the flag of
Free-Trade, p. 256
—— proposes that, in war between United States and England,
privateers shall not be allowed, p. 356
_Jay, W. W._, description by, of the state of feeling in England when
Mr. John Jay arrived here, p. 355
_Jefferson, Mr._, in report to Congress of American trade, omits all
notice of cotton, p. 357
_Jenkinson, Master Anthonie_, sent to Persia, p. 85
_John, Dom, of Portugal_, follows up the discoveries of Prince Henry,
and sends two young men to make researches, p. 2
—— takes care that Vasco de Gama’s ships are properly supplied, p.
4
_Kalitsch_, treaty of, signed March 1, 1813, p. 335
_Labour_, great demand for, in the Plantations of America, p. 120
_Levant_, general character of the trade with, under Henry VII., and
first voyages to, in “tall ships,” p. 52
——, many particulars of the voyages to, preserved in Hakluyt,
_ibid._
_Lexington_, skirmish at, the commencement of the war between England
and America, p. 236
_Licences_, pernicious system of, adopted by England from France, p.
313
——, values of fees, etc., recoverable on, p. 314
——, statement about, by Mr. Alex. Baring, M.P., p. 315
_Licensing system_, scandalous practices in England, p. 316
—— leads to perjury on the parts of the owners, captains, and
seamen of merchantmen, p. 318
_Lighters, etc._, vast number required for loading and unloading
ships in the Thames in 1796, p. 412
_Lindsay, of Pitscottie_, account of the _Great Michael_ of Scotland,
p. 98
_Lisbon_, joy of the people of, at the safe arrival of Vasco de Gama,
p. 21
—— becomes, what the Italian republics had been, the entrepôt of
Eastern merchandise, p. 44
_Liverpool_, first wet-dock proposed for, A.D. 1709, p. 409
——, docks at, incomparably greater than those of the ancient Roman
port of Ostia, p. 431
——, far larger dock accommodation than any other port in the world,
_ibid._
—— _Docks_, general history of, with the area and amount of
accommodation for shipping, pp. 432-437
——, as a private undertaking, receive no aid from government, p. 437
_Loan_, temporary, advanced to the merchants of London, Bristol,
etc., p. 258
_Log_, to be carefully kept by the ships proceeding to the North, p.
77
_London_, a central council in, to regulate every branch of trade by
the aid of the municipal bodies, p. 102
——, only ten ships of 200 tons in port of, in 1615, p. 166
——, accommodation for vessels arriving from foreign parts far too
limited before construction of the Docks, p. 420
_M^cCulloch, I. R._, doubts, but unwisely, the value of the British
Registry Act, p. 246
——, remarks on the inconvenient system of levying duties previously
to 1802, p. 410
——, observations by, on the privileges granted on renewal of E. I.
C.’s charter in 1796, p. 457
——, remarks on the unfairness of the purchases of E. I. C., p. 482
_Martin, Capt._, of the _Cincinnatus_, tortured by the French, p. 362
_Massachusetts_, in 1785, prohibits the export of American produce in
British vessels, p. 347
_Master_, special duties of, has absolute power in regulating the
hours of duty, sleep, meals, etc., pp. 500-507
——, on the leaving of the pilot, all responsibilities devolve on,
p. 499
—— has the entire control of the navigation and working of the
ship, p. 502
——, the weather side of the quarter-deck belongs to; does not go
aloft or perform manual labour; in tacking and wearing gives
all the orders for trimming the yards, p. 503
—— does not generally superintend during the ordinary day’s work,
p. 504
—— to give his orders to the officers, and not directly to the
men, _ibid._
——, authority of, would be lessened by giving orders direct to
crew, p. 504
——, in the large packet-ships, has little to do with the day’s
work, but has entire control of cabin, and generally lives in
state-room by himself, p. 505
——, the good and evil on board ships mainly depends on his
character and conduct, p. 506
——, everything to be reported to, and no man punished but by his
order, _ibid._
——, relative ages of, in Dutch and Prussian Marine, p. 507
_Masters and Mates_ in Dutch and Prussian Marine, generally from a
superior class of society, p. 507
_Mate, Chief_, looks after the head yards, p. 504
——, special duties of, as distinct from the captain, pp. 510-517
—— has, generally, to see that each man has something to do, and
that he does it, with special duties at the times of anchoring
or of getting under weigh, p. 511
—— has the chief care of the ship when in port, and commands the
ship in the master’s absence, but does not inflict punishments,
p. 513
—— directly superintends the evolutions of the ship under the
master’s directions, pp. 513-515
—— is, in some sense, the confidential agent of the shippers, and
cannot abroad be removed by master except for very special
reasons, p. 516
—— responsible for correct keeping of the log, and successor, by
law, to the master in case he should die, pp. 516, 517
_Mate, Second_, commands starboard watch when master is not on deck,
and leads the men in their daily work, but does not necessarily
succeed to the post of chief mate, p. 518
——, in furling sails goes aloft with the men, and, if fit, takes
his place at the “bunt,” _ibid._
——, in reefing, goes aloft with men, if fit, taking his place at
the “weather earring,” p. 519
—— ought to be able to show the men how to do the neatest and the
most difficult jobs, _ibid._
—— expected, like ordinary seamen, to handle the tar-bucket, and,
in making or taking in sail, hauls on the deck with and leads
the men, p. 520
——, when no boatswain, has charge of spare tackle, rigging, etc.,
p. 521
——, when in port, stowing or discharging cargo, ought to be in the
hold, p. 522
—— commands any boats sent out from the ship for any purpose, p.
