=Notes on the Growth of English Words.=
1. =ROOTS; INFLUENCE OF IMITATION ON LANGUAGE.=--The question of the
origin of language is an extremely interesting one, which has been long
and keenly discussed. But it is one on which the opinions of the learned
are not agreed, and we cannot dwell upon it here. There is an
established fact, however, which is of the highest interest and
importance: most of the words of the great family of Indo-European
languages can be traced to a few hundred roots; and these roots are
common to the whole family. It is the greatest achievement of
philological science to have clearly established this fact. How these
roots have originated, is a more uncertain inquiry: in fact, is just the
question of the origin of language presented in another form. It is the
theory of some that words have arisen from the imitation of natural
sounds; the names of animals, for instance, being imitations of the
sounds they utter. Though this has been ridiculed under the nickname of
the _bow-wow_ theory, there seems to be some truth in it: at anyrate no
one will deny that in the English, as in all other languages, a great
many words exist which are imitative of natural sounds. Among such words
the following may be mentioned: _Babble_, _boom_, _chatter_, _chirp_,
_clang_, _clatter_, _clink_, _crash_, _croak_, _cuckoo_, _fizz_,
_giggle_, _gurgle_, _hiss_, _howl_, _hum_, _hush_, _murmur_, _quack_,
_scream_, _shriek_, _squeal_, _thud_, _thump_, _thwack_, _twang_,
_whack_, _wheeze_, _whirr_, _whizz_.
Of course these words were not all originally English. _Clang_ and
_murmur_, for instance, are Latin words; but they also are of imitative
origin.
2. =HYBRIDS.=--A _hybrid_ is a word composed of a _mixture_ of foreign and
native elements. Sometimes an English word has a Latin ending; sometimes
a Latin word has an English ending. All such words are called
_hybrids_. One of the most interesting of the earliest hybrids in
English was the word _bondage_, which is said to have been introduced in
the year 1303. The word _bond_ comes to us from the Icelandic or
Norwegian word _bondi_, which means _farmer_ or _tiller of the soil_.
Farmers in Norway are to this day called _bonders_. The suffix _age_ is
Latin; but it has come to us through Norman-French. The full Latin
ending is _atĭcum_, which, in France, in the course of generations, was
compressed into _age_. There are other hybrids with this ending, such as
_tillage_ (which has pushed out the pure English _tilth_), _cartage_,
_stowage_, and others.--The ending _able_, which comes to us from Latin,
combines very easily with words which are purely English. Thus we have
_lovable_, _biddable_, _laughable_, _breakable_, and others.--The Latin
ending _osus_ means _full of_. Thus, _vinum_ is _wine_, and _vinosus_ is
_full of wine_. This _ōsus_ becomes in English _ous_; and we find this
Latin suffix added to words which are purely English. Thus we have
_wondrous_ from _wonder_, and _ravenous_ from _raven_. We have also
_righteous_, which was originally _rightwîs_, and the change into
_righteous_ was a corruption of the spelling.--_Dis_ is a Latin prefix,
and it is added to English words. Thus we have _dislike_ and _disown_.
We have also _dishearten_, an old word, in which the prefix _dis_
contradicts the suffix _en_ (which means to _put_ or _make_).--_Re_,
another Latin prefix, unites with purely English words, and we find
_renew_, _reopen_, _rebuild_, _reclothe_, and others.--French words with
English prefixes are also found. Thus we have _besiege_; the word
_siege_, a _seat_, being French. _To besiege_ means to take a seat in
front of a town, with your mind made up not to go till you have taken
it.--Latin words with English endings are found in _useful_, _useless_,
_usefulness_, _uselessness_, and others. English words with Latin or
French endings are not uncommon. Thus we have _goddess_, _forbearance_,
_hindrance_, _oddity_, and others. In old-fashioned English, and even in
Wordsworth, who died in 1850, we find such curious formations as
_oddments_, _needments_, _eggments_ (_eggings on_ or _incitements_), and
a few others.
3. =WORDS DISGUISED IN FORM OR IN MEANING.=
=Abase=, to bring or make low. From a Low Latin word _bassus_, low.
=Abate=, to _beat_ down. Low Lat. _abbattĕre_.
=Adder=, O. E. _nadder_. The _n_ has dropped from the noun, owing to
the mistaken notion that it belonged to the article. Compare umpire
for numpire (_non par_--that is, _not equal_), orange for norange
(Pers. _náranj_), apron for napron. The dropping of the _n_ is
probably owing to the prefixing of _an_ and _mine_.
=Adrift=, on or in the _drift_. From the verb _drive_. Compare
_give_, _gift_; _shrive_, _shrift_.
=Alligator= is Spanish _el_ lagarto, _the_ lizard (_par excellence_),
from Lat. _lacerta_, a lizard.
=Aloft, on-loft=, in the lift (air). Northern Eng. or ‘Scotch’
_lift_, the air.
=Anon=, _on_ or _in-one_ (instant). The phrase _then ones_ has become
_the nonce_.
=Atonement=, _at-one-ment_, bringing into one, reconciliation. In
_alone_ and _atone_ the numeral _one_ has its true sound.
=Babble=, to keep saying _ba, ba_.
=Balloon=, a large _ball_ (Fr.). The _oon_ is augmentative.
=Ballot=, a little _ball_ (Fr.). The _ot_ is diminutive.
=Bank=, a _bench_ on which money is laid out.
=Batch=, the quantity of bread _baked_ at one time. Compare _wake_,
_watch_.
=Bird=, one of a _brood_ (formerly _brid_). Compare _three_, _third_;
_burn_, _brand_; _work_, _wright_. In all these the _r_ changes its
place.
=Bran-new=, that is, _brand-new_, burnt-new, as if newly from the
fire.
=Breakfast=, a _breaking_ of a _fast_. Compare Fr. _déjeûner_, from
_jeûne_.
=Brick=, a piece _broken_ off.
=Brimstone=, that is, _burn-stone_, from _brennan_, to burn. Compare
_brindled_. The _r_ is a letter which is easily moved. Compare
_three_ and _third_; _burn_ and _brown_; etc.
=Brood=, something _bred_.
=Butcher=, O. Fr. _bocher_, a slaughterer of he-goats. From O. Fr.
_boc_, a goat, not from _bouche_, mouth. _Boc_ is allied to the
Eng. _buck_.
=Butler= = bottler--that is, keeper of the _bottles_. From Nor. Fr.
_butuille_, a bottle.
=Buxom=, pliable; from _bugan_, to bend, which gives _bight_ and
_bout_.
=Carouse=, Ger. _gar aus_, right out. Used of drinking a bumper.
=Caterpillar= = hairy cat. From O. Fr. _chate_, she-cat; _pelouse_,
from Lat. _pilosus_, hairy. Compare _Woolly-bear_.
=Causeway=, corrupted from Fr. _chaussée_, a raised way.
=Club=, a society _clumped_ together. Connected with _clump_.
=Constable=, from _comes stabuli_, count of the stable.
=Coop=, anything hollow, like a _cup_.
=Cope=, a covering, a _cap_.
=Costermonger= = costard-monger--that is, apple-seller, costard being
a kind of apple.
=Country-dance=, a corruption of French _contre-danse_, a dance in
which each dancer stands _opposite_ his partner.
=Coward=, a bob-_tailed_ hare. Through O. Fr., from Lat. _cauda_, a
tail.
=Coxcomb=, a corruption of _cock’s comb_.
=Daisy=--that is, _day’s-eye_, so called from its sun-like
appearance, or because it closes its flower at night, and opens it
again in the morning.
=Dandelion=, a corruption of French _dent-de-lion_, tooth of the
lion.
=Dirge=, from _dirige_ (= _direct_), the first word in the passage
beginning Ps. v. 8, sung in the office for the dead.
=Disease=, want of _ease_; pain.
=Drawing-room=; originally _with-drawing_ room--that is, a room for
retiring to after dinner.
=Easel=, from Dutch _ezel_, a little ass.
=Etiquette=, originally a _ticket_ on which the forms to be observed
on particular occasions at court were inscribed.
=Fare=, originally a _going_ or _travelling_, hence the price paid
for such.
=Farthing=, the _fourth_ part, hence the fourth of a penny.
=Ferry=, places for _faring_, or travelling across a stream.
=Ford=, places for _faring_, or travelling across a stream.
=Frontispiece=, that which is seen in the front. Low Lat.
_frontispicium_, from _specio_, I see. Not connected with _piece_.
=Gad-fly=, the _goading_ or stinging fly.
=Gaffer= = _gramfer_, West of England for _grandfather_.
=Gammer= = _grammer_, West of England for _grandmother_. Compare O.
E. _gomman_ and _gommer_, for _good man_ and _good mother_.
=Gospel=, _God-spell_ (news of God, that is, life of Christ);
commonly explained, however, as _good-spell_ (good story), as if a
translation of Gr. _eu-anggelion_, from _eu_, well, and _anggelia_,
a message.
=Grocer=, should be _grosser_, from O. Fr. _grossier_, a wholesale
dealer, a dealer _en gros_--that is, in the large. In older Eng.,
_grocers_ were called _spicers_. Compare the Fr. _épiciers_.
=Groove=, something _graven_, or hollowed out.
=Haft=, the handle or part of anything which we _have_ or hold in the
hand.
=Hamper=, Low Lat. _hanaperium_, a large vessel for keeping cups,
from Low Lat. _hanapus_, a drinking-cup.
=Handicraft=, _craft_ or trade performed by the _hand_. Compare
_priestcraft_, _witchcraft_.
=Handle=, (_v._) to touch with the _hand_; (_n._) the part held in
the _hand_.
=Handsel=, money _given_ in _hand_ (_hand_, and _sellan_, to give).
=Hanker=, to allow the mind to _hang_ on or long for a thing. Compare
_hank_ of wool.
