of the county. This town was platted August 20, 1884, and its original
promoters were R. A. Van Winkle, D. S. Henecke. John Ballinger, D. D.
High, D. A. Benjamin, J. M. Roberson, Michael Baker, J. S. Hopkins, Ira
Tabor and George W. Drake. Its streets are numbered one to four, and its
cross streets are called Fountain avenue, Delaware street and Forest
avenue. Arrington has three general stores, one elevator and a bank.
During good crop years, as high as 125 cars of grain and live stock are
shipped from its station, and its stores do a good business, rendering
fine service to the surrounding territory.
At one time prior to 1890 medicinal springs were located at Arrington
and it was quite a resort during the summer months for people living in
northeastern Kansas. The town has a good hotel, and in addition to its
merchandise establishments it supports a physician and several churches.
For many years a mill was conducted on the Delaware river upon which
Arrington is located, operated by water power. This mill was built by
John Reider in 1867, who also operated it both as a sawmill and as a
grain mill. In 1874 W. H. Stockton joined Mr. Reider, and these two men
built a two-story frame mill, but they operated it only one day, as it
was mysteriously burned the following night. Shortly thereafter Mr.
Reider, undismayed and undiscouraged, associated with himself Albert
Ingler, and remembering his previous disastrous experience with fire,
Mr. Reider built a stone mill. This firm conducted a successful business
for a number of years, drawing patronage for a distance of sixty miles,
but in 1879, Mr. Ingler met an untimely death, by drowning as he was
crossing the river, a few feet below where the Arrington bridge stands.
Mr. Reider sold his interest to D. S. Heneks, who ran the mill until
1906, when John W. Young became its owner. He subsequently turned it
over to George W. Stone, since which time it has been in possession of
various owners, and in 1916 is owned by Burt McCulley. It has not been
operated since 1908, and stands in ruins.
A history of Arrington would be incomplete without the mention of the
name of Ransom A. Van Winkle, who was the first settler in Kapioma
township, and the founder of the town. Captain Van Winkle was born
November 25, 1818, in Wayne county, Kentucky. He was a Hollander by
descent, and at one time his great-grandfather, Michael Van Winkle,
owned an interest in 13,000 acres of land within twelve miles of New
York City, which was sold just prior to the Revolutionary war, for
twenty-five cents an acre. Van Winkle received the rudiments of his
education in a Kentucky log school house, but was for two years a cadet
at West Point and received a good education. He was married twice and
had a varied experience in business, at one time owning a large interest
in coal lands in Kentucky. He removed to St. Joseph, Mo., in 1849, and
in September, 1855, came to Kansas and built the first claim cabin on
the Grasshopper, or what is now the Delaware river, above Valley Falls,
in Kapioma township. He also built the first steam sawmill, sawed the
first lumber, and built the first frame house, and taught the first
school in Kapioma township, and was the first postmaster at Arrington.
He always took an active part in politics in the county and was a stanch
Republican. He was a prominent Free State man in the early struggle in
Kansas and contributed liberally to the cause and worked hard in its
behalf. He was a justice of the peace in Papioma township for fourteen
years; postmaster five years; trustee of Kapioma township eight years; a
member of the legislature in 1861 and 1862 and county commissioner of
Atchison county for six years. He was patriarchal in appearance and was
a conspicuous figure for many years in Republican conventions in
Atchison county.
MUSCOTAH.
The name of “Muscotah” is of Indian origin, but when, why and by whom it
was applied to a town, seems to be a question. “Andreas’ History of
Kansas,” in a brief historical mention of the town of Muscotah, says:
“The name Muscotah, written in Indian style, Musco-tah, signifies
“Beautiful Prairie,” or “Prairie on Fire.” Andreas does not give any
authority for this statement, but on page 1343 in a biographical sketch
of William D. Barnett, one of the earliest settlers of Muscotah, he says
that Mr. Barnett did not name the town, but that it was named by Paschal
Pensoneau, the old Kickapoo trader and interpreter. Mr. Kessler was a
blacksmith among the Kickapoos at early day.
Maj. C. B. Keith was one of the founders of Muscotah, and an early agent
for the Kickapoo Indians. In a letter under date of December 8, 1908,
Mrs. Keith, the widow of Major Keith, wrote that Muscotah was named by
her husband and her two brothers, William P. and John C. Badger. She
corroborates Andreas in his statement that the name signifies “Beautiful
Prairie,” or “Prairie on Fire,” and says that Muscotah should be
accented on the last syllable. She further says that Paschal Pensoneau
may have suggested the name, and incidentally adds: “He was interpreter
for my brother, William P. Badger, who was Indian agent under President
Buchanan, and later for my husband under Lincoln. He was a good friend
for both of my brothers and Major Keith, and accompanied my husband to
Washington with the head chiefs when they made their treaty. The
original Muscotah was on a fine site and justified the name.”
There is a town in the old Kickapoo country, in Illinois, named
Mascoutah, and believing it to be synonymous with the Atchison county
name, though slightly different in orthography and pronunciation, Milo
Custer, of Heyworth, Ill., the well known authority on the Kickapoos,
wrote: “As to the meaning of the names Muscotah and Mascoutah, they are
synonymous with the old Algonquin word, Masko-teh, meaning ‘prairies.’
The Kickapoo word for prairies was one among others that I failed to get
when I visited the tribe in Kansas in October, 1906. However, I am of
the opinion that the word was originally derived from Ma-shi O-shkoo-
teh, meaning ‘Big Fire,’ and that it referred to the great prairie fires
which swept over the country. In fact I have seen the opinion advanced
by some other authority, but cannot now recall the name.” When the
Kickapoos lived in Illinois there was a band called the Mas-cou-tins,
which Maj. H. W. Beckwith, the highest authority on the Illinois tribes,
says was the Indian name for “Indians of the Prairie.” Hence it is
evident that the name Muscotah is at least a derivation of the word
“prairie,” whether a “beautiful prairie” or “prairie of fire.”
[Illustration:
Scene on Main Street, Muscotah, Kansas
]
[Illustration:
New Muscotah School Building. Erected 1916, at a cost of $20,000.
]
The plat of the Muscotah Town Company was filed by W. P. Badger, one of
its proprietors, June 5, 1857, and the town is located in section 34,
township 5, range 17, on the Central Branch railroad, near the western
edge of the county. Its streets run from one to thirteen, and its cross
streets are named Pawpaw, Elm, Vine, Walnut, Mulberry, Hickory and Oak.
Following the construction of the Central Branch railroad William Osborn
filed another plat of the town, and several amendments have since been
made to it. Muscotah has always been an important trading point, and one
of the prosperous towns of the county. In 1916 there were three general
stores, one hardware store, two banks, two elevators, one lumber yard,
two cream stations, two barber shops, one harness shop, two drug stores,
two restaurants, a hotel, private boarding house, two garages and
blacksmith shops. The town also has four practicing physicians,
including an osteopath, and one dentist. The first general store was
established by Nels Brown in 1868, and a year later Watson & Guy put in
a general hardware store. Hagerman & Roach conducted a grain business in
1865, and the first elevator was built in 1874. Several serious fires
have destroyed much property in Muscotah, the largest being known as the
Watson fire, which occurred in 1883, destroying much property. The first
mayor of the town was Dr. William P. Badger, who was elected in 1882.
Albert Harrington was the first postmaster, in 1866. The first physician
to locate in the present limits of Muscotah was Dr. L. N. Plummer, who
came there in 1869. In 1868 a Dr. Heath located a few miles out from
Muscotah, but never lived in the town. Dr. S. M. Riggs came in 1872 and
he and Dr. Plummer are both active physicians in the practice in 1916,
together with Dr. O. O. Barter and Dr. F. A. Bermen. Years before
Muscotah was established there was a small settlement nearby where there
were a few houses and a postoffice located about where the Robert
Russell farm is. John Keeley, an enterprising early settler, built a
flouring mill on the Grasshopper river, now known as the Delaware, in
1869. Mr. Keeley did considerable business with the farmers in the
surrounding territory, but business finally fell off and the mill was
washed away by high water in 1895.
Muscotah is an important shipping point, and the annual shipment of
grain amounts to $150,000 to $200,000. Much live stock is also shipped
from Muscotah, and during the year 1915 fifty-two cars of cattle, hogs
and horses were shipped to the Kansas City and St. Joseph markets.
Muscotah is also a city of churches and schools. The Congregational
church was established in 1866. The pastor of this church in 1916 is
Rev. Fred Gray, who preaches to a congregation of about 150. When this
church was organized its members worshiped in the home of Robert
Russell, which was at that time in the depot, and the church edifice
which is now occupied was built in 1914.
The Methodist Episcopal church was established about 1876; it now has a
membership of 120, and its pastor is Rev. Rollo J. Fisher.
The Advent Christian church was organized in 1889, and its first pastor
was Rev. Marshall McCollough.
Mission Hall is maintained by unattached and unorganized Christians. It
holds meeting several times a week, including two services on Sunday.
The public school system of Muscotah includes an accredited high school,
in which two four-year courses are offered, together with a general and
college preparatory course. R. E. Devor is superintendent of schools,
and the officers of the school board are: J. F. Thompson, president; W.
D. Roach, treasurer; R. A. Allison, secretary. The first school house
within the present limits of the town was built in 1870, but was
subsequently destroyed by fire when another school was built in 1885. A
six room school was erected, and it was also destroyed by fire in
January, 1916. A movement is now under way to build a new, handsome,
modern school building, to accommodate twelve grades, together with
manual training, domestic science and a gymnasium.
Muscotah is supplied with electricity by high tension line from
Atchison, and in 1916 it has forty-two street lamps and fifty-five
private consumers.
In addition to being a town of churches and schools, Muscotah also has
several active lodges. The Masonic lodge was organized December 20,
1871, by E. D. Hillyer, of Grasshopper Falls, on a dispensation issued
by the grand lodge; the charter was issued October 17, 1872, and the
officers installed November 16, 1872. The first officers were: Ben F.
Freeland, William N. Kline, Thomas H. Phillips, B. G. Merrill, D. M.
Stillman, W. Bullock and I. C. Archer.
Purity Council No. 293, Knights and Ladies of Security, was chartered
July 6, 1895, with John Edward Lewis, president. It had ten charter
members and in 1916 there was a membership of seventy, with George W.
Rork, president, and Mrs. Carl Rork, secretary.
Modern Woodmen was chartered in August, 1898. The present officers are
W. F. Murray, V. H. Little and G. W. Harris. There are also active
lodges of the Mystic Workers, Eastern Star and Royal Neighbors.
Muscotah’s new combination grade and high school, which will take the
place of the one destroyed by fire, will cost approximately $20,000, and
will be a fire-proof structure of brick and concrete. When completed it
will be one of the best school buildings of its kind in any town the
size of Muscotah in the State. The present city officials of Muscotah
are: William Buckles, mayor; R. A. Hillyer, J. G. Burbank, W. D. Roach,
R. H. Trial and R. A. Allison, councilmen; H. M. Turner, city clerk; E.
M. Hicks, police judge, and S. B. Liggatt, marshal.
EFFINGHAM.
Effingham, the seat of Atchison county high school, is an incorporated
town, located sixteen miles west of Atchison, on the Central Branch
railroad, and was first platted by William Osborne April 4, 1868, who
built the first hundred miles of the Central Branch railroad, and is
located on a part of the southwest quarter of section 15 and the
northwest quarter of section 22, township 6, range 18. The original plat
contained only eight blocks and was subsequently cancelled. February 6,
1871, Major W. F. Downs, land commissioner of the Central Branch
railroad, filed another plat in which one block was dedicated as a
public park and the streets numbered from one to ten, with cross streets
as follows: Elizabeth, Seabury, Howard, George, William, and John. At
the opening of the Central Branch railroad Effingham enjoyed quite a
boom and it has remained one of the finest towns in northeastern Kansas
ever since.
There was a settlement around Effingham for a number of years prior to
the location of the townsite, and it was quite a trading point.
Effingham is located on a broad sweep of prairie land, but there is very
little of romance or legend connected with the town. There is one thing,
however, for which it has always been noted, and to this extent
Effingham occupies an unique place in the towns, not only of Atchison
county, but of Kansas, namely: It has never been without a good hotel.
The original hotel was known far and wide throughout the country and was
conducted by Aunt Betty Benton, a famous cook, who not only gave her
guests good things to eat, but made of her hotel a favorite stopping
place for the traveling public on account of the hospitable way in which
she ran it. Uncle Jack Martin succeeded Aunt Betty and for many years
thereafter kept up the high standard set by her. Then came Thomas F.
