=Begūn=, _February 26_.—The chances were nine hundred and ninety-nine to
one that I ever touched a pen again. Two days ago I started, with all
the ‘pomp and circumstance’ befitting the occasion, to restore to the
chief the land of his sires, of which force and fraud had conspired to
deprive them during more than thirty years. The purport of my visit
being made known, the ‘sons of Kalamegh’ assembled from all quarters;
but _honhar_ has again interfered. The old castle of Begun has a
remarkably wide moat, across which there is a wooden bridge
communicating with the town. The avant-courtiers of my cavalcade, with
an elephant bearing the union, having crossed and passed under the
arched gateway, I followed, contrary to the Mahaut’s advice, who said
there certainly would not be space to admit the elephant and howda. But
I heedlessly told him to drive on, and if he could not pass through, to
dismount. The hollow sound of the bridge, and the deep moat on either
side, alarmed the animal, and she darted forward with the celerity
occasioned by fear, in spite of any effort to stop her. As I approached
the gateway, I measured it with my eye, and expecting inevitable and
instantaneous destruction, I planted my feet firmly against the howda,
and my forearms against the archway, and, by an almost preternatural
effort of strength, burst out the back of the howda; the elephant
pursued her flight inside, and I dropped senseless on the bridge
below.[11.15.1] The affectionate sympathies and attention of those
around revived me, though they almost extinguished the latent spark of
life in raising me into my palki, and carrying me to my tent. I,
however, soon recovered my senses, though sadly bruised; but the escape
was, in a twofold degree, miraculous; for, in avoiding decollation, had
I fallen half an inch more to the side, I should have been caught on the
projecting spikes of the gateway. My tent was soon filled by the Rawatji
and his brethren, who deplored the accident, and it was with difficulty
I could get them to leave the side of my pallet; but what was my
astonishment when, two days after, going to fulfil my mission, I saw the
noble [755] gateway, the work of Kalamegh, reduced to a heap of ruins,
through which I was conducted to the palace on an ample terrace, in
front of which I found the little court of Begun! The Rawat advanced and
presented me the keys, which having returned in his sovereign’s name, I
deplored his rash destruction of the gateway, blaming _honhar_ and my
own want of _budh_ (wisdom) for the accident. But it was in vain; he
declared he never could have looked upon it with complacency, since it
had nearly deprived of life one who had given life to them. The restored
estates had been mortgaged to old Sindhia for the payment of a
war-exaction, and the Rawat held regularly-executed deeds, empowering
him to recover them when the contribution should be liquidated. When the
‘reign of justice’ commenced in these regions, he produced his bond; he
showed that the exactions had been paid twice over, and demanded,
through the intervention of the British agent, that Sindhia should be
brought to a settlement. The replies and rejoinders were endless; and at
length the Rawatji, wearied out, one morning took the law into his own
hands; assaulted, carried, and, with the loss of some lives, drove out
the Mahrattas, who had built a castellated residence even under his eye.
It was necessary for form-sake to punish this act, which we would not
prevent; and accordingly Begun was put under sequestration, and the
Rana’s flag was planted upon its walls. The chief submitted to all with
a good grace, and with a cause so just I made an excellent case against
Sindhia, who talked of papers which he never produced. Allowing,
therefore, some months more to elapse, we executed the bond, and
restored Begun to its rightful owner.[11.15.2] I was the more rejoiced
at effecting this, as the Rawat had set the example of signing the deed
of renunciation of May 1818, which was the commencement of the
prosperity of Mewar.
=Basi=, _February 27_.—Compelled to travel in my palki, full of aches
and ails. I think this will complete the disorganization of my frame;
but I must reserve the little strength I have for Chitor, and, _coûte
que coûte_, climb up and take a farewell look.
=Chitor.=[11.15.3]—My heart beat high as I approached the ancient
capital of the Sesodias, teeming with reminiscences of glory, which
every stone in her giant-like _kunguras_ (battlements) attested. It was
from this side that the imperial hosts under Ala and Akbar advanced to
force the descendant of Rama to do homage to their power. How the
summons was answered, the deeds of Ranas Arsi and Partap have already
told. But there was one relic of “the last day” of Chitor, which I
visited in this morning’s march, that will immortalize the field where
the greatest monarch that India (perhaps Asia) ever had, erected the
green banner of the faith, and pitched his [756] tent, around which his
legions were marshalled for the reduction of the city. This still
perfect monument is a fine pyramidal column, called by some the
Chiraghdan, and by others Akbar-ka-dewa, both having the same meaning,
‘Akbar’s lamp.’[11.15.4] It is formed of large blocks of compact
lime-stone, admirably put together, about thirty-five feet high, each
face being twelve feet at the base, and gradually tapering to the
summit, where it is between three and four, and on which was placed a
huge lamp (_chiragh_), that served as a beacon to the foragers, or
denoted the imperial headquarters. An interior staircase leads to the
top; but although I had the strongest desire to climb the steps, trodden
no doubt by Akbar’s feet, the power was not obedient to the will, and I
was obliged to continue my journey, passing through the Talaiti, as they
term the lower town of Chitor. Here I got out of my palki, and ventured
the ascent, not through one, but five gates, upon the same faithless
elephant; but with this difference, that I had no howda to encase me and
prevent my sliding off, if I found any impediment; nevertheless, in
passing under each successive portal, I felt an involuntary tendency to
stoop, though there was a superfluity of room over head. I hastened to
my _bechoba_,[11.15.5] pitched upon the margin of the Surya-kund, or
‘fountain of the sun,’ and with the wrecks of ages around me I abandoned
myself to contemplation. I gazed until the sun’s last beam fell upon
‘the ringlet of Chitor,’ illuminating its grey and grief-worn aspect,
like a lambent gleam lighting up the face of sorrow. Who could look on
this lonely, this majestic column, which tells, in language more easy of
interpretation than the tablets within, of
deeds which should not pass away,
And names that must not wither,
and withhold a sigh for its departed glories? But in vain I dipped my
pen to embody my thoughts in language; for, wherever the eye fell, it
filled the mind with images of the past, and ideas rushed too
tumultuously to be recorded. In this mood I continued for some time,
gazing listlessly, until the shades of evening gradually enshrouded the
temples, columns, and palaces; and as I folded up my paper till the
morrow, the words of the prophetic bard of Israel came forcibly to my
recollection: “How doth the city sit solitary that was full of people!
how is she become as a widow! she, that was great among nations, and
princess among provinces, how is she become tributary!”
But not to fatigue the reader with reflections, I will endeavour to give
him some [757] idea of these ruins.[11.15.6] I begin with the
description of Chitor from the Khuman Raesa, now beside me: “Chitrakot
is the chief amongst eighty-four castles, renowned for strength; the
hill on which it stands, rising out of the level plain beneath, the
tilak on the forehead of Avani (the earth). It is within the grasp of no
foe, nor can the vassals of its chief know the sentiment of fear. Ganga
flows from its summit; and so intricate are its paths of ascent, that
though you might find entrance, there would be no hope of return. Its
towers of defence are planted on the rock, nor can their inmates even in
sleep know alarm. Its Kothars (granaries) are well filled, and its
reservoirs, fountains, and wells are overflowing. Ramachandra himself
here dwelt twelve years. There are eighty-four bazars, many schools for
children, and colleges for every kind of learning; many scribes
(_kayasth_) of the Bidar[11.15.7] tribe, and the eighteen varieties of
artisans. (Here follows an enumeration of all the trees, shrubs, and
flowers within and surrounding the fortress.) Of all, the Guhilot is
sovereign (_dhani_), served by numerous troops, both horse and foot, and
by all the ‘thirty-six tribes of Rajputs,’ of which he is the ornament
(_chhattis kula singar_).”
The Khuman Raesa, or story of Rawat Khuman, was composed in the ninth
century;[11.15.8] and the poet has not exaggerated; for of all the royal
abodes of India, none could compete with Chitor before she became a
“widow.” But we must abandon the Raesa for a simple prose description.
Chitor is situated on an isolated rock of the same formation as the
Patar, whence it is distant about three miles, leaving a fertile valley
between, in which are the estates of Bijaipur, Gwalior, and part of
Begun, studded with groves, but all waste through long-continued
oppression. The general direction of the rock is from S.S.W. to N.N.E.;
the internal length on the summit being three miles and two furlongs,
and the greatest central breadth twelve hundred yards. The circumference
of the hill at its base, which is fringed with deep woods, extending to
the summit, and in which lurk tigers, deer, hogs, and even lions, is
somewhere above eight miles, and the angle of ascent to its scarped
summit about 45°. The Talaiti, or lower town, is on the west side, which
in some places presents a double scarp, and this side is crowded with
splendid objects; the triumphal column, the palaces of Chitrang Mori, of
Rana Raemall, the huge temple of Rana Mokal, the hundred pinnacles of
the acropolis of the Guhilots, and last, not least, the mansions of
Jaimall and Patta, built on a projecting point, are amongst the most
remarkable monuments overlooking the plain. The great length of Chitor,
and the uniformity of the level crest, detract from its height, which in
no part exceeds [758] four hundred feet, and that only towards the
north. In the centre of the eastern face, at ‘the gate of the sun’
(Surajpol), it is less than three hundred, and at the southern
extremity, the rock is so narrow as to be embraced by an immense
demi-lune commanding the hill called Chitori, not more than one hundred
and fifty yards distant; it is connected with Chitor, but lower, and
judiciously left out of its circumvallation. Still it is a weak point,
of which the invader has availed himself. On this, Mahadaji Sindhia
raised his batteries when called on by the Rana to expel his rebellious
vassal of Salumbar (Vol. I. p. 517). The Mahratta’s batteries, as
well as the zigzag lines of his ascent, indicate that, even in S. 1848
(A.D. 1792), he had the aid of no unskilful engineer. From this point
the Tatar Ala stormed; and to him they attribute Chitor altogether,
alleging that he raised it by artificial means, “commencing with a
copper for every basket of earth, and at length ending with a piece of
gold.” It would, indeed, have taken the twelve years, assigned by
tradition to Ala’s siege, to have effected this, though there cannot be
a doubt that he greatly augmented it, and planted there his
Manjanikas,[11.15.9] or balistas, in the same manner as he did to reduce
the fortress of Rain, near Ranthambhor.
Having wandered for two or three days amongst the ruins, I commenced a
regular plan of the whole, going to work trigonometrically, and laying
down every temple or object that still retained a name or had any
tradition attached to it. I then descended with the perambulator and
made the circuit.
The first lateral cut of ascent is in a line due north, and before
another angle you pass through three separate gates; between the last of
which, distinctively called the Phuta Dwara, or ‘broken door,’ and the
fourth, the Hanuman pol (porte), is a spot for ever sacred in the
history of Chitor, where its immortal defenders, Jaimall and Patta, met
their death. There is a small cenotaph to the memory of the former,
while a sacrificial Jujhar, on which is sculptured the effigy of a
warrior on horseback, lance in hand, reminds the Sesodia where fell the
stripling chief of Amet. Near these is another cenotaph, a simple dome
supported by light elegant columns, and covering an altar to the manes
of the martyr Raghudeva, the deified _putra_ of Mewar (see Vol. I. p.
325). After passing three more barriers, we reach the Rampol, which
crowns the whole, and leads into a noble Dari-khana, or ‘hall of
assembly,’ where the princes of Chitor met on grand occasions; and it
was in this hall that the genius of Chitor is said to have revealed to
Rana Arsi that his glory was departing. On a compartment of the Rampol
we found an interdict inscribed by the rebel Bhim of [759] Salumbar, who
appears to have been determined to place upon his own head the
_mor_[11.15.10] of Chitor, so nobly renounced by his ancestor Chonda
many centuries before. This was, however, set up when he was yet loyal,
and in his sovereign’s name as well as his own, “abolishing forced
labour from the townspeople, and likewise _dand_, or contribution”;
concluding with a grant of land to a patriotic carpenter of Gosunda, who
had, at his own expense, furnished the Rampol with a new gate; the cow
and hog are attesting witnesses to the deed. The next building I came
to, as I skirted the western face in a southerly direction, was a small
antique temple to Tulja Bhavani,[11.15.11] the divinity of the scribes,
adjoining the Top-khana Chaori, a square for the park, where a few old
cannon, the relics of the plunder of Chitor, still remain. The
habitation of the Purohits, or chief priests of the Ranas, a plain,
commodious, and substantial edifice, was the next; and close by was that
of the Masani,[11.15.12] or master of the horse, with several others of
the chief household officers. But the first imposing edifice is that
termed Naulakha Bhandar. This is a small citadel in itself, with
massive, lofty walls, and towers built entirely of ancient ruins. Its
name would import that it was a receptacle (_bhandar_) for treasure,
though it is said to have been the residence of the usurper Banbir. At
the north-eastern corner, it has a little temple, richly sculptured,
called the Singar Chaori.[11.15.13] From this we pass on to the palace
of the Ranas, which, though attributed to Rana Raemall, is of the same
character as those of a much higher antiquity. It is plain, capacious,
and in excellent taste, the only ornament being its crenated
battlements, and gives a good idea of the domestic architecture of the
Rajputs, long anterior to the intrusion of the Islamite amongst them.
