Many visitors, passengers in English vessels, called to see him.
Generally, but not always, he received them. Generally, but not always,
visitors so received went away converted into sympathetic friends,
sometimes enthusiastic partisans. Only a few days ago (April, 1901)
there died in London an aged man who, when a lad, saw the Emperor at
St. Helena. The boy had been fascinated; never ceased to recall the
placid countenance, gentle, sonorous voice, and wonderfully expressive
eye; and spoke of Napoleon with enthusiasm to the last.
If the world possessed a faithful record of Napoleon’s conversation
at St. Helena, no book would be more interesting, for he discoursed
freely on almost every subject of human interest, and on most topics he
touched he said something worth hearing. But we have only an imperfect,
fragmentary, unreliable record. Long conversations extending through
several hours, and jotted down by a secretary afterward, necessarily
lose most of their flavor. It would be a miracle if such a method of
reporting so rapid a talker as Napoleon were accurate.
On the subjects of death, religion, the soul, the hereafter, he is
differently reported,--or, rather, he held two lines of expression.
When thinking of political effect and the interests of his son, he
would of course remember the Catholic Church, its power, its creed,
and would say things which put him on the plane of the Concordat--the
restorer of religion, the believer in Christ. But when he was not
posing for effect, when he blurted out his real thoughts, all this
disappeared. He did not believe in the modern doctrine about the
soul, and scouted the idea of immortality. “When we are dead, my dear
Gourgaud, we are altogether dead.”
Again he would ask: “What is a soul? Where is the soul of a sleeper,
a madman, a babe?” In spite of that old-time pointing to the stars in
the heavens and the oft-quoted question which we are told dumfounded
the materialists, “Can you tell me who made all that?” Napoleon at
St. Helena proclaimed himself a materialist. Long before Darwin’s
great book appeared, Napoleon announced his belief in the principle
of evolution. His great difficulty in reconciling the dogma of a
benevolent and just God with the universe as it exists, was that the
facts seemed all against the dogma. In the days of his power he had
said scornfully, “God fights on the side of the heavy battalions;”
at St. Helena he declared that he could not believe in a just God
punishing and rewarding, for good people are always unfortunate and
scoundrels are always lucky. “Look at Talleyrand; he is sure to die
in his bed!” And so he did; and if the Pope’s blessing was a passport
to heaven, this most villanous of all Frenchmen reached heaven by
the best and shortest route. The manner in which the weak--no matter
how good--go down before the strong,--no matter how bad,--in human
affairs, as in the realms of animal life, staggered his belief in
the benevolence of the plan of creation. “Were I obliged to have a
religion, I would worship the Sun--the source of all life, the real god
of earth.”
“Why should punishment be eternal?” Why damn a man who was brought
into the world, not of his own will, and who was stamped with certain
qualities which almost inevitably determined his character and
conduct--why punish such a man with the eternal torments of hell
because of a few years of sin? What good could it accomplish to torture
poor human beings forever and forever? Would God _never_ grow sorry?
No? Then he was crueller than the savagest of the human race. Justice!
Could it be just to create men with certain passions, turn them loose
for a few years to see what they would do, and then when they had done
what the law of their nature made it almost inevitable that they would
do,--and what God knew they would do before he created them,--was it
just to burn these helpless wretches forever in the slow fires of hell?
Napoleon could not bring himself to think so.
He said that, when in Egypt, the sheiks had disturbed him considerably
by alleging that he was a pagan because he worshipped three gods. These
sheiks, with tantalizing persistence, maintained that God the Father,
God the Son, and God the Spirit made three gods. Of course Napoleon
endeavored to explain to these benighted Arabs that our three gods
were only one. The sheiks of Cairo, however, being men of primitive
mind and stubborn habit, would not open their eyes to the truth, and
they continued to say that Mahomet’s creed was better than Christ’s,
because Mahometans believe in one God, only. All other celestial beings
are angels, lower than God. Human beings, men born of women, may be
prophets, martyrs, sublimely missioned reformers, but they are not gods.
“As for me,” exclaimed Napoleon, on one occasion, “I do not believe in
the divinity of Christ. He was put to death like any other fanatic who
professed to be a prophet or a messiah. There were constantly people of
this kind.” As, indeed, there are. England crushed the last one in the
Soudan a few years ago.
The great sorrow of Napoleon in his captivity was the absence of his
wife and son. He believed, or pretended to believe, that Maria Louisa
was still faithful to him. He had been told of her shame, he had even
hotly denounced the infamous manner in which her father had put her
into the power of Neipperg, but with singular persistency he would
return to the idea that she yet loved him, and would join him if the
Allies would permit. He could not know that the mother of his child had
declared that she did not love him, and never had loved him.
* * * * *
A striking refrain, running through all the discussions of those acts
of his reign which had been under hottest fire, is this, “History
will do me justice.” Time and again, after stating his explanations,
reasons, motives, or justification, he comes back to the words,
“History will do me justice.”