Cook, whose kindly welcome made friends for him among the hundreds of
visitors that came to Effingham from year to year, and who never left
his hotel without a full meal. Mr. Cook was succeeded by Mrs. Frank
Pitman, and she in turn was succeeded by Mrs. Davis, who, in 1915, is
conducting the hotel at Effingham and maintains the high standard of
excellence of food and hospitality set by her predecessors.
[Illustration:
Main Street, Looking West, Effingham, Kansas
]
Among the early merchants of Effingham was Hon. Milton R. Benton, who
was born in Madison county, Kentucky May 3, 1815. He immigrated to
Kansas in 1857; located in Atchison, where he resided until 1867, during
which year he moved to his farm in Atchison county, near Effingham. He
was the first marshal of the city of Atchison, having been elected in
1858. In 1863 he was elected mayor of the city, and in 1864 was elected
a member of the council. He served as a member of the senate in the
Territorial council of 1859; in the State legislature in 1864, and for
three years as trustee of Center township. Benton township, in which
Effingham is located, was named for him. He was educated as a Democrat,
but before he cast his first vote identified himself with the anti-
slavery movement and became a Free State man in Kansas, but in after
years he supported Horace Greeley and became identified with the
Democratic party. In addition to farming he was in the real estate
business in Effingham.
[Illustration:
Presbyterian Church, Effingham, Kansas
]
A. F. Achenbach was one of the early liverymen of Effingham, and also
was George P. Allen, who was a dealer in hardware and grain; Ball &
Herron, dealers in harness; Joel M. Ketch, hardware merchant; J. E.
McCormick, butcher; Alonzo Spencer, grocer; James Nesbitt, lumber
dealer, and Simeon Walters, contractor and carpenter.
P. J. O’Meara was a pioneer merchant of Effingham, and was a native of
Ireland, having been born in the county of Tipperary March 27, 1829. He
first settled in Miami county, where he received his education, and in
1865 he moved to Atchison and went into the grocery business on
Commercial street, between Third and Fourth, later moving to Effingham
when the townsite was located, and built one of the first store
buildings. He did a large and paying business, and his popularity was
shown by the people of Effingham in electing him their first mayor.
Effingham in 1915 had two hardware stores, one drug store, four general
stores, two banks, two garages, two barber shops, one cream station, one
clothing store, three restaurants, one hotel, one livery, and two
elevators. Effingham is also a city of churches having one Catholic
church, one Presbyterian church, Methodist church, Christian church and
Lutheran church. Its citizens are enterprising and progressive, and in
1914 the city council secured a twenty-four hour electric light service
over high tension line from Atchison. The elevators are owned by the
Farmers’ Mercantile Association, and Snyder, Smith & Company. Tom Tucker
and Beckman & Thomas are big live stock shippers, and they ship from
ninety-five to one hundred cars of live stock out of Effingham every
year, and the elevators ship over one hundred cars of grain every year.
The present city officials who have been so diligent and faithful in
their services to Effingham are as follows:
J. W. Wallach, mayor; A. J. Sells, city clerk; G. M. Snyder, councilman;
I. Ebert, councilman; D. Richter, councilman; James Farrell, councilman;
E. J. Kelley, councilman; J. W. Atcheson, marshal; J. A. Harman, city
treasurer.
HURON.
Huron is located on the Omaha branch of the Missouri Pacific railway, in
Lancaster township, seventeen miles northwest of Atchison. The townsite
was originally the property of Col. D. R. Anthony, of Leavenworth. Mr.
Anthony donated the railroad company twenty acres of land and the right
of way for one mile. The surveys were made and the town named and
platted on May 18, 1882. Within six weeks after completion of the
surveys five dwellings were erected and the business interests of the
town were well represented. W. D. Starr was the first postmaster, and by
the end of the first year there were over fifty dwellings in the town,
and among the first buildings to be erected were the Presbyterian and
Baptist churches. Colonel Anthony donated lots upon which to build the
churches. J. D. Carpenter opened the first hotel in Huron. Mr. Carpenter
came to Kansas in 1874 and located on a farm near Huron, and when the
town was organized he moved there and opened his hotel. W. G. Rucker was
one of the early lumber dealers of Huron. He came from Corning, where he
was engaged in the general merchandise business, and moved to Huron when
the town was platted. Capt. George W. Stabler, for many years a resident
of Huron, was one of the prominent politicians and characters of the
county. He was born at Stablersville, Baltimore county, Maryland, in
1839, where his ancestors had lived for over 200 years. He moved to
Kansas in 1858, settling in Lancaster township. He enlisted as a private
in Company D, Second Kansas infantry, in 1861, for 100 days, and at the
expiration of that time he re-enlisted in the Second Kansas cavalry; was
made sergeant and was mustered out in 1865 and returned to his farm,
subsequently moving to Huron. In 1866 he was elected to the legislature,
and in 1871 and 1872 served as deputy United States marshal. He had been
justice of the peace, at the time of his death, a few years ago, for
over twenty years.
Old Huron was the original settlement near the present townsite of
Huron, and was an important trading point for many years prior to the
establishment of the new townsite following the laying of the railroad
to Omaha. There were many early settlers of importance in and around
Huron, among whom was Capt. Robert White. Captain White came to Kansas
in 1857 and bought the squatter rights of Charles Morgan and preëmpted a
quarter section of land in Lancaster township, near Huron.
The birth of the first white child in Atchison county, of which there is
any record, occurred in Lancaster township. The child was Miss Frances
Miller, who was born May 9, 1855. Her father was the late Daniel Miller,
an Ohioan by birth, and lived near DeKalb, Mo., in 1841. In 1854 he
looked over northeastern Kansas and settled on Independence creek,
twelve miles north of Atchison, early in 1855, near the northeastern
corner of Lancaster township. Mr. Miller sold his quarter section in
1858, after he had proven up on it, to Thomas Butcher, a new arrival in
Kansas from Brownville, Pa., for $3,000. Mr. Butcher built a flouring
mill on this land, which was run by water from Independence creek.
Butcher subsequently sold the plant to A. J. Evans, who ran it as a
“custom mill” until August, 1865, when it was destroyed by high water,
caused by heavy rains.
Samuel Wymore, for whom Wymore, Nebraska was named, was a resident of
Lancaster township, near Huron, in the fifties and early sixties, and
ran a sawmill by horse power, about three miles north of Lancaster, in
1858. Mr. Wymore sold his first bill of lumber to Captain Robert White
for $100 in gold, and at that time it was more money than Wymore had
ever seen at one time, and he was so nervous during the following night
that he could not sleep and continually stirred the fire in the stove so
that he could count the money from the light that it made. Wymore was
uneducated. He could neither read nor write, and he was said to have
been worth over $150,000 before 1875.
Isaac E. Kelly, a young man from Pennsylvania, taught one of the first
schools in Lancaster township, in one of the settlers’ preëmption cabin,
near Eden postoffice in 1860. He went to war in 1861 and marched with
Sherman to the Sea.
The first mowing machine in Atchison county was brought to Lancaster
township, two miles west of where Huron now is, by Joel Hiatt, in 1859,
who sold it to Capt. Robert White, who cut hay with it several seasons.
The machine was a Ball, and a crude affair. The first reaper to harvest
grain in the county was owned by the late M. J. Cloyes, who also lived
in Lancaster township, not many miles from Huron. Mr. Cloyes bought the
reaper in the early sixties. The grain was raked off by a man lashed to
a post on a platform four or five feet to the rear of the cycle. This
reaper was a Buckeye machine, and was sold by J. E. Wagner, the hardware
merchant of Atchison.
The forty acre tract of land upon which the home of Edward Perdue
stands, a few miles east of Huron, was traded for a mowing machine by
the owner in 1865.
Bethel church, located southwest of Huron, is supposed to be the oldest
church in the county, outside of Atchison. It was built by the Methodist
Episcopal church (South), about 1870, and is still in use in 1915.
Thus it will be seen that Huron is located in the midst of a very
interesting part of Atchison county, and while the town did not reach
the proportions that its original promoters had hoped for it, it is one
of the good towns of the county. The following are the business houses
in Huron in 1915:
J. M. Delany—General merchandise.
E. P. Perry—General merchandise.
W. E. English—Hardware, implements and furniture.
H. T. Harrison—Grocer.
Dr. Wiley Jones—Drug store.
John L. Snavly—Restaurant and postmaster.
Mrs. Alta Wilson—Hotel.
C. E. Mathew—Lumber.
Loren Horton—Meat market.
A. F. Allen—Grain, coal, live stock and automobile supplies.
Baker-Corwell—Grain company.
A. Morehead—Barber.
W. Hildman—Blacksmith.
Riley & Son—Livery barn.
Over 200,000 bushels of grain are shipped from Huron annually and the
average shipment of live stock amounts to about forty cars.
OLD MARTINSBURG.
Martinsburg was laid out near the present site of Potter in the early
days. It is not generally known, even among the old settlers, that there
was such a place. George Remsburg said that this was due probably to the
fact that Martinsburg was born dead. It was conceived in the town craze
of early territorial times, but it came a still-born infant and its
promoters succeeded in viewing it only long enough for it to give a
feeble gasp and fall back dead again. Though this proposed municipal
enterprise of pioneer days did not materialize, it was, nevertheless, an
interesting and important fact of local history, hitherto unrecorded,
that such a town was actually staked off and laid out in Atchison county
at a very early period. The only old-timers who remembered it were James
B. Low, of Colorado Springs, formerly of Mount Pleasant, “Uncle Joe”
Potter, and W. J. (Jack) Bailey. All three settled in the southern part
of Atchison county in 1854. Mr. Low settled with his parents in Walnut
township in the fall of that year, and says that Martinsburg was laid
out that fall. It was situated in what is known as the Mercer bottom, on
land belonging to Felix Corpstein and Fred Poss, in the west half of
section 24, a little northeast of the present site of Potter, or
immediately adjoining it. What is known as the Mercer spring, one of the
finest in this section, was included in the town site. Mr. Low and his
brother went out to look at the place in the fall of 1854 and decided to
spend the winter there. It consisted at that time of a few huts and a
small store, and never amounted to any more than a village, if it could
be called that, although Mr. Low says the town site originally comprised
about 100 acres, and a few lots were actually sold. The store was a
small frame building, erected by one Alex Hayes, who had previously
taken a claim on Plum creek, near Kickapoo. Mr. Low thinks this was the
first frame building in Atchison county. Hayes carried a small stock of
goods. This was long before the town of Mt. Pleasant, in the same
vicinity, was ever dreamed of, and even before Tom Fortune opened a
store there. It seems that the chief promoters of Martinsburg were two
brothers named Martin; hence the name. Not much is known concerning
them, or what became of them. “Uncle Joe” Potter says that one of them
came to his house on one occasion when he and his brother, Marion
Potter, were making rails. Martin stood around a while and finally
insinuated that they were foolish for working so hard, and in a
confidential way, “just the same as told them,” as Mr. Potter expressed
it, that they could make lots of money and make it easy stealing horses,
whereupon Marion Potter promptly ordered him off of the place, and told
him never to return. James Low’s father bought the town site of
Martinsburg in the fall of 1855 and moved onto it in the spring of 1856,
converting it into a farm. Thus perished Martinsburg. Even the name did
not survive in the memory of the settlers, and it was only by accident
that it was recently recalled after a lapse of fifty-four years. At an
early day the locality became known as Mercer’s Bottom, after Joe
Mercer, one of the earliest settlers, and it is known by that name
today. It is not known what became of Mercer. James Low says the last
time he saw him was in Denver, in 1859. Mercer was a queer character. It
is told of him that he lived in a little cabin and subsisted principally
on mussels, which he found in Stranger creek. Alex Hayes, the
Martinsburg storekeeper, has also been lost trace of, but Dick King says
there was an oldtimer named Alexander Hayes, who died many years ago and
was buried in the Sapp graveyard at Oak Mills. The town site of
Martinsburg was a favorite camping place for soldiers and emigrants
passing over the old Military road in the early days on account of the
fine spring, the large meadows and the protection of the hills around
it. To catch this tide of emigration was, in all probability, the object
of those pioneer town projectors in selecting this site.
BUNKER HILL.
There appears to be no data available which enables the historian to
determine exactly where this town was located, but a prospectus
publication March 18, 1858, in _Freedom’s Champion_, states that it was
on Independence creek, within ten miles of Atchison and twenty-five
miles of St. Joseph. Its chief promoter was Dr. Charles F. Kob, of
Atchison. Dr. Kob was a German physician and surgeon, who located in
Atchison at an early date. He had been a surgeon in the army, and a
member of the Massachusetts and Connecticut medical societies. He lived
and practiced medicine in Boston for some time. About the only advantage
for Bunker Hill, set forth in the prospectus, was that coal was found
around the place, but Bunker Hill never seemed to have any coal in her
bunkers. She failed to flourish and no Bunker Hill monument perpetuates
her memory.