The vaulted chamber, the projecting _gaukh_ or balcony, and the gentle
exterior slope or _talus_ of the walls, lend a character of originality
to all the ancient structures of Chitor. The industrious Ghasi made
sketches for me of all their domestic dwellings, from the ancient abode
of Chitrang Mori, down to the mahalls of Jaimall and Patta. A courtyard
surrounds the palace, in which there is a small temple to Deoji, through
whose interposition Rana Sanga effected all his conquests. This unknown
divinity I find is styled one of the eleven _kalas_, or Mahavidyas,
incarnate in the person of a celebrated warrior, named Bhoj, whose
father was a Chauhan, and his mother of the Gujar tribe, which
originated a new class, called the Bagrawat.[11.15.14] The story of this
Deo will add another to the many tales of superstition which are
listened to with reverence, and I imagine generally with belief. The
incarnate Bagrawat, while on his way to revenge an ancient feud with the
Parihars of Ranbinai [760], approached Chitor, and Rana Sanga, aware of
his sanctity, paid him all the dues of hospitality; in return for this,
the Deoji bestowed a charm upon Sanga, by means of which, so long as he
followed the prescribed injunctions, victory was always to attend his
steps. It was placed in a small bag, and to be worn round the neck; but
he was warned against allowing it to turn towards the back. The Deo had
the power of raising the dead, and in order to show the Rana the value
of the gift, he put into his hand a peacock’s feather, with which having
touched all who were then lying dead in Chitor, they were restored to
life! With this new proof of Deoji’s power, Rana Sanga went forth to
pursue his conquests, which had extended to the fortress of Bayana, when
one day, while bathing in the Pila Khal,[11.15.15] the charm slipped
round, and straight a voice was heard, saying, his “mortal foe was at
hand!” So impressed are the Sesodias with the truth of this tale, that
Deoji has obtained a distinguished niche in their Pantheon; nor in all
their poverty has oil been wanting for the lamp which is constantly
burning before the Bagrawat chieftain, whose effigy, on a horse painted
blue and lance in hand, still attracts their homage. To buy golden
opinions, I placed three pieces of silver on the altar of the saint, in
the name of the brave Sanga, the worthy antagonist of Babur, the
“immortal foe,” who at the Pila Khal at Bayana destroyed the charm of
the Deoji.
=Krishna Temples.=—On leaving the court of Rana Raemall, we reach two
immense temples dedicated to the black god of Vraj: one being erected by
Rana Kumbha, the other by his celebrated wife, the chief poetess of that
age, Mira Bai, to the god of her idolatry, Shamnath.[11.15.16] We have
elsewhere mentioned the ecstasies of this fair votary of the Apollo of
the Yamuna, who even danced before his shrine, in which her last moments
were passed; and, to complete the picture, so entirely were the
effusions both of her heart and pen approved, that “the god descended
from his pedestal and gave her an embrace, which extricated the spark of
life. ‘Welcome, Mira,’ said the lover of Radha; and her soul was
absorbed into his!” This rhapsody is worthy of the fair authoress of the
_Tika_, or sequel to the Gita Govinda,[11.15.17] which is said not to be
unworthy even of Jayadeva.
Both these temples are entirely constructed from the wrecks of more
ancient shrines, said to have been brought from the ruins of a city of
remote antiquity, called Nagari, three coss northward of
Chitor.[11.15.18] Near these temples of Kumbh-Syam are two reservoirs,
built of large blocks, each one hundred and twenty-five feet long by
fifty [761] wide, and fifty deep, said to have been excavated on the
marriage of the ‘Ruby of Mewar’ to Achal Khichi of Gagraun, and filled
with oil and _ghi_, which were served out to the numerous attendants on
that occasion.
=The Pillar of Victory, or Kīrtti-Khambh.= —We are now in the vicinity
of the Kirtti-Khambh, the pillar erected by Rana Kumbha on his defeat of
the combined armies of Malwa and Gujarat.[11.15.19] The only thing in
India to compare with this is the Kutb Minar at Delhi; but, though much
higher, it is of a very inferior character. This column is one hundred
and twenty-two feet in height, the breadth of each face at the base is
thirty-five feet, and at the summit, immediately under the cupola,
seventeen feet and a half. It stands on an ample terrace, forty-two feet
square. It has nine distinct stories, with openings at every face of
each story, and all these doors have colonnaded porticos; but it is
impossible to describe it, and therefore a rough outline, which will
show Ghasi’s notions of perspective, must suffice. It is built chiefly
of compact limestone and the quartz rock on which it stands, which takes
the highest polish; indeed there are portions possessing the hardness
and exhibiting the fracture of jasper. It is one mass of sculpture; of
which a better idea cannot be conveyed than in the remark of those who
dwell about it, that it contains every object known to their mythology.
The ninth _khand_, or ‘story,’ which, as I have stated, is seventeen
feet and a half square, has numerous columns supporting a vault, in
which is sculptured Kanhaiya in the Rasmandala (celestial sphere),
surrounded by the Gopis or muses, each holding a musical instrument, and
in a dancing attitude.[11.15.20] Beneath this is a richly carved scroll
fringed with the _saras_, the _phenicopteros_[11.15.21] of ornithology.
Around this chamber had been arranged, on black marble tablets, the
whole genealogy of the Ranas of Chitor; but the Goths have broken or
defaced all, save one slab, containing the two following _slokas_.
_Sloka 172_: “Shaking the earth, the lords of Gujarkhand and Malwa, both
the sultans, with armies overwhelming as the ocean, invaded Medpat.
Kumbhakaran reflected lustre on the land; to what point can we exalt his
renown? In the midst of the armies of his foe, Kumbha was as a tiger, or
as a flame in a dry forest.”
_Sloka 183_: “While the sun continues to warm the earth, so long may the
fame of Kumbha Rana endure. While the icy mountains (_Himagiri_) of the
north rest upon their base, or so long as Himachal is stationary, while
ocean continues to form a garland round the neck of Avani (the earth),
so long may Kumbha’s glory be perpetuated! May the varied history of his
sway and the splendour of his dominion last [762] for ever! Seven years
had elapsed beyond fifteen hundred when Rana Kumbha placed this ringlet
on the forehead of Chitor. Sparkling like the rays of the rising sun, is
the _toran_, rising like the bridegroom of the land.
“In S. 1515, the temple of Brahma was founded, and this year,
Vrihaspatiwar (Thursday), the 10th tithi and Pushya Nakshatra, in the
month of Magh, on the immovable Chitrakot, this Kirtti stambha was
finished. What does it resemble, which makes Chitor look down on Meru
with derision? Again, what does Chitrakot resemble, from whose summit
the fountains are ever flowing, the circular diadem on whose crest is
beauteous to the eye; abounding in temples to the Almighty, planted with
odoriferous trees, to which myriads of bees resort, and where soft
zephyrs love to play? This immovable fortress (Achal-durga) was formed
by Maha-Indra’s own hands.”
How many more Slokas there may have been, of which this is the 183rd, we
can only conjecture; though this would seem to be the winding-up.
[Illustration:
JAISTAMBHA, PILLAR OF VICTORY, AT CHITOR.
_To face page 1820._
]
The view from this elevated spot was superb, extending far into the
plains of Malwa. The lightning struck and injured the dome some years
ago, but generally there is no semblance of decay, though some shoots of
the pipal have rooted themselves where the bolt of Indra fell. It is
said to have cost ninety lakhs of rupees, or near a million sterling;
and this is only one of the many magnificent works of Rana Kumbha within
Chitor; the temples to Krishna, the lake called Kurma Sagar, the temple
and fountain to Kukkureswar Mahadeo, having been erected by him. He also
raised the stupendous fortifications of Kumbhalmer, to which place the
seat of government was transferred. It is asserted that the immense
wealth in jewels appertaining to the princes of Gujarat, was captured by
Mahmud Begada, when he took Kumbhalmer, whence he carried forty thousand
captives.[11.15.22]
Near this is the grand temple of Brahma, erected also by Kumbha, in
honour of his father Mokal, whose name it bears, and whose bust is the
only object of veneration within.[11.15.23] It would seem as if Kumbha
had been a deist, worshipping the Creator alone; though his inspired
wife, Mira Bai, seems to have drawn a portion of his regard to
Muralidhar, ‘he who holds the flute.’ Adjoining the shrine of the great
spirit, is the Charbagh, where the ashes of the heroes, from Bappa down
to the founder of Udaipur, are entombed. Many possessed great external
interest; but I was forced to be content with what I saw, for the
chronicler is dead.
=Scene of the Johar.=—Through these abodes of silence, a rugged path
leads to a sequestered spot in a deep cleft of the rock, where there is
a living fountain, called the Gao-mukh, or 'cow’s [763] mouth,' under
the shade of an umbrageous _bar_ tree. On one side of the dell is the
subterranean channel called Rani-bhandar, which, it is said, leads to
suites of chambers in the rock. This was the scene of the awful Johar,
on the occasion of Ala sacking Chitor, when the queens perished in the
flames; on which the cavern’s mouth was closed.
Still ascending, I visited the edifices named after Jaimall and Patta,
and the shrine of Kalika Devi, esteemed one of the most ancient of
Chitor, existing since the time of the Mori, the dynasty prior to the
Guhilot.[11.15.24] But the only inscription I discovered was the
following:—
“S. 1574 Magh (_sudi_) 5th, and Revati Nakshatra, the stone-cutters
Kalu, Kaimer, and thirty-six others (whose names are added), enlarged
the fountain of the sun (Suryakunda), adjacent to the temple of Kalika
Devi.” Thence I passed to the vaulted cenotaph of Chonda, the founder of
the Chondawats, who surrendered his birthright to please his aged sire.
A little further, are the mahalls of Rana Bhim and Padmini. Beyond this,
within a stone enclosure, is the place where the victorious Kumbha
confined the king of Malwa; and touching it is the mahall of the Raos of
Rampura.
Further south is a spot of deep interest: the tank and palace of
Chitrang Mori,[11.15.25] the ancient Puar lord of Chitor, whose
inscription I have already given. The interior sides of the tank are
divided into sculptured compartments, in very good taste, but not to be
compared with the works at Barolli, though doubtless executed under the
same family. Being now within two hundred yards of the southern bastion,
I returned by the mahalls of the once vassals of Chitor, namely, Sirohi,
Bundi, Sunth,[11.15.26] Lunawada, to the Chaugan, or ‘field of Mars,’
where the military festival of the Dasahra is yet held by the slender
garrison of Chitor. Close to it is a noble reservoir of a hundred and
thirty feet in length, sixty-five in width, and forty-seven in depth. It
is lined with immense sculptured masses of masonry, and filled with
water.
[Illustration:
COLUMNS IN THE FORTRESS OF CHITOR.
_To face page 1822._
]
=The Jain Pillar.=—Higher up, and nearly about the centre, is
a remarkable square pillar, called the Khawasan-sthamba
(column).[11.15.27] It is seventy-five feet and a half in height, thirty
feet in diameter at the base, and fifteen at the top, and covered with
Jain figures. It is very ancient, and I found a fragment of an
inscription at its base, which shows that it was dedicated to Adinath,
the first of the twenty-four Jain pontiffs: “By Sri Adinath, and the
twenty-four Jineswara, Pundarikaksha, Ganesa, Surya, and the nine
planets, may you be preserved! S. 952 (A.D. 896) Baisakh (_sudi_) the
30th, Guruvar (Thursday)” [764].
I found also another old inscription near the very antique temple of
Kukkureswar Mahadeo; “S. 811, Mah sudi 5th, Vrihaspativar (Thursday),
A.D. 755, Raja Kukkureswar erected this temple and excavated the
fountain.”
There are many Jain inscriptions, but amidst the heaps of ruins I was
not fortunate enough to make any important discovery. One in the temple
of Santnath was as follows; “S. 1505 (A.D. 1449), Sri Maharana Mokal,
whose son Kumbhakaran’s treasurer, by name Sah Kola, his son Bhandari
Ratna, and wife Bilandevi, erected this shrine to Santnath. The chief of
the Khadatara Gachchha, Janraj Sur and apparent successor, Sri Jan
Chandra Surji, made this writing.”
Close to the Suraj-pol, or gate in the centre of the eastern face, is an
altar sacred to the manes of Sahidas, the chief of the Chondawats, who
fell at his post, the gate of the sun, when the city was sacked by
Bahadur Shah.
At the north-western face is a castle complete within itself, the walls
and towers of which are of a peculiar form, and denote a high antiquity.
This is said to be the ancient palace of the Moris and the first Ranas
of Chitor. But it is time to close this description, which I do by
observing, that one cannot move a step without treading on some fragment
of the olden times:
Columns strewn, and statues fallen and cleft,
Heaped like a host, in battle overthrown.
=An Old Fakīr.=—Before, however, I quit this spot, hallowed by these
remains, I may mention having seen a being who, if there is any truth in
Chitrakot, must be a hundred and sixty years old. This wonder is a
Fakir, who has constantly inhabited the temples, within the memory of
the oldest inhabitants; and there is one carpenter, now upwards of
ninety, who recollects “Babaji as an old man and the terror of the
children.” To me he did not appear above seventy. I found him deeply
engaged at Pachisi with one of the townsfolk. When I was introduced to
this extraordinary personage, he looked up at me for an instant, and
exclaiming, “What does he want here?” quietly resumed his game. When it
was finished, I presented my _nazar_ to the inspired (for madness and
inspiration are here synonymous), which he threw amongst the bystanders,
and bolted over the ruins, dragging through the brambles a fine shawl
some one had presented to him, and which, becoming an impediment, he
left there. In these moods none durst molest him, and when inclined for
food or pastime his wants were quickly supplied. For one moment I got
him to cast his mental eye back [765] upon the past, and he mentioned
something of Adina Beg and the Panjab (of which they say he was an
inhabitant); but the oracle deigned nothing further.