Considering all the circumstances, the confidence was sublime. His was
a blasted name throughout the world. In France it was bad taste to
mention him. By formal enactment of combined Europe he was an outlaw,
beyond the pale of humanity, a pariah whom all were privileged to
stone. Only one newspaper of the free press of England had dared to
say a word for him when the government was making a prisoner out of a
man it had not captured; only two members of Parliament dared protest
against the wrong.
[Illustration: THE KING OF ROME
From the painting by Sir T. Lawrence]
In France his followers, Ney and Labédoyère, had been shot, and
Lavalette condemned. Reaction was rushing like an avalanche, and
sweeping all before it. Royalist Catholics were outdoing in the White
Terror the atrocities of the Red. Italy was her old self again, and
Murat had looked into the muzzles of the Bourbon muskets, and had
said, with the last flash of the old courage and pride, “Save my face,
aim at my heart--fire!” Every pander who could distort or create was
adding to the piles of books in which the Corsican monster was devoted
to damnation here and hereafter. Yet, in spite of all, the captive was
serenely at ease about his future.
“History will do me justice. My work will speak for itself. I shall
soon be gone; but what I did, and what I attempted, will live for
ages. My public improvements, my canals, harbors, roads, monuments,
churches, hospitals, my school system, my code, my organization of the
civil service, my system of finance, the manufactures that sprang up
at my touch, the arts and sciences encouraged, the libraries founded,
the triumphs of democracy which I organized and made permanent--these
are my witnesses, and to posterity they will testify. Your Wellingtons
and your Metternichs may dam the stream of liberal ideas, checking the
current for the time; but the torrent will be only the stronger when it
breaks.
“From the passions of to-day, I appeal to the sober judgment of
to-morrow. Future generations will remember my intentions, consider my
difficulties, and judge me leniently.”
This superb confidence sustained him so buoyantly that he was never
more imperial in his pose than at St. Helena. When Lowe threatened to
have his room forcibly entered each day in order that the jailer might
know his prisoner was still there, the indomitable Corsican said, “I’ll
kill the first man that tries it!” and before that courage of despair
even Hudson Lowe drew back. When England demanded his sword, he had
placed his hand upon it and looked the British officer in the eye with
an expression that could not be misunderstood. The brave and generous
Lord Keith, more chivalrous than his government, bowed to his captive,
and retired without the sword.
“Let him” (Lowe) “send all my friends away, if he will; let him plant
sentinels at the doors and windows, and give me nothing but bread and
water: I care not. My soul is free. I am as independent as when I was
at the head of six hundred thousand men; as free as when I gave laws to
Europe!”
Mr. Taine with painstaking malevolence traces Napoleon back to Cæsar
Borgia; but this granite formation of character was not Italian, it
was Corsican. The spirit which here nerved the solitary captive to
brave a world in arms was not that of his Italian father who bent the
courtier’s knee to the conquerors of his country; it was that of his
Corsican mother, whose firmness of character resisted all fears and all
temptations. In Napoleon, Italy may have reached her highest type; but
in him, also, Corsica saw the last and the greatest of the heroic race
of Sampiero.
“The atmosphere of modern ideas stifles the old feudalists, for
henceforth nothing can destroy or deface the grand principles of our
revolution. These great truths can never cease to exist. Created in
the French Tribune, cemented by the blood of battles, adorned by the
laurels of victory, hailed by the acclamations of the people, they
can never be turned backward. They live in Great Britain, illuminate
America, they are nationalized in France. Behold the tripod from whence
issues the light of the world! They will yet triumph. They will be the
faith, the religion, the morality of all peoples, and this era will
be connected with my name. For, after all, I kindled the torch and
consecrated the principle, and now persecution makes me the Messiah
of those principles. Friends and foes must acknowledge that of these
principles I am the chief soldier, the grand representative. Thus, when
I am in my grave, I shall still be, for the people, the polar star of
their rights. My name will be the war-cry of their efforts.”
Scores of other quotations might be made to the same effect, and they
go far to explain why modern liberalism regarded Napoleon as The Man.
He grew to hate democracy? Yes. He crushed opposition to his will
rigorously, pitilessly? Yes. He stifled free speech and smothered
representative government? Yes. He was more despotic than any Bourbon?
Yes. Then how dared he predict that his name would become the war-cry
of the people in their struggle for civil rights?
Because he knew that posterity would see at work, within the body of
his despotism, the spirit of democracy. He knew that with his system
of civil and social equality, and the absolute privilege of every
citizen, however humbly born, to rise to the loftiest positions, no
real despotism could be possible; and that history would say so. When
he, the Emperor, chosen by the people, stood up in his carriage on the
streets of Paris and pointed out to his Austrian bride the window of
the room in which he had lodged when he came up from Brienne,--a poor
boy with his career to make,--his pride in pointing to that mile-post
on the toilsome route of his promotion was that of all self-made men,
was that of the man who scorns to win where he has not fought, was that
of the robust conqueror who wants nothing for which he has not paid the
price of manly effort.
It was the same spirit which flashed out of him when Metternich
presented from the Emperor of Austria, in 1809, the proofs that he was
descended from the nobility of Florence.
“I will have none of such tomfoolery. My patent of nobility dates from
the battle of Montenotte!”