LOCUST GROVE.
Locust Grove was never laid out as a town site. It was a stopping place
on the old stage route to Topeka, and the postoffice from Mount Pleasant
was moved there in 1862.
HELENA.
Helena was located and named in this county, and the plat thereof was
filed March 18, 1857, by James L. Byers, one of the proprietors of the
town company, and was located on the north half of section 28, township
5, range 18, on the Little Grasshopper river, in Grasshopper township,
at the crossing of the old Military road, five miles north of the
present site of Effingham. The town appears on an old township map of
eastern Kansas, published by Whitman & Searl, of Lawrence, in 1856. It
shows it to have been on the east branch of Grasshopper river, about
fifteen miles west of Atchison, and north of the Ft. Laramie and
California roads.
CAYUGA.
Cayuga was laid out by a New York colony in 1856, and was named for
Cayuga, N. Y. It was also in Grasshopper township, on the old Military
road, one and one-half miles from Lancaster township line on part of the
east half of section 18, township 5, range 18. It was surveyed by Dr. A.
C. Tabor, and the plat was filed October 9, 1857, by George L. Willson.
Provision was made in the town site for a public park and a young
ladies’ seminary. It was claimed that it had at one time 400
inhabitants. Among the members of the town company were Messrs. Smooks,
Fuller, Higby, Atherton, Ontis, Meeker, William Adams, Chase and Dr.
Taylor. The land on which the town was located was “junked” as a claim
by a Mrs. Place, and thereafter the town gradually went out of
existence. It is said to have had a good two-story hotel and a number of
business houses.
KENNEKUK.
In the plat which Royal Baldwin, president of the town company, filed
April 6, 1859, the name of this town is given as Kennekuck. It was
located on the southeast quarter and the southwest fractional quarter of
section 3, township 5, range 17. Its streets were sixty feet wide,
except Broadway, which was 100 feet wide, and Market street, which was
eighty feet wide. One block was donated for a market house, and another
block for a park, for religious and educational purposes. The streets
were numbered from 1 to 10 and the cross streets were named as follows:
Elm, Linn, Cedar, Poplar, Broadway, Market, Walnut, Weld, Perry and
Baldwin. The town site was vacated by the board of county commissioners
December 15, 1871. Kennekuk was a station on the Overland stage route,
twenty-four miles west and north of Atchison. During the overland stage
days Thomas Perry ran an eating station there, and Mrs. Perry, who was a
grand cook, always had a smoking hot dinner ready with the best of
coffee, for the occupants of the stage coaches. In the early days dances
were held in the Perry home, and Hon. D. W. Wilder, the author of the
celebrated “_Annals of Kansas_,” used to trip the light fantastic toe
there, and it is said that he courted the girl who afterwards became his
wife, in the Perry home.
Frank A. Root, who was an express messenger on the overland stage, says,
in his book, that Kennekuk was the first “home” station out from
Atchison, and the drivers were changed there. In 1863 it was a little
town of perhaps a dozen houses with one store and a blacksmith shop. The
Kickapoo Indian Agency was one of the most prominent buildings there,
and was located near the old road in the northwestern part of the town.
The town was laid out by William H. Wheeler, a surveyor and speculator,
and was named for the Kickapoo chieftain, John Kennekuk. George Remsburg
says that the town was platted in June, 1854, but the dedication on the
original plat in the court house would indicate that it was platted on
the date first mentioned in this sketch.
Hon. A. J. White, the son of Capt. Robert White, and at one time a
member of the legislature from this county, and one of the leading
farmers of the county, claims that Royal Baldwin was the first white
settler in Kennekuk, and that he was appointed Indian agent for the
Kickapoos there by President Pierce before Kansas was opened for
settlement. Mr. Remsburg also says that many noted travelers stopped at
Kennekuk, including Mark Twain.
KAPIOMA.
According to Captain Elberhant, of Golden, Colo., the Kickapoo Indians
once had a village on the Grasshopper river in Atchison county, called
Kapioma, after the chief of the band, and it is from this source that
Kapioma township took its name. Captain Berthoud says that Father
Duerinck, a native of Belgium, who was probably the first Jesuit priest
in Atchison county, gave the pronunciation of the name of his Atchison
county station as Kah-pi-oma, accent on the syllable “Kah.”
In an affidavit of H. H. Skiles, volume 69, page 63, in the records of
the office of the register of deeds of Atchison county, Kansas, the
following appears:
“This affiant further states that there was in 1857 and 1858 a company
formed, called and known as the Kapioma City Company, and the
individuals composing that company were B. Gray, S. C. Russell, W. W.
Weston, H. H. Skiles and W. Y. Roberts, who united themselves together
for the purpose of laying out, locating and establishing a town called
Kapioma, on what was then known as Grasshopper creek, just north of its
confluence with Straight creek, in the western borders of Atchison
county, Kansas. The entire purpose and scheme in laying out and
establishing a town fell through and was wholly and totally abandoned by
all and every person connected with it without prejudice to any one, and
the title to the land intended by the company to become town property
reverted to the original owner. The law required to establish a town was
never complied with.”
MASHENAH.
Mashenah, apparently, was to be a rival town of Kennekuk. The cold and
quiet records now on file in the court house would convey the idea that
Royal Baldwin must have fallen out with the original promoters of
Kennekuk and decided to establish a town of his own, so, accordingly, he
filed a plat of this town September 21, 1857, showing it to be located
in the northeast quarter and the northwest quarter of section 2,
township 5, range 17. One block was set aside for a college and another
for a park. Its streets were numbered 1 to 21, and the cross streets
were named as follows: Oak, Pine, Plum, Vine, Elm, Linn and Cedar.
ST. NICHOLAS.
The only record that can be found of this town is that Thomas Poteet
filed a plat thereof April 20. 1858, showing it to be located in the
southwest corner of section 6, township 7, range 20.
CONCORD.
This is another town about which there is little information available.
The plat was filed June 20, 1857, by James R. Whitehead and shows it to
have been located in the west half of section 1, township 5, range 17.
The streets were numbered from 1 to 18, and the cross streets were named
Buchanan, Emily, Mary, Carolina, Jefferson, St. Joseph, Ellwood, Able,
Alexander, and there were two public squares, called North and South.
PARNELL.
The plat of Parnell was filed December 24, 1883, by J. C. Hotham, and
shows the town site to be located in the southwest corner of the
southeast quarter of section 20, township 6, range 20. It is located on
both the Santa Fe and the Missouri Pacific railroads. The station was
named for a hero of the Civil war, James L. Parnell, a private soldier
in Company F, Thirteenth Kansas volunteer infantry, who was killed
during the skirmish at Haare Head, Ark., August 4, 1864. Parnell was the
original settler on the site of Parnell and was one of the first
citizens of Atchison county to respond under President Lincoln’s call of
July, 1862. He enlisted in the Thirteenth Kansas. Ex-Sheriff Frank
Hartin was a comrade of Parnell in Company F and married into the
Parnell family.
SHANNON.
Shannon was platted by G. W. Sutliff February 22, 1883. and is located
in the northwest corner of the northeast quarter of section 1. township
6, range 19, about eight miles west of Atchison, on the Parallel road.
The town consists of one store building, in which the postoffice is
located, and a few residences, together with railroad station and a
small elevator.
ELMWOOD.
Elmwood was platted by Anna Hoke and J. S. Hoke April 12, 1873, and was
located on the south half of the northeast quarter of section 2,
township 6, range 20. This was a “paper” town, and the only record now
available of it is the plat on file in the court house at Atchison.
CUMMINGSVILLE.
Cummingsville was platted by William Cummings December 16, 1872, and was
located on the north half of the southwest quarter of section 1,
township 7, range 19, on the line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
railway, southwest of Atchison, in Center township, and took its name
from the founder of the town. The original plat provided for two
streets, Market and Main, but on September 21, 1883, Samuel C. King
filed a plat, creating an addition to Cummingsville, composed of four
blocks. The first settler on the townsite was Robert Kennish, who
located there in November, 1872, and was appointed postmaster when the
postoffice was established the following fall. Mr. Kennish opened the
first store in Cummingsville in December, 1872, and he for many years
was station agent there, one of the oldest in the service of the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railway. He was a much beloved character. He
died a few years ago at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Nelson W. Cox,
who lives in Cummingsville with her invalid husband, Nels Cox, who for
eight years served Atchison county in the capacity of clerk of the
court. In April, 1873, C. D. Harrison and family located in
Cummingsville, and their child, Lorenzo, was the first child born on the
townsite, and his was also the first death, Lorenzo having died March
25, 1875. In the winter of 1880–81, R. C. Ripple taught the first
school, and the Methodist church (South) was built in 1880.
Cummingsville now is a town of over 100 residences, and in addition to
its bank, it has several good stores, a cream station and an elevator.
Much grain and live stock is shipped out of Cummingsville annually.
EDEN P. O.
Eden was located about eight miles northwest of Atchison, and Charles
Servoss was appointed the first postmaster there in 1858. The postoffice
was located on a farm adjoining the Johnson Wymore farm on the south.
Servoss resigned as postmaster in 1863 and removed to Detroit, Mich. He
was succeeded by H. C. Lee, who kept the office on a farm adjoining the
Wymore farm on the west. Mr. Lee was a grandfather of Miss Kate Platt
and Mrs. S. F. Harburger, formerly of Atchison, and the father of Mrs.
Flora B. Hiatt. Mr. Lee held the office until 1872, when Francis
Schletzbaum, Sr., was named as postmaster, and removed the office to his
farm, which adjoined the old Wymore farm on the north. The postoffice
remained there until it was discontinued upon the establishment of free
rural delivery service in 1900.
POTTER.
Potter is pleasantly situated on a slight rise or knoll in the beautiful
valley of Stranger creek, and near the southeast corner of Mt. Pleasant
township. From the first it has been the principal station on the Santa
Fe railroad, between Atchison and Leavenworth, being situated about
midway between the two cities. It is an attractive little town, with
well graded streets and good cement sidewalks, and a number of
attractive residences. While it is one of the younger towns of the
county, it has made strides that make it compare favorably with some of
its older sisters, in volume of business at least, if not in population.
Potter, as the home of the white man, dates back further than any
community in the county. Elsewhere in this history will be found an
account of Paschal Pensoneau, the old French trader, who established
himself on Stranger creek, near the present townsite, during the early
forties.
The building of Potter is the third and the most successful attempt to
establish a town in that vicinity. The first attempt was at Mount
Pleasant. This was one of the first towns started in Kansas, and here
was located the first postoffice in Atchison county. It prospered for a
time and was a candidate for the county seat. It gradually declined, and
since the establishment of Potter, has been little more than a memory.
In the early days, some say before Mt. Pleasant was started, a town was
laid out near the big Mercer spring, just northeast of the present site
of Potter, and called Martinsburg. It was extensively boomed, but
outside of a small store and a few huts, it never advanced beyond the
paper stage.
Early in 1886 the Leavenworth, Northern & Southern railway, now a branch
of the Santa Fe, and known as the “Pollywog,” was built and a station
located where Potter now stands. A town was platted and called Bennett
Springs, after James Gordon Bennett, the well known eastern journalist.
The mineral springs on the Masterson farm near the townsite were
attracting considerable attention at the time, and it was thought that a
popular resort could be built up there. The medicinal properties of the
water were discovered by Dr. Rice, a local physician, and subsequently
analyzed by experts, who confirmed Dr. Rice’s conclusions, and a number
of people claimed to have used the waters in liver, kidney and other
complaints with good results. Henry C. Squires, afterwards a Potter
banker, conceived the idea of establishing a health resort here, and
named it in honor of James Gordon Bennett, who, it was thought, would
use his influence towards getting eastern capital interested in the
project. The expected financial backing was not forthcoming, however,
and the proposed development of the springs was never made.
In the meantime the railroad people had christened the town Potter, in
honor of Hon. Joseph Potter, owner of the quarter section on which the
town was laid out, and, while the name of the town still appears on the
tax rolls as Bennett Springs, the original name having never been
legally changed, the town is now generally known as Potter. Joseph
Potter was the original settler, having preëmpted the land on which the
town stands, in 1854, and the first sales of lots in Potter were deeded
to their purchaser thirty-two years later direct from the Government
preëmption owner. The taking up of the land, filing, etc., cost Mr.