=Udaipur=, _March 8, 1822_.—Here I am once more in the capital of
Hindupati (chief of the Hindu race), from which no occurrence shall move
me until I go to “eat the air” of my native land. I require repose, for
the last fifteen years of my life have been one continuous tissue of
toil and accident, such as are narrated in these records of a few of my
many wanderings. The bow must be unbent, or it will snap, and the time
for journalizing must cease with everything else under the sun. I halted
a few days at Merta, and found my house nearly finished, the garden
looking beautiful, the _aru_ or peach-tree, the _seo_ or apple, the
_santara_,[11.15.28] _narangi_, and _nimbu_, or various orange and
lime-trees, all in full blossom, and showing the potent influence of
Surya, in these regions; the _sharifa_ or _sitaphal_ (fruit of Sita), or
custard-apple, the _anar_, the _kela_, pomegranate, plantain, and
various indigenous fruits, were all equally forward. These plants are
mostly from Agra, Lucknow, or Cawnpore; but some of the finest peaches
are the produce of those I planted at Gwalior,—I may say their
grandchildren. When I left Gwalior in 1817, I brought with me the stones
of several peach-trees, and planted them in the garden of Rang-piyari,
my residence at Udaipur; and more delicious or more abundant fruit I
never saw. The stones of these I again put in the new garden at Merta,
and these again exhibit fruit, but it will require another year to prove
whether they maintain the character they held in the plains of Raru, or
in this city. The vegetables were equally thriving: I never saw finer
crops of Prussian-blues,[11.15.29] of _kobis_, _phul-kobis_, or cabbages
and cauliflowers, celery, and all that belongs to the kitchen-garden,
and which my Rajput friends declare far superior to their indigenous
race of sag, or greens; the Diwanji (Rana) has monopolized the celery,
which he pronounces the prince of vegetables. I had also got my cutter
for the Udaisagar, and we promised ourselves many delightful days,
sailing amidst its islets and fishing in its stream. “But in all this
was there vanity”: poor Carey lies under the sod; Duncan has been
struggling on, and is just about to depart for the Cape of Good Hope;
Patrick, who was left at Kotah, writes me dismal accounts of his health
and his solitude, and I am left almost alone, the ghost of what I was.
“I looked on all the works that my hands had wrought, and on the labour
I had laboured to do; and behold all was vanity and vexation of spirit!”
And such I fear will it prove with more important works than these
amusements of the hour; but it were certain death to stay, and the
doctor insists on my sending in ‘a sick certificate,’ and putting my
house in order for [766] departure. The month of May is fixed, a
resolution which has filled the Rana with grief; but he “gives me leave
only for three years, and his sister, Chandji Bai, desires me to bring
back a wife that she may love.”
I would willingly have dispensed with the honours of a public _entrée_;
but here, even health must bend to forms and the laws of the Rajputs;
and the Rana, Prince Jawan Singh, and all the Sesodia chivalry, advanced
to welcome our return. “_Ap ghar aye!_ You have come home!” was the
simple and heartfelt expression of the Rana, as he received my
reverential salaam; but he kindly looked round, and missed my
companions, for Waugh Sahib and Doctor Sahib were both great favourites;
and, last but not least, when he saw me bestride Javadia, he asked,
“where was Bajraj?” but the ‘royal-steed’ (his gift) was no more, and
lies entombed at Kotah. “_Hae! hae!_ alas! alas! (exclaimed Prithinath);
_bara sochpan balamanukh cha_, great grief, for he was a good
man.”[11.15.30] The virtues of Bajraj were the subject of conversation
until we reached the ‘gate of the sun’ (Surajpol); when the Rana “gave
me leave to go home,” and he continued his promenade.
=Bajrāj, the Horse.=—Bajraj was worthy of such notice and of his name;
he was perfection, and so general a favourite that his death was deemed
a public misfortune, for he was as well known throughout all these
regions as his master. The general yell of sorrow that burst from all my
sepoys and establishment on that event, was astounding, and the whole
camp attended his obsequies; many were weeping, and when they began to
throw the earth upon the fine beast, wrapped up in his body-clothes, his
sais (groom) threw himself into his grave, and was quite frantic with
grief. I cut some locks off his mane in remembrance of the noblest beast
I ever crossed, and in a few days I observed many huge stones near the
spot, which before I left Kotah grew into a noble chabutra, or ‘altar’
of hewn stone about twenty feet square and four feet high, on which was
placed the effigy of Bajraj large as life, sculptured out of one block
of freestone. I was grateful for the attention, but the old regent had
caught the infection, and evinced his sense of the worth of Bajraj by a
tomb such as his master cannot expect; but in this case perhaps I
divided the interest, though there was no prince of Rajwara more proud
of his stud than the blind chief of Kotah. From the days of the Pandus
to Dewa-Banga of Bundi, many a war has been waged for a horse; nor can
we better declare the relative estimation of the noble animal than in
the words of that stalwart Hara to the Lodi king: “There are three
things you must not ask of a Rajput, his horse, his mistress, or his
sword” [767].
In a few days I shall leave the capital for the villa of the Hara Rani,
sister of the Kotah prince, and whose bracelet also I have had, the
symbol of adoption as her brother. To all their customs, to all their
sympathies, and numerous acts of courtesy and kindness, which have made
this not a strange land to me, I am about to bid farewell; whether a
final one, is written in that book which for wise purposes is sealed to
mortal vision; but wherever I go, whatever days I may number, nor place
nor time can ever weaken, far less obliterate, the remembrance of the
valley of Udaipur.[11.15.31]
-----
Footnote 11.15.1:
[Sir Henry Durand, then Lieutenant-Governor of the Panjāb, met his
death by a similar accident at Tānk in the Dera Ismāīl Khan District,
on January 1, 1871.]
Footnote 11.15.2:
[Begūn was, by the Author’s intervention, restored to the Rāwat, Maha
Singh II., in 1822. A couple of years later, Maha Singh gave up the
estate to his son, Kishor Singh, and became a religious mendicant at
the shrines of Nāthdwāra and Kānkroli. But when Kishor Singh was, for
some unknown reason, murdered in cold blood by a Brāhman in 1839, he
resumed the management, and lived till 1860 (Erskine ii. A. 95).]
Footnote 11.15.3:
[For a curious sketch of Chitor by a gunner in Aurangzeb’s service,
see J. Fryer, _New Account of India and Persia_, vol. iii. ed. 1915,
p. 170.]
Footnote 11.15.4:
[See Vol. I. p. 379.]
Footnote 11.15.5:
A small tent without (_be_) a pole (_choba_).
Footnote 11.15.6:
[See the account in _ASR_, xxiii. (1887) p. 101 ff.; Erskine ii. A.
101 ff.]
Footnote 11.15.7:
[The Bīdar subdivision of the Kāyasth, or writer caste, does not
appear in recent lists, and this is the only reference to Kāyasths in
the “Annals,” their place being usually taken by the Pancholi. A man
of the writer caste, Srīpati, is mentioned on the Siwālik pillar at
Delhi (_IA_, xix. 219). The place of Kāyasths in Rājputāna has
generally been taken by Banias.]
Footnote 11.15.8:
[This, the most ancient chronicle of Mewār, was written in the ninth
century, and was recast in the reign of Partāp Singh I. (A.D.
1572-97), and carries the narrative down to the wars of that prince
with Akbar, devoting much space to the siege of Chitor by Alāu-d-dīn
Khilji (Grierson, _Modern Literary Hist. of Hindustan_, 1 f.).]
Footnote 11.15.9:
[See Vol. I. p. 362.]
Footnote 11.15.10:
[_Mor_, _maur_, ‘a crown,’ such as that worn by the bridegroom to
avert the Evil Eye.]
Footnote 11.15.11:
[Tulja (not Tulsi, as in the original text) Bhavāni, a form of the
Māta or mother goddess, has her best-known shrine at Tuljapur in the
dominions of the Nīzām of Haidarābād (_IGI_, xxiv. 52).]
Footnote 11.15.12:
[This title is not traceable in the dictionaries. The more usual
designation is _Mir-i-ākhwar_ or _ākhor_.]
Footnote 11.15.13:
[An inscription on this building shows that it was erected in A.D.
1448 by Bhandāri Bela, son of the treasurer of Rāna Kūmbha, and
dedicated to Sāntināth, the 16th Jain Tīrthakara (Erskine ii. A. 102
f.).]
Footnote 11.15.14:
[See p. 1640.]
Footnote 11.15.15:
[‘The yellow rivulet.’]
Footnote 11.15.16:
[This temple, dedicated to Krishna, is known as Kūmbh Syām, Syām being
‘the black’ Krishna. It was built about A.D. 1450 (Erskine ii. A.
103). Also see Fergusson, _Hist. Ind. Arch._ ed. 1910, ii. 150.]
Footnote 11.15.17:
[The chief work of Mīra Bāi is the Rāg Gobind, and a much-admired
commentary on the Gīta Govinda of Jayadeva (Grierson, _Modern Literary
Hist. of Hindūstān_, 12).]
Footnote 11.15.18:
I trust this may be put to the proof; for I think it will prove to be
Takshaknagara, of which I have long been in search, and which gave
rise to the suggestion of Herbert that Chitor was Taxila of Porus (the
Puar?). [The Author’s suggestion is incorrect. Nagari is one of the
most ancient places in Rājputāna, and its original name is said to be
Madhyamika. A fragmentary inscription earlier than the Christian era
has been found here. There are two Buddhist stūpas and the ruins of a
Buddhist building, said to have been used by Akbar to house his
elephants, and hence called Hāthi ka Bāra, ‘the elephant enclosure’
(Erskine ii. A. 94).]
Footnote 11.15.19:
[For this pillar, known as Kīrtti or Jai Stambha, see Fergusson,
_Hist. Ind. Arch._ ed. 1910, ii. 59 f.; Smith, _Hist. Fine Art_, 202
f., who calls it “an illustrated dictionary of Hindu mythology.”
Garrett found Arabic inscriptions on the third and eighth stories
(_ASR_, xxiii. (1887), 116 f.). For the pillar which the opponent of
Rāna Kūmbha erected to commemorate _his_ victory, see _BG_, i. Part i.
361; for similar pillars erected at Mandasor by Yasodharman in the
sixth century A.D., see _IA_, xv. 253 ff., and compare xvi. 18.]
Footnote 11.15.20:
[For the Rāsmandala, or circular dance of Krishna with the Gopis or
shepherd girls, see Growse, _Mathura_, 3rd ed., 61.]
Footnote 11.15.21:
[_Ardea antigone_, the noble crane of N. India.]
Footnote 11.15.22:
[Mahmūd Begada, King of Ahmadābād (A.D. 1459-1513). There does not
seem to be any corroboration of his capture of Kūmbhalmer (Ferishta
iv. 26 ff.). His predecessor, Kutbu-d-dīn, is said to have levied a
ransom from the Rāna after an unsuccessful attack by the latter
(_ibid._ iv. 41). For the attack on the fort, about A.D. 1458, by
Mahmūd Khilji of Mālwa, see _ibid._ iv. 208 f.]
Footnote 11.15.23:
[This temple, originally erected in the eleventh century, was
reconstructed in the reign of Mokal (A.D. 1428-38), and is dedicated
to Mahādeo Samiddheswar. It contains a series of relief sculptures,
the interpretation of which is still uncertain (Erskine ii. A. 103;
Smith, _Hist. Fine Art_, 203 f., with references to authorities.)]
Footnote 11.15.24:
[It was originally a sun-temple (Erskine ii. A. 103).]
Footnote 11.15.25:
[This has been so altered, remodelled, and ruined that its original
form is unrecognizable (Fergusson, _Hist. Ind. Arch._ ed. 1910, ii.
170).]
Footnote 11.15.26:
[Sunth and Lūnavāda in Rewa Kāntha, Bombay (_IGI_, xvi. 209 ff.).]
Footnote 11.15.27:
[The Jain pillar, known as Khawāsan Stambha, said to mean ‘Grandee’s
pillar,’ or Kīrtti Stambha, ‘pillar of victory,’ was built by a
Bagherwāl Mahājan, or merchant, named Jīja in the twelfth or
thirteenth century A.D., and has recently been repaired by the
Government of India. Fergusson (_Hist. Ind. Arch._ ed. 1910, ii. 59)
remarks that the date assigned on the slab mentioned in the text,
which is now lost, is much too early. It has been ascribed to
Kumārapāla of Gujarāt (_A.D._ 1143-74). It probably belongs to the
thirteenth century, and the nude figures show that it was a Digambara
monument, whereas Kumārapāla was a Svetāmbara. The tradition assigning
it to Jīja Mahājan may be correct (Erskine ii. A. 104).]
Footnote 11.15.28:
[The Cintra orange, _Āīn_, ii. 124.]
Footnote 11.15.29:
[A kind of peas.]
Footnote 11.15.30:
_Mānukh_ or _mānushya_ is the diminutive of man. [Prithināth, ‘lord of
the earth,’ a title of the Rāna.]