=Harbinger=, one who goes forward to provide a harbour or place of
_safety_ for an _army_ (O. E. _here_, an army; _beorgan_, to
protect).
=Hatch=, to produce in a _heck_, a northern English word, meaning a
hay-rack; a frame made of cross bars of wood; a hen-coop. Compare
_bake_ and _batch_; _wake_ and _watch_.
=Hatchment=, the coat of arms put up over a house, the master of
which has lately died; a corruption of _achievement_.
=Hawthorn=, the hedge _thorn_. A.S. _haga_, a hedge or inclosure.
=Heaven=, that which is _heaved_, or lifted up above our heads.
=Heavy=, that which requires much _heaving_ to lift.
=Hinder=, to put or keep _behind_.
=Homestead=, the _stead_ or place of a home; a farm inclosure.
_Stead_, A.S. _stede_, occurs in in_stead_, _stead_fast, and
_stead_y. Cf. also _roadstead_, a place where ships ride at anchor.
=Husband=, the master of a _house_. Short for _house-band_. The
_band_ is present participle of a word meaning ‘to dwell.’
=Hussy=, short for _housewife_. Compare _bos’n_ for _boatswain_.
=Icicle= = _ice-gicel_. The termination is not to be confounded with
the diminutive ending _-icle_, which is of Latin origin. _Gicel_ =
a small piece of ice, and is therefore redundant.
=Intoxicate=, to _drug_ or poison. From a Low Latin verb to poison,
from Greek _toxon_, an arrow, because arrows were frequently dipped
in poison.
=Island=, _water-land_ (O. E. _ea_, water, and _land_). The _s_ is
intrusive, and due to a confusion with _isle_, which is from Lat.
_insula_, an island. Milton always spells it _iland_.
=Jaw= (old spelling, _chaw_), from _chew_, therefore = that which
_chews_.
=Jerusalem artichoke=, It. _girasole_; Lat. _gyrus_ (Gr. _gyros_), a
circle, and _sol_, the sun. The artichoke is a kind of sunflower.
_Jerusalem_ is a corruption; like _sparrow-grass_ for _asparagus_.
=Kickshaws=, a corruption of French _quelques choses_.
=Kindness=, the feeling that is natural to those of the same _kin_ or
family.
=Lanthorn=, Lat. _lanterna_. No connection with _horn_.
=Ledge=, a place on which things may be _laid_. From the verb _lay_.
=Likewise=, in _like wise_ or manner.
=Line=, to cover with _linen_ on the inside.
=Linen=, cloth made from _lint_ or flax.
=Liquorice=, Gr. _glukurrhiza_ = sweet root; from _glukus_, sweet,
and _rhiza_, a root.
=Meadow=, place where grass is _mown_ or cut down. Compare _math_ and
_aftermath_.
=Morris-dance= = Moorish dance.
=Naught=, _no-whit_, nothing.
=Ness=, a promontory or headland. A doublet of _naze_, and probably
connected with _nose_. It occurs frequently in place-names along
the shores of the North Sea, as in Sheer_ness_, Caith_ness_, the
_Naze_.
=Nonce=, in ‘for the nonce’ = for the once, for the one occasion; M.
E. _for then ones_. The _n_ belongs to the article, and represents
the _m_ of the dative of the article, namely _tham_. Compare a
newt, for an ewt; nuncle for mine uncle; a nickname for an
eke-name; a nugget or ningot for an ingot.
=Nostrils=, corrupted form of _nose-thirles_, nose-holes. (Thirl is
connected with _thrill_, _drill_, etc.)
=Notwithstanding=, _not withstanding_--that is, not standing against.
The _with_ has in this word the old sense of _against_.
=Nurse=, one who _nourishes_ (Fr. _nourrice_).
=Nutmeg= = musk-nut. M. E. _note-muge_, O. Fr. _muge_, musk. Lat.
_muscus_.
=Offal=, waste, part of anything, refuse. Literally ‘what _falls
off_.’
=Offing=, the sea far _off_ from the land. Compare _off-scouring_;
_offset_; _offshoot_; and _offspring_.
=Onset=, a _setting_ or rushing _on_ or upon.
=Orchard= = _wort-yard_, _wort_ or herb-_yard_, or garden.
=Ostrich=, through O. Fr. _ostruche_, from Lat. _avis struthio_,
ostrich bird; Gr. _struthion_, an ostrich.
=Outlaw=, one _out_ of the protection of the _law_.
=Pastime=, that which serves to _pass_ away the _time_.
=Pea-jacket=, Dutch _pije_, a rough woollen coat. ‘Jacket’ is
redundant. Not connected with _pea_.
=Peal= of bells, Fr. _appel_, a call with drum or trumpet.
=Penthouse=, O. E. _pentice_, Fr. _appentis_, Lat. _appendicium_. Not
connected with _house_. A corruption like _Bird-cage Walk_ for
_Bocage_, (shrubbery) walk.
=Pickaxe=, O. Fr. _pikois_. No connection with _axe_.
=Poach=, originally to put into the _pouch_ or _pocket_. Cf. to
_bag_, to _Pocket_, _sack_ and _satchel_.
=Pocket=, a little _poke_ or _pouch_.
=Porpoise=, the _hog fish_, from Lat. _porcus_, a pig, and _piscis_,
a fish.
=Proxy=, contracted from an obsolete _procuracy_, a taking care of
for another.
=Quicklime=, _lime_ in a _quick_ or active state. Compare the phrase,
‘the quick and the dead.’ Cf. also _quick_sand = sand easily moved,
_quick_silver, a fluid metal which is very mobile.
=Rhyme=, properly _rime_ = number, confused with rhythm = flow.
=Rubbish=, that which is _rubbed_ off; waste matter.
=Scent= (for sent), from Lat. _sentio_, I feel.
=Sexton=, Fr. _sacristain_, sacristan.
=Shamefaced=, is shame_fast_--that is, shame_fixed_.
=Sheaf=, a quantity of things, especially the stalks of grain,
_shoved_ together and bound.
=Sheriff=, a _shire-reeve_, the _governor_ of a _shire_ or county.
=Ship=, something _scooped_ or dug out, and therefore hollow. Compare
_skipper_, where the hard _k_ reappears.
=Somerset=, a corruption of O. Fr. _soubresault_, from Lat. _supra_
and _saltus_, a leaping over.
=Sorry=, _sore_ in mind.
=Soup=, that which is _supped_.
=Splice=, to _split_ in order to join.
=Squirrel=, Fr. _écureuil_, Gr. _skiouros_ = bushy or shadow tail.
From Gr. _skia_, shade, and _oura_, a tail.
=Starboard=, the _steering_ side of a ship--that is, the right hand
side to one looking toward the bow.
=Stew=, to put into a _stove_ to be cooked.
=Stirrup=, put for _sty-rope_; A.S. _stig-rap_, a mounting rope. From
the same root are _stair_, _sty_, _stile_, and _stag_.
=Straight=, _stretched_ out, tight.
=Strong=, with the muscles _strung up_. Compare _wrong_ from _wring_.
=Sweetheart=, from _sweet_ and _heart_, an expression as old as
Chaucer.
=Tackle=, things to be _taken_ hold of.
=Tale=, that which is told, what is counted. So also _teller_ (in a
bank).
=Thorough=, passing _through_, or to the end.
=Thread=, that which is _thrown_ or twisted.
=Treacle=, Lat. _theriaca_, Gr. _thēriakē_, viper’s flesh; _therion_
(a wild beast), a name often given to the viper. Originally an
antidote to the viper’s bite. Milton speaks of ‘the treacle of
sound doctrine.’
=Twist=, to twine or wind _two_ threads together. (Compare _twine_,
_twirl_, _twiddle_, etc.)
=Verdigris=, Fr. _verd-de-grise_, Lat. _viride æris_, _green_ of
brass. Not connected with _grease_.
=Walrus= = _whale horse_, O. E. _hwæl_, whale; _hors_, horse. The _r_
has shifted its place, as in _three_, _third_; _turn_, _trundle_,
etc.
=Whole=, hole, O. E. _hael_. The _w_ is redundant; just as it is in
the _pronunciation_ of _one_. It does not appear in _heal_,
_health_, etc.
=Wiseacre=, a corruption of the Ger. _weiss sager_, a wise-sayer or
soothsayer, or prophet.
4. =WORDS THAT HAVE CHANGED THEIR MEANING.=
=Artillery=, great weapons of war; was once used to include
crossbows, bows, etc., before gunpowder was invented, 1 Sam. xx.
40: ‘And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad, and said unto
him, Go, carry _them_ to the city.’
=Blackguard=, a name originally applied to the lowest kitchen
servants from the dirty work they had to do.
=Bombast=, originally cotton-wadding, affected language.
=Boor=, originally a peasant or tiller of the soil. In South Africa a
farmer is called a _boer_.
=Brat= meant originally a rag or clout, especially a child’s bib or
apron; hence, in contempt, a child. Mandeville speaks of ‘Abraham’s
brats.’
=Carriage= once meant baggage. Acts, xxi. 15: ‘And after those days
we took up our carriages, and went up to Jerusalem.’
=Censure= once meant opinion or judgment. Shakspeare, _As You Like
It_, IV. i. 7: ‘Betray themselves to every modern censure.’
=Charity=, once love, now almsgiving. 1 Cor. xiii. 3: ‘And though I
bestow all my goods to feed _the poor_, and though I give my body
to be burned, and have not _charity_, it profiteth me nothing.’
=Cheat= originally meant to seize upon anything which was _escheated_
or forfeited.
=Churl=, a countryman or farmer.
=Conceit=, originally a thought or notion. ‘Dan Chaucer was a
conceited clerk’--that is, a learned man full of new inventions or
thoughts (conceits).
=Cunning=, originally knowing, clever, skilled in a craft or trade.
The Bible speaks of ‘cunning workmen.’