It was the same spirit which moved him to chide Duroc, his beloved
Duroc, when that highest officer of the palace had been rude to
Constant, the valet, Constant being in tears about it.
The same spirit was on him when he stopped to talk with poor Toby,
the Malay slave of St. Helena, and to give him money; the same when
he rebuked Madame Balcombe, who with angry voice ordered some heavily
burdened slaves to give way to her, in a steep, narrow path,--“Respect
the burden, Madame!”
Thought, feelings, deeds like these are not born in hearts barren
of human sympathy, dead to the sense of fraternity, or alien to the
sentiment which inspires the mystic to strive for the good of all.
* * * * *
Bertrand states that after 1820 Napoleon was a confirmed invalid.
Sitting in his chair, clad in dressing-gown, he spent the days reading,
being no longer able to work or dictate.
“What a delightful thing rest is. The bed has become for me a place of
luxury. How fallen am I. Once my activity was boundless; my mind never
slumbered; I sometimes dictated to four or five secretaries, who wrote
as fast as words could be uttered. But then I was Napoleon. Now I am
nothing. I am sunk into a stupor, I can hardly raise my eyelids, my
faculties forsake me. I do not live; I merely exist.”
Through March and April, 1821, he was slowly dying, and suffering
torments from his ailment--cancer of the stomach. His patience and his
kindness to those around him were perfect.
On one of the last days of April he said to Montholon, early in the
morning on awakening from sleep: “I have just seen the good Josephine.
I reached out my arms to embrace her, and she disappeared. She was
seated there. It seemed to me that I had seen her yesterday evening.
She is not changed; she loves me yet. Did you see her?”
Burning fever and delirium marked these final days; but in the lucid
intervals he was calm, fearless, and thoughtful for the friends about
him. On May 4 Bertrand asked him if he would have a priest. “No, I
want no man to teach me how to die.” Nevertheless, he accepted the
usual clerical services. And the picture of a densely ignorant and
dull-minded priest, taking possession of Napoleon Bonaparte, hearing
his confessions and granting him heavenly passports, is one of those
things which makes the vocabulary of amazement seem to need enlargement
and intensification.
It would not, perhaps, be difficult to explain why Napoleon, in his
last illness, accepted the services of a priest, and died in the arms
of the Church; but it puzzles one to understand why he embalmed in
his Will his delusion as to Maria Louisa. He had long known of her
infidelity, he received no line or message from her during the whole
time of his captivity; yet he speaks of her in his will as though she
had ever been the true and loving wife. Was this done from personal
pride? Or did he do it for the sake of his son? Both motives may have
influenced him, especially the latter.
A storm was raging over the island on May 4. “The rain fell in
torrents, and a fierce gale howled over the drenched crags of St.
Helena. Napoleon’s favorite willow was torn up by the roots, and every
tree he had planted at Longwood was blown down.
“The night was very bad,” says Montholon. “Toward two o’clock delirium
set in, accompanied by nervous contractions. Twice I thought I heard
the words, _France--armée--tête d’armée--Josephine_, at the same time
the Emperor sprang from the bed, in spite of my efforts to restrain
him. His strength was so great that he threw me down, heavily falling
to the floor.”
Others, hearing the noise, ran in, and the Emperor was put back
upon the bed, where he became calm again. At six in the morning the
death-rattle was heard. As Montholon approached the bed, the dying man
made a sign that he wanted water. He was past swallowing; his thirst
could only be allayed by a sponge pressed to his lips. He then lay all
day with his eyes fixed, seemingly in deep meditation. As the sun was
setting, he died--the evening gun of the English fort booming across
the sea as his life went out.
“Ah,” said Marchand, “he died in the arms of victory! He called for
Desaix, Lannes, Duroc. I heard him order up the artillery, and then he
cried: ‘Deploy the eagles! Onward!’”
“I shall never forget,” says Stewart, “Marshal Bertrand coming out of
the room and announcing, in a hollow voice, ‘The Emperor is dead,’ the
last word being accompanied by a deafening peal of thunder.”
Napoleon had made his preparations for death with the composure of an
ancient pagan. He had given minute instructions to all about him as to
their duties when he should be gone, and had directed an autopsy of his
body in order that the true character of his disease might be known,
for the benefit of his son. He inquired of the young priest whether
he knew how to arrange the death chapel; and he dictated the form of
notice which should be sent Sir Hudson Lowe when he, Napoleon, should
be dead. In his Will, written by his own hand, he set out an elaborate
list of legacies, including those who had befriended his boyhood, and
those who had been loyal to him in the days of his power, as well as
those whose fidelity had been the comfort of his captivity and dying
hours. From his mother and nurse to his teachers and schoolfellows, his
companions-in-arms and the children of those who had died in battle
at his side, to the Old Guard and the faithful few at St. Helena, he
swelled the debt of gratitude, and honored himself in remembering
others. In regard to this Will, it may be of interest to state that
only a small portion of the vast assets Napoleon claimed to have left
in Europe could be found by his executors, and that during the second
Empire the State voted $1,600,000 toward the unpaid legacies.