Potter about $220 for 160 acres, and when it was divided up into town
lots it brought him $200 an acre. Mr. Potter entered part of this land
with a land warrant given him for services in the Mexican war.
[Illustration:
Street Scene, Potter, Kansas
]
The first lots in the town were sold to the late James Stalons, for many
years a justice of the peace, preacher of the Gospel and prominent
citizen of the county. The first house on the townsite was built by
Thomas J. Potter in 1882, four years before the town was laid out. The
house is still standing. The first business house in the town was
erected by Charles Klein, who operated a store there until his death. A
year or two after Potter was started the postoffice was removed from Mt.
Pleasant to the place, and James B. Weir was the first postmaster. The
first hotel was operated by Mrs. Elvira Pierce. Dr. Barnes had the first
drug store, and was also the first physician; Frank Blodgett, the first
hardware store, and B. F. Shaw & Company, the first furniture store. The
first barber was Thomas Seever; the first blacksmith, Lou Chilson; the
first butcher, John Yost; the first carpenter, P. H. Fleer; the first
painters, George Brown and Grant Cass; the first stone masons, S. B.
Morrow and Frank Maxwell; the first shoemaker, Patrick Murphy; the first
stock buyer, Henry Show; the first school teacher, Albert Limbaugh; the
first railroad agent, C. L. Cherrie; the first lumber dealer, David
Hudson; the first harness maker, Harry Rickets; the first rural mail
carrier, Frank White. Frank Mayfield operated the first livery stable;
the first elevator was built by James Hawley; the first church building
was that of the Methodists. The first Methodist preacher was Rev. John
W. Faubian, and the first Christian preacher, Rev. T. W. Cottingham. The
first telephone exchange was operated by Charles and George Sprong. The
first lodge was Echo Lodge, No. 103, Independent Order of Odd Fellows.
The first bank was the Potter State Bank. Potter has had three
newspapers, the first, the _Potter Press_, was established by E. E.
Campbell, in 1898. In 1900 Mr. and Mrs. Eppie Barber started the _Potter
Leaf_. Three years later Charles B. Remsburg bought the _Leaf’s_
circulation and launched the _Potter Kansan_, which is now owned and
published by his father, J. E. Remsburg.
Potter is one of the most flourishing towns of its size in Kansas.
Though its population is less than 200, it boasts of two banks, the
aggregate resources of which amount to nearly a quarter million dollars.
There probably is not another town of its size in the State that has two
banks. The town has two good elevators which during the years 1912, 1913
and 1914 handled on an average of 140,000 bushels of grain a year. These
elevators are operated by Fred Ode & Sons and James Robinson. The
railroad station at Potter does a business that amounts to something
like $40,000 annually. The shipping of live stock is an important
industry here. The principal buyers are Tinsley, Potter, and Timple
Bros. Much fruit is grown around Potter, and as high as $20,000 has been
paid out for apples during one shipping season.
Potter has a rural high school, the first of its kind established in the
State, and an $8,000 school building.
The town has two general stores, those of W. A. Hodge and P. P. Knoch; a
hardware store, operated by B. F. Shaw; a grocery store, by Thomas J.
Potter; a furniture store, by Frank Beard; a drug store, by G. E.
Coulter; a hotel, by Mrs. G. F. Pope; two blacksmith shops, by R. E.
Brown and G. F. Pope; a livery stable, by H. G. Hawley; two barber
shops, by George Brown and Frank Blankenship; a cement tile factory, by
Grisham & Maxwell; a millinery store, by Mrs. T. J. Maxwell; a telephone
exchange, by E. C. Yoakum; a newspaper, _The Potter Weekly Kansan_, by
J. E. Remsburg; two physicians, Dr. G. W. Redmon and Dr. S. M. Myers.
Dr. A. E. Ricks, of Atchison, has a branch dental office here; the
Lambert Lumber Company, of Leavenworth, has a commodious and well
stocked yard here, with Samuel Parker as manager. There are two
churches, Methodist and Christian, two public halls, and one lodge hall.
L. M. Jewell conducts an insurance, real estate and loan business. There
is also a garage, and other business enterprises in the town.
[Illustration:
School House, Potter, Kansas
]
MOUNT PLEASANT.
In 1854 Thomas L. Fortune, Jr., a Virginian, settled on the “old
Military road” and opened one of the very earliest stores in Atchison
county, around this store springing up the village of Mount Pleasant. A
postoffice was established here in 1855, and Mr. Fortune was appointed
postmaster. Being an inventive genius, he finally gave up his store
business and devoted his energies towards perfecting and building a
road-wagon, to which reference has heretofore been made, and which he
thought would revolutionize the freighting business across the plains.
The townsite of Mount Pleasant was surveyed in 1857 by John P. Wheeler,
agent for the Town Company.
Michael Wilkins and James Laird were the very first settlers in the
township, being followed shortly afterwards by Levi Bowles, Jacob
Grindstaff, Andrew J. Peebler, Martin Jones, Chris Horn, P. R. King, W.
C. Findley, A. S. Speck and Amos Hamon.
The first hotel in the town was opened by Henry Payne, who operated it
many years.
T. J. Payne and Philo W. Hull were the next parties to engage in
business, Mr. Payne leaving when the new town of Sumner was started, and
locating there.
The next to engage in business was P. R. King, who established a general
store about 1858. He remained at Mount Pleasant until after the county
seat question had been settled, when he removed to Atchison.
In the fall of 1858 a district school was opened. In 1860 the Cumberland
Presbyterians erected a church building, having held religious services
at the homes of the members prior to this time. Rev. A. A. Moore was
their first pastor.
On May 1, 1862, the Church of Christ was organized by Elder W. S.
Jackson, with seventeen members, services being held in the school
house.
Mount Pleasant Lodge, No. 158, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, of
Mount Pleasant, was organized in the fall of 1868 by the following
charter members: William J. Young, X. Klein, M. R. Benton, John Hawley.
S. K. McCreary, Joseph Howell and Albert Hawley. Their first meeting was
held October 20, 1868, with the following as first officers: William
Young, worshipful master; X. Klein, senior warden; A. Hawley, junior
warden; S. K. McCreary, secretary; M. R. Benton, treasurer.
In August, 1862, the name of the postoffice was changed to Locust Grove.
LEWIS’ POINT.
In pre-territorial times and in the steamboat days, Kansas had many
geographical names that are not now to be found on the map. Some of
them, where permanent settlements have sprung up, have been perpetuated,
but the majority of them do not live even in the memory of the oldest
inhabitants. One of the latter is “Lewis’ Point,” near the present site
of Oak Mills. Old “Cap.” Lewis is long since dead, his name almost
forgotten, and the rapacious Missouri river and “Mansell’s Slide” are
now about to devour the “Point.” with which his name was coupled in our
early geography. While “Lewis’ Point” was never a place of any
prominence, and not even the site of a village or settlement, yet it was
a geographical name that was known to every steamboat man running on
this section of the river, and is worthy of preservation in our local
history. “Lewis’ Point” was at the projection of land lying immediately
above Oak Mills, on the Missouri river. It took its name from the fact
that Calvin Lewis, an old riverman, settled at this point at an early
day, and it became a frequent stopping place for steamboats to take on
wood. In those days there was a splendid wood supply in that vicinity.
Lewis’ house stood near the site of the old Champton, or William Moody,
house, which was destroyed by fire about a year ago.
It is not generally known that a steamboat was ever built on Atchison
county soil, much less that Oak Mills was ever the scene of the ship
builder’s craft, outside of the construction of Indian canoes and the
modern skiffs built by Dick King or some other later-day river man. Yet,
it is a fact that Calvin Lewis once built and launched at “Lewis’ Point”
a small stern-wheel steamboat, and operated it on the river for several
years. In 1855 the first territorial legislature of Kansas passed an act
authorizing Lewis to operate a ferry at “Lewis’ Point.”
FARLEY’S FERRY.
The same legislature that gave permission to Lewis to operate a ferry at
“Lewis’ Point,” granted the same privilege to Nimrod Farley, to maintain
a ferry across the Missouri river, opposite Iatan, Mo. Farley was a well
known character in the Missouri bottoms in the vicinity of Iatan, Cow
Island, and Oak Mills, in the early days. He lived near Iatan, but it
seems that he owned land on the Kansas side, near Oak Mills, which
offered a landing for his ferry. He was a brother of Josiah Farley, who
laid out the town of Farley, in Platte county, in 1850. George McAdow
later became proprietor of Farley’s Ferry and operated it until it was
destroyed by Jayhawkers, shortly before the war.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE CIVIL WAR.
THE ISSUE BETWEEN EARLY SETTLERS—INFLUX OF FREE STATE AND PRO-SLAVERY
PARTISANS—EARLY VOLUNTEERING—MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS—THREATENED
INVASION FROM MISSOURI—POLITICAL SOCIETIES—JAYHAWKERS—CLEVELAND’S
GANG—LYNCHINGS—ATCHISON COUNTY TROOPS IN THE WAR—PRICE’S ATTEMPTED
INVASION.
The six years intervening between 1854 and 1860 constitute a momentous
period in the history of Atchison county. No new community was ever
organized under more unpromising circumstances. It was not merely land
hunger and lust for personal gain that were the impelling motives which
brought men to Kansas in that day. Neither gold, nor gas, nor oil, nor
precious gems lured men here. Kansas was then, as it is now, an
agricultural paradise, and such an environment has ordinarily but little
charm for the daring adventurer and the seeker after sudden riches, who
toil not and spin less. It is true that a large number of peaceful,
plodding home-seekers—the tillers of the soil—the hewers of wood and the
haulers of water, immigrated to Kansas to take up land and build
permanent homes, but they were in the minority prior to 1860. The
tremendous issue of human slavery was the all absorbing fact, and the
long struggle here wrought a complete revolution in the political
thought of the whole country. Men came to Kansas for the most part for
political rather than for business or agricultural reasons. The
settlement of Kansas was an inspired political movement of partisans.
There was little room for neutrals, and those who were “too proud to
fight” went elsewhere. There was little consideration on the part of the
early settlers of Kansas, of any questions except slavery and anti-
slavery. They came in large numbers from the South and from the North,
and met here upon the frontier in a final test of strength. The Free
Soilers won, but only after bitter contests in which passion, prejudice
and bloody partisanship ran riot, and Atchison county played a most
conspicuous part in this great battle. The Nation and the world looked
on as the battle lines surged forward and backward. And while they
fought here in a last desperate struggle for supremacy, these courageous
men and women on both sides founded their towns, built their court
houses, their primary schools and their churches with an abiding faith
in the hearts of each of them that victory would finally crown their
efforts. Atchison county made progress in spite of the fact that her
leaders were wrong. We gave promise here of being the metropolis of
Kansas, for we had many geographical and commercial advantages over
other struggling communities of the Territory. But before the well laid
plans of our citizens matured, before projects for the development of
steam transportation to bring us nearer the outside world could be
concluded the mighty conflict which ended in four bloody years of civil
war, broke upon the Nation, and Kansas within three months after being
admitted as a State enrolled itself on the side of the Union. Atchison
county sprang to arms almost a thousand strong, and may it ever be said
to its everlasting glory that few, if any, counties in the State had a
more patriotic record. One hundred and thirty-one Atchison county men
enlisted in the First Kansas regiment; twenty-five in the Seventh;
eighty-five in the Eighth; eighty-six in the Tenth; 260 in the
Thirteenth; 100 in the First Kansas (colored); twenty-five in the First
Nebraska; 105 in the Thirteenth Missouri; thirty in the Fifteenth
Kansas; forty in the Ninth, and fifty in the Sixteenth, or a total of
937 men, which, together with the scattering of men in other regiments
in adjoining States, brought the total number of soldiers engaged during
the Civil war to 1,000. The population of Atchison county at that time
was 7,747, and the voting population 1,133, which shows that the total
number of voters was but slightly larger than the total number of
volunteers. At that time Atchison, by reason of its location, was
subject to incursions from Confederate troops and Jayhawkers from
Missouri, which called for the organization at different periods of the
war, of home guard companies, which are not included in the foregoing
statement. At the outset of the war Atchison had three militia
companies, A, B and C, and a fourth, known as the All Hazard company,
the origin of whose name is thus explained. At the city election in the
spring of 1861 the issue was union or dis-union. The Republicans and
Union Democrats united in supporting G. H. Fairchild for mayor. He was a
Union Democrat who on various occasions announced his unwavering
friendship of the Union and for the maintenance of the constitution and
laws “at all hazards,” and when this company enlisted for the war Mayor
Fairchild was its captain and it became Company K of the First Kansas.