=Demure=, originally of good manners, now staid, grave.
=Disaster=, an unkindly _star_ (Gr. _astēr_, a star); a term from the
old astrology.
=Fond= once meant foolish.
=Gazette=, a small newspaper, originally a small coin. The newspaper
was so named because a _gazetta_ was paid for it.
=Gossip= (_sib_, or related, in _God_), originally a sponsor in
baptism. _Gossip_ is the kind of talk that goes on between people
who are connected with a family. Compare Fr. _commère_ and
_commèrage_.
=Heathen=, an unbeliever, originally a dweller on a heath. Compare
_pagan_, a dweller in a _pagus_, or country canton.
=Idiot=, from Gr. _idiōtēs_, a private person. It afterwards meant a
person who kept himself aloof from public business and politics; a
person despised by the Athenians.
=Imp=, formerly used in a good sense, meaning scion or offspring. Now
a demon of mischief.
=Impertinent=, not relating or belonging to the matter in hand.
=Influence=, a _flowing down_ from the stars; originally a term in
astrology.
=Kind=, originally _born_; hence _natural_, and so loving.
=Knave=, originally a boy or servant. Sir John Mandeville speaks of
Mohammed as a ‘poure knave.’
=Miser= sometimes means merely a wretched creature. Spenser, _Faerie
Queene_, II. i. 8:
‘Vouchsafe to stay your steed for humble miser’s sake.’
=Officious=, sometimes used in a good sense, obliging, serviceable.
Shakspeare, _Tit. And._ V. ii. 202:
‘Come, come, be every one officious
To make this banquet.’
=Ostler= = hosteller, properly the keeper of a hostelry or hotel;
now applied to the horse-groom.
=Pagan=, from _paganus_, a dweller in a canton, a countryman or
villager; hence a heathen or unbeliever. Christianity was first
preached in the large cities.
=Painful=, originally painstaking. ‘Rev. J. Flavel was a painful
preacher.’
=Polite=, from Lat. _polītus_, polished.
=Prevent= (to), originally to go before (_præ_ and _venio_). ‘Prevent
us, O Lord, in all our goings.’
=Silly=, the adj. originally happy, blessed; whence it came to mean
innocent, simple, foolish.
=Sycophant= (Gr.), originally a _fig-shower_; a person who informed
the police regarding the smuggling of figs into Athens.
=Tawdry= was applied originally to goods bought at St Audrey’s fair
(St Audrey = St Ethelreda).
=Varlet= once meant a serving-man. Valet is a doublet of _varlet_.
(From _vassaletus_, an inferior vassal.)
=Villain=, a farm-servant, a peasant; from Lat. _villanus_, a servant
on a _villa_ or farm.
5. =WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS.=
=Amazon=, the name of a nation of warlike women, who were said to cut
off their right breasts that they might use the bow. (From Gr. _a_,
without, and _mazos_, the breast.)
=Argosy=, from _Argo_, the name of a famous ship in which the Greek
warrior Jason sailed to seek the golden fleece, which was at
Colchis, on the eastern shore of the Black Sea.
=August= was named so in honour of the Roman Emperor Augustus
(Cæsar).
=Brougham=, after Lord Brougham, a famous English lawyer and
politician.
=Cravat=, named from the Croats (Crabats), the people of Croatia, in
Austria, from whom we derived the custom of wearing cravats.
=Dahlia=, from Dahl, a Swede, who introduced the flower into Europe.
=Dunce=, from Duns Scotus (d. 1308), the great schoolman whose name
was used as a term of reproach by his opponents, the followers of
the learned Thomas Aquinas.
=Filbert=, from St. Philibert, whose anniversary falls in the nutting
season.
=Friday=, from Freya, the wife of Odin; one of the Saxon goddesses.
=Galvanism=, from Galvani of Bologna, who discovered it. He died in
1798.
=Herculean=, very powerful; from Hercules, one of the Greek demigods,
who was very strong.
=Jacobite=, one of those who were favourable to the Stuarts; from
Jacobus II., the Latin name for James II.
=January=, from Janus, the god with two heads, who opened the year.
=Jeremiad=, a sorrowful story; from Jeremiah, who wrote the
_Lamentations_.
=Jovial=, cheerful; from Jove, the king of the ancient gods.
=July=, from Julius Cæsar, the great Roman statesman and general.
=Macadamise=, to pave a road with small cubical stones; from Macadam,
who invented this method of making roads. He died 1836.
=March=, from Mars, the Roman god of war.
=Martial=, from Mars, the Roman god of war.
=Mausoleum=, a magnificent tomb; from Mausolus, a king of Caria, in
Asia Minor, whose widow erected a splendid tomb to his memory.
=Mercury=, quicksilver; from Mercury, the light-footed messenger of
the gods who dwelt on Olympus.
=Panic=, from Pan, the god of shepherds, who often appeared to them
suddenly and terrified them.
=Petrel=, a sea-bird; from Peter, who is said to have walked upon the
waters.
=Philippic=, a speech full of strongly passionate language; from
Philip, king of Macedon, against whom Demosthenes delivered some
fiery speeches of this kind.
=Saturday=, from Sæter, one of the old Saxon gods.
=Saturnine=, grave, severe; from Saturn, the father of the Roman
gods.
=Stentorian=, very loud; from Stentor, the name of a Greek herald,
who is mentioned by Homer, and who had a very loud voice.
=Tantalise=, from Tantalus, who is said to have been always thirsty
and up to his chin in water, which went out of his reach whenever
he tried to drink.
=Thursday=, from Thor, the Saxon god of thunder.
=Tuesday=, from Tiew, the Saxon god of war.
=Wednesday=, the day of Woden or Odin, the Saxon god of war. The _es_
is the old possessive form.
6. =WORDS DERIVED FROM NAMES OF PLACES.=
=Academy=, a school; from Academia, the name of the gymnasium where
Plato, the Greek philosopher, taught his pupils.
=Attic=, an upper room; from Gr. _Attikos_, Athenian. In Athens the
houses are said to have been built with a low upper story.
=Bayonet=, a kind of dagger, from Bayonne, in France.
=Bedlam=, a lunatic asylum; from Bethlehem, a monastery in London,
which was afterwards used as a madhouse.
=Calico=, a kind of cotton cloth; from Calicut, in India.
=Cambric=, fine linen; from Cambray, in French Flanders.
=Canary=, a bird, and a kind of wine; from Canary Islands, whence
these things were brought.
=Canter=, from Canterbury. The pilgrims to this shrine are said to
have ridden at an easy pace.
=Cashmere=, =Cassimere=, or =Kerseymere=, a rich kind of woollen cloth;
from Cashmere, a province among the Himalayas, in the north of
India, noted for the manufacture of fine woollen fabrics.
=Cherry=, from Cerăsus, on the Black Sea, whence the fruit was
introduced into Europe.
=Copper=, a metal; from Cyprus, an island in the eastern part of the
Mediterranean.
=Currant=, from Corinth, in Greece, where these small dried grapes
were first produced.
=Damson=, =Damask=, from Damascus, in Syria.
=Dollar=, from St Joachim’s Thal or valley, in Bohemia. These coins
were first made there about 1518, and were called _thalers_ or
_talers_: whence _dollars_.
=Florin=, a coin; from Florence, in Italy.
=Gin=, an alcoholic liquor; from Geneva, in Switzerland. (=Gin=, a
trap, is an abbreviation of _engine_.)
=Guinea=, a coin worth twenty-one shillings; from Guinea (or Gold
Coast) in Africa, whence the gold of which these coins were first
made was brought.
=Gypsy=, from Egypt, whence these people were supposed to have come.
They really came from India.
=Holland=, a kind of linen cloth; =Hollands=, a kind of gin; from
Holland.
=Indigo=, from India.
=Jersey=, a woollen jacket; from Jersey, one of the Channel Islands.
=Magnesia=, =Magnet=, from Magnesia, a town in Asia Minor.
=Mantua=, a lady’s gown; from Mantua, in Italy.
=Meander=, to wind about; from Mæander, a river in Asia Minor, which
had a very winding course.
=Milliner=, from Milan, in Italy.
=Morocco=, leather prepared in a certain way; from Morocco, in North
Africa.
=Nankeen=, a kind of cotton cloth; from Nankin, in China.
=Port=, a dark red wine; from Oporto, in Portugal, whence great
quantities of it are shipped.
=Sherry=, a light-coloured wine; from Xeres, in Spain.
=Spaniel=, a kind of dog; from Spain.
=Turkey=, a large domestic fowl; from Turkey, whence the bird was
supposed to have come.
=Worsted=, woollen yarn; from Worsted, the name of a village near
Norwich.
7. =ENGLISH (OR TEUTONIC) ROOTS.=
=Ac=, an oak; acorn, Acton [oak-town], Uckfield.
=Æcer=, a field; acre, God’s acre [the churchyard].
=Æsc=, an ash; ash, Ascot, Ashby.
=Æthele=, noble; Atheling, Ethelbert, Ethelrede [noble in _rede_ or
counsel].
=Bacan=, to bake; bake, baker, baxter [a woman baker], batch.
=Bana=, a slayer; bane, henbane, baneful.
=Beám=, a tree, or anything in a straight line; beam, sunbeam.
=Beorgan=, to save or shelter; bury, burgh, harbour, harbinger.
=Bigan= or =beogan=, to bend; bow, elbow, buxom.
=Bindan=, to bind; bind, band, bundle, bond, bandage.
=Blówan=, to blossom; blow, bloom.
=Brecan=, to break; break, breakers, breakfast.
=Cáld= or =ceald=, cold; cold, chill.
=Ceápian=, to buy; chapman, Cheapside, cheap, Chippenham, Copenhagen
[= Merchants’ Haven].
=Cunnan=, to know, to be able; can, con, cunning.
=Cwellan=, to slay; quell.
