and Lezaisko. At 12 o'clock, found my company at the manor near
Zwiedzinicz. Presented myself to the major and went off to cover the
artillery. The Russians sent us about 800 shells and burned 3 houses
behind us, killing 6 men, wounding 3 and killing 2 horses. The 30th
Regiment standing in reserve had 3.... Two telephonists were wounded.
The San is only a kilometre off.
_May 16._--Slept in mud hut. Firing all night. In the morning the
Russian artillery was trying to find ours. All afternoon a vigorous
artillery duel.
_May 17._--At 2 a.m. we got breakfast. Near us were twelve batteries
and behind two batteries of heavy mortars. The Russians kept firing
incessantly. The 1st company has six dead. Towards evening the 30th
Regiment arrived to relieve us; however, it will only do so at 11.
The Russians keep on entertaining us with salvos of artillery. We are
going along a lime alley; behind us near a cottage is the staff of our
regiment.
Shrapnels are bursting. The major is hiding in a mud hut. My company
runs past the village. Janikowski calls out that he is wounded. The
wound is in his right elbow. I give him an arm and we go forward. The
battalion comes up in half an hour. We go about 1000 yards parallel
to the railway embankment and stop to have a rest. Rain. At 4 o'clock
we are about 10 kilometres south-east of the village of Chalupka. We
bivouac. Janikowski has forgotten to hand over my chest with toilet
case, which is very tiresome for me. At 4 we reach the San; my new
orderly is called Schütz.
* * * * *
Shortly after this, at Sieniawa on the east bank of the San, the writer
was taken prisoner and this diary was found on him. He was one of
7000 prisoners who were taken with a battery of heavy artillery when
Sieniawa was stormed by no more than 6000 Russians.[31]
At the same time was captured the interesting postcard which I append.
Translation of a postcard, May 25, 1915, from Kralowskie Winogrady
(Bohemia). Written in Czech.
"MY DEAR FRIEND,
"We have got your postcard and we wish you a happy return. We are
often thinking of you. Here there is no news, only hunger and
shortage of bread. Many of the bakeries are closed. Flour is not to
be bought; meat is very dear. Soon there will be a general crisis."
[Illustration]
INDEX
Alexander I, 4
Alexey of Jaroslav, 133
Alexeyev, Mr., 14
Armenians, the, 134
Arndt, 83, 146
Austria, 2, 3, 6, 26, 109, 140, 162, 175, 176, 202, 221
Army of--
airmen of, 164, 168-71, 199, 200, 227, 228, 233
artillery fire of, 154, 158-9, 218, 232, 261
cholera in, 266
clothing of, 87
disaffection of, 84, 85, 174, 201, 212, 265, 268
methods of advance, 88
nationalities of, 84, 87, 174, 192, 201, 266
prisoners and wounded, attitude and spirit of, 19, 55-8, 79-80,
108-9, 121-2, 133, 135, 174, 184, 185, 253-4
question of excesses of, 45-7, 51
treatment of Czechs, 85, 175, 201
use of churches, 151-2
violence of, 29, 30
"_Austrian officer_," diary of, 263-82
Bartieczew, 272
Bavarian troops, atrocities of, 83, 108
Belgium, 4, 7, 45, 108, 176
Bergen, 8, 9
Beskides, the, 186-7
----, the eastern, 180-1
Beskides, fighting in, 188-90
Biecz, fighting at, 208, 257
"Birds, The," visit to, 147-51, 196
Bismarck, 160
Blaskow, 277
Blonie, 38
Bobr, River, the, 28, 35
Bobrinsky, Count George, 21-3, 25, 75, 95
----, ---- Vladimir, 23, 25
----, Countess O., 15, 95
Bohemians, the, 24, 80, 84, 85, 87, 139, 161
Böhmerwald Mountains, the, 161
Borodino, battle of, 164, 201
Bosnia, 2
Bosnians, 87
Braunlich, Major, 268
Bruselov, General, 27, 28
Bug, River, line of, 26, 28, 48, 59
Bukovina, the, 23, 176
Bukowa, 279
Caillaux Case, the, 3
Carpathians, the, 161-3
----, Austrian advance on, 263-82
----, difficulties of movement in, 190-1
----, fighting in, 181-6, 188-9, 198-9, 209-12, 224-6
----, German rally in, 203-5
----, ---- tactics in, 216-21
----, Russian advance lines in, 151-4
----, Russia's task in, 175-8, 180
----, with German advance over, 272-82