Footnote 11.15.31:
By a singular coincidence, the day on which I closed these wanderings
is the same on which I have put the last stroke to a work that has
afforded me some pleasure and much pain. It was on March 8, 1822, I
ended my journey and entered Udaipur: on March 8, 1832, I am
transcribing this last page of my journal: in March my book appears
before the public: I was born in March; embarked for India in March;
and had the last glimpse of its land, the coast of Ceylon, in March.
But what changes has not the ever-revolving wheel produced since that
time! Captain Waugh returned to England about six months after me; his
health much shattered. We met, and lived together, in London, in
Belgium, and in France; but amidst all the beauties of novelty,
Rajputana was the theme to which we constantly reverted. He returned
to India, had just obtained his majority, and was marching in command
of his regiment, the 10th Light Cavalry, from Muttra to Mhow, when, in
passing through the land where we had seen many happy days together,
he was invited by the chief of Duni to renew old recollections by a
visit. Though in the highest spirits, my poor cousin went with a
presentiment of evil. He was accompanied by some of his officers. In
ascending the hill he fell, and sustained an injury which rendered an
operation necessary. This succeeded so well, that in two days he
proceeded in a litter; when, on arriving at the ground, his friends
drew the curtain of his _duli_, and found him dead! His ashes repose
in Mewar, under a monument raised by his brother officers. He did not
live to see the completion of these labours, which none but he could
fully appreciate. No man was ever more beloved in private life; and
the eulogium passed upon him, but two days ago, by his old friend and
commander, the gallant General Sir Thomas Brown—“He was one of the
best cavalry officers who ever served under me,”—is an honourable
testimony to his public career. No apology is required for this record
of the talent and worth of one who, in addition to the ties of
kindred, was linked to me by the bonds of friendship during twenty
years.—March 8, 1832 [768-769].
-----
APPENDIX
NO. I.
_Letter from Raja Jai Singh of Amber to Rana Sangram
Singh of Mewar, regarding Idar._
SRI RAMJI,[a.1.1]
SRI SITARAMJI,
When I was in the presence at Udaipur, you _commanded_[a.1.2] that Mewar
was my home, and that Idar was the portico of Mewar, and to watch the
occasion for obtaining it. From that time I have been on the look-out.
Your agent, Mayaram, has again written regarding it, and Dilpat Ras read
the letter to me verbatim, on which I talked over the matter with
Maharaja Abhai Singh, who, acquiescing in all your views, has made a
_nazar_ of the pargana to you, and his writing to this effect
accompanies this letter.
The Maharaja Abhai Singh _petitions_ that you will so manage _that the
occupant Anand Singh does not escape alive; as, without his death, your
possession will be unstable_;[a.1.3] this is in your hands. It is my
wish, also, that you would go in person, or if you deem this
inexpedient, command the Dhabhai Naga, placing a respectable force under
his orders, and having blocked up all the passes, you may then slay him.
Above all things, let him not escape—let this be guarded against.
Asarh badi 7th (22nd of the first month of the monsoon),
S. 1784 (A.D. 1728).
ENVELOPE.
The Pargana of Idar is in Maharaja Abhai Singh’s jagir, who makes a
nazar of it to the Huzur; should it be granted to any other, take care
the Mansabdar never gains possession.
8th S., 1784[a.1.4] [770].
-----
Footnote a.1.1:
Ram and Sita, whom the prince invokes, are the great parents of the
Kachhwaha race, of which Raja Jai Singh is the head. I have omitted
the usual string of introductory compliments.
Footnote a.1.2:
These terms completely illustrate the superior character in which the
Ranas of Mewar were held by the two princes next in dignity to him in
Rajputana a century ago.
Footnote a.1.3:
This deep anxiety is abundantly explained by looking at the
genealogical slip of the Rathors, at p. 1087, where it will be seen
that Anand Singh, whom the parricidal Abhai Singh is so anxious to be
rid of, is his own brother, innocent of any participation in that
crime, and _whose issue, although adopted into Idar, were
heirs-presumptive to Marwar_!
┌ Let my _mujra_ (respects) be known: when
_Written according to │ in the Diwan’s presence he ordered, that
custom in the margin with │ Idar was the portico, and Chappan the
the Raja’s own hand._ ┤ vestibule to Mewar, and that it was
│ necessary to obtain it. I have kept this
│ in mind, and by the Sri Diwan-ji’s fortune
└ it is accomplished!
Footnote a.1.4:
[Forbes (_Rāsmāla_, 451), who gives the facts from local sources,
remarks: “We do not know how this statement is to be reconciled with
the following letter, quoted by Colonel Tod.”]
-----
------------------
NO. II.
TREATY between the Honourable English East-India Company and Maharaja
Maun Sing Buhadoor, Raja of Joudpoor, represented by the Koowur
Regent Joograj Maharaj Koowur Chutter Sing Buhadoor, concluded by
Mr. Charles Theophilus Metcalfe on the part of the Honourable
Company, in virtue of powers granted by his Excellency the Most
Noble the Marquess of Hastings, K.G., Governor-General, and by Byas
Bishen Ram and Byas Ubhee Ram on the part of Maharaja Maun Sing
Buhadoor, in virtue of full powers granted by the Maharaja and
Joograj Maharaj Koowur aforesaid.
_First Article._—There shall be perpetual friendship, alliance, and
unity of interest between the Honourable English East-India Company and
Maharaja Maun Sing and his heirs and successors; and the friends and
enemies of one party shall be friends and enemies of both.
_Second Article._—The British Government engages to protect the
principality and territory of Joudpoor.
_Third Article._—Maharaja Maun Sing and his heirs and successors will
act in subordinate co-operation with the British Government, and
acknowledge its supremacy; and will not have any connexion with other
chiefs and states.
_Fourth Article._—The Maharaja and his heirs and successors will not
enter into negotiation with any chief or state without the knowledge and
sanction of the British Government. But his usual amicable
correspondence with friends and relations shall continue.
_Fifth Article._—The Maharaja and his heirs and successors will not
commit aggressions on any one. If by accident disputes arise with any
one, they shall be submitted to the arbitration and award of the British
Government.
_Sixth Article._—The tribute heretofore paid to Sindia by the state of
Joudpoor, of which a separate schedule is affixed, shall be paid in
perpetuity to the British Government; and the engagement of the state of
Joudpoor with Sindia respecting tribute shall cease.
_Seventh Article._—As the Maharaja declares that besides the tribute
paid to Sindia by the state of Joudpoor, tribute has not been paid to
any other state, and engages to pay the aforesaid tribute to the British
Government; if either Sindia or any one else lay claim to tribute, the
British Government engages to reply to such claim.
_Eighth Article._—The state of Joudpoor shall furnish fifteen hundred
horse for the service of the British Government whenever required; and
when necessary, the whole of the Joudpoor forces shall join the British
army, excepting such a portion as may be requisite for the internal
administration of the country.
_Ninth Article._—The Maharaja and his heirs and successors shall remain
absolute rulers of their country, and the jurisdiction of the British
Government shall not be introduced into that principality.
_Tenth Article._—This treaty of ten articles having been concluded at
Dihlee, and signed and sealed by Mr. Charles Theophilus Metcalfe and
Byas Bishen Ram and Byas Ubhee Ram; the ratifications of the same by his
Excellency the Governor-General, and by Raj Rajeesur Maharaja Maun Sing
Buhadoor and Jugraj Maharaj Koowur Chutter Sing Buhadoor, shall be
exchanged within six weeks from this date.
Done at Dihlee this sixth day of January, A.D. 1815.
(_Signed_) (L.S.) C. T. METCALFE, Resident.
BYAS BISHEN RAM.
(L.S.) BYAS UBHEE RAM [771].
------------------
NO. III.
_Treaty with the Raja of Jessulmer._
TREATY between the Honourable English East-India Company and Maha Rawul
Moolraj Buhadoor, Raja of Jessulmer, concluded on the part of the
Honourable Company by Mr. Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, in virtue of
full powers granted by his Excellency the Most Noble the Marquess of
Hastings, K.G., Governor-General, etc., and on the part of the Maha
Raja Dehraj Maha Rawul Moolraj Buhadoor by Misr Motee Ram and
Thakoor Dowlet Sing, according to full powers conferred by Maha
Rawul.
_First Article._—There shall be perpetual friendship, alliance, and
unity of interests between the Honourable English Company and Maha Rawul
Moolraj Buhadoor, the Raja of Jessulmer, and his heirs and successors.
_Second Article._—The posterity of Maha Rawul Moolraj shall succeed to
the principality of Jessulmer.
_Third Article._—In the event of any _serious_ invasion directed towards
the overthrow of the principality of Jessulmer, or other danger of
_great_ magnitude occurring to that principality, the British Government
will exert its power for the protection of the principality, provided
that the cause of the quarrel be not ascribable to the Raja of
Jessulmer.
_Fourth Article._—The Maha Rawul and his heirs and successors will
always act in subordinate co-operation with the British Government, and
with submission to its supremacy.
_Fifth Article._—This treaty of five articles having been settled,
signed, and sealed by Mr. Charles Theophilus Metcalfe and Misr Motee Ram
and Thakoor Dowlet Sing, the ratifications of the same by his Excellency
the Most Noble the Governor-General and Maha Raja Dehraj Maha Rawul,
Moolraj Buhadoor, shall be exchanged in six weeks from the present date.
Done at Dihlee this twelfth day of December, A.D. 1818.
(L.S.) C. T. METCALFE. (_Signed_) MISR MOTEE RAM.
(L.S.) THAKOOR DOWLET SING.
(_Signed_) C. T. M.
------------------
NO. IV.
TREATY between the Honourable English East-India Company and Maharaja
Siwaee Juggut Singh Buhadoor, Raja of Jypoor, concluded by Mr.
Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, on the part of the Honourable Company,
in virtue of full powers granted by his Excellency the Most Noble
the Marquess of Hastings, K.G., Governor-General, etc., and by
Thakoor Rawul Byree Saul Nattawut, on the part of Raj Rajindur Sree
Maharaj Dhiraj Siwaee Juggut Singh Buhadoor, according to full
powers given by the Raja.
_First Article._—There shall be perpetual friendship, alliance, and
unity of interests between the Honourable Company and Maharaja Juggut
Singh, and his heirs and successors, and the friends and enemies of one
party shall be the friends and enemies of both parties.
_Second Article._—The British Government engages to protect the
territory of Jypoor, and to expel the enemies of that principality.
_Third Article._—Maharaja Siwaee Juggut Singh, and his heirs and
successors, will act in subordinate co-operation with the British
Government, and acknowledge its supremacy; and will not have any
connexion with other chiefs and states [772].
_Fourth Article._—The Maharaja, and his heirs and successors, will not
enter into negotiation with any chief or state without the knowledge and
sanction of the British Government; but the usual amicable
correspondence with friends and relations shall continue.
_Fifth Article._—The Maharaja and his heirs and successors will not
commit aggressions on any one. If it happen that any dispute arise with
any one, it shall be submitted to the arbitration and award of the
British Government.
_Sixth Article._—Tribute shall be paid in perpetuity by the principality
of Jypoor to the British Government, through the treasury of Dihlee,
according to the following detail:—
First year, from the date of this treaty, in consideration of the
devastation which has prevailed for years in the Jypoor country, tribute
excused.
Second year Four lakhs of Dihlee
rupees.
Third year Five lakhs.
Fourth year Six lakhs.
Fifth year Seven lakhs.
Sixth year Eight lakhs.
Afterwards eight lakhs of Dihlee rupees annually, until the revenues of
the principality exceed forty lakhs.
And when the Raja’s revenue exceeds forty lakhs, five-sixteenths of the
excess shall be paid in addition to the eight lakhs above mentioned.
_Seventh Article._—The principality of Jypoor shall furnish troops
according to its means, at the requisition of the British Government.
_Eighth Article._—The Maharaja and his heirs and successors shall remain
absolute rulers of their country, and their dependants, according to
long-established usage; and the British civil and criminal jurisdiction
shall not be introduced into that principality.
_Ninth Article._—Provided that the Maharaja evince a faithful attachment
to the British Government, his prosperity and advantage shall be
favourably considered and attended to.
_Tenth Article._—This treaty of ten articles having been concluded, and
signed and sealed by Mr. Charles Theophilus Metcalfe and Thakoor Rawul
Byree Saul Nattawut, the ratifications of the same, by his Excellency
the Most Noble the Governor-General, and Raj Rajindur Sree Maharaj
Dhiraj Siwaee Juggut Singh Buhadoor, shall be mutually exchanged within
one month from the present date.
Done at Dihlee this second day of April, A.D. 1818.
(_Signed_) (L.S.) C. T. METCALFE,
Resident.
(L.S.) TAUKOOR RAWUL BYREE SAUL NATTAWUT.
------------------
NO. V.
No. V. being a large paper is omitted [773].
------------------
NO. VI.
TREATY between the Honourable the English East-India Company on the one
part, and Maha Rao Omed Sing Buhadoor, the Raja of Kota, and his
heirs and successors, through Raj Rana Zalim Sing Buhadoor, the
administrator of the affairs of that principality, on the other;
concluded on the part of the Honourable English East-India Company
by Mr. Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, in virtue of full powers granted
to him by his Excellency the Most Noble the Marquess of Hastings,
K.G., Governor-General, and on the part of Maha Rao Omed Sing
Buhadoor, by Maha Raja Sheodan Sing, Sah Jeewun Ram, and Lala
Hoolchund, in virtue of full powers granted by the Maha Rao
aforesaid, and his administrator, the above-mentioned Raj Rana.