It participated in the battle of Wilson’s Creek, August 10, 1861, which
was the first action in which a Kansas regiment was under fire.
In 1861 there were constant threats of invasion from Missouri rebel
organizations in Buchanan and Platte counties, and in that year another
home guard company was organized with the following officers: Charles
Holbert, captain; J. G. Bechtold, first lieutenant; Clem Rhor, second
lieutenant; W. Becker, third lieutenant; John Schupp, ensign. During the
following year the danger of invasion became still more threatening and
650 men in sixteen companies came to Atchison to protect the town from
destruction. The Atchison county companies were commanded by Captains
Holbert, Hays, Batsett, Evans and Vanwinkle. It was due to the
thoroughness with which the people of Atchison organized themselves
against invasion that they were spared from being completely
annihilated. On the fifteenth day of September, 1861, another company
for home guard service was mustered in at Ft. Leavenworth. J. M. Graham
was captain; J. G. Bechtold, first lieutenant; R. N. Bryant, second
lieutenant. This company subsequently became Company E of the First
Kansas Regiment Home Guards, numbering fifty men, and were ordered back
to Atchison for duty, where they were stationed until all danger of
invasion had passed, after which the company became a part of the Eighth
Kansas. The victories of the Union forces in 1862 were frequent, and as
a result many rebel sympathizers came to Atchison for safety, where they
became very troublesome. In order to counteract the growing evil over
the activities of these men, Mayor Fairchild issued a proclamation in
which he warned them that they must not expect to be protected in any
manner by the city laws as long as they held to the views which they
expounded at even favorable opportunity. “It would be absurd to
suppose,” the proclamation said, “that a patriotic community could treat
otherwise than its enemies, persons who are in sympathy with base men
who have brought upon our country untold misery, almost unlimited
taxation and almost inconceivable pecuniary suffering. As a
representative of a loyal people I will not encourage men to return
among us who have circulated reports that they were refugees from the
loyal States on account of their secession doctrines, nor will I give
protection to men who unmistakably at heart belong to the Confederacy.”
This proclamation met with such favor that a mass meeting of Union men
in Atchison county was held at Price’s Hall March 15, 1862. The whole
county was well represented and stirring addresses were delivered by
Colonel Edge, of Doniphan county, Tom Murphy, the genial proprietor of
the Massasoit House, Rev. W. S. Wenz, Lieutenant Price, E. Chesebrough,
Mayor Fairchild, Caleb May, and others, after which resolutions
denouncing the southern sympathizers and notifying them not to return
were unanimously adopted. During the latter part of the same year a call
for aid to assist the Atchison county troops met with immediate response
and within a few days, commencing August 20, 1862, almost $4,000 was
subscribed by the citizens of Atchison. Seven hundred and forty-five
dollars came from Mt. Pleasant township. Among the leading contributors
were Theodore Bartholow, E. Chesebrough, G. W. Fairchild, J. W. Russell,
W. L. Challiss, Dr. William Irwin, G. W. Howe, Bela M. Hughes, William
Hetherington, Otis & Glick, Henry Deisbach, J. E. Wagner, Rice McCubbin,
McCausland & Brown, Tom Murphy, W. A. Cochrane, Samuel C. Pomeroy,
Stebbins & Company, E. Butcher, and William C. Smith, each of whom
subscribed the sum of $50 or over. Atchison also made a notable
contribution when Quantrell invaded Lawrence, sending $4,000 to assist
the people of that city. In 1863 depredations of the Jayhawkers became
very annoying, and a vigilance committee was organized and all good,
peaceful and loyal citizens were called upon to band themselves together
for the protection of their lives, homes and property. Those who joined
the vigilance committee took an oath to support the Government of the
United States and Kansas, and to do all in their power to put down the
rebellion, and also to keep secret all proceedings of the organization.
This committee did very effective work in bringing to punishment
violators of law and also in keeping the lawless bands of Jayhawkers and
other thieves out of Atchison county.
The following “circular” has been unearthed by the author, and while it
bears no date it apparently contained the constitution, by-laws, ritual
and oath of these societies.
“CIRCULAR TO OFFICERS.
“Be extremely careful in the selection of your members. Admit no one who
is not of good standing in the community, and whom you have not good
reason to believe to be firm and uncompromising in his devotion to the
Union, and to be relied upon to assist in any emergency in maintaining
the laws and good order in the community. This is of the first and
highest importance to the order, and if any member shows symptoms of
defection, watch him closely.
“In all cases, deal kindly with your opponents, and strive by gentle
means to win them over to a change of sentiment. Many good men may thus
be brought within our circle who would otherwise be lost to us.
“The first club established in your county seat will be called the
County Club, to which all clubs in the county will report, and by those
officers all such clubs will be established. It is important that we be
frequently advised as to our strength in the State; and for this purpose
each subordinate club will report weekly to the county club the number
of members enrolled therein; and the County Club will report monthly to
the Ex. Com. at —— the number of clubs and number of members in the
county. These reports should be carefully sealed and addressed ——.
“The officers of County Clubs will be supplied with a printed
constitution and ritual, and they will furnish officers of subordinate
clubs copies of the same, with a strict injunction to secrecy.
“All correspondence must be secret as possible; and in order that this
may be accomplished the monthly reports may consist only of the place,
date, number of clubs in the county and number of members. No signature
must be attached. These reports will be summed up and published by the
Ex. Com.
“Strict secrecy as to the _working_ of the organization is enjoined and
promptness and vigor in its extension is very important. We must work
now and work _rapidly_. _No time is to be lost_; our opponents are
working vigorously and secretly, but it is not too late to counteract
their machinations and utterly overthrow them. _Work! Work! Work!_
“CONSTITUTION.
“OBJECT.
“The object shall be to preserve and maintain the Union and the
constitution of the United States and of the State of Kansas, and to
defend Kansas against invasion, insurrection, civil commotion and to
protect Union men against assassination, arson, robbery, prescription
and all other wrongs inflicted by the enemies of the Government of the
United States and of this State upon loyal persons.
“OFFICERS.
“The officers shall consist of Pr., V. P., R. S., T., M., and S., who
shall hold their office for three months.
“DUTIES OF OFFICERS.
“The duties of officers shall be the same as in similar organizations
and all business shall be conducted in the usual parliamentary form.
“ADMISSION OF MEMBERS.
“Persons may become members who are eighteen years of age and upwards,
and are citizens of the United States.
“INITIATION.
“All initiations shall take place in and with the authority of the
officers of the club who may delegate suitable persons to initiate
members from time to time as occasion requires outside of any regular
meeting of the club. Branch clubs may be formed by proper application to
this club when the president may appoint suitable persons to establish
the same.
“WITHDRAWALS.
“Any member may withdraw from this club by giving written notice of the
same to the R. S. at any regular meeting; but the obligations of such
member shall remain the same as before.
“AMENDMENTS.
“This constitution may be altered or amended by giving one week’s notice
thereof, by a vote of two-thirds of the executive committee of the
State. Each county club may make by-laws for its own organization, not
conflicting with this constitution.
“RITUAL.
“Eternal God! Supreme Ruler, Governor and Architect of the Universe! We
humbly beseech Thee to protect the people of the United States in
general and especially the members of this organization. Wilt thou be
pleased to direct and prosper all our consultations to the advancement
of Thy glory, the good of Thy country, the safety, honor and welfare of
Thy people, and may all things be ordered and settled by the Legislature
and Executive branches of our Government upon the best and surest
foundation, so that peace and happiness, truth and justice may be
established among us for all generations. Wilt Thou be pleased to guide
and direct us as Thou didst our Fathers in the Revolution. With the
strength of Thine almighty arm Thou didst uphold and sustain them
through all their trials, and at last didst crown them with victory. May
charity, and brotherly love cement us; may we be united with our
principles founded upon the teachings of Thy Holy Word and may Thy Good
Spirit guide, strengthen and comfort us, now and forever, Amen.
“All candidates for membership to this club will be required to answer
the following questions to be propounded by the marshal before
initiation:
“1. Are you opposed to secession or dis-union?
“2. Do you acknowledge that your first and highest allegiance is due to
the Government of the United States of America?
“3. Are you willing to take such an oath of allegiance to the United
States of America?
“4. Are you willing to pledge yourself to resist to the extent of your
power, all attempts to subvert or overthrow the constitution of the
United States, or the constitution of the State of Kansas?
“Should the candidates answer affirmatively, the marshal, after
repeating to the president, will conduct them into the club room and
present them to the president, who shall then address the candidates as
follows:
“Gentlemen:—We rejoice that you have thus voluntarily come forward to
unite yourselves with us. The cause we advocate is that of our country;
banded together for the purpose of perpetuating the liberties for which
our fathers fought, we have sworn to uphold and protect them.
“It is a strange and sad necessity which impels American citizens to
band themselves together to sustain the constitution and the Union; but
the Government under which we live is threatened with destruction.
Washington enjoined upon us that ‘the unity of the Government which
constitutes us one people is a main pillar in the edifice of our real
independence; the support of our tranquility at home, our peace abroad—
of our safety, of our prosperity, of that very liberty which we so
highly prize.’ He charges that we should ‘properly estimate the immense
value of our national Union to our collective and individual happiness;
that we should cherish a cordial, habitual and immovable attachment to
it; accustoming ourselves to think and speak of it as the palladium of
our political safety and prosperity; watching for its preservation with
jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion
that it can in any event be abandoned.’
“He tells us again that ‘to the efficiency and permanency of the Union,
a Government for the whole is indispensable. No alliances, however
strict between the parts, is an adequate substitute.’
“It is to sustain this Government we are banded together, and for this
purpose you are now required to take a solemn obligation.
“Place your left hand on the National Flag and raise your right hand
toward Heaven; repeating after me:
“We and each of us do solemnly swear in the presence of God and these
witnesses to support, protect and defend the constitution and Government
of the United States and of the State of Kansas against all enemies,
foreign and domestic, and to maintain and defend the Government of the
United States and the flag thereof, and aid in maintaining the laws of
the United States in this State and to defend the State of Kansas
against invasion from any State or States and from any other rebellion,
invasion, insurrection to the best of our ability without any mental
reservation or evasion—So help us God.
“The members will respond.
“To this we pledge ourselves.
“We do severally solemnly swear and affirm that we will protect, aid and
defend each member of all Union clubs, and will never make known in any
way or manner, to any person or persons, not members of Union clubs, any
of the signs, passwords, proceedings, purposes, debates or plans of this
or any other club under this organization, except when engaged in
admitting new members into this organization.
“The president will then deliver the following address to the
candidates:
“‘The oath which you have now taken of your own free will and accord
cannot rest lightly upon your conscience, neither can it be violated
without leaving the stain of perjury upon your soul. Our country is now
in “disorder” and “confusion;” the fires of commotion and contest are
now raging in our midst, war has come to us but we cannot, we must not,
we dare not omit to do that which in our judgment the safety of the
Union requires, not regardless of consequences, we must yet meet
consequences; seeing the hazard that surrounds the discharge of public
duty, it must yet be discharged. Let us then, cheerfully shun no
responsibility justly devolving upon us here or elsewhere in attempting
to maintain the Union. Let us cheerfully partake its fortune and its
fate. Let us be ready to perform our appropriate part, whenever and
wherever the occasion may call us, and to take our chances among those
upon whom the blows may fall first and fall thickest.
“‘Above all remember the words of our own immortal Clay: “If Kentucky
tomorrow unfurls the banner of resistance, I never will fight under that
banner. I owe a paramount allegiance to the whole Union. A _subordinate_
one to my own State.”
“‘Be faithful, then, to your country, for your interests are
indissolubly connected with hers; be faithful to these, your brethren,
for your life and theirs may be involved in this contest; be faithful to
posterity for the blessings you have enjoyed in this Government are but
held in trust for thee.’
“Response by all the members—We Will!
“The president will then present the constitution and oath to the
candidates for their signature.”
Charles Metz, a notorious Jayhawker, whose personal appearance and
characteristics are best described in an essay entitled, “The Last of
the Jayhawkers,” contributed to the old _Kansas Magazine_, by John J.