=Cwic=, alive; quick, quicksand.
=Cyning=, a king; king, Kingston.
=Dragan=, to drag; drag, draw, dray, draught, dredge, draggle.
=Drypan=, to drop; drop, drip, dribble.
=Eáge=, an eye; eye, eyebright, daisy [= day’s eye].
=Erian=, to plough; ear.
=Faran=, to go; fare, ferry, wayfarer, fieldfare, ford.
=Fleógan=, to flee; flee, fly, flight, fledge.
=Fleótan=, to float; float, fleet.
=Fod=, food; feed, fodder, foster [= foodster].
=Gangan=, to go; go, gang, gait, gangway.
=Geard=, an inclosure; yard, orchard, vineyard.
=Gód=, good; good, goodwife.
=Grafan=, to dig; grave, engraver, groove, grove.
=Hál=, sound; hale, heal, healthy, whole, wholesome.
=Healdan=, to hold; hold, holding, behold.
=Here=, an army; harbour, herring, harbinger [a person sent on before
to provide quarters for a _here_ or army].
=Hláf=, a loaf; lady, lord, Lammas (loaf-mass).
=Hús=, a house; house, housewife.
=Lædan=, to lead; loadstone, loadstar.
=Læt=, late; late, latter, last, later, belate.
=Lang=, long; long, length, along, linger.
=Lif=, life; life, alive.
=Mere=, a lake; mere, Windermere, marsh.
=Móna=, the moon; moon, month.
=Nosu=, or =nasu=, a nose; nose, the Naze, Ness, nostril, Sheerness.
=Rædan=, to read; read, rede, riddle.
=Reáfian=, to rob; rob, bereave, rover.
=Scíran=, to cut; shear, share, shire, shore, short, skirt,
ploughshare.
=Settan=, to place; =sittan=, to sit; sit, set, seat, settle.
=Spell=, a message; gospel [= good spell].
=Stede=, a place; homestead, bedstead.
=Stelan=, to steal; steal, stealth.
=Stow=, a place; Chepstow, bestow.
=Tellan=, to reckon; tell, tale, tell-tale.
=Thyrel=, a hole; thrill, nostril, drill.
=Tredan=, to tread; tread, treadle.
=Wácian=, to watch; wake, watch.
=Ward=, a looker at or guard; ward, warden, weir.
=Witan=, to know; wit, witness, wisdom, wistful.
=Wyrcan=, to work; work, wright.
=Wyrt=, an herb; wort, wart, orchard [wort-yard].
8. =LATIN ROOTS.=
=Acer=, sharp; acrid, acrimony, vinegar [= sharp wine].
=Acidus=, sour; acid, acidity.
=Ædes=, a house; edifice, edify.
=Æquus=, equal; equality, equator, adequate, iniquity, equanimity.
=Æstimo=, I value; estimation, estimate, esteem.
=Ager=, a field; agriculture, peregrinate.
=Agger=, a heap; exaggerate.
=Ago=, I do; act, agile, agency, cogent.
=Alacer=, cheerful; alacrity.
=Alo=, I nourish; aliment, alimony.
=Alter=, the other of two; alternation, subaltern.
=Altus=, high; altitude, exalt.
=Ambulo=, I walk; amble, perambulator.
=Amo=, I love; amity, amorous, inimical.
=Anima=, the soul; animation, inanimate.
=Animus=, the mind; magnanimity.
=Annus=, a circle or year; annual, perennial.
=Aperio=, I open; aperient, April [the opening month, the month of
spring when the buds open out].
=Appello=, I call; appeal, appellation.
=Aptus=, fit; apt, aptitude.
=Aqua=, water; aqueduct, aquatic, aqueous.
=Arbiter=, a judge; arbitration, arbitrary.
=Arbor=, a tree; arboraceous, arbour.
=Ardeo=, I burn; ardent, arson.
=Arduus=, steep [with the idea of difficulty of attainment]; arduous.
=Arma=, weapons; arms, armistice, disarm, army.
=Aro=, I plough; arable.
=Ars= (=art=-is), art; artificial, inertia, artisan.
=Artus=, a joint; articulate, article.
=Audio=, I hear; audience, audible.
=Augeo=, I increase: augment, auctioneer.
=Avis=, a bird; aviary.
=Barba=, a beard; barber, barbel, barb.
=Bellum=, war; bellicose, belligerent, rebellious.
=Bibo=, I drink; imbibe, winebibber.
=Bis=, twice; biscuit, bissextile.
=Bonus=, good; benevolent, bounty.
=Brevis=, short; brevity, abbreviate, brief.
=Cado= (=cas=-um), I fall; casual, accident.
=Cædo= (=cæs=-um), I cut or kill; precise, excision, decide.
=Campus=, a plain; camp, encamp.
=Candeo=, I shine; =candidus=, white, incandescent, candidate.
=Cano=, I sing; canticle, chant, incantation.
=Capio= (=capt=-um), I take; captive, accept, reception.
=Caput=, the head; capital, captain.
=Caro= (=carn=-is), flesh; carnal, carnival, carnivorous.
=Castus=, pure; chastity, castigate, chastise.
=Causa=, a cause; accuse, causation.
=Caveo= (=caut=-um), I take care; caution, cautious.
=Cavus=, hollow; cavity, cave, excavate.
=Cedo= (=cess=-um), I yield; cede, accede, proceed. I go; procession,
ancestor.
=Centum=, a hundred; century, centurion.
=Cerno= (=cret=-um), I notice or discern; discern, decretal,
discretion.
=Cingo= (=cinct=-um), I gird; cincture, succinct.
=Cito=, I rouse; excite, citation.
=Civis=, a citizen; civic, civil, city.
=Clamo=, I shout; clamour, proclamation, reclaim.
=Clarus=, clear; clarify, declare, clarion.
=Claudo= (=claus=-um), I shut; close, exclude, seclusion.
=Clivus=, a slope; declivity.
=Colo= (=cult=-um), I till; cultivate, arboriculture.
=Copia=, plenty; copious, cornucopia.
=Coquo= (=coct=-um), I boil; decoction, biscuit.
=Cor= (=cord=-is), the heart; courage, cordial, discord.
=Corpus= (=corpor=-is), the body; corpse, corps, incorporate.
=Credo=, I believe; credibility, credence, miscreant.
=Creo=, I create; create, creation, creature, recreation.
=Cresco= (=cret=-um), I grow; crescent, increment.
=Crimen=, a charge; crime, criminate.
=Crux= (=cruc=-is), a cross; crucial, crucifix.
=Cubo=, I lie down; incubate, recumbent.
=Culpa=, a fault; culpable, exculpate, culprit.
=Cura=, care; sinecure, curate, secure, accurate.
=Curro= (=curs=-um), I run; cursory, course, recur, occur.
=Decem=, ten; decimal, December.
=Dens= (=dent=-is), a tooth; dentist, dental, indent.
=Deus=, a god; deity, deify, divine.
=Dexter=, right hand; dexterous.
=Dico= (=dict=-um), I say; verdict, dictation, dictionary, indictment.
=Dies=, a day; diary, meridian.
=Dignus=, worthy; dignity, indignant.
=Do= (=dat=-um), I give; donor, add [= _ad-do_, I give to], data.
=Doceo= (=doct=-um), I teach; docile, doctor.
=Dominus=, a lord; dominant, dominion, dame.
=Domus=, a house; domicile, domestic.
=Dormio=, I sleep; dormitory, dormant.
=Duco= (=duct=-um), I lead; induct, education, duke, produce.
=Duo=, two; dual, duel, (double), duplex.
=Durus=, hard; durable, obdurate, duration.
=Emo= (=empt=-um), I buy; redeem, exemption.
=Eo= (=it=-um), I go; exit, transit, circuit, ambition.
=Equus=, a horse; equine, equestrian.
=Erro=, I wander; error, aberration.
=Esse=, to be; essential, essence.
=Facies=, the face; facial, facet, superficial.
=Facilis=, easy; facile, facility, difficult.
=Facio= (=fact=-um), I make; manufacture, factor, faction.
=Fallo= (=fals=-um), I deceive; false, infallible, fallacious.
=Fama=, a report; fame, defame, infamy.
=Fans= (=fant=-is), speaking; infant [= a non-speaker].
=Felix= (=felīc=-is), happy; felicity, infelicity.
=Fero=, I bear or carry; infer, reference, difference.
=Ferrum=, iron; ferruginous.
=Ferveo=, I boil; fervent, effervesce, ferment.
=Fido=, I trust; confide, infidel, perfidy, diffident.
=Filius=, a son; filial, affiliation.
=Filum=, a thread; file, defile, profile.
=Finis=, an end; final, infinite, confine.
=Firmus=, firm; infirm, affirm.
=Flecto=, I bend; flexible, inflection.
=Flos= (=flōr=-is), a flower; floral, Flora, floriculture.
=Fluo= (=fluct=-um), I flow; fluent, flux, refluent, fluid.
=Forma=, a form; form, formal, reform, conformity.
=Fortis=, strong; fortify, fortitude, fortress.
=Frango= (=fract=-um), I break; fragile, fragmentary, infraction.
=Frater=, a brother; fraternal, fratricide.
=Frons= (=front=-is), the forehead; frontispiece, frontal, frontier.
=Fruor= (=fruct=-us), I enjoy; fruit, fructify, fruition.
=Fugio=, I flee; fugitive, refugee, subterfuge.
=Fundo= (=fus=-um), I pour; fusible, diffusion, foundry.
=Fundus=, the bottom; foundation, profound.
=Furor=, madness; furious, fury.
=Gelu=, frost; gelid, jelly, congeal.
=Gens= (=gent=-is), a nation; gentile, genteel, gentle, congenial.
=Genus= (=genĕr=-is), a kind; general, genus.
=Gero= (=gest=-um), I bear or carry; gesture, suggestion.