522
_Mate, Third_, his duties not exactly defined, p. 522
—— generally goes aloft with the larboard watch to furl and reef
sails, _ibid._
—— generally divides his labours with the second mate, or looks
after the boats, p. 523
_Mate, Chief and Second_, always addressed as “Mr.,” p. 517
_Mate_, a term generally used in the sense of “assistant,” as
“boatswain’s mate,” etc., p. 523
_Mecklenburg-Schwerin_, the Duke of, the first to join the Alliance
against Bonaparte, p. 335
_Medals_ given by the King of Portugal to those who would make
researches, p. 3
_Mediterranean_, wise suggestion to promote as far as possible trade
with, p. 288
_Melinde_, King of, offers guides for the Portuguese to Calicut, p. 11
——, letter from King of, on a leaf of gold, p. 18
——, arrival of Vasco de Gama on second expedition, p. 29
——, rich gifts exchanged between the King of, and Vasco de Gama, p.
30
_Merchant Adventurers and Cabot_, England owes a deep debt of
gratitude to, p. 83
_Merchants, English_, general corruption of, in the reign of Edward
VI., p. 109
_Merchants, Foreign_, refuse to buy English wares as “fraudulent in
make, weight, and size,” p. 109
_Merchant Shipping Act_ has greatly benefited the condition of the
crews trading beyond the jurisdiction of the Admiralty, p. 494
_Mersey_, character of the estuary of, p. 431
_Mersey Board_, laws of, drawn up agreeably with several Acts of
Parliament, p. 438
_Middleton, Sir Henry_, commands the _Trades Increase_, the largest
vessel hitherto built, but fails, p. 158
_Moors_, eight hundred burnt alive at Calicut by De Gama, p. 36
_Mortier, Marshal_, seizes the Hanseatic towns of Bremen, Hamburg,
Lubeck, etc., p. 296
_Mozambique_, De Gama arrives there March 10, 1497, p. 9
——, Sheikh of, takes De Gama and his company for Turks, _ibid._
_Mulberry-trees_, attempt to grow them in Chelsea as food for
silkworms, though found by experience not to flourish well
north of the Loire in France, p. 213, _note_
_Napoleon_ sends military officers to England to spy out the state of
her ports, trade, etc., p. 276
——, unsuccessful expedition of, against St. Domingo, and terrible
losses, p. 277
—— declares he would rather see the English on the heights of
Montmartre than in Malta, p. 279
—— denounces the conduct of England in a violent speech addressed
to Lord Whitworth, _ibid._
——, extravagant paper by, in the _Moniteur_, p. 280
—— determines on the invasion of England, p. 281
—— arrests all English people travelling in France, p. 284
—— tries to destroy the commerce of England by his “continental
system,” p. 291
——, decrees of, list of the dates of, p. 292, _note_
——, Berlin Decree of, declares the blockade of the English coasts,
_ibid._
——, skill of, in framing his Berlin Decree so as to appear to be
the champion of liberty, p. 293
—— stigmatises the Hamburg merchants as “smugglers by profession,”
p. 295
—— meditates the invasion of Russia, p. 296
——, decree of, from Milan, Dec. 17, 1807, p. 304
——, decrees of, from Bayonne, April 17, 1808, and from Rambouillet,
March 23, 1810, against the Americans, with the intention of
forcing them into declaring war against England, p. 306
—— seizes all the American ships at Antwerp, Bordeaux, and
Bayonne, and burns those at St. Sebastian, p. 307
——, by granting special licences, is the first to evade his own
decrees, p. 308
——, scheme for excluding British goods from the continent wholly
fails, p. 310
—— triumphant that “England has now a new enemy,” p. 327
—— compels the Pope to sign a concordat, p. 336
—— reaches the Tuileries, March 21, 1815, p. 341