Ingalls. “Conspicuous among the irregular heroes who thus sprang to arms
in 1861,” says Ingalls, “and ostensibly their leader, was an Ohio stage
driver by the name of Charles Metz, who having graduated with honor from
the penitentiary of Missouri, assumed for prudential reasons the more
euphonious and distinguished appellation of ‘Cleveland.’ He was a
picturesque brigand. Had he worn a slashed doublet and trunk hose of
black velvet he would have been the ideal of an Italian bandit. Young,
erect and tall, he was sparely built and arrayed himself like a
gentleman in the costume of the day. His appearance was that of a
student. His visage was thin, his complexion olive tinted and colorless,
as if ‘sicklied over with a pale cast of thought.’ Black piercing eyes,
finely cut features, dark hair and beard correctly trimmed, completed a
_tout ensemble_ that was strangely at variance with the aspect of the
score of dissolute and dirty desperadoes that formed his command. These
were generally degraded ruffians of the worst type, whose highest idea
of elegance in personal appearance was to have their mustaches a
villainous, metallic black, irrespective of the consideration whether
its native hue was red or brown. * * * *
“The vicinity of the fort with its troops rendered Leavenworth
undesirable as a base of operations. St. Joseph was also heavily
garrisoned, and they accordingly selected Atchison as the point from
which to move on the enemy’s works. Atchison at that time contained
about 2,500 inhabitants. Its business was transacted upon one street and
extended west about four blocks from the river. Its position upon the
extreme curve of the ‘Grand Detour of the Missouri, affording unrivaled
facilities to the interior in the event of pursuit. Having been
principally settled by Southerners it still afforded much legitimate
gain for our bird of prey, and its loyal population having already
largely enlisted, the city was incapable of organized resistance to the
depredations of the marauders.
“They established their headquarters at the saloon of a German named
Ernest Renner, where they held their councils of war and whence they
started upon their forays. The winter was favorable to their designs, as
the river closed early, enabling them to cross upon the ice. Cleveland
proclaimed himself marshal of Kansas, and announced his determination to
run the country. He invited the cordial co-operation of all good
citizens to assist him in sustaining the government and punishing its
foes. Ignorant of his resources and of his purposes, the people were at
first inclined to welcome their strange guests as a protection from the
dangers to which they were exposed, but it soon became apparent that the
doctors were worse than the disease. They took possession of the town,
defied the municipal authorities, and committed such intolerable
excesses that their expulsion was a matter of public safety. Their
incursions into Missouri were so frequent and audacious that a company
of infantry was sent from Weston and stationed at Winthrop to effect
their capture, but to no purpose. * * * * If a man had an enemy in any
part of the country whom he wished to injure, he reported him to
Cleveland as a rebel, and the next night he was robbed of all he
possessed and considered fortunate if he escaped without personal
violence. * * * * A small detachment of cavalry was sent from the fort
to take them, but just as they had dismounted in front of the saloon and
were hitching their horses, Cleveland appeared at the door with a cocked
navy in each hand and told them that he would shoot the first man who
moved a finger. Calling two or three of his followers he disarmed the
dragoons, took their horses and equipments and sent them back on foot to
reflect upon the vicissitudes of military affairs. Early in 1862 the
condition became desperate and the city authorities, in connection with
the commander at Winthrop, concerted a scheme which brought matters to a
crisis. Cleveland and about a dozen of his gang were absent in Missouri
on a scout. The time of their return was known, and Marshal Charles
Holbert had his force stationed in the shadow of an old warehouse near
the bank of the river. It was a brilliant moonlight night in mid-winter.
The freebooters emerged from the forest and crossed upon the ice. They
were freshly mounted and each one had a spare horse. Accompanying them
were two sleighs loaded with negroes, harness and miscellaneous plunder.
As they ascended the steep shore of the levee, unconscious of danger,
they were all taken prisoners except Cleveland, who turned suddenly,
spurred his horse down the embankment and escaped. The captives were
taken to Weston, where they soon afterward enlisted in the Federal army.
The next day Cleveland rode into town, captured the city marshal on the
street and declared his intention to hold him as a hostage for the
safety of his men. He compelled the marshal to walk by the side of his
horse a short distance, when finding a crowd gathering for his capture,
he struck him a blow on the head with his pistol and fled.”
Cleveland continued his exploits for a number of months after this, but
was finally captured in one of the southern counties where he was
attempting to let himself down the side of a ravine. He was shot by a
soldier from above, and the ball entered his arm and passed through his
body. He was buried in St. Joseph. Mo., and a marble head stone over his
grave bears the following inscription, placed there by his widow: “One
hero less on earth, one angel more in heaven.”
As the direct result of the operations of Cleveland and his gang, the
spirit of lawlessness grew and the people finally “took the law into
their own hands.” Perhaps the best account of the lynchings that
followed was given by Hon. Mont. Cochran March 17, 1902, at the time a
Congressman from Missouri, but formerly a leading citizen and county
attorney of Atchison. Mr. Cochran said:
“The thieves who fell victims to Judge Lynch, while not known as
Cleveland’s gang, operated extensively throughout the period of
lawlessness in which no effort whatever was made to bring the outlaws to
justice. After the Cleveland gang had been effectively broken up, these
depredatory scoundrels continued their operations. Their last crime, and
the one for which they were gibbeted, was the attempted robbery of an
old man named Kelsey. He had received at Ft. Leavenworth $1,500 on a
Government contract, and, upon returning home by the way of Atchison, he
deposited it in Hetherington’s bank. The thieves went to his house at
night and demanded the money. Of course, he could not produce it. They
tortured the old man and his wife alternately for hours, and when after
the departure of the thieves, the neighbors were called in, Kelsey and
his wife were nearer dead than alive. The next morning hundreds of their
neighbors, armed to the teeth, swarmed into Atchison. In Third street,
north of Commercial, was a little log building, which had been the home
of an early settler, in which was a gunsmith’s shop. Three or four of
the farmers went there to have their fire arms put in order. When they
came out one of them had a revolver in his hand. Two fellows standing
by, seeing the farmers approaching, dived into an alley and started
westward at lightning speed. The farmers pursued and at the house of a
notorious character, known as Aunt Betsey, the fugitives were run to
cover. The house was surrounded and they were captured. One of them was
Sterling, the fiddler and pianist of the bagnio. Other arrests followed
until five were in durance. Then ensued probably the most extraordinary
proceeding known to the annals of Judge Lynch. The mob took possession
of the jail and the court house and for a week held them. The prisoners
were tried one by one. Sterling was convicted and executed. An elm tree,
standing on the banks of White Clay creek, in the southwest quarter of
the town, was admirably suited to the purpose. When the wagon, bearing
Sterling to his doom reached the ground the whole town was in
attendance. A range of hills to the south swarmed with women. Asa
Barnes, a prominent farmer, a man of iron resolution and unswerving
honesty, was the leader of the mob. With clinched teeth and blanched
face he ordered Sterling to take his place on the seat of the wagon,
and, while the desperado was as game as a peacock, he promptly obeyed.
Standing on the wagon seat Sterling took off his hat, banged it down and
placing his foot on it, shook his clenched hand at the sea of upturned
faces, and with a volley of imprecations, said: ‘I am the best d—d man
that ever walked the earth and if you will drop me down and give me a
gun, I will fight any ten of you.’ Sandy Corbin, a great bluffer, who
bore but little better reputation than the man with the noose on his
neck, pretended that he wanted to fight Sterling single-handed. Nobody
else paid any attention to Sterling’s ravings, and in a twinkling he was
swung into eternity. The next day two others, a man named Brewer, a
soldier at home on a furlough, and a young fellow known as Pony, met the
same fate. There was much sympathy for Pony. He was a drunkard and all
his delinquencies were attributed to this weakness. Just as they were
ready to swing him up, two or three members of the mob told him that if
he would give information as to others implicated, but who had not been
arrested, they would save him. His reply was: ‘I went into this thing as
a man and I will die as a man.’ There was a stir among those nearest the
wagon and it was discovered that an effort was being made to save the
boy from death. The traces were cut and the horses led away. The effort
failed. Fifty men seized the wagon and dragged it away. The fourth to
suffer the vengeance of the mob was an old gray-haired man named Moody.
At the trial he strongly protested his innocence, and promised, if given
a respite of twenty-four hours, he would prove an alibi. This was
granted, but the witnesses were not forthcoming and the next day the old
man was put to death. A priest visited him in jail, which was constantly
surrounded day and night, and when he came out after administering the
rights of the church to the doomed man, it was remarked by those who saw
him that the priest was as pale as a ghost. The report gained currency
that when asked if Moody was innocent, he refused to answer yea or nay,
and, although it had not then developed that Moody could not produce the
witnesses he promised, the conduct of the priest was taken as proof that
Moody was guilty. During the week in which these extraordinary
proceedings took place, the mob was in undisputed control of the court
house and jail. Judge Lynch was perched upon the wool sack and a jury of
twelve men, who had qualified under oath, in the usual form, occupied
the jury box. Not the slightest effort at concealment was made by those
who led or those who followed. In my judgment no other course was left
open to the community.
“Not less than 500 men were driven out of Kansas on the charge of
disloyalty in 1861 and 1862, with the approval of men of excellent
character, by thugs and scoundrels, who made no concealment of the fact
that they lived by horse stealing and house breaking. From the beginning
of the Civil war until peace was declared, the Kansas border from the
Nebraska State line to the Indian Territory, was a scene of lawlessness
and disorder. In the earlier years of the war, thieves regularly
organized into companies, with captains whose authority was recognized
by the rank and file, with headquarters in the towns and cities of
eastern Kansas, masqueraded as saviors of the Union, and upon the
pretense that they were serving the cause, thrived amazingly by
pillaging the farm houses and barns of neighboring counties in Missouri.
Atchison was the headquarters of the Cleveland gang—the most active and
the boldest of the banditti. The gang did not hesitate to cross over to
Missouri and steal horses, and returning to Atchison sell them in broad
daylight. Usually these raids were made at night, but there was no
concealment of the business they were engaged in, nor of the fact that
hundreds of the horses sold by them were stolen from farmers of
Buchanan, Platte and Clinton counties. In the capacity of saviors of the
Union, they took upon themselves the task of driving all persons
suspected of sympathy for ‘the lost cause’ out of Kansas. P. T. Abell,
J. T. Hereford, Headley & Carr, prominent lawyers, were notified to
leave or they would be killed. They departed. Headley, Carr and Hereford
served in the Confederate army. Abell lived in exile until after the war
was over, and then returned to Atchison. He was one of the founders of
the town, and before the war was the partner of Gen. B. F. Stringfellow.
Tom Ray, proprietor of an extensive blacksmithing and wagon shop, was
banished. In a month or two he returned, but not until after he had
halted at Winthrop, a village opposite Atchison and opened up
negotiations which resulted in a grant of permission to remain in
Atchison long enough to settle up his business and collect considerable
sums due from his customers. He registered at the old Massasoit House,
but did not tarry long. Maj. R. H. Weightman, an early settler, who left
Atchison in 1861, and accepted a colonel’s commission in the Confederate
army, had been killed at Wilson’s Creek. While sitting in the Massasoit
House barroom, Ray was approached by Sandy Corbin, a somewhat notorious
character, who handled most of the horses stolen by Cleveland’s thieves.
Corbin mentioned Weightman’s death, expressing satisfaction at his
untimely end, and applying all the epithets known to the abandoned, to
the dead man. Ray expostulated, and finally warned Corbin to desist or
expect a thrashing. Corbin rushed to his room and returned with two
revolvers, so adjusted upon his belt that Ray could not help seeing
them. Ray, who was a giant in size, seized Corbin, threw him face
downward upon a billiard table, and with a blacksmith’s hand as large as
a ham, spanked him until he was almost insensible. Then he hurriedly
boarded the ferry boat, crossed the river and made his way to Montana,
where he lived until his death, twenty years ago.
“Cleveland’s lieutenant, a fellow named Hartman, was the worst of the
gang, and was guilty of so many and such flagrant outrages upon the
prominent citizens that in sheer desperation, four men, all of whom are
now dead, met and drew straws to see who would kill Hartman—(1) Jesse C.
Crall, during his life prominent in politics and business; (2) George T.
Challiss, for thirty years a deacon in the Baptist church and a
prominent wholesale merchant and identified prominently with Atchison
affairs; (3) James McEwen, a cattle buyer and butcher; (4) The fourth
man was a prominent physician. Each of these had suffered intolerable
outrages at the hands of Hartman. He had visited their houses and
terrified their wives by notifying them that unless their husbands left
Atchison within a specified period they would be mobbed. Even the
children of two of the victims of persecution had been abused. They met
at the physician’s office, and after a prolonged conference, at which it
was agreed that neither would leave until Hartman had been killed,
proceeded to draw straws to see which would undertake the work. Crall
held the straws, McEwen drew the short straw and the job fell to his
lot. Atchison is bisected by two or three brooks, one of which traverses
the northwest section of the town and runs into White Clay creek. This
ravine has very precipitous banks, and was crossed by several foot
bridges. At the east approach of the bridge was a tall elm tree. McEwen
took his position under this tree, and awaited the appearance of
Hartman, who necessarily passed that way in going home at night. When
Hartman was half-way across the bridge, McEwen stepped out, dropped to
his knee, leveled a double-barreled shotgun and turned loose. He filled
Hartman with buckshot from his head to his heels, but strange to say,
the fellow did not die for months afterward. Had either of the others
drawn the fatal straw, no doubt Hartman would have been killed in broad
daylight, on the streets, but McEwen concluded to give the fellow no
chance for his life.”