_First Article._—There shall be perpetual friendship, alliance, and
unity of interests between the British Government on the one hand, and
Maha Rao Omed Sing Buhadoor, and his heirs and successors, on the other.
_Second Article._—The friends and enemies of either of the contracting
parties shall be the same to both.
_Third Article._—The British Government engages to take under its
protection the principality and territory of Kota.
_Fourth Article._—The Maha Rao, and his heirs and successors, will
always act in subordinate co-operation with the British Government, and
acknowledge its supremacy, and will not henceforth have any connexion
with the chiefs and States with which the State of Kota has been
heretofore connected.
_Fifth Article._—The Maha Rao, and his heirs and successors, will not
enter into any negotiations with any chief or State without the sanction
of the British Government. But his customary amicable correspondence
with friends and relations shall continue.
_Sixth Article._—The Maha Rao, and his heirs and successors, will not
commit aggressions on any one; and if any dispute accidentally arise
with any one, proceeding either from acts of the Maha Rao, or acts of
the other party, the adjustment of such disputes shall be submitted to
the arbitration of the British Government.
_Seventh Article._—The tribute heretofore paid by the principality of
Kota to the Mahratta chiefs, for instance, the Peshwa, Sindia, Holkar,
and Powar, shall be paid at Dihlee to the British Government for ever,
according to the separate schedule annexed.
_Eighth Article._—No other power shall have any claim to tribute from
the principality of Kota; and if any one advance such a claim, the
British Government engages to reply to it.
_Ninth Article._—The troops of the principality of Kota, according to
its means, shall be furnished at the requisition of the British
Government.
_Tenth Article._—The Maha Rao, and his heirs and successors, shall
remain absolute rulers of their country, and the civil and criminal
jurisdiction of the British Government shall not be introduced into that
principality.
_Eleventh Article._—This treaty of eleven articles having been concluded
at Dihlee, and signed and sealed by Mr. Charles Theophilus Metcalfe on
the one part, and Maha Raja Sheodan Sing, Sah Jeewun Ram, and Lala
Hoolchund on the other, the ratifications of the same by his Excellency
the Most Noble the Governor-General, and Maha Rao Omed Sing, and his
administrator Raj Zalim Sing, shall be exchanged within a month from
this date.
Done at Dihlee the twenty-sixth day of December, A.D. 1817.
(_Signed_) C. T. METCALFE,
Resident. [774]
------------------
No. VII.
TREATIES between the Honourable English East-India Company and the Maha
Row Raja Bishen Sing Buhadoor, Raja of Boondee, concluded by Captain
James Tod on the part of the Honourable Company, in virtue of full
powers from his Excellency the Most Noble the Marquess of Hastings,
K.G., Governor-General, etc., etc., and by Bohora Tolaram on the
part of the Raja, in virtue of full powers from the said Raja.
_First Article._—There shall be perpetual friendship, alliance, and
unity of interests between the British Government on the one hand, and
the Raja of Boondee and his heirs and successors on the other.
_Second Article._—The British Government takes under its protection the
dominions of the Raja of Boondee.
_Third Article._—The Raja of Boondee acknowledges the supremacy of, and
will co-operate with, the British Government for ever. He will not
commit aggressions on any one. He will not enter into negotiations with
any one without the consent of the British Government. If by chance any
dispute arise with any one, it shall be submitted to the arbitration and
award of the British Government. The Raja is absolute ruler of his
dominions, and the British jurisdiction shall not be introduced therein.
_Fourth Article._—The British Government spontaneously remits to the
Raja and his descendants the tribute which the Raja used to pay to
Maharaja Holkar, and which has been ceded by the Maharaja Holkar to the
British Government; the British Government also relinquishes in favour
of the State of Boondee the lands heretofore held by Maharaja Holkar
within the limits of that State, according to the annexed schedule (No.
1).
_Fifth Article._—The Raja of Boondee hereby engages to pay to the
British Government the tribute and revenue heretofore paid to Maharaja
Sindia, according to the schedule (No. 2).
_Sixth Article._—The Raja of Boondee shall furnish troops at the
requisition of the British Government according to his means.
_Seventh Article._—The present treaty of seven articles having been
settled at Boondee, and signed and sealed by Captain James Tod and
Bohora Tolaram, the ratifications of the same by his Excellency the Most
Noble the Governor-General and the Maha Row Raja, of Boondee, shall be
exchanged within one month from the present date.
Done at Boondee, this tenth day of February, A.D. 1818; corresponding
to the fourth of Rubbee-ool-Sanee 1233, and fifth day of Maug
Soodee of the Sumbut, or Aera of Bikramajeet, 1874 [775].
INDEX
_Abbreviations._—ci., city; km., kingdom;
m., mountain; r., river; t., town.
Abdication rite of a Rāja, i. 426, iii. 1467, 1509
Abhai Singh, Rāja of Mārwār, ii. 1035;
his horoscope, 1019
Abhāner, t., iii. 1379, 1439
Abhīra tribe, i. 144, 273, ii. 651
Abīr, abīra, coloured powder flung about at the Holi festival, ii.
662, 663
Abisares, Abhisāra, km., i. 49
Aboharia Bhatti clan, ii. 734
Aboriginal tribes, i. 144, ii. 650
Ābu, Mount, view from its summit, i. 9;
buildings erected by Kūmbha of Mewār, i. 336;
a Pramāra fortress, i. 336;
assemblage at, to regenerate the Agnikulas, i. 108, iii. 1442
Achalesvara, local deity of Ābu, i. 108
Achalgarh, fort, ii. 990
Adālaj, battle at, ii. 1046
Adam, Mr. John, iii. 1581
Ādināth, the first Jain Tīrthankara, i. 25, 58, 108
Adonis, gardens of, ii. 666
Adoption, right of, i. 220;
effect of, ii. 860;
binding on of a turban as a symbol, i. 38, 221;
taking in the lap as a symbol, ii. 1083
Afghāns, alleged Hebrew descent, ii. 902
Āgar, a salt lake, ii. 813
Agastya, festival of, ii. 670
Aggrames, km., ii. 886
Aghori ascetics, ii. 671
Aghūz Khān, ancestor of Mongols, i. 69
Agnikotra, the sacrificial fire, i. 32
Agnikula, the fire-born tribes, i. 99, 107, iii. 1442
Agnikunda, the fire-pit, i. 108, 112
Agra, seat of government transferred to, iii. 1484;
fort gate haunted by a serpent, ii. 978;
occupied by Jāts, iii. 1359
Agriculture, in Jaipur, iii. 1430;
in Jaisalmer, ii. 1247;
in Kotah, iii. 1561;
implements in Bīkaner, ii. 1152
Agroha fort, ii. 886
Ahadi, a gentleman trooper, warrant-officer, ii. 784
Ahalya, i. 32; Bāi, ii. 891
Ahar, Ahār, Ār, Āra, Aitpur, t., i. 100, 252, 270, ii.
663, 678, 912;
inscription from, ii. 924
Aharya, title of Guhilots, i. 100, ii. 912
Aheria, a hunter, i. 326;
the hunting festival, i. 343, 385, 506, ii. 660,
iii. 1477, 1749, 1808
Ahīr caste, i. 144, iii. 1446, _see_ ABHĪRA;
Ahīrwāra, their country, iii. 1446
Ahmad Shāh Durrāni invades India, iii. 1532
Ahmadābād, ci., founded, i. 126;
siege of, ii. 1135
Ahmadnagar, ci., siege of, iii. 1485
Aids, feudal, i. 187
Aitpur. _See_ AHAR
Aja, Ajaipāl, Ajaya, (1) reputed founder of Ajmer, i. 114, ii.
893;
(2) of Kanauj, ii. 930;
(3) of Chitor, i. 311;
Ajaidurg, Ajmer, ii. 996, 1009
Ajīt Singh (1) of Mārwār, ii. 991;
marries a Mewār princess, ii. 1010;
marries daughters to Farrukhsīyar and Jai Singh, ii. 1021,
1025;
his assassination, the ruin of Mārwār, ii. 825, 857,
1028, 1034;
(2) of Būndi, iii. 1509;
(3) of Kotah, iii. 1531
Ajmer, ci., origin of name, i. 12, iii. 1447;
legend of its foundation, ii. 893;
its strategical importance, 1041;
the Dargāh, 895;
Arhāi din ka jhonpra mosque, 897;
described by the Author, 896;
the fort, 900;
headquarters of Akbar, i. 389;
lost to Mārwār, ii. 1063, 1074;
surrendered to the British, 874;
its deified hero, i. 288, ii. 900, iii. 1447
Āk, the tree, _Calotropis gigantea_, ii. 803, 811, 1151
Akbar, (1) Emperor, his birth, i. 372, iii. 1282;
succeeds Humāyūn, i. 375;
campaign against Māldeo, ii. 957;
attacks Chitor, i. 378, 381;
erects monument to Jaimall and Patta, 382;
Akbar ka dewa, i. 379, iii. 1812;
attacks Partāp Singh, i. 389;
stories of Rājput ladies, 401;
conciliation of Rājputs, 178;
his title Jagad Guru, 377;
said to have married a Jaisalmer princess, ii. 1133;
favours Krishna worship, 608;
campaigns in Gujarāt and Gondwāna, iii. 1483, 1484;
story of his death, i. 408, iii. 1338, 1486;
revived as an ascetic, ii. 608;
(2) son of Aurangzeb, his Rājput descent, i. 179;
conspires against his father, ii. 997;
capture of his daughter, 1009;
deserted by the Rājputs, i. 451, ii. 998;
escapes to Persia, i. 451, ii. 1000;
(3) Akbar Shāh II. of Delhi, i. 485
Akhai Chand, (1) Mārwār minister, ii. 831, 848, 1097;
(2) Singh of Jaisalmer, ii. 1228
Akola, t., i. 240, 515
Akshai, akshay dūb, the sacred grass, i. 573
Āl, the dye plant, _Morinda citrifolia_, iii. 1556
Ālam Shāh, Bahādur Shāh, ii. 1013, 1020
Alāu-d-dīn Khilji, attacks Anhilwāra, i. 118;
attacks Chitor, i. 307;
attacks Jaisalmer, ii. 1211;
attacks Bhainsrorgarh, iii. 1698;
attacks Gāgraun, i. 312; his titles, i. 312, ii. 809
Alexander the Great, traditions among Johyas, ii. 1134;
said to have reached Dandosar, 1167
Alha and Udal, tale of, ii. 716
Alienation of estates, i. 186
'Ālīlghol, irregular infantry, ii. 819, iii. 1422
Aliptigīn, i. 294
Allahwirdi Khān, i. 484, ii. 1023, 1027
Alliances, British, i. 146
Al-Mansūr, Caliph, i. 286
Alor. _See_ AROR
Altamgha, a seal, tax, i. 469
Alu Hāra, iii. 1470, 1682
Alwar State, i. 141, iii. 1360
‛Amal, amal, opium mixed with water, ii. 731, 749, 1071;
'amaldār, an opium-eater, iii. 1475
Amara dūba, sacred grass, used as an amulet, i. 574;
Amarapura, Heaven, ii. 1032, 1045;
Amar balāona, a horse furnished by the prince, i. 233;
Amarbel, a creeper, iii. 1768
Amarchand, minister of Mewār, i. 500
Amargarh, fief, i. 212; ancient town, iii. 1439
Amar Singh, (1) of Jaisalmer, ii. 1226;
(2) of Mārwār, assassinates Salābat Khān, ii. 976;
his gate in Agra Fort, ii. 978;
(3) Hāra, iii. 1778;
(4) I. of Mewār, i. 407;
(5) II. of Mewār, i. 460, ii. 912
Amāvas, the sacred new moon night, i. 159, 240, ii. 656,
695
Amba Bhavāni, worship of, i. 258, 264, ii. 681
Ambaji Inglia, i. 517, 545
Ambarīsha of Ayodhya, i. 44
Amber, Jaipur State, annals, iii. 1327;
derivation of name, 1439
Amet, t., i. 564, 567, iii. 1815
Amīr Khān, Pindāri, i. 538, ii. 1086, 1089, 1090,
iii. 1416, 1573
Amjar, r., iii. 1572
Āmli fief, case of, i. 571
Āmm o Khāss, a hall of audience, ii. 991, 1136
Amusements, ii. 750
Ān, the oath of allegiance, i. 200, 245, 575, ii.