=Gradior= (=gress=-us), I go; =gradus=, a step; degrade, progress,
degree.
=Grandis=, great; grand, aggrandise.
=Gratia=, favour; =gratiæ=, thanks; gratitude, ingratiate, gratis.
=Gravis=, heavy; gravitate, gravity, (grief).
=Grex= (=greg=-is), a flock; gregarious, egregious.
=Habeo=, I have; habit, able, exhibit, prohibition.
=Hæreo= (=hæs=-um), I stick; adhere, cohesion.
=Homo=, a man; homicide, human.
=Hospes= (=hospit=-is), a guest; hospital, hostel, hotel.
=Hostis=, an enemy; host, hostile.
=Humus=, the ground; posthumous, exhume.
=Ignis=, fire; ignite, igneous.
=Impero=, I command; imperial, emperor, empire.
=Insula=, an island; isle, insular, peninsula, insulate. [_Island_ is
not connected with this root. It was in older English spelled
_iland_.]
=Iter= (=itiner=-is), a journey; itinerant.
=Jacio= (=jact=-um), I throw; adjective, project, injection.
=Judex= (=judĭc=-is); (adjudge), judicial.
=Jungo= (=junct=-um), I join; junction, conjoin, juncture.
=Jus= (=jur=-is), law, right; justice, jurisdiction, jury.
=Labor= (=laps=-us), I glide; lapse, collapse.
=Lædo= (=læs=-um), I injure; collision, lesion.
=Lapis= (=lapĭd=-is), a stone; lapidary.
=Latus=, broad; latitude.
=Laus= (=laud=-is), praise; laud, laudable.
=Lego= (=lect=-um), I gather or read; college, collect, prelection,
lecture.
=Lĕvis=, light; levity, alleviate, relief.
=Lex= (=lēg=-is), law; legal, legislate.
=Liber=, free; liberal, liberty.
=Libra=, a balance; deliberate.
=Ligo=, I bind; ligament, religion.
=Limes= (=limit=-is), a boundary; limit.
=Linquo= (=lict=-um), I leave; relinquish, relict, relics.
=Litera=, a letter; literature, literary, letters, obliterate.
=Locus=, a place; location, dislocate.
=Longus=, long; elongate, longitude.
=Loquor= (=locūt=-us), I speak; loquacious, eloquent, elocution.
=Ludo= (=lus=-um), I play; ludicrous, allusion.
=Lumen= (=lumin=-is), light; illuminate, luminous.
=Luna=, the moon; Luna, sublunary, lunacy.
=Luo=, I wash; ablution, dilute.
=Lux= (=luc=-is), light; lucid, pellucid.
=Magister=, a master; magistrate, master.
=Magnus=, great; magnificent, magniloquent, magnify.
=Malus=, bad; malady, malice, maltreat.
=Maneo= (=mans=-um), I remain; mansion, permanent.
=Manus=, the hand; manufacture, manual, manuscript.
=Mare=, the sea; marine, mariner.
=Mater=, a mother; maternal, matricide.
=Maturus=, ripe; mature, maturity.
=Medeor=, I heal; medicine, remedy.
=Medius=, the middle; medial, immediate, Mediterranean.
=Memini=, I remember; =memor=, mindful; memorable, commemorate,
memento, immemorial.
=Mens= (=ment=-is), the mind; mental, comment.
=Mereo= (=merit=-um), I deserve; merit, meretricious.
=Mergo= (=mers=-um), I dip; submerge, immersion.
=Merx= (=merc=-is), goods; merchant, commerce, mercantile.
=Miles= (=milĭt=-is), a soldier; military, militant, militia.
=Mille=, a thousand; mile, million.
=Miror=, I admire; admire, miracle, mirage.
=Misceo=, I mix; miscellaneous, promiscuous.
=Mitto= (=miss=-um), I send; mission, missile, remittance.
=Mŏdus=, a measure; modify, mood, accommodate.
=Mollis=, soft; mollify, emollient.
=Moneo= (=monĭt=-um), I advise; admonition, monitor.
=Mons= (=mont=-is), a mountain; mountain, promontory.
=Monstro=, I point out; demonstrate.
=Mors= (=mort=-is), death; mortify, mortal.
=Moveo= (=mot=-um), I move; motion, movable, move.
=Multus=, many; multiplex, multitude.
=Munus= (=munĕr=-is), a gift; remunerate, munificent.
=Muto=, I change; mutable, immutable, transmute.
=Nascor= (=nat=-us), to be born; nascent, natal, nativity.
=Navis=, a ship; navigate, naval, navy.
=Necto= (=nex=-us), I tie; connect, nexus, annex.
=Nego=, I deny; negative, negation.
=Noceo=, I hurt; noxious, innocuous, innocent.
=Nomen= (=nomĭn=-is), a name; nominal, nomination, cognomen.
=Nosco= (=not=-um), I know or mark; note, notation.
=Novus=, new; novel, novitiate, innovation.
=Nox= (=noct=-is), night; nocturnal, equinoctial.
=Nudus=, naked; nude, denudation.
=Numero=, I number; enumerate, numeration.
=Nuntio=, I announce; nuncio, annunciation, pronounce.
=Nutrio=, I nourish; nutriment, nurse.
=Octo=, eight; octave, octagon, October.
=Oculus=, the eye; oculist.
=Odor=, smell; odour, redolent.
=Omnis=, all; omnipotent, omniscient.
=Onus= (=onĕr=-is), a burden; onerous.
=Opus= (=opĕr=-is), a work; operate, operation.
=Ordo= (=ordĭn=-is), order; ordinal, ordinary.
=Oro=, I pray; oration, inexorable, peroration.
=Os= (=ōr=-is), the mouth; oral, adore.
=Os= (=Oss=-is), bone; ossify, ossification.
=Pando= (=pans=-um or =pass=-um), I spread; expand, expanse, compass.
=Pango= (=pact=-um), I fix; compact, impinge.
=Panis=, bread; pantry, pannier, company.
=Par=, equal; (pair), par, parity.
=Pareo=, I appear; apparent, apparition.
=Paro= (=parat=-um), I prepare; prepare, repair, apparatus.
=Pars= (=part=-is), a part; partition, particle.
=Pasco= (=past=-um), I feed; repast, pastor.
=Pater=, a father; paternal, patricide.
=Patior= (=pass=-us), I suffer; impatient, passion.
=Pauper=, poor; pauper, poverty.
=Pax= (=pāc=-is), peace; pacify, pacific.
=Pello= (=puls=-um), I drive; repel, expel, expulsion.
=Pendeo= (=pens=-um), I hang; dependent, suspend.
=Pendo=, I weigh out, hence, I pay; expend, recompense.
=Pes= (=pĕd=-is), the foot; impede, pedestrian, biped.
=Peto= (=petīt=-um), I seek; petition, petulant.
=Pingo= (=pict=-um), I paint; picture, pigment.
=Placeo=, I please; placid, complacent.
=Planus=, level; plane, plain, plan.
=Plaudo= (=plaus=-um), I clap the hands; applause, (explode).
=Plecto= (=plex=-um), I weave; complex, perplex.
=Pleo= (=plēt=-um), I fill; complete, completion, repletion.
=Plĭco=, I fold; complicate, reply.
=Plus= (=plūr=-is), more; plurality, surplus.
=Pœna=, punishment; penalty, repent.
=Pondus= (=pondĕr=-is), weight; ponderous, pound.
=Pono= (=posĭt=-um), I place; disposition, exposition, imposition.
=Pons= (=pont=-is), a bridge; pontiff, transpontine.
=Popŭlus=, the people; populace, popular.
=Porto=, I carry; export, deportation, report.
=Possum=, I am able; =potens=, able; possible, potency, potentate,
impotent.
=Poto=, I drink; potion, poison, potable.
=Prĕcor=, I pray; precarious, imprecation.
=Prehendo=, I take; apprehend, comprehension, apprentice.
=Premo= (=press=-um), I press; compress, print.
=Pretium=, a price; precious, appreciate, prize.
=Primus=, first; prime, primitive, primrose.
=Prīvo=, I separate; deprive, privateer, private.
=Probo=, I try or prove; probable, prove, reproof.
=Proprius=, one’s own; property, appropriation.
=Pugna=, a fight; pugnacious, repugnant.
=Pungo= (=punct=-um), I prick; pungent, poignant, punctual.
=Puto=, I cut or think; amputate, compute, reputation.
=Quæro= (=quæsīt=-um), I seek; quest, inquiry, inquisition.
=Quatuor=, four; quadrilateral, square, quarry, quart, quadrant.
=Quies= (=quiēt=-is), rest; acquiesce, quiet, requite.
=Radius=, a ray; radiant, irradiate, (ray).
=Radix= (=radic=-is), a root; radical, eradicate.
=Rapio= (=rapt=-um), I seize; rapture, rapine, surreptitious.
=Ratio=, reason; rational, ration, reason.
=Rego= (=rect=-um), I rule; regiment, regal, regulate, rector, rectify.
=Res= (=re=-i), a thing; real, reality, republican.
=Rex= (=reg=-is), a king; regal, interregnum, royal.
=Rideo= (=rīs=-um), I laugh; deride, derision.
=Rivus=, a brook; river, rival.
=Rodo= (=ros=-um), I gnaw; erosion, corrode.
=Rogo=, I ask; derogatory, interrogation, arrogate.
=Rota=, a wheel; rote, rotation, rotund, round.
=Rumpo= (=rupt=-um), I break; rupture, disruption, irruption, eruption.
=Rus= (=rūr=-is), the country; rural, rustic.
=Sacer=, sacred; desecrate, sacrilege.
=Sal=, salt; saline, salary [= salt-money].
=Salio= (=salt=-um), I leap; sally, assail, assault, insult, salmon [=
the _leaping_ fish], salient.
=Salus= (=salūt=-is), health; =salvus=, safe; salutary, salubrious,
salvation.