Carpathians, the, with Russian advance over, 97-104, 115-22, 126-54,
178-90, 193-9, 203-5
----, with Russian retreat from, 205-16
Caucasian Corps, the, 209
Chalupka, 282
Christmas, celebration of Russian, 99-101
Constantinople, 176
Cossacks, 30-1, 233, 251
Cracow, road to, 53-7, 59
----, Russian advance to, 61, 265
Czenstochowa region, fighting in, 249
Czerinne, 276
Czieszkowice, 270, 272
Dardanelles, 153
Dmitriev, General Radko, 67, 74, 86, 112, 139, 223
----, staff of, 88
Dmowski, Mr., 1, 2, 47
Dniestr, River, the, 29
Dobrotin, General, 179-81
Dobrotyn Hill, 275
Dolgorukov, Prince, 153
Dolina, Mary, 71
Dombrowski, 139
Dowager Empress, hospital of, 25
Dresden, battle of, 146
Dukla, 264, 265, 268
Duma, the, 12
---- lazaret, 62, 63
Dunajec River, the, 126
Dynuw, 225, 226
Dziara, 267
Easter, celebration of, 171-3
Elchingen, heights of, 104
England, 4, 7, 8, 26, 47, 120, 137, 153, 154, 172, 176, 184, 192, 193,
242, 243
Erzegebirge Mountains, the, 161
Eulogius, Archbishop, 66, 76
Flamborough, Miss, 235
France, 4, 7, 8, 26, 47
Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, 109, 157
Francis Joseph, Emperor, 116
Friedmann, Mr., 12
Gagarin, Princess, 15
Galich, 29, 30
Galicia, 21-3, 26, 47, 59, 61, 157-8, 175, 250
----, battlefields of, 26
----, road to, 73-5
Geneva Convention, 115
George Cross, the, 200
Germany, 2, 3, 6, 7, 13, 26, 68, 108, 122, 162, 163, 175-6, 184, 202,
242-3, 247
Army of--
artillery fire of, 218
cavalry advance of, 233
heavy artillery of, 33, 46, 202-3, 208, 216-17, 219, 224, 232,
245, 273
methods of infantry advance of, 88, 94-5, 108, 244-6
prisoner of, chat with, 242-3
question of excesses of, 45-7, 51, 215
rifle fire of, 33, 50
wounded, attitude of, 107, 134
Attitude of, to war, 107, 108
Giant Mountains, the, 161
Gnila Lipa, battle of, 26
Gollanka, artillery duel on heights of, 273-5
Goremykin, Mr., 12
Gorlice, battle of, 250, 251, 267, 269
Gorodok, 28
Gozhansky, Colonel, 38
Grey, Sir Edward, 4
Gribow, 262, 272
Guchkov, Alexander, 72
Gurko, 247
Hamburg, 242
Harchin, 206, 207
Hindenburg, General von, 183, 202
Homyakov, Mr., 25
Homyakov, Miss, 155
Honveds, the, 269
Hopper, Miss, 235
Hungary, army of, attitude towards war, 24, 87, 109, 140, 201
----, ----, horse artillery of, 65
----, defence of, 221
----, Magyars of, 161-3, 176
----, Slavs of, 161-3
----, survey of, 161-3, 176, 178
Irish conflict, the, 2, 3
Irmanov, General, 250-1, 254-8
----, ----, staff of, 253-4
Italy, 7, 8, 243
"Ivan," 134
Ivangorod, fighting near, 48
Ivanov, General, 200
Japanese War, the, 247
Jaslo, 213; bombardment of, 214
Jews, the, 12, 17
---- of Galicia, 25, 31, 33
---- of Poland, 41
Kasso, Mr., 2
Kazalow, 274
Kazimierz, fighting at, 36, 43
Kearne, Miss, 148
Kemble, Mrs., 71
Kielce, 55, 250
----, fighting at, 49-50, 53, 56-7, 249
----, scenes at, 56
Kiev, 73
Körner, 83, 146
Kosienice, desperate fighting at, 48, 49, 249
Krasnik, battle of, 19
Kristiania, 9
Kruchkov, 18
Kusmanek, commander of Peremyshl, 157, 158
Kutuzov, 200
Kwieton, road to, 268
Leipzig, battle of, 164
Lemberg (_see_ Lvov)
Lerche, 25
Liebertz, 262
Lithuanians, the, 12
Lodz, 45
London, Bishop of, 100
Lowicz, 38, 39
----, Poles of, 38, 39
Lützen, field of, 147
Lukich, Commander, 141-3
Luther, Martin, 147
Lvov (Lemberg), 22-3, 25-6, 28, 60, 74-8, 222
----, Prince George, 12, 14, 72, 234
----, N. N., 10, 13
----, Nicholas, 72
Magyar, the, 161-3, 176
Mahlsdorf, 264-6
Maklakov, Mr., 13
Metz, 159
Mezolaborcz, 192, 193
Mlawa, 61
Mokra, 40
Moravians, the, 161
Moscow (1812 and 1914), 13-16
----, Press of, 71
Muchowka, battle of, 179
Napoleon, 40, 86, 139, 164, 167, 242
Narev River, the, 28, 35, 48
Naudeau, M., 57
Newlands Corner, 186
New Year, keeping Feast of, 105, 106
Ney, Marshal, 104
Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 2, 4, 13, 16, 72, 247
Nicholas, Grand Duke, 9, 17, 18, 36, 61
Niemen River, the, 28, 35
Nikolayevich, Nikolay, 97, 98
Norwegians, the, 9
Obzar Hill, 275-6