996, 1006, 1039;
Ān-dān-khān, sovereign rights, i. 14, 200
Anangpāl Tuar, i. 62, 104, 292, 299
Anasāgar lake, ii. 902, 1215
Ancestor worship, i. 89, 325, ii. 678, 842
Anga, the poll-tax, ii. 1116, 1157
Angadesa, km., i. 44, 53
Angatsi, the Hun, i. 290, iii. 1464, 1762
Anhilwāra Pātan, ci., i. 116, 118, 122, 293
Aniruddh Singh of Būndi, iii. 1493
Anjan, collyrium, ii. 721
Annadāta, Annadeva, god of food, i. 392;
Annakūta, festival of prosperity, ii. 638, 697;
Annapūrna, the food goddess, i. 289, ii. 695
Anni, a grain tax, i. 239
Antari, antri, a valley, iii. 1677
Antarved, Antarbedi, the Ganges-Jumna Duāb, i. 164, ii. 717,
iii. 1459
Anūp Singh of Bīkaner, ii. 1136, 1227
Anūpshahr, t., i. 56, 141, iii. 1352
Anurāj Hāra, iii. 1460
Anūshīrwān. _See_ NAUSHĪRWĀN
Ānwal, ānwla, aonla, the emblic myrobalan, ii. 803, 805
Aornos, hill, i. 296
Aparajit of Chitor, i. 283
Appaji, Āpaji, Marātha leader, i. 495
Apsaras, the nymphs, ii. 675, 696, 864, 991
Ar, Ara, t. _See_ AHAR
‛Arāba, a gun-carriage, arquebuss, i. 318
Aranyakanwal of Mandor, ii. 731, 945;
Aranyashashti festival, ii. 675
Arhāi din ka Jhonpra, mosque, ii. 897
Ari Singh (1) I., Arsi of Chitor, i. 312;
(2) II. of Mewār, i. 496, 506, ii. 1139, iii. 1512
Arishtanemi, Neminātha, 22nd Jain Tīrthankara, ii. 624, 627
Arja, t., i. 214, 567
Arjun, (1) of Būndi, iii. 1479;
(2) of Kotah, iii. 1528
Armorial bearings, i. 162
Armouries, ii. 752
Arms, worship of, i. 90, _see_ SWORD;
initiation to, i. 90, 264, ii. 691
Army, of Bīkaner, ii. 1160;
of Mārwār, ii. 1119;
of Jaipur, iii. 1435
Aror, Alor, t., i. 5, 51, iii. 1282, 1283
Artillery, early use of, i. 362;
bound with chains, i. 353;
sprinkled with goats’ blood before battle, ii. 1042
Āru, ālu bādām, the peach tree, _Prunus persica_, ii. 774
Aryana, waste land, i. 236
Āryāvarta, i. 28
Āsaf Jāh, Nizāmu-l-mulk, i. 473
Āsāpūrna, the goddess, i. 76, 113, ii. 682, iii. 1444,
1461
Ashtabhuji, Ashtabhuja Māta, the eight-armed goddess, iii. 1754
Ashtami festival, ii. 649.
_See_ JANAMASHTAMI
Āsi, Hānsi, t., iii. 1461
Asini, Asvinikot, t., i. 295, ii. 1220
Asioi tribe, ii. 1125
Asīr, Asīrgarh, fort, i. 77, 126, 292, 475, iii.
1446, 1461
Asokashtami festival, ii. 673
Aspati, asvapati, term applied to Mughal Emperors, ii. 1026
Ass, the wild, i. 20, iii. 1306.
_See_ GORKHAR
Assakenoi tribe, i. 295, ii. 933
Asthān. _See_ ASVATTHĀMA
Astronomy, ii. 757
Asura, a demon, i. 113, ii. 653, iii. 1442;
a Hindu name for Musalmāns, i. 288, 290, ii. 934,
995, 1032
Asva, Aswa, tribe, i. 71, 76, ii. 930, 933
Asvamedha, ceremony, i. 29, 60, 77, 91, iii. 1355
Asvatthāma of Mārwār, ii. 943
Atak. _See_ ATTOCK
Atīt, an order of ascetics, ii. 845, iii. 1750
Attock, Atak, t., r., i. 391, ii. 652
Augury. _See_ OMENS
Aurangzeb, the Emperor 'Ālamgīr, contemporary princes, i. 435;
rebuke to his tutor, i. 436;
intent on converting Hindus, i. 438;
his Rājput wife, I. 179;
letters, i. 439;
letter on the Jizya, i. 442;
prepares to conquer Mewār, 444;
defeated, 448;
attacks Mārwār, ii. 993;
attempt to depose him, i. 450;
his Rājput officers, I. 226;
destruction of Hindu temples, ii. 994, iii. 1388;
his death, ii. 1012;
his character, i. 436
Aurīnt, t., ii. 730, 941
Avani, Avanimāta, his earth goddess, iii. 1392, 1813
Avanti, Ujjain, i. 312
Awa, t., i. 218, ii. 860, 879, 1044, 1096
Ayamāta, worship of, ii. 966;
Ayapanthi, the ascetic order, ii. 966
Ayodhya-ci, i. 45
'Āzam Shāh, i. 439, 444, 449, 457, 464
‛Azīmu-sh-shān, Emperor, ii. 1020
Bāba, a younger member of Mewār house, i. 167, 384, 498,
iii. 1371
Babūl, bāwal, the acacia tree, _acacia Arabica_, i. 549, ii.
774 _et passim_
Bābur, his descent and early history, i. 351;
invades India, i. 352;
attacks Rāna Sanga, i. 353;
introduces melons and grapes, ii. 748;
his _Memoirs_, iii. 1665
Bachera, Wachaji of Jaisalmer, ii. 1201
Badarināth, t., ii. 1207, iii. 1639
Baddhi, a string amulet, iii. 1381
Bādhel tribe. _See_ VĀDHEL
Badnor, t., i. 344, 567
Bāēnmāta, worship of, i. 326
Bāghel tribe, i. 118, ii. 717, 1039;
Bāghel-khand, ii. 717
Bāghes, the tiger god, i. 25
Bāghji of Deola, i. 363;
Bāgh Singh Shaikhāvat, iii. 1425
Bāghnakh, the tiger-claw weapon, ii. 721
Bagpipes, ii. 755
Bagrāwat sept, iii. 1640, 1817
Bahādur, (1) King of Gujarāt, attacks Mewār, i. 361;
(2) Shāh, Emperor; _see_ 'ĀLAM BAHĀDUR SHĀH;
(3) of Kishangarh, ii. 878;
Shaikhāvat, iii. 1388
Bahār, Bihārimall of Amber, i. 376, iii. 1337
Bahāwal Khān, iii. 1301
Bahāwalpur State, ii. 1137, 1141, iii. 1300
Bahra, Behra, t., ii. 935
Bahrām Gor, of Persia, i. 273
Bāhūmān Darāzdasht, i. 57
Bairām Khān, Mughal general, i. 375
Bairāt. _See_ VAIRĀT
Bais tribe, i. 141
Bāīsa, Bāīsi, the twenty-two Mughal districts, ii. 1027, 1037
Baisākh month, festivals, ii. 674
Baiza Bāi, i. 533
Bājīrāo, Peshwa, i. 485, 491
Bājra, millet, ii. 597 _et passim_
Bajrang, monkey-god, i. 163
Bakhar, Bhakkar, Bukkur, t., i. 5, 22, 109, iii. 1283,
1319.
_See_ ROHRI
Bakhasar, t., iii. 1277, 1278
Bakhshi, commander of the forces, i. 556, ii. 976, iii. 1519
Bāl, the sun-god. _See_ BĀLNĀTH, BĀLSIVA
Bāla, Vāla, tribe, i. 131, 134, 254
Bālaband, a turban fillet, i. 429, ii. 685, 759,
765
Balabhi. _See_ VALABHI
Bālakaputra, Bālakarāe, i. 51, 105, 134, 250
Bāland of Jaisalmer, ii. 1181
Baldān, balidān, an offering to the gods, i. 91, 258, ii.
599
Baleokouros, i. 250
Balhara, derivation of name, i. 122
Bālmukand, Krishna, ii. 640
Bālnāth, Bālsiva, i. Introd. xl, 94, 253, ii. 705,
923, iii. 1756;
Jogi, iii. 1267
Baloch tribe, iii. 1454
Bālotra, t., ii. 1111, iii. 1270
Bāmani, r., iii. 1686
Bāmania, a section of Bhāts, ii. 814
Bāmiān, Buddhist figures at, i. 26, ii. 1189
Banās, r., i. 10, 13, 579, ii. 772
Banbīr Singh of Mewār, i. 317, 367
Banda of Būndi, iii. 1473
Banera, t., i. 168, 198, 493, ii. 904, 906
Bania, the merchant caste, i. 144, ii. 765
Banishment, ceremony of, ii. 976
Bannāphar tribe, ii. 715
Banners, i. 163, ii. 684, 767, 768, 834
Bāori, bāoli, bāwari, a step-well, reservoir, ii. 967
Bāori, Bāwaria, a criminal tribe, i. 244, iii. 1696
Bāpa, Bappa of Chitor, i. Introd. xxxvi, 259
Bāpota, an ancestral holding, i. 201 _et passim_
Baptiste, Col. J. F., i. 535, ii. 1088
Bāpu Sindhia, i. 546
Baraha tribe, ii. 1187, 1191
Bārah Kothri, twelve fiefs of Jaipur, iii. 1436;
Māsha, a plant flowering all the year round, ii. 845;
Singha, the twelve-tined deer, iii. 1477
Baranshankar, the mixed castes, iii. 1724
Barār, a tax, i. 169 _et passim_
Barchhi dohāi, an appeal to the lance, i. 212, iii. 1465
Bardāi sena, bard of the host, a Kanauj title, ii. 939
Bards, i. 82;
opposed to Zālim Singh, iii. 1567;
when they die, they go to the moon, ii. 992;
exiled from Mewār, iii. 1807;
lands granted to, ii. 589;
extortion by threats, ii. 814;
their satire, ii. 742;
demands increase of marriage expenses, ii. 742;
as carriers, ii. 813
Bārgīr, cavalry provided with horses by the State, iii. 1422
Bargūjar tribe, i. 56, 107, 140, iii. 1455
Bārha, Sayyids of, i. 467, 476
Bāri, a caste of servants, i. 367
Barilla, manufacture of, ii. 1118, iii. 1307
Barolli, temples at, i. 17, iii. 1752
Barr-tītar, the rock-pigeon, iii. 1649
Barugaza, Broach, i. 48, 256
Barwātia, an outlaw, exile, ii. 797, iii. 1401, 1637
Basāi, a form of slavery, i. 206, ii. 1219, iii. 1797
Basant, the spring festival, ii. 657, 753, 1025;
Basanti, the goddess of spring, ii. 657.
_See_ VASANT
Bastard castes, i. 208
Bat, a share, i. 202, ii. 962;
Batāi, division of crops between landlord and tenant, i. 583,
ii. 1115, iii. 1550
Bathing of the goddess, ii. 666
Bāti, vāti, a cake of millet flour, ii. 1000, 1150
Bāwana, a tract of fifty-two villages, i. 457
Bayāna, t., i. 103, 144, 349, 353, ii. 953,
956
Bāz Bahādur, Bāyazīd of Mālwa, i. 376, 378
Bedla, t., i. 195, 380, ii. 663, iii. 1480
Begūn, t., i. 509, 564, iii. 1677, 1805, 1810
Behra, t. _See_ BAHRA
Benares, Būndi house, iii. 1483;
observatory, ii. 757.
_See_ KASI
Benevolences, levied at marriage, i. 187
Berach, r., i. 13, 368, 388, 584, ii. 596,
762, 910
Bernier, F., i. 438, ii. 725
Bersi, Ber Singh (1) Bhatti, ii. 1165;
(2) of Jaisalmer, 1224
Bet island, ii. 703
Betwa, r., i. 9
Bhādon month, festivals in, ii. 678
Bhadrājan, Bhadrajun, t., ii. 820, 862, 954, iii. 1269
Bhagwāndās of Jaipur, i. 178, 389, 391, iii. 1337
Bhainsror, Bhainsrorgarh, t., i. 234, 319, 395,
414, 415, 416, iii. 1686, 1691
Bhairava, Bhairon, god of war, i. 412, ii. 843, iii. 1774;
Jhamp, iii. 1663
Bhāma Sāh, minister of Mewār, i. 403
Bhān Saptami, festival, ii. 657;
Bhānuloka, land of the dead, ii. 658, 992, 1044
Bhāo Singh, (1) of Jaipur, iii. 1339;
(2) of Būndi, 1492
Bharatpur, ci., i. 127, iii. 1357
Bhārmall of Cutch, ii. 1238
Bhartribhat of Mewār, i. 296
Bhartrihari, i. 5, ii. 735, 894
Bhāt caste. _See_ BARDS
Bhātia caste, iii. 1296
Bhatner, t., i. 142, ii. 1163
Bhātridvitya, the brothers’ festival, ii. 696
Bhatti (1) tribe, i. 55, 102, 294, 298; ii.