—— finally overthrown at Waterloo, June 18, 1815, p. 343
—— pays no attention to the remonstrances of the American minister
in Paris, p. 397
—— asserts that war had been practically declared against America
when England issued her Orders in Council, p. 398
_Natal_, so named, from having been discovered on Christmas Day,
1497, p. 8
_Naval battles_ between English and Dutch in 1652-3, p. 186
—— between the Dutch and English, 1664-1667, p. 191
_Navigation Act_, extreme stringency of, p. 181
_Navigation laws of England_, first prohibitory Act, 1646, with the
object of restraining the Dutch, p. 183.
——, second Act, 1656, _ibid._
——, Act of Cromwell, passed Oct. 9, 1651, p. 184
——, confirmed by Charles II. 1660, p. 188
——, supplemental statute of, 14 Charles II., prohibits all trade
with the Dutch, p. 189
——, orders sent from England to enforce them in all their
strictness, p. 231
——, dispute whether they apply to American as to other foreign
shipping, p. 257
—— necessarily relaxed during the American war, as the Americans
relayed their embargoes, p. 333
_Nelson, Capt._ (_Lord Nelson_), commands H.M.S. _Boreas_ in 1784, in
the West Indies, p. 254, _note_
——, carries out Act of Parliament against planters and Americans in
the West Indies, _ibid._
——, takes command of the Channel fleet, p. 283
_Neutral nations_, general views of, relative to the question whether
the flag covers the merchandise, and on the right of search and
the conditions thereof, p. 267
_Neutrals’ right_ proclaimed in the name of the Emperor Napoleon by
his minister, M. de Champigny, p. 397
_Newfoundland_, fisheries of, first opened up by the Merchant
Adventurers, p. 85
——, the French, in reign of Louis XIV., encroach on the English
fisheries there, p. 205
——, peculiar customs among the fishermen on its coasts, p. 206
_New York Shipowners_, views of, on duties of neutrals, private
armed vessels, etc., pp. 388-391
—— admit the right of search of neutral ships at sea, p. 391
_North, Expedition to_, sails May 20, 1553, p. 79
_Officers, chief_, relative qualifications required for, in Danish
and Norse ships, p. 509
_Orders, English, in Council_, principal provisions of, pp. 297-303
——, a necessary reply to Napoleon’s Berlin decree, p. 297
——, indignation in England against, on the part of merchants not
owners of ships, p. 306
——, generally beneficial to British shipping interests except in
the Baltic, p. 309
——, their effects on American trade, 1810, p. 320
——, made a stalking-horse by the Whigs, p. 325
_Oxenham_, in 1585, the first Englishman to sail on Pacific, p. 148
_Panic, commercial_, on the breaking out of the war with France, Feb.
1, 1793, p. 258
_Paris, Treaty of_, with provisions for settling the new boundaries
of Europe, p. 339
_Pavia, Gonsalvo de_, sent by the King of Portugal to make
researches, p. 3
_Pembroke, Lord_, and others, realise 60 per cent. by Hawkins’s
slaving, p. 126
_Peter the Great_, extraordinary story of, p. 207
—— works with his own hands at ship-building at Saardam,
Amsterdam, and Deptford, p. 208
_Petty, Sir W._, estimates by, of the value of European shipping, and
of the quantity assignable to each state, p. 200
_Philip II. of Spain_ retaliates, by seizing thirty English vessels
in Spanish ports, p. 117
—— confiscates Hampton’s cargo of hides, procured by money earned
by slaving, p. 123
—— peremptorily forbids his colonies to purchase the slaves
brought in the English ships, p. 123
——, through his ambassador, remonstrates, but in vain, against the
piracies, p. 128
——, the furniture from his chapel publicly burnt in Cheapside, p.