Given the funeral of a general officer, his unmarked coffin was borne
by soldiers down into the little valley, where was the willow, under
which he often rested, and the spring whose waters had so refreshed him
in the fever of his long decline. Here he was buried, May 8, 1821.
* * * * *
One day, at St. Helena, there was a stormy interview between prisoner
and jailer, between Napoleon and Sir Hudson Lowe. The book from
Hobhouse had been kept by the governor, and this and many other things
the captive resented.
“I detained the book because it was addressed to the _Emperor_,” said
Lowe.
“And who gave _you_ the right to dispute that title?” cried Napoleon,
indignantly.
“In a few years your Lord Castlereagh and all the others, and you
yourself, will be buried in the dust of oblivion; or, if your names be
remembered at all, it will be only on account of the indignity with
which you have treated me; but the Emperor Napoleon will continue
forever the subject, the ornament of history, and the star of civilized
nations. Your libels are of no avail against me. You have expended
millions on them; what have they produced? Truth pierces through the
clouds; it shines like the sun, and like the sun it cannot perish!”
To which proud boast, Sir Hudson Lowe replied, as he records, “You make
me smile, sir.”
Sir Hudson may have smiled then, and may have kept on smirking as
long as Napoleon lived. Nothing seemed less likely than that the
prophetic words of the prisoner would come true. But there came a time
when Sir Hudson did not smile. When death had released the prisoner,
and the faithful companions of his years of misery went home and
told their story,--O’Meara in England, Las Casas and Montholon in
France,--Sir Hudson did not smile; for all Europe rang with his name,
and all generous hearts condemned him. He turned to British courts for
vindication, and did not get it. He applied to the English ministers
for high, permanent employment and liberal pension, and he got neither
the one nor the other. Young Las Casas invited him to fight, and he
did not fight. He dropped into a contempt which was so deep and so
universal that even Wellington, in effect, turned his back upon the
creature he had used, having no further need for just such a man.
“You make me smile, sir,” said amused Sir Hudson, when the shabbily
clad, prematurely decrepit man, standing on the hearth of his dismal
room, prophesied his political resurrection and his final triumph over
his enemies. Had Castlereagh heard, he also would have smiled, not
foreseeing that ghastly climax to political prostitution, when, after
a lifetime of truckling to royalism, and of doing its foulest work, he
should find the whole world turn black, should cut his own throat, and
be followed to his tomb by the hoots of an English mob!
Wellington, too, would have been amused at hearing the prisoner’s
prophecy; would have thought Napoleon insane, not foreseeing the
perilous times in England when the progress of liberalism would break
the line of his Tory opposition; would win triumphs for reform in
spite of his threat that he would have his dragoons “sharp grind their
sabres as at Waterloo.” With the windows of his London home smashed
by a British mob, with millions of liberals shouting demands for
better laws, so fiercely that even Wellington gave up trust in those
sharp-ground swords, there came a day when the Iron Duke may have
remembered the prophet of St. Helena, and read the words again--without
the smile.
“In a few years you and all the others will be buried in the dust of
oblivion; but the Emperor will live forever, the ornament of history,
the star of civilized nations!”
It was a proud boast, and proudly has time made it good. In a few years
the Bourbons had played out their shabby parts on the throne of France,
and had gone into final and hopeless exile, “unwept, unhonored, and
unsung.”
Liberalism had risen from defeats, and made its will supreme. Both in
England and in France the Old Order had passed away, principles more
enlightened prevailed. A new day had dawned, not cloudless nor free
from storm, but better and brighter than 1815 or 1821. In the year of
our Lord 1840, the thought of the two great nations turned to the grave
at St. Helena. France asked, and England gave--whom? The Emperor! Not
“Bonaparte” nor “General Bonaparte,” save in the minds of the very
small and the exceedingly venomous; but Napoleon, “the Emperor and
king.”
The grave at St. Helena was opened; the perfectly preserved face,
beautiful in death, uncovered amid sighs and tears; and then the body,
taken away to be entombed “upon the banks of the Seine in the midst
of the people I have so much loved,” was received on board a royal
ship, by a prince of the Bourbon house of Orleans, with masts squared,
flags flying, cannon booming, drums beating, and every note of triumph
swelling the pomp of that imperial reception. With a vast outpouring of
the people, France welcomed the greatest Frenchman home.
“Truth cuts through the clouds; shines like the sun; and like the sun
it is immortal!” Sublime confidence, sublimely justified!
“You make me smile, sir,” said Lowe; but that was many years since. It
is 1840 now, and Napoleon’s turn has come.
From king to peasant, all France starts up to meet her returning
hero. He comes back to a throne which none dispute. He comes back to
a dominion no Marmont can betray. Allied kings will league themselves
in vain to break that imperial supremacy. No Talleyrand or Fouché or
Bourmont can find for treachery a leverage to overthrow that majestic
power. No. It is secure in a realm which envy and malice and ignoble
passion may invade, but cannot conquer. It has linked itself with
things immortal; and for this imperial career and fame there can be no
death.