=Sanctus=, holy; sanctify, saint
=Sanguis= (=sanguin=-is), blood; sanguinary.
=Sano= (=sanāt=-um), I cure; sanitary, sane, insane.
=Sapio=, I taste or am wise; sapient, insipid, savour.
=Scando= (=scans=-um), I climb; =scala=, a ladder; scan, scale,
ascension, descend.
=Scio=, I know; science, scientific, conscience, omniscient.
=Scribo= (=script=-um), I write; scribe, scripture, manuscript,
describe.
=Seco= (=sect=-um), I cut; dissect, insect, segment, section.
=Sedeo= (=sess=-um), I set; sediment, subside, residence.
=Senex=, an old man; senile, senior, senate, senator.
=Sentio= (=sens=-us), I feel or perceive; sense, sentimental.
=Septem=, seven; septennial, September.
=Sequor= (=secūt=-us), I follow; sequel, consecutive, consequent.
=Servio=, I serve; servant, service, servitor.
=Servo=, I preserve; reserve, conservative, conservatory.
=Signum=, a mark; sign, signify, designation.
=Simĭlis=, like; dissimilar, similitude, resemble, dissemble.
=Sisto=, I stop; insist, consistency.
=Solus=, alone; solitary, sole.
=Solvo= (=solūt=-um), I loose; absolute, resolve, solution, resolution.
=Somnus=, sleep; somnolent, somnambulist.
=Specio= (=spect=-um) I see; aspect, retrospect, specious.
=Spero=, I hope; despair, desperate.
=Spiro=, I breathe; spiral, aspire, inspiration, conspiracy.
=Spondeo= (=spons=-um), I promise; respond, sponsor, (spouse).
=Statuo=, I set up; =sto= (=stat=-um), to stand; statute, statue,
institute, restitution, extant, substance.
=Stella=, a star; stellar, constellation.
=Stringo= (=strict=-um), I bind; stringent, stricture, constrain.
=Struo= (=struct=-um), I build; structure, (construe, destroy),
destruction.
=Suadeo= (=suas=-um), I persuade; persuasion, dissuade.
=Sumo= (=sumpt=-um), I take; resume, consumption.
=Surgo= (=surrect=-um), I arise; insurgent, resurrection.
=Taceo=, I am silent; tacit, taciturn.
=Tango= (=tact=-um), I touch; intangible, contact, contagious.
=Tego= (=tect=-um), I cover; integument, detect.
=Tempus= (=tempŏr=-is), time; temporal, tense.
=Tendo= (=tens=-um), I stretch; extend, intension, tent, tense.
=Teneo= (=tent=-um), I hold; contain, tenacious, retentive.
=Terminus=, an end or boundary; term, terminus, determine.
=Tero= (=trīt=-um), I rub; contrition, trite, detritus.
=Terra=, the earth; subterranean, Mediterranean.
=Terreo=, I frighten; terror, terrify.
=Testis=, a witness; testator, testify, contest.
=Texo= (=text=-um), I weave; texture, context, textile.
=Timeo=, I fear; timid, intimidation.
=Tono=, I thunder; astonish, detonate.
=Torqueo= (=tort=-um), I twist; torture, torsion.
=Traho= (=tract=-um), I draw; contractile.
=Tribuo=, I give; tribute, contribution.
=Tribus=, a tribe; tribe, tribune, tribunal.
=Trudo= (=trus=-um), I thrust; extrusion, intrude.
=Turba=, a crowd; turbid, turbulent.
=Umbra=, a shadow; umbrage, adumbration.
=Unda=, a wave; undulate, inundation.
=Unguo= (=unct=-um), I anoint; unguent, unctuous, ointment.
=Unus=, one; unity, union.
=Urbs=, a city; urban, suburb.
=Utor= (=us=-us), I use; use, utensil, usury.
=Vacca=, a cow; vaccinate.
=Valeo=, I am strong; valour, valiant, prevail.
=Vanus=, empty; vain, vanish, vanity.
=Vas= (=vās=-is), a vessel; vase, vascular, vessel.
=Veho= (=vect=-um), I carry; vehicle, convey.
=Vello= (=vuls=-um), I pluck; convulsion.
=Venio= (=vent=-um), I come; venture, advent.
=Ver=, the spring; verdant, vernal, verdure.
=Verbum=, a word; verb, verbal, verbose, proverb.
=Verto= (=vers=-um), I turn; controvert, aversion.
=Verus=, true; verdict, veracious, verity.
=Vestis=, a garment; invest, vesture.
=Vetus= (=vetĕr=-is), old; veteran.
=Via=, a way; deviate, previous.
=Video= (=vĭs=-um), I see; vision, provident.
=Vinco= (=vict=-um), I overcome; victor, victory, convince.
=Vir=, a man; virtue, virile.
=Vita=, life; vital, vitality.
=Vitium=, a fault; vitiate, vicious, vice.
=Vivo= (=vict=-um), I live; survive, victuals.
=Voco=, I call; =vox= (=vōc=-is), the voice; voice, convocation, revoke,
vociferate.
=Volo=, I fly; volatile, volley.
=Volo=, I wish; involuntary, volition, benevolence, malevolence.
=Volvo= (=volūt=-um), I roll; involution, evolve, volume.
=Voveo= (=vot=-um), I vow; vow, devote.
=Vulgus=, the common people; vulgar, divulge.
=Vulnus= (=vulnĕr=-is), a wound; vulnerable.
9. =GREEK ROOTS.=
=Ago=, I lead; pedagogue, synagogue.
=Agōn=, a contest; agony, antagonist.
=Allos=, another; allopathy, allegory.
=Anggelos=, a messenger; angel, evangelist.
=Anthrōpos=, a man; misanthrope, philanthropy.
=Archo=, I begin or rule; monarch, archaic [= early]; archbishop,
archdeacon.
=Arctos=, a bear; Arctic, Antarctic, Arcturus.
=Arithmos=, number; arithmetic.
=Aster= or =astron=, a star; astronomy, astrology, asteroid, disaster.
=Atmos=, vapour; atmosphere.
=Autos=, self; autocrat, autograph.
=Ballo=, I throw; symbol.
=Bapto=, I dip; baptise, baptist.
=Baros=, weight; barometer.
=Biblos=, a book; Bible, bibliomania.
=Bios=, life; biography, biology.
=Cheir=, the hand; surgeon [older form, chirurgeon].
=Chrio=, I anoint; Christ, chrism.
=Cholē=, bile; melancholy.
=Chronos=, time; chronology, chronic, chronicle.
=Daktŭlos=, a finger; dactyl, pterodactyl, date--_the fruit_.
=Deka=, ten; decagon, decalogue.
=Dēmos=, the people; democrat, endemic, epidemic.
=Dokeo=, to think; =doxa= and =dogma=, an opinion; doxology, orthodox,
heterodox, dogma, dogmatic.
=Drao=, I do; drama, dramatic.
=Dunămis=, power; dynamics.
=Eidos=, form; kaleidoscope.
=Eikon=, an image: iconoclast.
=Electron=, amber; electricity.
=Ergon=, a work; surgeon [= chirurgeon], energy.
=Eu=, well; eucharist, euphony, evangelist.
=Gamos=, marriage; bigamy, monogamist, misogamy.
=Gē=, the earth; geography, geometry, geology.
=Gennao=, I produce; genesis, genealogy, hydrogen, oxygen.
=Grapho=, I write; =gramma=, a letter; graphic, grammar, telegraph,
biography, diagram.
=Haima=, blood; hæmorrhage, hæmorrhoid.
=Haireo=, I take away; heresy, heretic.
=Helios=, the sun; helioscope, heliotype.
=Hemi=, half; hemisphere.
=Hieros=, sacred; hierarchy, hieroglyphic.
=Hippos=, a horse; hippopotamus, hippodrome.
=Hŏdos=, a way; method, period, exodus.
=Hŏmos=, the same; homœopathy, homogeneous.
=Hudor=, water; hydraulic, hydrophobia.
=Ichthus=, a fish; ichthyology.
=Idios=, one’s own; idiom, idiot, idiosyncrasy.
=Isos=, equal; isochronous, isobaric (of equal weight).
=Kalos=, beautiful; caligraphy, calotype.
=Kephalē=, the head; hydrocephalus.
=Klino=, I bend; climax, climate.
=Kosmos=, order; cosmogony, cosmography, cosmetic.
=Krino=, I judge; critic, criterion, hypocrite.
=Kuklos=, a circle; cycle, cycloid, cyclone.
=Kuon=, a dog; cynic, cynicism.
=Lĕgo=, I say or choose; eclectic, lexicon.
=Lithos=, a stone; lithograph, aerolite.
=Lŏgos=, a word, speech; logic, dialogue, geology.
=Luo=, I loosen; dialysis, analysis.
=Metron=, a measure; metronome, diameter, thermometer, barometer.
=Mŏnos=, alone; monastery, monogram, monosyllable.
=Morphē=, shape; amorphous, dimorphous, metamorphic.
=Naus=, a ship; nautical.
=Nekros=, a dead body; necropolis, necromancy.
=Nŏmos=, a law; autonomous, astronomy, Deuteronomy.
=Oikos=, a house; economy, economical.
=Onŏma=, a name; anonymous, synonymous, patronymic.
=Optŏmai=, I see; optics, synoptical.
=Orthos=, right; orthodoxy, orthography.
=Pais= (=paid=-os), a boy; pedagogue [lit. _a boy-leader_].
=Pan=, all; pantheist, panoply, pantomime.
=Pathos=, feeling; pathetic, sympathy.
=Pente=, five; pentagon, pentateuch, Pentecost.
=Phainŏmai=, I appear; phantasy, phantom, fantastic, fancy.
=Phero=, I bear; periphery, phosphorus [= the light-bearer].
=Phileo=, I love; philosophy, Philadelphia.