137
—— slowly plans complete vengeance on England, p. 142
——, the chief objects of, in his attacks on England, p. 143
_Pickering, Mr._, maintains that the English capture of American
vessels, carrying French goods, is warranted by the law of
nations, and in reply to the French, asserts that “free ships
should make free goods,” p. 263
_Pilots of the Mersey_ subject to a special committee of the Mersey
Board, p. 439
—— undergo three examinations before admitted to full licence, p.
440
——, very various duties of the general superintendent of, p. 439
_Pilot-boats of the Mersey_ not less than forty tons each, p. 440
——, each one has a master, second and third master, and ten
apprentices; and the boats have seven stations, the last to
take the pilots out of the ships and back to Liverpool, p. 441
_Pirates, English_, even when seized by the government, rarely
punished with any severity, p. 120
_Pitt, Mr._, the firm supporter of the merchants, shipowners, and
agriculturists, p. 265
—— retires from the Administration, owing to differences between
him and the King with reference to Catholic Emancipation, p. 266
—— (supported by Mr. Fox) strenuously denies that “free bottoms
make free goods,” p. 269
—— reduces the duties on many Indian articles of produce, 1784, p.
452
_Pitt, Mr._, establishes the Board of Control, including six members
of the Privy Council, 1784, p. 455
_Planters, West Indian_, demand unrestricted freedom of trade with
the Americans, p. 251
_Portugal_, enormous wealth accruing to, from the discovery of the
way to India round the Cape of Good Hope, p. 44
_Portugal, King of_, his great joy on the return of Vasco de Gama
from his second voyage, p. 43
_Prayers_ to be said morning and evening in ships proceeding to the
North, p. 78
_Privateers and pirates_ naturally ready to take up slave-dealing, p.
120
_Privateers, American_, as reckless and as daring as the buccaneers,
p. 379
_Privateers, English_, sailing under flag of the Prince of Orange,
capture large treasures on their way to the Netherlands, p. 133
_Proclamation_ ordering that the coins of the realm shall only be
worth their intrinsic value, p. 108
—— relating to Ship-Money, and Hampden’s resistance, p. 170
—— to German Princes, stating that the only object of the Alliance
was the rescuing Germany from France, p. 335
_Protection System_, gradual growth of the desire for, in all
classes, p. 228
_Protectionists_ in America carry a measure imposing differential
duties, p. 369
_Prussia_, unprovoked attacks on Hanover, p. 301
_Quiloa_, an important city at the time of De Gama’s voyage, trading
with Mecca, p. 10
——, Armenian merchants at, who call themselves “Christians,” p. 11
——, speeches of De Gama to the King of, pp. 26-29
——, treatment of the Moor of, by Vasco de Gama, p. 29
_Raleigh, Sir W._, first personal adventure in 1595, but had aided in
seven previous ones, p. 150
——, remarkable views of respecting English commerce and how to
benefit it, p. 162
—— shows that the position of England ought to make her the
storehouse of all nations, p. 162
——, and how superior the Dutch were to us as traders, p. 163
_Read, Capt._, adopts great circle sailing between the Cape and China
in 1788, p. 377
_Registry, British Act of_, Aug. 1, 1786, requires that every vessel
above 15 tons should be accurately measured and registered, p.
245
_Revolutionary War_ creates an immense demand for American ships, p.
363
_Roberts_, the most famous of the buccaneers, has one ship mounting
40 guns, p. 211
_Roe, Sir J._, sent as ambassador to the court of the Moghul Emperor
of Delhi, p. 158
_Russell, Admiral Lord_, restores the prestige of England in the
Mediterranean, p. 202
_Russia_, first ambassador from, enters London February 1557, and
leaves it for his own country May 1557, after the signature of
an important commercial treaty between England and, pp. 82, 83
——, trade with, practically thrown open, 1699, a small fee only
being required for admission to the Russia Company, p. 207
——, bribed by the acquisition of Finland, Moldavia, and Wallachia,
declares war against England, p. 303
_Ryswick_, peace of, 1697, causes great prosperity, p. 203
_Sargarço_, sea covered with, found by De Gama on his homeward
voyage, 1499, p. 20
_Sail-maker_, if he ships as an able seaman, must do seaman’s work,
and is expected to go aloft and help in furling sails, etc., if
required, p. 524
_Scotland, commerce of_, chiefly, during the last century, with W.