941, 1169, 1252;
support the Rāthors, 1005;
emigrate to Bīkaner, 1165;
sections, 1242;
(2) of Jaisalmer, 1183
Bhatwāra, battle at, iii. 1532, 1611
Bhaunagar, Bhāvnagar State, i. 137
Bhavāni, the goddess, ii. 1125, iii. 1714, 1809
Bhayyād, the brotherhood, i. 154, 202, ii. 961
Bhet-begār, forced labour, i. 239
Bhīl tribe, ii. 651, iii. 1280;
eat with Rājputs, 1521;
foray by, 1644;
in Kotah, 1703;
stone worship, 1703;
of Idar, inaugurate Rānas of Mewār, i. 262, ii. 1129;
measures for their improvement, i. 586
Bhilāla tribe, iii. 1389
Bhīlwāra, t., i. 561, iii. 1736
Bhīm Bāzār, iii. 1776
Bhīm Singh, (1) Bhīmsi of Mewār, i. 307;
(2) II. of Mewār, 511;
(3) of Mārwār, ii. 825, 1077;
(4) of Kotah, iii. 1524
Bhīma II., Bholo, Chaulukya, i. 117, 298
Bhīmthadi breed of horses, ii. 1045, iii. 1771
Bhinai, t., ii. 904
Bhīndar, t., i. 416, 511, 531, 566, 567
Bhīnmāl, t., ii. 944, 1109, iii. 1269
Bhoj Pramāra of Mālwa, i. 109
Bhojak caste, iii. 1268
Bhojpur lake, i. 458
Bholanāth, Siva, ii. 602, 892
Bhonsi, Bhawan Singh of Mewār, i. 306
Bhonsla Marāthas, i. 371
Bhopāl State, i. 533
Bhūkhi Māta, the famine mother goddess, i. 309, iii. 1305, 1756
Bhūm, land, i. 195;
affection for, i. 236;
Bhūmia, the holder of a freehold, i. 190, 577 _et passim_
Biās, r., ii. 1226
Bīdar, t., siege of, iii. 1489
Bidesar, t., ii. 1144
Bīgha, a measure of area, i. 233 _et passim_
Bihār, Bahār, Bihārimall of Jaipur, i. 376, iii. 1337
Bijaiseni Māta, worship of, ii. 1193, iii. 1508
Bījarāē, Bijairāē, (1) of Jaisalmer, ii. 1193;
(2) Singh of Jaipur, iii. 1347
Bijar Mīr, assassination of, iii. 1288
Bijolli, temples at, i. 209, 370, iii. 1797
Bīka of Bīkaner, ii. 951, 1123
Bīkaner, annals of, ii. 1123
Bikramajīt, of Mewār, i. 360
Bindraban, t., ii. 607;
-dās of Jaipur, iii. 1395
Bīra, (1) a packet of betel, i. 381, 481, ii. 1040;
(2) meadow-land, i. 238, ii. 648
Birad, the eulogy of a bard, i. 134, 416, iii. 1682
Bīrsinghdeo, (1) Shaikhāvat, iii. 1387;
(2) of Būndi, iii. 1472
Birthdays, knots tied to mark, iii. 1697
Bīsaldeo, _see_ VĪSALADEVA;
lake, ii. 901, iii. 1453
Bishan Singh, (1) of Būndi, iii. 1514;
(2) of Jaipur, iii. 1341
Blackmail, protection, i. 203.
_See_ RAKHWĀLI
Blindness of one eye unlucky, ii. 1234
Blood price. _See_ MŪNDKATI
Boar, slaying the, i. 385, ii. 660, iii. 1746;
annual hunt, i. 80;
sacramental eating of, ii. 661, iii. 1381
Bohra, the village money-lender, iii. 1553, 1652
Bonfires at the Holi festival, ii. 663
Boukephala, t., ii. 1190
Bows and arrows, ii. 751, 791
Brahma, temples of, i. 322, ii. 892, 925
Brāhmans, i. 31;
laxity of practice in the desert, iii. 1296;
privileges of, ii. 595;
committing suicide to enforce demands, i. 236, ii. 593,
966, iii. 1395;
political influence of, ii. 589, 594;
Kulin, ii. 595;
Marātha, i. 524;
influence on marriage expenses, ii. 742;
treated with little respect, i. 34;
penalty for killing, ii. 595
Brahmapuri, inscriptions, ii. 596
Brajnāth, Krishna, iii. 1526
Brass work, iii. 1431
Brindaban. _See_ BINDRABAN
Broach, ci., i. 48, 256
Brotherhood, i. 202
Buddha, Buddhism, i. 70, 78;
confounded with Jainism, ii. 603, 604, 626;
annual retreat, 606
Budh Singh of Būndi, ii. 837, iii. 1494
Budha, Mercury, i. 39, ii. 621;
Trivikrama, i. 90, ii. 621
Buffalo, sacrificed at town gates, ii. 1011, 1012;
feat of slaying, 1053
Bukkur. _See_ BAKHAR
Bull, sacrifice of, ii. 599;
and horseman coins, ii. 809, 902
Būmbāoda, t., i. 321, iii. 1468
Bundela tribe, Bundelkhand, i. 10, 139, ii. 979
Būndi, State, annals, iii. 1441
Burhān Shaikh, the saint, iii. 1380
Burhānpur, ci., i. 475, ii. 974
Būsa tribe, i. 144, 293
Būta tribe, ii. 1185;
Būtaban, 1185, 1192
Butterfield, Captain, i. 526
Buzule, t., i. 292, ii. 807, iii. 1276
Byās Brāhmans, iii. 1742
Byzantium, t., i. 100, 279
Cairn burial, i. 87, 89, 90
Calcutta, ii. 1195
Camels, iii. 1275, 1279, 1297, 1305;
caravans, ii. 1109;
corps, 1161, iii. 1305;
sacrifice, i. 94
Caniatchi tenure, i. 576
Cannibalism, i. 455, ii. 671, 692
Carey, Lieutenant, ii. 761, 787, iii. 1732
Caste, influence of, i. 165
Cattle of the desert, iii. 1305, 1306;
of Nāthdwāra, ii. 770;
of Gujarāt, i. 422
Caves occupied by ascetics, shrines, ii. 635, 845
Cenotaphs of Hāras, iii. 1706;
at Sātur, iii. 1714;
at Ahar, ii. 912.
_See_ MAHASATI, NISIA
Chāchak, Chachikdeo of Jaisalmer, ii. 1208, 1220
Chagatāi, a Mughal title, ii. 956, 1165
Chait month, festivals in, ii. 663
Chālukya, Chaulukya tribe, i. 113, 116
Chāmar, Chanvar, Chauri, the yak-tail fly-flapper, i. 234, ii.
667, 906, 1035
Chambal, r., i. 18, iii. 1690, 1764
Chambela, r., i. 18
Chāmunda of Anhilwāra, i. 67;
the goddess, ii. 842
Chand, Chānd, (1) the poet, i. 297;
(2) of Būndi, iii. 1463;
(3) Bībi of Ahmadnagar, iii. 1485
Chandel tribe, i. Introd. xxxv, 139, 296, iii. 1455
Chanderi State, i. 16, 47, 163, 180
Chāndni, suicide for revenge, ii. 815, 1110, 1255
Chandrabhāga, ci., i. 109
Chandragupta Maurya, i. 37, 65, 110, 111, 289
Chandravansa, the Lunar line of Rājputs, i. 57
Chandrāvati, ci., i. 109, 258, iii. 1784
Changi, Chatrchangi, the Sun standard, ii. 659, 684
Chappan, the hill-tract between Mewār and Gujarāt, i. 191 _et
passim_
Chāran tribe, ii. 813, 1148, iii. 1654;
banished from Mewār, i. 339;
founded Bhainsror, iii. 1691;
prediction by a Chārani, i. 347;
claim to entertainment, iii. 1655;
respected, ii. 1110
Charas, a measure of area, i. 156, 165, 201, iii. 1671
Chariots, use of, in war, i. 83
Charmanvati, the Chambal, r., iii. 1763
Chaturbhuja, the four-armed Vishnu, i. 331, ii. 645
Chaubē Brāhmans, ii. 634, 755
Chaugān, an exercise ground, i. 530 _et passim_
Chauhān tribe, i. 112, iii. 1441;
sections, i. 115;
valour, ii. 806;
kingdom in South India, iii. 1445;
Rāj, iii. 1275;
dynasty at Delhi, iii. 1456
Chaul, Chāval, t., i. 53
Chaumūn, t., iii. 1353, 1402
Chaupar, a game, ii. 754
Chaura, Chāvara, tribe, i. 121, 266, 326
Chaurāsi, a tract of eighty-four villages, i. 166, iii. 1673
Chāwand, (1) of Anhilwāra, i. 67, 293;
(2) the Dāhima, i. 143;
(3) chiefship in Mewār, i. 396;
Chāwanda Māta, the goddess, iii. 1444
Chess, i. 176, ii. 754
Chhada of Mārwār, ii. 944
Chhāoni, a cantonment, iii. 1549, 1790
Chhatr, chhatra, a ceremonial umbrella, i. 310;
chhatri, a cenotaph, ii. 888, 1034
Chhatr Singh, (1) of Mārwār, ii. 829, 1091;
(2) Chhatrsāl of Būndi, iii. 1489;
(3) of Kotah, 1532
Chhotan, t., i. 21, 293
Chiefs of Mewār, i. 167, 588;
duties of, i. 182, 183;
measures of reform, 559;
of Mārwār, ii. 946
Chīn Qilīch Khān, i. 473, iii. 1525
Chitor, a Pramāra capital, i. 109, 289;
occupied by Moris, 265;
origin of name, iii. 1647, 1822;
attacked by Alāu-d-dīn, i. 308;
retaken, 316;
Rāthors expelled, 326;
sacked by Bahādur, 363;
taken by Akbar, 378;
described by Terry, 411;
by the Author, iii. 1812;
inscription from, ii. 925
Chitori hill, i. 326, iii. 1815
Chitrang Mori, palace, iii. 1822
Cholera, i. 454, ii. 1002, iii. 1518, 1733;
magical expulsion of, 1734
Chonda, (1) of Mewār, i. 323;
(2) of Mārwār, ii. 944
Chondāwat, section of Sesodias, i. 175, 188, 192,
193;
feud with Saktāwats, i. 175, 413, 511, ii. 766,
iii. 1622
Chor, t., iii. 1282, 1291
Chudāsima, Chaurāsima, i. 122
Chūli, a whirlpool, iii. 1690
Churāman Jāt, ii. 1027, iii. 1358
Cimbri, i. 81
Cities, ancient, ii. 1167, 1189, iii. 1438
Coconut sent as a marriage proposal, i. 317, 323, ii.
730, 790, 1010, 1043
Coinage in Mewār, i. 169
Commensality with a Rāja, mark of dignity, i. 213, 370, ii.
1185
Cookery, ii. 759
Copper mines, i. 14, 169
Cornwallis, Lord, i. Introd. xxvii, 533
Cosmas Indikopleustes, i. 132, 256
Cotton, ii. 1150
Cow-killing, i. 460, 467, ii. 1010;
ceremonial tending of, 697
Cyropolis, i. 54. 351
Dābhi tribe, i. 122, 138, ii. 941, 942, 967
Dābla, t., i. 198, 567, ii. 904, iii. 1500, 1713
Dābshalīm, i. 122, 283
Dādupanthi sect, ii. 863
Dāēja, a dowry, i. 202, ii. 742, 1221
Dāgh, branding of horses, ii. 972
Dahae tribe, i. 71, 142
Daharia tribe, i. 142
Dahi, r., i. 13
Dāhima tribe, i. 143, iii. 1455
Dāhir, of Sind, i. 143, 284, 290
Daitya, a demon, i. 105, 112, iii. 1442;
Kā hār, iii. 1663
Dākini, a witch, vampire, i. 88, ii. 1051, 1113, iii.
1615
Dān, import duties, i. 14, 200, iii. 1434
Dānava, a demon, i. 289, iii. 1442
Dand, a tax, i. 240, ii. 996, 1159, 1250, iii. 1594
Dāra Shukoh, Shikoh, i. 434, 435, ii. 979
Darība, mines, i. 585, iii. 1729
Dāru-l-khair, shrine at Ajmer, ii. 895
Datia State, i. 140, 180, 436, 463, 522
Dāūd Khān, of Bahāwalpur, iii. 1301;
Dāūdputra, ii. 1137, iii. 1300
Daulat Khān, Lodi, ii. 953, 1021
Daulatrāo Sindhia, i. 524, 528;
Singh, Mahārāja, i. 540, ii. 778
Dauna, daua, a dish sent by a prince to a subject, i. 370,
397
Daurāyat, a runner, brigand, i. 237, 242, 569
Debal, Diul Sind, t., i. 143, 255, 270
Debāri pass, i. 404, 446, 456, ii. 996
De Boigne, Count Benoit, i. 516, ii. 876, 878, 879
Delhi, iron pillar, i. 38;
foundation of, i. 38, 292;
rebuilt, 104;
massacre by Nādir Shāh, 486;
observatory, ii. 757
Deluge, legend of, i. 24
Delwāra, t., i. 267, 387, ii. 647, iii. 1537
Deobandar, Dīv, Diu island, i. 121
Deogarh, t., i. 221, 230, 498, 532, 566
Deoji, a deified hero, iii. 1817
Deolia, t., i. 363, 368, 378, ii. 1010
Deonāth, chief priest, ii. 825
Deora Chauhāns, i. 115, ii. 941, 959, 969,
1043, 1187
Deorāj of Jaisalmer, ii. 1194
Depra tribe, i. 368, 459, 499
Derāwal, Derāwar, t., i. 102, 129, 298, ii. 1030,
1195
Desert, the, i. 19, iii. 1257
Desmukhi tax, i. 471
Desvāta, rite of exile, ii. 976, iii. 1734
Dewaldāi, tale of, ii. 715
Dhābhāi, a foster-brother, i. 266 _et passim_
Dhākar caste, iii. 1429
Dhamnār. _See_ DHUMNĀR
Dhanduka, battle at, ii. 969
Dhanteras festival, ii. 695
Dhanvantari, ii. 1001, iii. 1769
Dhār, ci., i. 109, ii. 1199
Dharmātpur, battle at, ii. 980
Dharna, a mode of coercion, i. 568
Dhāt, district, i. 6, 19, 55, iii. 1281, 1282, 1295
Dhatūra, the poison, _datura fastuosa_, iii. 1716
Dhebar lake, i. 458
Dhola and Maroni, iii. 1329, 1448
Dholpur, battle at, iii. 1492
Dhondal tribe, ii. 1027
Dhonkal Singh, ii. 818, 828, 1082
Dhuān, hearth tax, ii. 1128, 1157, 1250
Dhūhada, Dūhar of Mārwār, ii. 943
Dhūlkot, t., ii. 912, iii. 1352
Dhumnār, Dhamnār, caves, iii. 1772
Dhūndhār, Jaipur, iii. 1327
Dhundi sept, ii. 1220
Dhurpad, a musical measure, iii. 1709
Diamond dust, poisoning by, ii. 1074
Dīdwāna, t., ii. 813, 994, 1107
Dilīr, Diler, Khān, i. 448, 457, ii. 984
Dīnarām Bohra, iii. 1408
Diseases in the desert, iii. 1303
Divorce among Mers, ii. 796
Dīwāli festival, i. 326, ii. 695
Dīwān, a prime minister, i. 216, 469, iii. 1519;
dīwān-i-āmm, public hall of audience, ii. 1046, iii. 1482;
khāss, private council chamber, i. 229;
of Eklinga, title of Rānas of Mewār, I. 264, 480, ii.