=Phōs= (=phōt=-os), light; photometer, photograph.
=Phusis=, nature; physics, physiology, physician.
=Planao=, I cause to wander; planet.
=Poieo=, I make; poet, poetic, pharmacopœia.
=Polis=, a city; Constantinople, metropolis.
=Polus=, many; polytheist, Polynesia, polyanthus.
=Pous= (=pŏd=-os), a foot; antipodes.
=Pur=, fire; pyrotechnic, pyre.
=Rheo=, I flow; rhetoric, catarrh, rheumatic.
=Skŏpeo=, I see; microscope, telescope, spectroscope, bishop [from
_episkopos_, an overseer].
=Sophia=, wisdom; sophist, philosophy.
=Stello=, I send; apostle, epistle.
=Stratos=, an army; strategy, strategic.
=Strĕpho=, I turn; catastrophe.
=Technē=, an art; technical.
=Tĕlē=, distant; telegraph, telescope, telephone, telegram.
=Temno=, I cut; anatomy, lithotomy.
=Tetra=, four; tetrachord, tetrarch.
=Theāomai=, I see, behold; theatre, theory.
=Theos=, a god; theist, enthusiast, theology.
=Thermē=, heat; thermal, thermometer, isotherm.
=Tithēmi=, I place; =thēsis=, a placing; synthesis, hypothesis.
=Treis=, three; triangle, trigonometry, trilobite.
=Trĕpo=, I turn; trophy, tropic.
=Tupos=, the impress of a seal; type, stereotype.
=Zōon=, an animal; zoology, zodiac.
10. =THE BRANCHING OF WORDS FROM LATIN STEMS.=
=Ag=-o (=act=-um), I do.--=Act=, that which is done; =active=, engaged in
doing; =action=, a doing; =enact=, to make an _act_, to establish as
law; =enactment=; =transaction=, the doing of a thing thoroughly;
=react=, to do again.
=Apt=-us, fitted.--=Apt=, fit: =aptitude=, fitness; =adapt=, to fit to;
=adaptability=, capability of being fitted to; =adaptation=, a fitting
to; =adept=, one who is fitted for doing things.
=Ced=-o, I go.--=Accede=, to go to, hence to agree to; =access=, a going
to, hence an approach or entrance; =accessory=, going to or aiding;
=concede=, to go away from, to give up; =concession=, the act of giving
up; =exceed=, to go out of; =excess=, that which goes out or beyond;
=excessive=, going beyond; =intercede=, to go in between, hence to act
as a peacemaker; =intercessory=, going in between; =precede=, to go
before; =procession=, a going forth, or that which goes forth;
=recede=, to go back; =recess=, a space which goes back; =succeed=, to
come from under, hence to follow in order; =success=, the act of
succeeding; =successor=, one who follows; =successively=, following in
order.
=Cor= (=cord=-is), the heart.--=Cordial=, hearty; =cordiality=, heartiness;
=concord=, state of being of the same heart, harmony; =discord=, want
of heart or agreement; =discordant=; =record=, to call back to the
heart or mind; =recorder=, one who keeps records or registers;
=courage= (through Fr.), heart--that is, bravery; =encourage=, to put
heart in; =discourage=, to take heart from; =discouragement=.
=Cur=-a, care.--=Cure= (verb and noun); =curable=, that may be cured;
=cureless=, without cure; =curate=, one who has the cure (or care) of
souls; =curator=, one who has care of anything; =curative=, tending to
cure; =curious=, full of care, anxious; =curiosity=; =accurate=, done
with care, hence without error; =procure=, to take care of;
=procurator=, one who takes care of; =secure=, free from care;
=security=, state of being free from care; =sinecure=, an office
without care.
=Curr=-o, I run.--=Current=, that which runs; =currency=, a running, the
money which runs in a country; =concur=, to run together, hence to
agree; =incur=, to run into; =occur=, to run in the way of; =recur=, to
run back; =course= (through Fr.), the track on which anything runs;
=courser=, a runner; =recourse=, a running back, a going to for aid;
=intercourse=, a running between; =precursor=, one who runs before;
=courier= (Fr.), one who runs; =corridor= (Spanish), a passage or
gallery running along.
=Do= (=dat=-um, what is given), I give.--=Add=, to give to; =addition=,
act of giving to; =condition=, state in which things are put
together, or exist; =conditionally=; =edit=, to give forth or out;
=edition=, what is given out; =editor=, one who gives out; =date=, the
time given in a letter.
=Duc=-o, I lead.--=Duke=, a leader; =ducal=, pertaining to a leader;
=ductile=, that which may be led or drawn out; =ductility=, the quality
of being ductile; =educate=, to lead out; =education=; =conduct= (verb
and noun), to lead together; =induce=, to lead into; =produce=, to lead
forth; =reduce=, to lead back; =seduce=, to lead out of the right path.
=Dur=-us, hard.--=During=, lasting (but now used as a _preposition_);
=dure=, to last; =duration=; =durable=; =durability=; =durableness=; =endure=,
to be hard, firm, or lasting; =obdurate=, hardened against.
=Fac=-io, I do, or I make.--=Fact=, a deed; =factor=, a maker; =affect=, to
act upon; =affection=; =affected=; =affectation=, acting upon one’s self;
=defect=, a want; =effect=, something thoroughly done; =effective=;
=perfect=, to make thoroughly; =perfection=, state of being thoroughly
made; =imperfect=, not thoroughly made.
=Fer=-o, I carry.--=Confer=, to come together for council; =conference=;
=defer=, to bear one’s self down or yield to the wishes of another;
=deference=; =differ=, to carry asunder, hence to disagree; =different=;
=differently=; =difference=; =offer=, to carry in the way of; =prefer=, to
carry before, hence to esteem more than another; =preference=; =refer=,
to carry back; =suffer=, to bear up, hence to undergo; =transfer=, to
carry across.
=Firm=-us, strong.--=Firm=, strong; =firmness=; =firmly=; =confirm=, to make
more strong; =confirmation=; =affirm=, to declare strongly; =infirm=, not
strong; =infirmity=, state of being infirm, hence disease; =infirmary=,
a place for the infirm; =firmament=, that which is firm, the place
supposed to be fixed above the earth.
=Form=-a, shape.--=Form=, shape; =formal=, according to form; =informal=,
not according to form; =formality=; =formally=; =formative=, giving form;
=formula=, a little form; =conform=, to make of the same form with;
=deform=, to alter or injure the form of; =inform=, to put into form or
shape, educate, instruct; =information=; =misinform=, to give wrong
knowledge to; =perform=, to form thoroughly; =reform=, to form again;
=reformation=; =transform=, to change the form of.
=Grati=-a, favour.--=Grace= (through Fr.); =graceful=, full of the power
to win favour; =gracefulness=; =gracefully=; =gracious=, full of grace;
=disgrace=, state of being out of grace or favour; =grateful=, thankful
for favour; =ingratitude=; =ingrate=, an ungrateful person; =gratify=, to
please; =gratuitous=, by favour and without price; =gratitude=; =agree=
(Fr.).
=Habe=-o, I have.--=Habit=, the having one’s self in a certain
condition; =habitual=; =habitable=, that may be inhabited; =habitat=, the
place which a plant or an animal inhabits; =habitation=, place where
one dwells or inhabits; =exhibit=, to hold out to view; =inhibit=, to
hold in or keep back; =inhibition=; =inhabit=, to be in the habit of
living in; =prohibit=, to hold before one, hence to check.
=Jac=-io (=jact=-um), I throw.--=Eject=, to throw out; =ejectment=, a
throwing out; =ejection=, the act of throwing out; =ejaculate=, to
throw out (a sound); =ejaculation=; =abject=, thrown down; =adjective=,
that which is thrown to or added to; =conjecture=, a throwing
together of chances, or a guess; =deject=, to throw down; =inject=, to
throw into; =interjection=, a throwing into the middle of; =project=
(verb and noun), to throw forward; =subject= (verb and noun), to
throw under; =reject=, to throw back.
=Jung=-o (=junct=-us, joined), I join.--=Join= (through Fr.); =joint=, a
place where things are joined; =joiner=, one who joins; =juncture=, a
joining; =conjoin= (Fr.), to join together; =conjuncture=, a joining
together; =disjoin= (Fr.), to separate; =adjunct=, something joined to;
=conjunction=, that which joins together.
=Leg=-o (=lect=-um), I gather or read.--=Collect’=, to gather together;
=col’-lect=, what is gathered together; =collection=; =collector=; =elect=,
to gather out from; =election=; =elector=; =select=, to choose apart, to
pick out; =legend=, that which should be read; =legible=, that which
may be read.
=Mitt=-o (=miss=-um), I send.--=Admit=; =commit=, to send together with, to
intrust to; =commitment=, a sending together; =commission=, a sending
with authority; =emit=, to send out; =emission=, a sending out; =omit=,
to send away, to leave out; =omission=, the act of leaving out;
=permit=; =permission=; =remit=, to send back; =transmit=, to send through.
=Norm=-a, a rule.--=Normal=, according to rule; =normally=; =enormous=,
great, beyond rule; =enormity=; =abnormal=, away from rule.
=Nosc=-o (=not=-um), I know or mark.--=Note=, something by which a thing
may be known, hence a mark; =noted=, known; =notable=, deserving to be
known; =noble= (Fr.); =notify=, to make known; =notorious=, too well
known; =notice=, a warning to know; =noticeable=, likely to be observed
or known.
=Ord=-o (=ordin=-is), arrangement.--=Order=; =ordain=, to arrange or put in
order; =ordinal=, that which shows arrangement; =ordination=, the act
of arranging; =ordinary=, according to the common arrangement;
=extraordinary=, out of the common arrangement; =disorder=, want of
arrangement; =orderly=, properly arranged.