Olga Alexandrovna, Grand Duchess, 20
Pavlovich, Pavel, 141-3
Peace Society of Moscow, 153
Peremyshl, fall of, 157-60, 176, 265
----, fortifications of, 157, 158
----, garrison, etc., of, 157, 159
Petrograd, 13
Plock, 61
Pochayev Monastery, 66
Podymov, Colonel, 190 note
Poland, 2, 40, 47-8, 112, 135-6, 253
----, cottages of, 126
----, Russian, 26, 28, 177
----, scenes in, 41-4
----, wounded children in, 135-6
Poles, the, 16, 17, 47, 50-3
---- of Lowicz, 38-41
---- of Galicia, 61, 79, 87
Prislak, 268
Protopopov, Mr., 1
Prussia, East, 26, 28, 47, 48, 62, 175
Prussia, strength of, 161, 176
Pruszkov, fighting at, 35, 37
Pushkin, 144
Radom, 49, 51-3, 57, 59
Rakitna, fighting at, 36-8
Rakoczy, 193
Rava Ruska, 27, 29, 31-4, 177, 179, 197
Red Cross Organisation of Russia, 11, 16, 25
---- ----, keenness and enthusiasm of, 122-5, 148, 156, 191-2, 15-16,
222
(_see also under_ Russia and Zemstvo League)
Religious questions in Galicia, 21, 22, 76
Riechwald, 263, 265, 268
Rona, 263, 269
Ropica Russka, 266
Roshkov, Dr. Vladimir Petrovich, 125, 147, 148
Rumania, 162, 176
Russia, 2-4, 7, 109, 162-3, 177, 185, 247
Army of--
airmen of, 163-8, 271-2
ambulance points of, 95-104, 215, 221-2
artillery fire of, 30, 36, 46, 116, 154, 165, 244, 269-71, 275, 277
cavalry of, 46
chaplains of, 66-7, 100
field hospitals of, 20, 62-7, 96
first-aid stations of, 112-15
growing enthusiasm of, for England, 120, 137, 153-4, 192-3, 195-6
losses of, 177, 196-7, 199, 207, 213-14, 222-4, 249
method of infantry advance of, 88-9
Siberian regiments of, 35-6
spirit of, 19-20, 24, 33-4, 41-4, 54, 58, 60-1, 64-6, 98-9, 125, 133,
228, 259, 261
treatment of prisoners by, 24, 174
winter kit of, 87
wounded of, stoicism of, 64-6, 133-4, 222-3
Peasants and people of--
attitude to war, 10, 11, 53, 68-78, 88, 199, 259
characteristics of, 7, 8, 120, 125, 128
Russo-British Chamber of Commerce, work of, 11
Ruthenian troops, the, 30, 179
Ruzsky, General, 27
Rzepeinik, advance on, 274-5
Rzeszow, 226, 227
San River, Austrian advance to, 282
----, defence of, 228-34, 236-41, 247-8, 250-7
----, fight for, 26, 114, 177, 179, 197
----, German tactics at, 232
----, line of, 28-9, 35, 59, 62, 65
----, passages of, 48
----, Russian retreat to, 227, 244
----, Russian Retreat from, 257-8
Sandomir, 61
Saxony, King of, 45
Sazonov, Mr., 3, 10
Schiller, 146
Sczydlowiecki family, monuments of, 54
Sekow, bombardment of, 267
----, fight at, 263
Seniawa, Russian advance on, 251, 282
Serbia, 2, 3, 7, 109, 247
Shchepkin, Mr., 14
Shingarev, Dr., 63
Silesia, southern, population of, 61
Skiernewice, 38, 40, 41, 44
Skobelev, 39
Slovaks, the, 161
Slovenes, the, 24
Sochaczew, 38, 41
Stakhovich, Mr., 25, 74
Surrey Hills, 1, 2, 186, 187
Suvorov, 247
Swedes, the, 9
Szydlowiec, 49, 54
Tarnow, bombardment of, 106-7, 110-11, 155-7, 214-15
----, fighting at, 81-2
----, hospital scenes at, 82-6, 155-6
----, journey to, 79-81
----, Russian lines outside, 92-5
Taslo, visit to, 173-5
Thüringerwald Mountains, the, 161
Tikhon, Father, 99-101, 103, 105
Tirolese, the, 131, 132
Tisza, Count, 163, 176
Tolstoy, Count, 167
Transylvania, 162
Trubetskoy, Princess O., 15
Tryphon, Bishop, 100, 101
Tuchow, 280
Turkey, 89
Uhland, 146
Verdun, 216
Vilna, 16, 17
Vistula River, crossing of, 249
----, Middle, 28-9, 35, 48
----, Upper, 46
Volkonsky, Prince, 63
"_V. S._," 89-92
Wagram, 32
Warsaw, 28, 35-7, 45, 48, 51, 59
"War Song-book for the German Army, 1914," the, 145-7
Wells, H. G., 164, 257
"_Wiggins_," 136-9, 158, 163
William II, Kaiser, 7, 109, 202, 231, 254
Wisloka, 59
Wislok River, the, 276-8
Wyzjowa, 276, 277
Zemstva, 12-13
Zemstvo League, 14, 234
---- ----, Red Cross Staff of, 77-8, 80-1, 234-5
Zwiedzinicz, artillery duel at, 281
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FOOTNOTES:
[1] Colonel Podymov was himself killed later, while defending the San
line against an overwhelming force of artillery. Peace to him, and
honour to his memory.