Indies and the plantations of North America, p. 209
_Scotland_, list (from Chalmers) of ships entering ports of, between
1769 and 1785, p. 244, _note_
_Scott, Sir William_, declines to say what is _bonâ fide_
importation, p. 365
—— asserts that all writers on the Law of Nations unanimously
admit the right of search, p. 391
_Seafaring persons_ generally divided into three classes, able and
ordinary seamen, boys or “green hands,” p. 527
_Seaman, able_, expected to be a good workman on rigging, making
knots, etc., p. 528
_Seamen, ordinary_, expected to know how to “haul, reef, and steer,”
and all the ordinary rigging, etc., but not expected to be
complete helmsmen, p. 529
_Seamen, proving incompetent_, may be reduced from the grade for
which they had contracted, p. 527
_Seely, Dorothy_, petition of, to Elizabeth’s Council, p. 113
_Seven Years’ War_, heavy expenses of, lead the Legislature to pass,
in 1764, several acts unwisely pressing upon the Americans, p.
229
_Seymour, Sir T._, plans a separate kingdom in the Scilly Islands, p.
112
_Sierra Leone_, settlement formed at, in 1786, for free negroes, p.
249
_Simulated papers_ provided for ships under the licensing system, p.
317
_Shannon, H. M. S._, captures the _Chesapeake_ in Boston Bay, p. 332
_Sheffield, Lord_, and _Mr. Chalmers_ maintain that the loyal
colonies are able to supply W. Indies with lumber and
provisions, p. 251
_Ship-Money_, story of the demand for, p. 170
——, struggle about, tends to the separation of the Royal and
Mercantile Navy, p. 171
_Shipowners_, general complaints of the English, after the
recommencement of the war with France, p. 285
_Shipping Interests in England_ strenuously advocate the most
restrictive policy, p. 252
_Slave Trade_, commencement and original causes of, p. 120
——, from its commencement, rendered infamous by the characters of
those who first engaged in it, p. 121
——, returns of the vessels employed between 1760 and 1786, p. 248
_Slaver, Brooks’_, details of her capacity, fittings, provisioning,
etc., p. 248, _note_
_Smith, Adam_, in his ‘Wealth of Nations,’ remarks of, on the wages
of English seamen, p. 244
_Smith, Capt. John_, adventures of, the hero of the ballad, ‘The
Honour of a London ’Prentice,’ p. 167
_Smuggling_, measures for the suppression of in America, p. 231
_Smyrna Merchantmen_, nearly the whole fleet of, captured by the
French, 1692, p. 201
_South Dock_, forming the city canal, added to West India Docks in
1829, p. 424
_South Sea Bubble_, remarkable list of the strange schemes suggested
for public support by, p. 212
—— peculiarly fatal to genuine commerce, as largely inducing among
the people the habit of gambling, p. 212
_South Sea Company_ (1710) had no real basis but the privilege of
slaving on a large scale, p. 211
—— prosecutes some rival bubble companies, which leads to a
collapse, p. 213
_South Sea Directors_, several of them severely and justly punished,
p. 214
_Spain_, war with, the immediate result of the accession of
Elizabeth, p. 109
——, English hatred of, like that of the Crusaders of the Infidels,
p. 110
_Spitzbergen_, the whale fisheries at, first opened up by the
Merchant Adventurers, p. 85
_Spragge, Sir Edward_, gallant defence of the mouth of the Thames,
etc., p. 194, _note_
_Stamp Act of the Grenville Administration_, passed March 22, 1765,
p. 232
—— burnt in a bonfire in New York, _ibid._
_Steel-yard, Merchants of_, obtain relief from the Act of Edward VI.