662
Doda, Dor tribe, i. 139, iii. 1455
Dola, an affianced, secondary wife, iii. 1482
Donkin, General Sir R., i. 548, ii. 778
Draupadi, i. 59, 208, ii. 735
Dress, ii. 758, 1253
Drinking, i. 85
Dūb, a sacred grass, i. 456, 599
Dūda, Dhūhada of Mārwār, ii. 943, 950;
of Jaisalmer, 1215
Dujgundeo of Būndi, iii. 1451
Dūnāra, t., i. 451, ii. 955, 994, 1006
Duncan, Dr. J., i. 550, ii. 761, iii. 1713
Dūngarpur, t., i. 11, 304, 357
Durga, the goddess, ii. 672;
Durgadās Rāthor, i. 451, ii. 993, 999, 1000,
1017, 1033
Durgāvati Rāni, ii. 747
Durjansāl of Kotah, ii. 1007, iii. 1528
Dusaj of Jaisalmer, ii. 1202
Dwārka, Dwāraka, ci., i. 47, ii. 607, iii. 1511;
Dās, Shaikhāvat, iii. 1386;
Nāth, Krishna, ii. 640, iii. 1781
Eklinga, a form of Siva, i. Introd. xxxvi, ii. 598;
invocation to, i. 233, 235, 323;
Rānas, his prime ministers, _see_ DĪWĀN;
Eklinggarh, fortress, i. 501
Elphinstone, M., i. 9, ii. 954, 1237
Ephthalites, White Huns, i. 256
Equinoxes, festivals at, ii. 656
Escheats and forfeitures, i. 187
Escuage, scutage, i. 173
Exile, ritual at, ii. 797, 1229
Exogamy, i. 190, 193
Fairs, i. 400, ii. 1111, 1155
Fairy gifts, legend, ii. 772
Falcons, i. 422
Famines, i. 454, 497, iii. 1304, 1473;
a cause of slavery, i. 207;
the famine goddess, iii. 1305
Farīd, the saint, ii. 1125, 1128
Farming monopoly in Kotah, iii. 1559
Farrukhsīyar, Emperor, i. 179, 467, 468, 474, iii.
1345
Fatehābād, battle at, i. 434, iii. 1491, 1522
Fatehpur, battle at, iii. 1409;
Sīkri, I. 141, 349
Faujdār, an official, i. 167, 557, iii. 1519
Feudalism, i. Introd. xxxviii, 153, ii. 962
Fiscal lands, i. 168
Fish, symbol, ii. 1023; sacred, 618
Flowers, festival of, ii. 665, 699
Foray, inaugural. _See_ TĪKA DAUR
Franks in Indian armies, i. 362, 448, ii. 1045
Fruits and vegetables at Udaipur, iii. 1824;
introduced by the Mughals, ii. 748
Funeral rites, of Rājputs, i. 87, ii. 1031;
of Saiva ascetics, 601
Gaddi, the royal cushion, throne, i. 551 _et passim_;
gaddi ki ān, oath by the throne, 406, 456
Gādhipura, Kanauj, i. 34, 42, 50, 105
Gadhiya paisa, a copper coin, ii. 913
Gāgraun, t., i. 15, 257, 331, iii. 1549, 1790
Gaharwār tribe, i. 139, ii. 930
Gahlot. _See_ GUHILOT
Gaini, Gajni, t., i. 100, 254, 266, 290
Gājan Māta, worship of, iii. 1444
Gajni, t. _See_ GAINI
Gaj Singh, (1) of Jaisalmer, ii. 1176, 1236;
(2) of Bīkaner, 1137;
(3) of Mārwār, 835, 972
Gakkhar tribe, i. 294, iii. 1422;
infanticide, ii. 740;
support Sultān Razīa, 1164
Galena mines, i. 17
Gambhīr, r., i. 18, 345
Gambling, i. 60, 85;
a cause of slavery, 208
Gandharvasen, ii. 851, 913
Ganesa, Ganesha, worship of, i. 551, 560, ii. 686,
842, iii. 1774;
Deori, hall, ii. 663;
Dwāra, Pol, 688
Ganga, (1) the r. Ganges, ii. 670, 693;
(2) of Mārwār, 953
Gangābheva, ii. 663, iii. 1766
Gangāni, t., ii. 1034
Ganggor, Ganggaur festival, ii. 665, 674, iii. 1353
Gangwāna, battle at, ii. 1049
Gānipur, t., iii. 1439
Ganor, queen of, ii. 727
Gāra, r., ii. 1226, 1234.
_See_ GHĀRA
Garddhabin tribe, i. 273
Gardens, at Kotah, iii. 1616, 1706;
at Mandor, ii. 844;
at Udaipur, iii. 1824
Garh Bītli, citadel of Ajmer, i. 288, ii. 784, 900,
955
Garha Mandala, ci., ii. 747, iii. 1443
Garnets, ii. 910
Gaudhūli, evening, i. 263, ii. 697
Gaur tribe, i. 138, iii. 1454
Gauri, the goddess, i. 80, ii. 665, 672;
festivals, i. 521, ii. 665;
bathing of, 666;
slaying a boar in her honour, I. 385, ii. 660, iii. 1512
Gaya, expedition against, i. 305, 322, 323;
pilgrimage, i. 498, ii. 946;
Gayapur Mahādeo, iii. 1796
Geology of Arāvalli range, i. 14, 17
Getae tribe, i. 74;
identified with Goths, ii. 651;
with Jāts, i. 74, 128;
with Jut, i. 76
Ghānērāo, t., i. 450, 459, ii. 788, 798, 1009,
1079, 1096;
honours paid to chief, 799
Ghara, Gharah, r., i. 102, 142, ii. 941, 960,
1226, 1234.
_See_ GĀRA
Gharsi of Jaisalmer, ii. 1216;
Gharsisar lake, 1217
Ghāsi, the Author’s artist, iii. 1755, 1786, 1819
Ghayāsu-d-dīn (Ghiyāsu-d-dīn) of Mālwa, i. 344, ii. 785, iii.
1475
Ghumli, fort, i. 136
Girās, grās, a handful, i. 190;
Girāsia, grāsia, a holder of land by grant from the prince, i.
190
Girdharji Shaikhāwat, iii. 1386
Girnār, sacred hill, ii. 603, 792;
suicide at, iii. 1663
Girwa, the valley of Udaipur, ii. 644, 760
_Gīta Govinda_, poem, i. 338.
_See_ JAYADEVA
Gods, tutelary of tribes, i. 326, iii. 1444;
god of Mārwār married to Amber goddess, ii. 1052;
of the Hāras, captured, iii. 1526
Godwār tract, i. 328, 344, 489, ii. 802, 996,
1073
Gogha, t., i. 137
Gogūnda, t., i. 388, 393, 446, 498, ii. 801
Goha, Gohāditya of Mewār, i. 259
Gohil, Gohel, Gohilwār tribe, i. 137, ii. 941, 943,
1039
Gokul, t., ii. 621, 641,
Nāth, Krishna, 621, 641;
Dās, i. 221
Gol, inferior vassals, i. 167, 554, 568, iii. 1636;
a serried mass of warriors, 1603
Gola, the slave class, i. 207, ii. 1076
Golkonda, ci., i. 289, 453, iii. 1445, 1449, 1526
Gollas, i. 256
Gomati, r., i. 454, ii. 1032
Gond tribe, ii. 651;
Gondwāna, 979, iii. 1483
Gopinath, Krishna, ii. 635;
of Būndi, iii. 1487
Gorakhnāth, the saint, i. 265
Gordhandās, iii. 1584;
Singh, Khīchi, ii. 1069;
Nāth, Krishna, ii. 635
Gorind tribe, i. 272
Gorkha, Gurkha tribe, i. 301, 314
Gorkhar, the wild ass, i. 20, iii. 1306.
_See_ KHARGADHA
Gorma, land near the village site, iii. 1550, 1625
Gosāīn, Goswāmi, ascetics, ii. 601, 642, 1081, iii.
1670, 1763
Gosūnda, t., i. 326, 526
Goswāmi. _See_ GOSAIN
Got, gotra, a cowpen, an exogamous section of a caste, ii. 741;
a tribal feast, i. 326, iii. 1655;
gotrāchārya, a pedigree, i. 98, ii. 930
Govardhan, t., ii. 602, 635;
Nāth, Krishna, 635
Government, inefficiency of, i. 174;
representative, iii. 1552
Govinda, Krishna, ii. 998;
Govindgarh, t., ii. 807, 862, 889;
Singh, Rāēsalot, iii. 1397
Grahilot tribe, i. 99.
_See_ GUHILOT
Grain, measurement of, iii. 1562;
storage, 1563
Grants, books of, i. 160, 205;
to Brāhmans, ii. 644;
resumable, i. 191;
secular, duration of, i. 190;
form and substance of, i. 199
Grapes, introduction of, ii. 749
Grās, grāsda, a griffin-like figure, ii. 903
Grasses, ii. 1151, iii. 1308
Greek, auxiliaries, ii. 780;
artists, ii. 780, iii. 1762;
traces of, in Bīkaner, ii. 1134
Grīshma, the summer season, ii. 656
Groves, prohibition against cutting, ii. 600
Guāl Khand, Golkonda, iii. 1445, 1449
Gūga, Gugga, the hero, ii. 807, 843, 1027, iii. 1452
Guhilot tribe, i. Introd. xxxiii, 99, 252;
origin of name, i. 259;
descent of, i. 258, 266, ii. 1202;
sections, i. 101
Guinea-worm, iii. 1303
Gūjar tribe, i. 121, ii. 651
Gumān Singh, (1) of Kotah, iii. 1534;
(2) Hāra, 1792
Gurjara tribe, i. Introd. xxxi, 121
Gyānchandra, the Author’s Guru, i. 23, ii. 764, 1017,
1077
Haihaya tribe, i. 43, 47, 109, iii. 1442
Hair cutting, ii. 1080, 1219
Hakra, r., ii. 1134, 1166.
_See_ GHARA
Halbarār, a plough tax, i. 169, iii. 1725
Haldighāt, battle at, i. 393, iii. 1484
Halwad, t., i. 136, ii. 1022, iii. 1535
Hamilton, W., surgeon, i. 179, 468
Hamīr (1) Rāēsa, chronicle, iii. 1451;
(2) I. of Mewār, i. 312, 315;
II. of Mewār, 507
Hāmuji of Būndi, iii. 1470
Handmaids sent with brides, ii. 730
Handmarks, signatures, i. 419, 452;
made by Satis, i. Introd. xxxviii
Hānsi, t., iii. 1461
Hanumān, the monkey God, i. 163, 336;
gates, i. 336, ii. 779;
ancestor of Jaithwa tribe, i. 137;
his phylactery, ii. 723.
_See_ BAJRANG
Hāpa Rāj, iii. 1266
Hāra sept, i. 115, iii. 1441;
derivation of name, iii. 1441;
cenotaphs, iii. 1706, 1714;
legends of, iii. 1681;
gallantry, iii. 1605;
tutelary goddess, i. 163
Harāwal, the vanguard, i. 175, 356, ii. 975
Hārāwati, Harāoti, i. 115, iii. 1441
Harbong kā rāj, i. 361
Harbuji Sānkhla, i. 295, 327, 328, ii. 733,
804, 843
Harchand, (1) Harischandra, i. 42, ii. 886;
(2) of Kanauj, i. 286
Hardwār, t., i. 49, ii. 1082
Hare, not eaten, i. 91
Harikula, i. 37
Haripur, Heaven, ii. 636
Harsiddh Māta, worship of, ii. 681
Hārūnu-l-rashīd, the Caliph, i. 286
Hasan Khān, Mewāti, i. 357;
Lodi, I. 357
Hāsil, revenue, ii. 647, 1118, iii. 1566
Hastinapur, i. 49
Hastings, Marquess of, i. 3;
his Pindāri campaign, i. Introd. xxvi, iii. 1577;
his Rājput policy, i. 150
Hatheli, Hathleva, rite of joining hands in marriage, i. 331,
578, ii. 795, iii. 1807
Hatyāra, murderer, title of Uda Singh, I. 339
Head, refusal to bow, ii. 990;
shaving of, ii. 745
Hearsey, Gen. H. Y., i. 531
Hearth tax, ii. 1128, 1157, 1250
Heber, Bishop R., i. Introd. xxvii, 563, ii. 907, iii. 1737
Hemachandra, Hemāchārya, iii. 1355
Hide, of land, i. 156, 201