Let Cherbourg’s thousand guns salute! Let triumphal arches span the
Seine as he passes on his way! Let hill and slope and river bank hold
their gazing hosts! Let flowers and garlands shower down on the bier
from every bridge. Let aged peasants drop on reverent knees, fire the
old musket in humble salute, and then cover the weeping faces with
trembling hands! Cold is this December day; but winter cannot chill
this vast enthusiasm. From the quay, where the funeral barge moors, to
the Church of the Invalides, where the tomb waits, a million people
throng the route. Streets, avenues, squares, balconies, windows, roofs,
trees--all are full of people. Cannons, drums, military bands, the
tramp of men and war-horses, the glitter of endless lines of soldiers,
the songs which rouse the passions and the memories, the shouts of
dense crowds stirred by electrical emotions--all these mark this
December day as the gorgeous funeral car bears Napoleon to his final
rest. There is the white war-horse, not Marengo, but one like him; and
upon the horse is the saddle and the bridle Napoleon had used. There
are his old Marshals Moncey, and Soult, and Oudinot; there is Bertrand
and Gourgaud and Las Casas, the faithful companions of his long exile.
But above all there are the relics of his ancient wars to come weeping
around the bier; and there is a remnant of his Old Guard to march with
him to his tomb. Oh, the magic of the mighty dead! No freezing December
air can keep down the fervor which makes the great city ring with cries
of “Live the Emperor!”
Sixteen black horses, plumed and draped, draw the lofty funeral
car over which lies the purple velvet robe, and in which is the
coffin--marked, at last, in letters of gold, “Napoleon.” Princes of
the Church come forth to meet the body; a king and his court and the
proudest notables of France wait within to receive it.
“The Emperor!” cries the herald at the door; and the brilliant assembly
rises, as one man, and makes the reverent bow to the dead man who
enters.
Over all is the spell of a master spirit; over all the spell of a
deathless past.
The sword of Austerlitz is handed to King Louis Philippe by Soult;
and the King gives it to the faithful Bertrand; and Bertrand lays it,
reverently, upon his master’s coffin. The awful stillness of the great
temple is broken by the sobs of gray-haired soldiers.
With a grand _Requiem_ chant, the funeral ends; but the silent
procession of mourners coming in endless lines to view the coffin
lasts more than a week, bringing people from all parts of France, from
Belgium, and from other lands.
Nor has that procession ended yet. Around the great man, lying there in
his splendid tomb, with his marshals near him and the battle-flags he
made famous drooping about him, still flows the homage of the world.
The steps of those who travel, like the thoughts of those who are
students of human affairs, turn from the four quarters of the earth to
the tomb of this mightiest of men.
His impress lies upon France forever, in her laws, her institutions,
her individual and national life; but his empire does not stop with
France,--is cramped by no “natural limits” of Rhine and Alps and
Pyrenees.
By force of genius and of character, by superior fitness to do great
things, he was the chief usurper of his time. He is the usurper
yet, and for the same reasons. He did the work kings ought to have
done,--doing it in spite of the kings. He does it yet, in spite of the
kings.
His hand, as organizer of the Revolution, which was greater even than
he, is at the loom where the life-garments of nations are woven. Listen
to this voice, coming out of Italy: “Within the space of ten years we
had made [under Napoleon] more progress than our ancestors had done
in three centuries. We had acquired the French civil, criminal, and
commercial codes; we had abolished the feudal system, and justice
was administered with improved methods.” So wrote General Pépé; and
what he said of Italy was equally true of every other portion of
Continental Europe which had come under the imperial sway. It was this
work Napoleon was doing from the very first day he grasped the reins
of power; it was this work the allied kings dreaded; it was this work
they meant to stop.
In that he strove for himself and his dynasty, Napoleon failed
miserably, for to that extent he betrayed his trust, was false to his
mission, wandered from the road. But so far as his toil was for others,
for correct principles, for better laws, better conditions, productive
of happier homes and better men and women, he did not fail. No Leipsic
or Waterloo could destroy what was best in his career: no William Pitt
could pile up sufficient gold to bribe into the field kings strong
enough to chain peoples as they had once been chained. In vain was
Metternich’s Holy Alliance, his armed resistance to liberal ideas; his
savage laws, his inhuman dragoonings:--the immortal could not be made
to die.
INDEX
A
Abensberg, battle of, 440.
Aboukir, battle of, 219–220.
Acre, siege of, 215.
“Act Additional”--amendment to Constitution, 1814, 637–639.
Adige, French defence, 156–167.
Ajaccio--
Birthplace of Napoleon, 17.
Paoli, _see that title_.
Reception of Napoleon, 1799, 230–232.
Revolutionary movements, 1789, 49–60.
[_See also_ Corsica.]
Alexander, Czar of Russia--
Erfurth conference, 428.
Successor of Paul, 291.
Vienna Congress, 620–623.
[_See also_ Russia.]
Alexandria taken by Napoleon, 203.
Alps crossed, 1800, 280.
Alvinczy, General, defeated by Napoleon, 162–168.
Amiens, Peace of, 293;
ruptured, 312.
Amnesty to political offenders during Consulate, 258.
Ancients, council of, _see_ Council of Ancients.
André, Abbé d’, rumors as to movements of Napoleon at Elba, 624–625.
Antommarchi, death mask of Napoleon, 388.