on the accession of Queen Mary, p. 86
——, largely defraud the revenue by giving rights of denizenship to
other foreigners, p. 99
_Steward_, his duties depend on the class of ship in which he sails,
p. 525
—— may be required, in cases of necessity, to lend a hand in
working the ship, but not to stand watch, p. 526
_Swearing_ not permitted in ships sent to the North by the Merchant
Adventurers’ Co., p. 78
_Sweating Sickness_, distinctive character of, in 1517, p. 65
_Taxation Act_, new, passed in 1767, imposes import duties on teas,
glass, and other articles, p. 234
_Taylor’s, Capt. Meadows_, excellent account of the East India Co.,
given in his ‘Manual of the History of India,’ p. 444, _note_
_Tea_, thrown overboard in the harbour of Boston, in 1774, p. 235
_Thorne, Mr. Robert_, a distinguished merchant of Bristol in the
early part of the 16th century, p. 54
——, letter to Henry VIII., on the progress of the discoveries, p. 65
——, in association with Cabot for promoting Spanish trade with the
East, p. 69
_Tobias, “gentleman fisher and mariner,”_ views of, p. 165
_Tooke_, ‘History of Prices,’ note from, on the prices of 1808, p.
309, _note_
_Torture_, permitted in some French cruisers against the Americans,
p. 362
_Trade, Board of_, first planned by Charles II. 1668—erected into a
permanent establishment 1696, p. 209
——, had originally exclusive superintendence of the commerce of the
plantations, p. 210
_Trade between England and America_, perfectly free on the
recognition of American Independence, p. 250
_Trade, circuitous routes of_, remarkable instances of the, pp.
310-311, _notes_
_Treaty, Commercial, between France and England_, signed Sept. 26,
1786, p. 247
_Treaty between United States and England_, chief articles of, pp.
352-3.
——, date when signed and sanctioned, p. 354
——, a masterpiece of diplomacy, p. 357
——, commercial regulations of, framed on fair and liberal
principles of reciprocity, p. 394
——, not carried out owing to the outburst in England on news of the
Berlin Decree, p. 394
_Treaty of reciprocity between United States and Bremen_, p. 407
——, between United States and the King of the Netherlands, _ibid._
“_Trick, the_,” or time at the helm, is two hours, p. 532
_Trinity House_ memorial to King in 1615 strongly recommending
protection, p. 166
_Turkey Company_, great success of, in the Levant, p. 177
_Union, Legislative_, between England and Scotland in 1707, p. 208
_United States_ strenuously maintain “that the flag covers the
merchandise,” p. 266
_Vienna_, Congress of, interrupted by the news of Napoleon’s escape
from Elba, p. 340
_Wallis, Capt._, the first navigator to give any account of King
George’s Island, or Otaheite, p. 219
_Walpole, Sir R._, recommends, in 1733, the adoption of a system of
warehousing, p. 409
——, violent opposition to his excise scheme, 1733, p. 411
_War_ first declared between England and Holland, 1652, p. 186
——, general result that England’s maritime resources increased as
the Dutch declined, p. 195
—— formally declared against France, May 18, 1803, p. 283
_Watch_, each steers in turn, the watch on deck supplying the
helmsman, p. 532
—— officer of, expected to stand by helm whenever relieved, p. 533
_Watches_, on board merchantmen, generally only two, the larboard and
starboard, p. 499
_Weavers_, petition of, in the reign of Philip and Mary, p. 104
_Wellington_, advance of the troops into France, 1813-14, p. 336
_West India Docks_ (Isle of Dogs), usual mode of conducting business
in, p. 425
——, now amalgamated into one Co., with the East India Docks, p. 424
_West India merchants_, the first to construct wet-docks in London,
p. 422
_West India Trade_, great improvements in the ships employed in, p.
490
_West Indies_, further concession made to, in 1788, p. 255
——, all vessels from, compelled to deliver their cargoes either in
the docks or in the river below Blackwall, p. 423
_Wheaton, Mr._, says that Americans admitted that their flag could
not cover enemy’s goods, p. 303, _note_
——, fully describes the “rights of war as to neutrals,” in his
‘Elements of International Laws,’ p. 391, _note_
_Whitworth, Lord_, applies in vain for equal justice to the English
property in France, p. 275
_Willoughby, Sir Hugh_, and Richard Chancellor despatched to the
North, on the recommendation of Sebastian Cabot, p. 76
——, driven on the coast of Lapland, and the whole of the crews of
his two ships frozen to death, p. 81
_Willoughby, Lord_, forms a settlement at Surinam, p. 169
_Wines_, none from Guienne or Gascony to be imported (during reign of
Henry VII.) except in English ships, p. 51
END OF VOL. II.
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.