[2] In Bohemia.
[3] One Austrian regiment usually had twenty-four to thirty-two machine
guns.
[4] Haphazard firing in the Russian trenches is not encouraged.
[5] The Russians were always masters of the neutral zone at night,
and took many enemy scouting parties, often with ludicrously inferior
numbers. The Russians planned and executed new enterprises every night.
They never fired unless it was necessary.
[6] This was usual among the enemy at all points which I visited. The
sentry had orders to retreat at the first alarm, and in some parts none
of the enemy came any nearer to our trenches.
[7] This firing was ordinarily wild and general. It seldom took any
effect, and our men did not reply to it, not wishing to give the
desired information as to the whereabouts and strength of our forces.
[8] The first allusion to the projected Austro-German advance through
Galicia.
[9] Previous to this Austrian prisoners interrogated by me bore witness
to widespread enteric and to shortage of food. Cholera came to us from
the Austrians during their advance, but was quickly isolated.
[10] The numbers were enormous. In our interrogations we usually had
to distinguish between "Did you surrender?" and "Did you come across
of yourselves?" The mass surrenders of Austrians took the following
order in respect of nationalities: Serbians and Bosnians, Ruthenians,
Rumanians and Italians, Poles, Czechs, and later in lesser numbers,
Magyars, and Germans of Austria proper, last of all Tirolese; and
Croats, not at all.
[11] Evidently Austrian deserters.
[12] On our side there were always plenty of volunteers to catch "a
tongue," or person who could talk. No prizes were offered.
[13] This is typical of the mutual relations which I witnessed.
[14] These frequent references to officers going off to hospital
without mention of any wound or illness would be difficult to parallel
on the Russian side. One Russian officer's principle was "You may be
killed, but you mayn't be ill."
[15] Gorlice is the point from which later the Austro-German advance
began.
[16] The Russian soldiers cannot get any stimulants and Russian
officers very seldom. The Staff of our Army was teetotal throughout.
[17] The universal desire of all our Austrian prisoners, also of most
of the Germans.
[18] For Easter.
[19] There are throughout several references to the accuracy of the
Russian fire, which was nothing like so sporadic as the enemy's.
[20] A verdict given to me several times by Austrian prisoners. One of
our men escaped from the Honveds with his tongue cut out for not giving
information. I have seen old peasants who had been shot by the Honveds.
[21] This almost isolated reference to Russian prisoners is suggestive.
[22] The Austrian infantry seldom did so.
[23] I have seen nothing like this attitude on the Russian side, even
where our trenches were sixty or even twenty-five yards from those of
the enemy.
[24] For weeks before, the Austrian officers tried to keep up the
spirits of the men by this promise.
[25] About 240 heavy and 160 field artillery.
[26] This is the ordinary advance into an empty space when all trenches
and all life has been destroyed by the enemy's artillery.
[27] This circumspection should be noted; this is the day of one of the
greatest Russian losses.
[28] This was my general experience when retreating with the troops in
front of the writer.
[29] This was the state of Tuchow before all this fighting; there had
now been another terrible artillery canonnade.
[30] Austrian prisoners say that the hardest fighting is in Serbia.
[31] _Cf. supra_, p. 251.
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:
Text in italics is surrounded by underscores: _italics_.
Emboldened text is surrounded with equals signs: =bold=.
Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
Inconsistencies in spelling, hyphenation, and punctuation have been
preserved.