The First Kansas volunteer cavalry was the first regiment to be raised
under the call of President Lincoln May 8, 1861. It was mustered into
the service at Ft. Leavenworth June 3, 1861. George W. Deitzler, of
Lawrence, was colonel, and the following men from Atchison were
officers: George H. Faicheled, captain, Company C; Camille Aguiel, first
lieutenant: Rinaldo A. Barker, second lieutenant; James W. Martin,
second lieutenant of Company B. Within ten days of the date this
regiment was mustered in, they received orders for active service. The
regiment joined the army of General Lyon at Grand River, Mo., and on
July 10 arrived at Springfield, where the force of General Sigel was
gathered. The united forces of the rebels, under Price and McCullouch,
was concentrated at Wilson’s Creek, twelve miles from Springfield, and
was strongly entrenched there, where the initial engagement of the First
Kansas regiment took place. This regiment went into the engagement with
644 men and officers, and lost seventy-seven killed and 333 wounded. The
rebel forces were estimated to be 5,300 infantry, fifteen pieces of
artillery, and 6,000 horsemen, with a loss of 265 killed, 721 wounded,
and 292 missing. The Union forces numbered about 5,000, with a loss of
about 1,000. It was one of the fiercest and most determined battles of
the Civil war, and both officers and privates in the companies from
Atchison displayed great bravery. First Lieut. Camille Aguiel was among
the killed, and privates Henry W. Totten and Casper Broggs, together
with Corporal William F. Parker, of Atchison, also lost their lives in
this engagement.
The Seventh regiment Kansas cavalry was ordered into active service
immediately following its organization. Colonel Daniel R. Anthony, of
Leavenworth, was a lieutenant-colonel of this regiment, and among the
line officers was William S. Morehouse, of Atchison, who was second
lieutenant. This regiment saw a great deal of active service in the
Civil war, and was first attacked by the rebels November 11, 1861, while
encamped in western Missouri, on the Little Blue river. Following a
furious battle the regiment lost nine of its force by death and thirty-
two wounded. This regiment subsequently participated in an engagement at
Little Santa Fe and at Independence. In January, 1862, the Seventh
regiment went into camp at Humboldt, Kan., and remained there until it
was ordered to Lawrence in the following March, and subsequently was
ordered to Corinth, Miss., and from thence to Rienzi, Miss., where it
was assigned to the First Cavalry brigade, of which Phillip H. Sheridan
was commander, and subsequently saw much service in Tennessee and other
points in the South, and participated in the various actions that
occurred during General Smith’s expedition to the Tallahatchee, after
which the balance of their active service took place in Missouri. It was
mustered out at Ft. Leavenworth September 4, 1865.
The Eighth regiment Kansas infantry was perhaps closer to the hearts of
the people of Atchison county than any other regiment that participated
in the Civil war, for the reason that its lieutenant-colonel was the
beloved John A. Martin, editor of the _Atchison Champion_, and
subsequently governor of Kansas. It was originally recruited and
intended for home and frontier service. The fear of invasion, both by
hostile Indians on the west, and the rebels on the south and east, kept
fear alive in the hearts of many residents of Kansas, and for this
purpose it was deemed desirable to have a regiment of volunteer soldiers
close at hand. As originally organized, this regiment consisted of six
infantry and two cavalry companies, but various changes were made during
the three months following its organization. It saw active service
throughout the South, and participated in many of the important battles
of the Civil war, but in none did it play a more conspicuous part than
in the great battle of Mission Ridge. The following is from Colonel
Martin’s official report of the part taken by the Eighth Kansas in this
engagement:
“Shortly after noon, on the twenty-fifth (November), we were ordered to
advance on the enemy’s position at the foot of Mission Ridge, and moved
out of our works, forming in the second line of the battle. We at once
advanced steadily in line through the woods and across the open field in
front of the enemy’s entrenchments to the foot of the hill, subjected
during the whole time to a heavy artillery fire from the enemy’s
batteries, and as soon as we reached the open field, to a destructive
musketry fire. Reaching the first line of works we halted to rest our
men for a few moments, and then advanced through a terrible storm of
artillery and musketry, to the foot of the hill and up it as rapidly as
possible. The crest of the ridge at the point where we moved up was
formed like a horseshoe. We advanced in the interior, while the enemy’s
batteries and infantry on the right and left, as well as in the center,
poured upon us a most terrific fire. But the men never faltered or
wavered, although from the nature of the ground, regiments were mingled
one with another, and company organization could not possibly be
preserved. Each man struggled to be first on top, and the officers and
men of the regiment, without a single exception, exhibited the highest
courage and the most devoted gallantry in this fearful charge.
“The enemy held their ground until we were less than a dozen yards from
their breastworks, when they broke in wild confusion and fled in panic
down the hill on the opposite side. A portion of our men pursued them
for nearly a mile, capturing and hauling back several pieces of
artillery and caissons, which the enemy were trying to run off.
“We occupied the summit of Mission Ridge until the night of the twenty-
sixth, when we were ordered to return to camp at Chattanooga.
“Our loss was one commissioned officer wounded and three enlisted men
killed and thirty-one wounded. The regiment went into the battle with an
aggregate force of 217 men and officers.
“Where all behaved with such conspicuous courage, it is difficult to
make distinction, but I cannot forebear mentioning my adjutant-
lieutenant, Sol. R. Washer. Wounded at Chicakamauga, and not yet
recovered from the effects of his wound, and suffering from a severe
sprain of the ankle, which prevented his walking, he mounted his horse
and rode through the whole battle, always foremost in danger.”
The Eighth infantry remained in camp at Chattanooga until it removed to
the relief of Burnside at Knoxville, which city was reached on December
7. About the same time Sherman’s corps arrived. The winter of 1863 was
spent in east Tennessee, and in the following February arrived home in
Atchison and Ft. Leavenworth. There was great rejoicing and celebration
and both officers and soldiers were greeted with waving banners, ringing
bells, booming cannon, and there was much feasting and speech making.
The regiment was home on a furlough, and early in April the men re-
assembled at Leavenworth and on the twelfth of that month was ordered to
report back to Chattanooga, where it subsequently saw service in the
Cumberland mountains, and throughout the State of Tennessee.
Colonel Martin was mustered out at Pulaski November 17, his term of
enlistment having expired, and the following day he left for the North,
but the regiment was not mustered out of service until the following
January.
The Tenth regiment, Kansas infantry, was made up of the Third and Fourth
and a small portion of the Fifth Kansas regiments, and among its
officers were Mathew Quigg, captain of Company D; Seth M. Tucker, first
lieutenant, and David Whittaker, second lieutenant, all of Atchison. The
activities of this regiment were largely confined to operations in
Missouri and Arkansas, and afterwards in Tennessee. In December, 1864,
it arrived at Clinton, Miss., without tents or blankets, and many of the
men without shoes or overcoats. During January it made an expedition
into Mississippi, and the latter part of that month marched to
Waterloss, Ala., remaining there until February 8, when it embarked for
Vicksburg, where it remained until February 19, and subsequently
operated around Mobile, and the men of this regiment were employed as
skirmishers in the joint advance upon the fortifications around Mobile.
It was mustered out at Montgomery, Ala., September 20, 1865, and finally
discharged at Ft. Leavenworth, Kan. The regiment was mostly composed of
veterans, who understood the life of a soldier, and realized the
hardships of military campaigns. They did their duty, whether it was in
guarding their own State from invasion, or assaulting the rebels at the
siege of Ft. Blakely.
The Thirteenth regiment, Kansas infantry, had more officers in it from
Atchison than any of the regiments that participated in the Civil war.
It was raised under President Lincoln’s call of July, 1862, and was
recruited by Cyrus Leland, Sr., of Troy, Kan., by virtue of authority
from James H. Lane, in the counties of Brown, Atchison, Doniphan,
Marshall and Nemaha. The regiment was organized September 10, 1862, at
Camp Staunton, Atchison, and mustered into the service ten days later.
Colonel of this regiment was Thomas M. Bowen, of Marysville, and the
major was Caleb A. Woodworth, of Atchison. Among the line officers from
Atchison were: Henry Havenkorst, captain of Company B; August
Langehemeken, second lieutenant; Henry R. Neal, captain; Robert
Manville, second lieutenant; John E. Hayes, captain, Company F;
Archimedes S. Speck, first lieutenant; William J. May, second
lieutenant; Patrick McNamara, captain, Company K; Daniel C. O’Keefe,
first lieutenant; Hugh Dougherty, second lieutenant.
The regiment joined a division of General Blunt soon after the battle of
Old Ft. Wayne, and participated in various engagements in Arkansas. At
the battle of Prairie Grove, it was one of the first regiments to be
engaged, and in every attempt to capture the battery of which this
regiment formed the support at this battle, was successfully repulsed,
with heavy losses to the rebels. This battle virtually finished the
campaign for the winter. It subsequently did garrison and out-post duty
in Arkansas, and in the Cherokee Nation. The regiment remained on duty
at Ft. Smith, Ark., until March 3, 1865, when it was ordered to Little
Rock, Ark., and on June 26 of that year was mustered out of service.
Among the privates of this regiment from Atchison, who were killed,
were: James L. Parnell, of Mount Pleasant, and John Collins and Lorenzo
Richardson, of Atchison.
Thomas Roe, a fine, stout young man, son of a widowed mother, of
Brownsville, Pa., was the only member of Company D, of the Second Kansas
cavalry, that lost his life in battle during its nearly four years of
service in the Civil war. This company participated in the battles of
Cane Hill and Prairie Grove, in Arkansas, and other engagements. Roe
came to Kansas with the late Thomas Butcher, for whom he worked until
going into the war of the rebellion.
In May, 1861, a company of home guards was organized by Free State men,
of Lancaster and Shannon townships, Atchison county, with a few from
Brown and Doniphan counties, which gathered every Saturday afternoon for
drill, alternating at the homes of Johnson Wymore and Robert White.
Robert White, who had received military training during the Mexican war,
having served there in 1846–48, did most of the drilling. A. J. Evans
was captain; Robert White, first lieutenant; John Bertwell, of Brown
county, was second lieutenant.
The pro-slavery people were also organized and drilling at the same
time, consisting of South Carolinians, Virginians and Missourians, who
were for the Confederacy and slavery.
At a Sunday school meeting on the prairie, held in a vacant settler’s
shanty near Eden postoffice, where both sides in the neighborhood
worshiped on Sundays, Robert White found out on a Sunday in August,
1861, that a southern organization was to disarm all Free State men the
following Tuesday. His nearest neighbor and a good friend, also a
southerner, thought White had found this out and came and visited him a
good part of Sunday afternoon and staying in the evening until after 10
o’clock before going home, White showing no excitement. Willis went
home, seemingly much at ease, but he was watched by his friend White
until safely resting at his home, when White went and called another
Free State man from his bed who notified half the Free State company and
White the other half, causing them to meet early the following Monday,
when by the middle of the afternoon of that day every pro-slavery man in
that part of the country had his fire arms taken from him, and before
Tuesday evening all of them had departed for Missouri.
Most of the members of the Free State company enlisted in the following
October as volunteers for three years’ service in the Union army and
became known as Company D of Second Kansas cavalry. Robert White, who
was commissioned as first lieutenant in Company D, was discharged and
sent home to die with a serious case of inflammatory rheumatism, but he
recovered so far that in 1863 he raised and drilled a company that
became a part of the State militia. He was commissioned captain of this
company and led it in the Price raid at the battle of Westport in 1864
as a part of the regiment commanded by Col. L. S. Treat in helping keep
Capt. White’s old brigade, commanded by Gen. Sterling Price, of the
Mexican war, from getting into Kansas. The late M. J. Cloyes and T. B.
Platt, of Atchison, were members of Captain White’s company in the Price
raid. Platt was clerk of the company; John English was first lieutenant;
W. F. Streeter, second lieutenant, and Francis Schletzbaum was first
sergeant.
The Seventeenth regiment, Kansas infantry, was a negro regiment, but
with white officers. James M. Williams was colonel, and George J.