Aragon, aid in Corsican struggle for independence, 3, 4.
Arcis on the Aube, battle of, 576.
Army of France--
Creation of new army by Napoleon, 1800, 279–282;
1813, 506.
Destruction in Russia, retreat from Moscow, 1812, 493–499, 504.
Napoleon in--
Commander, 112–114, 126.
Loss of position, name struck from list of generals, 60–64, 104.
Western transfer, order evaded, 94–96, 104.
Reorganization by Napoleon, 264, 636.
Artois, Count of, conspiracy against Napoleon, 317–328.
Aspern, battle of, 442–443, 450.
Aube River crossing, incident, 572.
Aubrey--
Exile, 258, 259.
Napoleon transferred to army of the West, 95, 96.
Auerstädt, battle of, 362, 364.
Augereau, General--
_Coup d’état_ of 18th Brumaire, 245, 251.
Directory supported by, during royalist movement, 182–184, 236.
Italian campaign, 162–164, 168.
Austerlitz, battle of, 347, 349.
Austria--
1793, French booty, bargain with England, 83.
1796, Napoleon’s Italian Campaign, 144–186.
1799–1800, operations in Italy, peace of Lunéville, 224, 279–290.
1805, coalition of powers, defeat at Austerlitz, 339–347, 355–357.
1809, renewal of war, Wagram, etc., 439–449.
1812, ally of France, 476, 477.
1813, rising in Germany, mediation offered, 507–521, 554–556.
1813–15, coalition of powers and fall of Napoleon, 523–648.
1814, Vienna Congress, 620–623.
Secret treaty with Napoleon alleged, 623, 639.
[_See also_ Charles, Archduke, and Francis, Emperor.]
Avignon, Girondin revolt, 70, 71.
B
Barras, General--
Character, and misgovernment as Director, 125–128.
Directory, movement against, and fall of, 106, 182, 237–247.
_Memoirs_ of Napoleon, 82.
Bassano, peace treaty, 1814, 571.
“Battle of the Nations,” 1813, 534.
Bautzen, battle of, 510.
Bavaria--
Deserts Napoleon in 1813, 534, 537, 541.
Refusal to enter coalition against France, 1806, 349.
Baylen, capitulation of, 427.
Bayonne, Napoleon at, 419–421.
Beauharnais, Eugène--
Jaffa massacre, 213.
Moscow retreat, 491, 494.
Viceroy of Italy, 336.
Beauharnais, Josephine, _see_ Josephine.
Beauharnais, Stephanie, dancing anecdote, 32.
Beaulieu, Austrian general, defeated by Napoleon, 144, 154, 155, 159.
_Bellerophon_, British ship, Napoleon sent to St. Helena, 672, 673.
Bennigsen, Russian general, campaign against Napoleon, 381–383.
Bentinck, Lord, duplicity of, 563.
Beresina, crossed by French troops, 1812, 497–499.
Berg, Grand Duchy of, created, 1806, 351.
Berlin--
Entered by Napoleon, 1806, 366–369.
March abandoned, 1813, 533–534.
Berlin Decree, 369–371, 416.
Bernadotte, General--
Desertion of Napoleon, 1812–14, 475, 526, 538, 566–573.
Italian campaign, 175, 176.
Norway transferred to Swedish dominion, 623.
Policy, 18th Brumaire, 243, 248, 249.
Sweden, Prince-Royal of, 1810, 463–465.
Berthier, General--
Austrian campaign, 1809, mismanagement, 439, 440.
Commander-in-chief of army in Italy, 1800, 280.
Desertion of Napoleon, 1814, 592–594.
Metternich’s interview with Napoleon, 1813, 517.
Bessières, commander of Imperial Guard, 155;
death of, 526.
Blücher, Prussian general--
Germany, rising in, 1813, 509.
Hostilities of 1813, battle of Leipsic, etc., 527, 533, 535.
War of 1814–15, battle of Waterloo, etc., 566–577, 648–671.
Bohemia, Congress of Prague, 521–523, 545.
Bonaparte, Caroline, wife of Murat, Berg, Grand Duchy of, created
1806, 350–351.
Treachery of, 562, 563.
Bonaparte, Charles, father of Napoleon, 19–27, 41.
Bonaparte, Jerome, king of Westphalia, _see_ Westphalia.
Bonaparte, Joseph--
Italy, crown refused, 336.
Naples, King of, 350, 421.
President of Council of Regency in Paris, betrayal of Napoleon,
1814, 564, 575, 578–579.
Spain, King of, 421.
Complaint of interference of Napoleon, 435.
Driven from throne, 430, 564.
Bonaparte, Letitia R., mother of Napoleon, 19–21.
Absence at coronation, 333.
Life at Elba, 605, 624.
Bonaparte, Louis--
Holland, king of, 350.
Complaint as to interference of Napoleon, 435.
Vacates throne, 462–464.
Maintenance and ingratitude during boyhood, 53, 57.
Bonaparte, Lucien--
Pamphlet issued by, 289.
President of Council of Five Hundred on 18th Brumaire, 235, 252–253.
Refuses bribe offered by Napoleon, 351.