=Pars= (=part=-is), a part.--=Part=; =particle=, a small part; =tripartite=,
divided into three parts; =partition=, that which divides into parts;
=partial=, relating to a part only; =apart=, parted from; =depart=, to
part from; =impart=, to give part to.
=Pell=-o (=puls=-um), I drive.--=Compel=, to drive together; =compulsion=,
the act of driving together; =dispel=, to drive asunder; =expel=, to
drive out; =expulsion=; =impel=, to drive forward (or into); =impulse=;
=propel=, to drive forward; =repel=, to drive back; =repulse=.
=Pend=-o (=pens=-um), I hang.--=Append=, to hang to; =appendage=, something
hung on to; =depend=, to hang down from; =dependant=, one who hangs
from another; =independent=, not hanging from another; =independence=,
the state of not hanging from another; =pendant=, that which hangs;
=suspend=, to hang under; =suspense=, state of hanging [under].
=Pon=-o (=posit=-um), I place.--=Post=, something placed, and hence the
place in which it stands; =position=, state of being placed, hence
place; =composition=, a placing together; =opposition=, a placing in
the way of; =proposition=, a placing before.
=Port=-o, I carry.--=Porter=, one who carries; =export=, to carry out of
a country; =import=, to carry into a country; =report=, to carry back,
to repeat; =report=, what is carried back or repeated; =reporter=;
=support=, to bear up from under; =transport=, to carry across;
=transportation=.
=Prem=-o (=press=-um), I press.--=Press=; =compress=, to press together;
=compression=, the act of pressing together; =depress=, to press down;
=express=, to press out, hence to utter or say; =impress’=, to press
into (as of a seal); =im’press=, the mark left by anything impressed;
=repress=, to press back; =suppress=, to press under.
=Rect=-us, right.--=Rectify=, to make right; =rectitude=, state of being
right; =correct=, to put right; =corrector=; =correction=, a putting
right.
=Reg=-o (=rect=-um), I rule.--=Regal=, pertaining to a king or ruler;
=rector=, one who rules (in the church); =rectory=, the house in which
the rector lives.
=Rump=-o (=rupt=-um), I break.--=Abrupt=, broken off; =rupture=, a
breaking; =corrupt=, to break thoroughly, to break in pieces; =corrupt=
(_adj._) broken in pieces; =corruptible=, that which may be
corrupted; =irruption=, a breaking into; =eruption=, a breaking out;
=disruption=, a breaking asunder.
=Scrib=-o (=script=-um), I write.--=Scribe=, one who writes; =describe=, to
write down; =inscribe=, to write upon; =inscription=; =subscribe=, to
write under; =subscription=; =scripture=, that which is written.
=Sed=-eo (=sess=-um), I sit.--=Sedentary=, in the habit of sitting;
=preside=, to sit before others, hence to be in authority; =assiduous=,
sitting close to (work); =subside=, to sit under, hence to settle;
=session=, a sitting.
=Serv=-o (=servat=-um), I keep.--=Conserve=, to keep together;
=conservatory=, a place for keeping things together; =observe=, to keep
in the way of (the eyes), hence to keep in view; =observatory=, a
place for observing (the stars); =reserve=, to keep back; =reserve=,
what is kept back.
=Spec=-io (=spect=-um), I look.--=Aspect=, look; =spectator=, one who looks
at; =speculum=, a looking-glass; =suspicion=, a looking under.
=Statu=-o (=statut=-um), I set up.--=Statue=, something set up; =statute=,
a law set up.
=Tang=-o (=tact=-um), I touch.--=Tangent=, a line which touches;
=tangible=, which may be touched; =tactile=, that which can touch;
=contact=, touching; =tact=, the art of knowing as it were by mere
touch.
=Tend=-o (=tent=-um or =tens=-um), I stretch.--=Distend=, to stretch
asunder; =extend=, to stretch out; =extent=, the amount a thing
stretches; =tense=, stretched; =tent=, something which is stretched.
=Ten=-eo (=tent=-um), I hold.--=Tenant=, one who holds (a house or land);
=tenacious=, holding much or firmly; =contain=, to hold together;
=detain=, to hold down, hence to hinder; =retain=, to hold back;
=retentive=, holding back or keeping.
=Trah=-o (=tract=-um), I draw.--=Attract=, to draw to; =contract=, to draw
together; =traction=, the act of drawing; =subtract=, to draw from
under, hence to take away; =subtrahend=, that which has to be taken
away; =contraction=, a drawing together.
=Ut=-or (=us=-us), I use.--=Use=; =abuse=, to use away from its proper
purpose; =peruse=, to use thoroughly, hence to read through; =usury=,
money paid for the use of money; =utensil=, something to be used;
=utility=, usefulness.
=Veh=-o (=vect=-um), I carry.--=Vehicle=, that in which goods are
carried; =convey=, to carry together; =conveyance=, that in which goods
are carried together.
=Ven=-io (=vent=-um), I come.--=Convene=, _originally_ to come together,
_afterwards_ to summon; =convention=; =advent=, a coming to; =intervene=,
to come in between; =contravene=, to come against, hence to oppose;
=circumvent=, to come round; =intervention=, the act of coming in
between.
=Vert=-o (=vers=-um), I turn.--=Convert=, to turn together; =conversion=,
the act of turning together; =advert=, to turn towards; =divorce=, to
turn asunder; =invert=, to turn into; =inversion=, the act of turning
into; =reverse=, to turn back; =verse=, a kind of composition in which
the writer _turns back_ from the end of the line.
=Vid=-eo (=vis=-um), I see.--=Visitor=, one who sees; =vision=, what is
seen; =visual=, pertaining to seeing; =visible=, what may be seen;
=provide=, to see before; =providence=, a seeing beforehand; =prudence=
(Fr.), another form of _providence_.
=Voc=-o (=vocat=-um), I call.--=Convoke=, to call together; =convocation=,
a meeting which has been called together; =revoke=, to call back;
=vocal=, calling--that is, having a voice; =voice=, that by which one
calls; =vociferate=.
=Volv=-o (=volut=-um), I roll.--=Convolution=, a rolling together;
=revolve=, to roll round; =involve=, to roll into.
11. =THE BRANCHING OF WORDS FROM ENGLISH STEMS.=
=Bac=-an, to bake.--=Bake=; =baker=; =baxter= (bakester), a woman who
bakes; =batch=, what is baked.
=Beat=-an, to strike.--=Bat=, an instrument to strike a ball with;
=beetle=, an instrument to beat clothes with.
=Ber=-an, to carry.--=Bearer=; =burden=; =barrow=, that on which something
is borne; =bier=, that on which a corpse is borne; =forbear=, to bear
forth or off, hence to abstain; =overbear=, to bear over, to
overpower.
=Brec=-an, to break.--=Break=, an instrument for breaking the speed of
a train; =breach=, a break in a wall; =brook=, a stream which breaks
from the ground.
=Brinn=-an, to burn.--=Burn=; =brown= is the burnt colour; =brand=, a mark
made by burning; =brandy=, a drink made by burning wine; =brunt=, the
burning or hottest part of a fight; =brimstone=, burning stone (a
name for sulphur); =brindled=, striped with brown; =bran new= [=brand
new].
=Drag=-an, to pull.--=Drag=; =draw=, another form of drag; =dray=, a kind
of cart which is drawn along; =draught=, what is drawn; =draft=, a
cheque drawn on a banker; =drain=, a ditch for drawing off water;
=drawl=, to keep drawing out one’s words.
=Far=-an, to go.--=Far=, that which requires much going to reach;
=farewell=, go well! =fieldfare=, a bird which goes in the fields;
=thoroughfare=, a place where people go through; =ford=, a place in a
river where one can go across on foot; =ferry=, a place in a river
where one can go over in a boat; =fare=, the money paid for going.
=Hæl=, sound.--=Hale=; =heal=, to make hale; =health=, state of being sound
or hale; =healthy=; =healthful=; =holy=, spiritually hale; =hail=, be hale!
or be healthy! =whole=, in a state of being hale (the _w_ is
intrusive); =wholesome=, what tends to make hale.
=Lig=, lie.--=Lie=, to lie down; =lay=, to make to lie; =lair=, the place
where a wild beast lies; =law=, what lies or is in due order; =low=,
what is (lying) down.
=Maw=-an, to mow.--=Mower=; =math=, the grass that is mowed; =aftermath=,
the grass that is mowed after the first crop; =mead=, a place where
grass is mowed; =meadow=, a small mead.
=Met=-an, to meet.--=Mote=, a meeting (an old word now found only in
wardmote and folkmote); =meet=.
=Reaf=-ian, to take away.--=Reave=; =bereave=; =reef=, what is taken in in
a sail; =rifle=, to plunder or take away; =robber=, a person who takes
away what does not belong to him.
=Sceot=-an, to throw.--=Shoot=, to throw out (by means of a gun or
otherwise); =shut=, to throw to (the door); =shoot=, a branch thrown
out by a tree; =shot=, what is thrown out (by a gun or otherwise);
=shout=, to throw out of the mouth; =shuttle=, an instrument thrown by
a weaver; =sheet=, what is thrown over (a bed); =shutter=, what is
thrown to, to guard a window.
=Sit=-an, to sit.--=Sit=; =set=, to make to sit; =beset=, to set about;
=onset=, a setting on; =overset=, to turn over; =upset=; =setter=, a kind
of dog; =settle=, a kind of seat; =settle=, to set or fix; =settler=;
=settlement=; =seat=, the place where one sits.
=Treow=-an, believe.--=Trow=, to believe; =true=, what should be
believed; =truth=; =truthful=; =truthfully=; =truism=; =trust=; =intrust=;
=trustee=; =trusty=; =trustworthy=; =troth=.
=Wac=-an, to wake.--=Wake=; =awake=; =awaken=; =wakeful=; =wakefulness=; =watch=;
=watchful=; =watchfulness=.