Martin, of Atchison, was captain of Company B, and William G. White and
Luther Dickinson, of Atchison, were first and second lieutenants. This
regiment played an honorable part during all the Civil war, and its
service was largely confined to operations in Arkansas and Texas. It was
mustered out of service at Pine Bluff, Ark., October 1, 1865.
The Second regiment, Kansas colored infantry, was organized in June,
1863, at Ft. Smith, Ark., and among its line officers was First Lieut.
John M. Cain, of Atchison. It conducted itself with conspicuous bravery
with the army of the frontier, and during the brief occupation of
Camden, Ark., by General Steele’s forces, this regiment was employed on
picket and forage duty. It showed conspicuous bravery around Poison
Springs and Mark’s Mills, and under the able command of Col. Samuel J.
Crawford, who subsequently became governor of Kansas, it won for itself
an enviable name among the regiments from Kansas, who participated in
the Civil war. This regiment was finally discharged from the services at
Leavenworth November 27, 1865, after having proved to the Nation the
fidelity of the colored soldier.
It was in September, 1864, that General Sterling Price created great
consternation by an attempted invasion of Kansas, which ended in his
defeat on the border by the Union forces, aided by the Kansas State
militia. At the time Price started north in his march through Arkansas
and Missouri. Maj. Gen. Samuel R. Curtis commanded the Department of
Kansas, which included Nebraska, Colorado and Indian Territory, in
addition to Kansas. General Curtis had about 4,500 men, all of whom had
been employed in protecting the frontiers of Kansas and Colorado, and
the overland mail route. At this time General Curtis was near Ft.
Kearney, operating against the Indians. On receipt of word announcing
the movements of General Price, General Curtis was recalled and reached
Kansas in September. A few days later he received word that 3,000 rebels
were marching on Ft. Scott, and advised Governor Carney to call the
militia into service. At this time George W. Deitzler was major-general
of the State militia; John T. Norton was assistant adjutant-general; R.
A. Randlett, assistant quartermaster; Samuel S. Atwood, assistant
quartermaster; Charles Chadwick, George T. Robinson, Lewis T. Welmorth,
John J. Ingalls, Thomas White, Elijah G. Moore, H. Stein, and John A.
Leffkler were all majors. Constant reports of a conflicting nature were
spread from day to day, regarding the movements of General Price, but
the first point to be attacked was Pilot Knob, the engagement commencing
September 27 and lasting all day. General Ewing put up a vigorous
defense, with a force of about 1,000 men, while the militia commanders
in Kansas made preparations for further resistance to the invasion of
Price. Meanwhile General Price continued to make headway, and on the
fourth of October an order was issued forbidding the transit of boats
below Kansas City. When it was discovered that the rebels under Price
had not been seriously checked in their movement westward, further
efforts were made by General Curtis to prevail upon Governor Kearney to
call out the militia, which the Governor seemed disinclined to do.
Finally, on October 9, 1864, Major General Deitzler issued an order for
the State militia from Doniphan, Brown, Nemaha and Marshall counties to
rendezvous at Atchison, and the militia from other counties were ordered
to other points in the State. A few days later Leavenworth was
fortified, because of a telegram which was received from General
Rosecrans, stating that it was Price’s intention to strike that point
first. The militia responded promptly, and the following regiments
reported for service at Atchison: The Twelfth regiment, composed of 460
men, under the command of Col. L. S. Treat, and the Eighteenth regiment,
composed of 400 men, under the command of Colonel Mathew Quigg. The
total number of militia enrolled under the call of the governor was
12,622, of which about 10,000 were south of the Kansas river at the
point most exposed to danger. From the eleventh until the sixteenth of
the month there was great excitement, as the forces rapidly gathered, to
be organized and equipped. On the staff of General Deitzler there were
two men from Atchison: A. S. Hughes, an aide, and John J. Ingalls,
judge-advocate, with the rank of major.
As a result of this determined move on the part of Gen. Sterling Price
to invade Kansas, there followed in quick succession the battle of
Lexington, the battle of Big Blue, and finally the battle of Westport,
at which, on October 23, 1864, the forces of Price were finally routed
and his campaign and invasion were stopped, but not until it had caused
the citizens of Kansas, in addition to the labor and loss of life, not
less than half a million dollars.
CHAPTER IX.
NAVIGATION.
PIONEER TRANSPORTATION—EARLY FERRIES AND RATES—FAMOUS RIVER BOATS—
STEAMBOAT LINES TO ATCHISON—STEAMBOAT REGISTERS.
Slight reference has been made in the early narrative of this history to
pioneer transportation facilities, but the subject is one of so much
importance and of such immense interest, that a chapter devoted to it is
the only way in which it can be adequately treated.
At the time Atchison county was settled, railroad transportation by
steam was not a new thing, although it was in its primitive stages.
Navigation of the inland waterways had reached rather a high state of
development, and the matter of transportation then was just as essential
to the purposes of civilization as in this day of the railroad and the
automobile, but it was many years before the steam railroads made the
steamboat traffic of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers obsolete. The
tremendous subsidies granted by the Government in later years for
railroad building, however, and the splendid opportunity for piling up
wealth in the projection of new railroads and the operation of them,
without Governmental restrictions, together with the advantage of
speedier transportation facilities, completely overshadowed the
steamboat business, and as a result, our great inland waterway system
has grown into practical disuse. Shortly after Atchison county was
organized, and the city of Atchison laid out, agitation was started for
railroad connections with the East. One of the first ordinances passed
by the city council in 1858 provided for an election to submit a
proposition to take $100,000.00 of stock in railroad. At that time the
only means of communication to the outside world Atchison had was by
steamboats to St. Louis. It was in October, 1855, that George M.
Million, Lewis Burnes, D. D. Burnes, James N. Burnes and Calvin F.
Burnes commenced the operation of a ferry across the Missouri river.
Their dock on the Kansas side was at the foot of Atchison street. Their
charter was secured from the legislature under the terms of which a bond
of $1,000.00 was required to insure the faithful performance of their
operations. Although there was no public utilities commission in Kansas
in 1855, the legislature took upon itself the task of fixing the rates
to be charged by the ferry owners, in order that the public would not be
robbed. They were as follows:
Two-horse wagon, or wagon and one yoke of oxen (loaded) $1.00
Two-horse wagon, or wagon and one yoke of oxen (unloaded) .75
One additional pair of horses or oxen .25
Loose cattle or oxen, per head .10
Sheep and hogs, per head .05
Man and horse .25
Foot passengers .10
One horse and buggy or other vehicle .50
Two horse buggy or carriage .75
The original promoters operated the ferry but a short time, and early in
the following year, they disposed of their interests to Dr. William L.
Challiss, and his brother, Luther C. Challiss, and Willis E. Gaylord,
and the ferry, under Dr. Challiss, and subsequent owners, continued in
operation until 1875, when the present bridge was built.
About the time the first ferry was established in Atchison, a number of
Salt Lake freighters selected the town as a starting and outfitting
point and from that time until 1866, Atchison was the eastern terminus
of many of the leading overland mail and freighting routes. It was the
natural location for communication with the West, as it was twelve miles
further west in Kansas than any other point on the Missouri river.
Freight and passengers were brought to the Atchison levee, at the foot
of Commercial street, by a regular line of Packets plying between St.
Louis and St. Joseph. It required eight days to make the round trip, and
in the very early days, as many or four to six boats landed here in the
busy season.
During the winter months traffic on the river was practically suspended,
on account of the ice. These boats carried as many as 400 passengers,
the fare from St. Louis to St. Joseph ranging from $10.00 to $15.00,
which included meals and state rooms. The cooking was said to have been
very fine, and the passengers always enjoyed the best that money could
buy.
In addition to passengers, these boats carried from 500 to 600 tons of
freight, and the rates were as high as $2.50 per cwt. on merchandise
that would not cost to exceed fifteen cents per cwt. in these days. The
crew consisted of 80 to 100 men, and the value of these boats was
estimated to be about $45,000.00 each. The river then, as now, was
filled with sandbars and it required the greatest experience to pilot a
boat safely to its destination, and as a result, experienced pilots
would command monthly salaries ranging from $250.00 to $500.00. Each
boat carried two pilots. A. B. Symns, for many years a successful
wholesale grocery merchant in Atchison, E. K. Blair, the miller, and
George W. Bowman, who also subsequently engaged in the grocery business,
were employees on several of the steamboats that landed at Atchison.
Stories of gambling and revelries, by day and by night, are not
uncommon, and it is said it was not an unusual sight to see as many as
ten games of poker going on in the main cabins on every trip, in which
real money and not mere chips were used. Among the famous boats on the
river in the early days were the “Hesperian,” which burned near Atchison
in 1859; the “Converse,” “Kate Kinney,” “Fort Aubrey,” “Morning Star,”
“John D. Perry,” “Sioux City,” “Omaha,” “Carrier,” and the “James H.
Lucas,” which made the record run from St. Louis to St. Joseph,
encompassing the trip in fifty-nine hours and twenty-two minutes, were
among the well known boats that docked at the Atchison levee from time
to time. The leading wharfmaster of the steamboat days was Mike Finney,
who was the father of Atchison’s present mayor (1915). James H. Garside
succeeded him and remained in the position until steamboat days had
passed. Had the Missouri river been the beneficiary of the bounty of the
Government, as the railroads were in that day, it would still be a
splendid auxiliary of our transportation system. The Missouri river, so
far as Atchison is concerned, is in the same condition it was in when
Mark Twain made an early trip on it from St. Louis to St. Joseph. In
“Roughing It,” he said:
“We were six days going from St. Louis to St. Joseph, a trip that was so
dull and sleepy and eventless, that it has left no more impression on my
memory than if its duration had been six minutes instead of that many
days. No record is left in my mind now concerning it, but a confused
jumble of savage looking snags, which we deliberately walked over with
one wheel or the other; and of reefs which we butted and butted and then
retired from, and climbed over in some softer place; and of sand bars
which we roosted on occasionally and rested, and then got our crutches
and sparred over. In fact the boat might as well have gone to St. Joseph
by land, for she was walking most of the time anyhow—climbing over reefs
and clambering over snags, patiently and laboriously all day long. The
captain said she was a bully boat, and all she wanted was more “shear”
and a bigger wheel. I thought she wanted a pair of stilts, but I had the
sagacity not to say so.”
STEAMBOAT LINES TO ATCHISON—1856.
From _Squatter Sovereign_.
March 11, 1856.
“A. B. Chambers,” James Gormley, Master; D. Jamison, Clerk.
“F. X. Aubrey,” Ambrose Reeder, Captain; Ben V. Glime, Clerk.
“Polar Star,” E. F. Dix, Master; H. M. Glossom, Clerk.
“New Lucy,” Wm. Conley, Master.
“James H. Lucas,” Andrew Wineland, Commander.
March 18, 1856.
“Star of the West,” E. F. Dix, Master.
March 25, 1856.
“J. M. Convers,” Geo. W. Bowman, Captain; G. A. Reicheneker,
Clerk.
April 29, 1856.
“Martha Jewett,” D. H. Silver, Captain; W. McCreight, Clerk.
“Sultan,” John H. McCloy, Master; D. C. Sheble, Clerk.
“Edinburg,” Dan Able, Master.
May 27, 1856.
“Morning Star,” Wm. Brierly, Master.
June 24, 1856.
“Emigrant,” Hugh L. White, Master; H. R. McDonald, Clerk.
STEAMBOAT REGISTER.
Reported for the _Champion_ by M. C.
Finney, Steamboat Agent.
BOUND UP.
E. M. Ryland, Blunt Monday, 8th.
Peerless, Bissell Wednesday, 10th.
John H. Dickey, Abel Saturday, 13th.
H. H. Russell, Kenny Sunday, 14th.
Hesperian, Kerchival Sunday, 14th.
F. X. Aubry, Glime Wednesday, 17th.
Platte Valley, Postill Wednesday, 17th.
Wm. Campbell, Dale Thursday, 18th.
White Cloud, O’Neil Friday, 19th.
Spread Eagle, Lagrage Friday, 19th.
Emma, Friday, 19th.
BOUND DOWN.
E. M. Ryland, Blunt Tuesday, 9th.
Peerless, Bissell Friday, 12th.
John H. Dickey, Abel Sunday, 14th.
W. H. Russell, Kenney Monday, 15th.
Hesperian, Kerchival Tuesday, 16th.
F. X. Aubry, Glime Wednesday, 17th.
Wm. Campbell, Dale Friday, 19th.
White Cloud, O’Neil Saturday, 20th.
(From _Freedom’s Champion_, Atchison, March
20, 1858.)
BOUND UP.