Bonaparte, Napoleon, _see_ Napoleon.
Bonaparte, Pauline, Life at Elba, 603, 605, 624.
Borodino, battle of, 483.
Bourbon restoration, 1814, 583–586, 598–627.
Bourmont, rise and treason in army of Napoleon, 649.
Bourrienne--
Anecdotes of Napoleon, 27, 218, 220, 235, 242, 255, 283.
Betrayal of Napoleon, 552.
Brienne--
College, unpopularity of Napoleon, 26–33.
Visit to, 1804, 334.
War of 1814, 335, 568.
Brougham, Lord, anecdote of Napoleon, 405.
Brueys, French admiral, defeat by Nelson, 208.
Brumaire, _coup d’état_ of 18th Brumaire, 241–255.
Brunswick, Duke of, wounded at Auerstädt, 364.
Busca, Cardinal, French campaign, 170.
Bussey, schoolmate of Napoleon, 31, 32, 593.
Buttafuoco, Corsican representative in France, Napoleon’s “open
letter,” 52, 53, 54.
C
Cadoudal conspiracy, 318–328.
Caffarelli, General, French capture of Malta, 202.
Cairo--
March to, 203.
Retreat, 217–219.
Revolt, war principles of Napoleon, 211.
Cambacérès, consul, opposition to arrest of Duke d’Enghien, 324.
Cambronne, royalist commander, return of Napoleon from Elba, 1814, 630.
Campo Formio, treaty of, 178–187.
Cannes, landing of Napoleon from Elba, 1814, 626, 629.
Carnot, _Memoirs_ of, 646, 668.
Carraccioli, Admiral, murder of, 225, 226.
Carteaux, abandonment of Toulon command to Napoleon, 73–78.
Castlereagh, Lord, Vienna Congress, 1814, 620.
Caulaincourt--
Abdication of Napoleon, 588–589.
Peace negotiations, 1813–14, 570–571.
Cavour, statecraft policy, confession, 374.
Censorship of the Press, 1814, 614.
Ceracchi conspiracy, 288.
Cervoni, Corsican general, Napoleon and Toulon, 75, 76.
_Champ de Mai_, 1815, 641.
Champ-Aubert, battle of, 569.
Charles, Archduke of Austria--
Austerlitz defeat, treaty of Presburg, 344, 347.
Defeat of Jourdan and Masséna, 224.
Italian campaign, defeated by Napoleon, 162, 175–177.
Opinion of Napoleon, 1814, 6.
Renewal of war, 1809, 439–449.
Charles, Captain Hypolite, and Josephine, 193, 209, 235.
Charles IV. of Spain, abdication, 418–419, 425.
“Charter,” issued and violated by Louis XVIII, 1814, 601, 612–618.
Châtillon Peace Congress, 570.
Chinese massacres, comparison with Jaffa massacre, etc., 215, 218.
Choiseul, French minister, purchase of Corsica, 14, 15, 26.
Church, Concordat of 1801, 302–309, 453.
Church atrocities, Bourbon restoration, 1814, 614–619.
Cisalpine Republic--
Creation of, 195.
Italian Republic formed, 329.
Reorganization, 286.
Coalitions of European powers--
1793, 83, 115–121.
1798, peace of Lunéville, 222–290.
1805, Austerlitz, peace of Presburg, 339–347.
1806, Jena, Treaty of Tilsit, 355–385.
1813, Dresden, etc., 523–582.
Armistice, 511–556.
Desperate position of Napoleon, 525–526, 548–553.
Determination of Allies to crush Napoleon, 554–557.
Support of nation weakened by illegitimacy of Napoleon’s
kingdom, 548–549.
1814–15, 635–670.
[_See also_ names of Powers, England, Russia, etc.]
Cobentzel, Austrian diplomat, Campo Formio treaty, 184–187.
Cockburn, Sir George, treatment of Napoleon during voyage to St.
Helena, 677–678.
Codification of laws--the Code Napoléon, 300–302, 412, 413.
Commercial war, _see_ Continental system.
Concordat, work of the First Consul, 302–309, 453.
Confederation of the Rhine--
Formation, 350, 352.
Overthrow, 544.
Prussian army against, 364.
Rising in Germany, 1813, 509, 510.
Constant, valet of Napoleon, anecdotes, 390, 400, 456, 457, 458, 466,
468, 488, 507, 526, 531, 534, 538, 561, 565, 575, 594, 596.
Constitution, _see_ Consulate, Empire, Republic, etc.
Consulate--Napoleon as First Consul, 257–271, 280.
Life tenure of consulship, 310.
Peace overtures during, 275–278.
Reforms in the republic, 256–273, 295–302.
Continental system, 369–371, 385, 416.
Holland, aid to Great Britain in violating system, 436.
Tilsit treaty with Russia, violation, 470–478.
Convention, adjournment and new Constitution, 104–112.
Corsica--
Ajaccio, _see that title_.
British occupation, failure of French expedition, 92–94.
British withdrawal, 1796, 195.
Description, situation, etc., 1.
Early patriotism of Napoleon, 24–30.
Incorporation with France, organization of governments, 1789, 50, 51.
History of foreign supremacy and struggle for independence, 1–16.
Napoleon’s activity in favor of French Revolution, 49–52.
Napoleon’s ambition to achieve independence of Corsica, 45, 64.
National Guard election, arrest of French commissioner, 58, 59.
Paoli, _see that title_.
“Corsican ogre,” name given to Napoleon, 419, 466.
Corunna, battle of, 433.
Council of Ancients, fall of the Directory, 18th Brumaire, 241–251.
Council of Five Hundred--
Directory, fall of, 18th Brumaire, 241–253.
Lucien Bonaparte, deputy and president, 235, 252–253.
Councils, removal of, 236–241.
Craonne, battle of, 575.
Cumberland, Duke of, massacre of Highlanders after Culloden, 214.
Czernischeff, Russian general, spy on French army, 1812, 474.
D
Danube--
Cession of provinces to Russia, 1808, 429.
Crossed by French forces, 1809, 441–446.
War between Russia and Turkey, 1812, 473, 475, 481.
D’Argenteau, Napoleon’s victory of Montenotte, 138–140.
Daru, coalition of 1813, 524–525.
Davidovitch, defeat of, 161–168.
Davoust, French general--
Austrian campaign, 1809, Wagram, 440–448.
Berlin, entry into, 1806, 366.
Campaign of 1814, Napoleon’s error in overlooking Davoust, 648, 657.
Defeat of Prussian forces, 362.
Moscow retreat, 494.
De Barrin--French Revolution, Napoleon’s movements, 49, 50.
Dejean, General, messenger to Joseph Bonaparte, fall of Paris,
1814, 578–579.
Della Rocca, A., G., and R., Corsican struggle, 3, 5.
D’Enghien, Duke, execution of, 322–327.
Denmark, British seizure of fleet, 415–416.
D’Erlon, mistake at Ligny, 652–653.
Des Mazis, aid to Napoleon, 101.
Desaix, death of, 285.
Desgenettes, surgeon of French army in Egypt, 218.
Directory--
Napoleon’s success and power feared, 147, 193, 194.
Misgovernment under Barras and others, 123–125, 135.
Organization of, 112.
Supported by Napoleon during royalist insurrection, 182–184.
Weakness and overthrow of, 236–255, 273.
Djezzar, Napoleon’s campaign in Egypt, 213, 216–217.
Dolgorouki, demands surrender of Italy, etc. from Napoleon, 344.
Doria, S., Corsican struggle, 7.
Dresden--
Battle of, 1813, 527–532.
Conferences, 1812, 1813, 476–479, 516–519.
Dubois de Crancé, warning to Directory against Napoleon, 243, 246.
Dugomier, General, siege of Toulon, 78.
Dumas--reforms by Napoleon, 1814, 636.
Dumont, J., recognition by Napoleon, 1814, 603.
Duroc, General, death of, 526.
Dutch delegation, congratulations on Jena victory, 379–380.
E
Eckmühl, battle of, 440, 441.
Education reform during Consulate, 295, 298.
Egypt--
British conquest, 292.
French invasion, 199–227.
Napoleonic improvements, 207, 411.
Religious observances, 206, 689.
Elba, Napoleon’s exile--
Departure for, 596.
Journey, 601–602;
landing, 605.
Life at, 605–610.
Return of Napoleon, 623–628.
Political position in France, 627.
Reception in France, 623–636.
War with Allies, 635, 639–640.
Terms of Treaty of Fontainebleau, 595, 608.
Elbe, concentration of French forces, 1813, 530, 533.
Elchingen, battle of, 341.
Elster bridge, French retreat, 1813, 538, 540.
Émigrés, release of, 258, 587.
Empire, French--
Dreams of empire, 305.
Napoleon proclaimed Emperor, coronation, 331–333;
anniversary of coronation, 346.
Enghien, Duke d’, execution of, 322–327.
England--
Austerlitz, battle of, consternation at result of, 349.
Coalitions, 1793, 83, 115–121;
1798, 222;
1805, 339;
1813, 523;
1814, 566;
1815, 648.
Continental system, _see that title_.
Corsica, occupation of, 92–94;
withdrawal, 195.
Danish fleet seized by, 415–416.
Egypt and Malta taken, 292, 312.
Encouragement to Austria to war against France, 290, 439.
French Invasion of England, 1805, preparations and defeat of
Napoleon, 339–340.
Napoleon’s hatred of, 83–85.
Nelson, _see that title_.
Newspaper abuse of Napoleon, 314.
Northern confederation against, treaty of Tilsit, 385.
Peace offered by Napoleon, and rejected, 275–277, 339, 430.
Portugal, British defeat of French, 427.
St. Helena, Napoleon as prisoner of war, 672–676.
Vienna Congress, 1814, dispute as to division of territory, 620–623.
War declared, 1804, seizures of French property, 315.
War loans and paper currency, 353.
Waterloo, battle of, 660–667.
Wellington, _see that title_.
Enzersdorf, battle of, 446.
Erfurth conference, 428.
Essling, battle of, 442.
Eylau, battle of, 381.
F
Ferdinand of Naples, entry into Rome, 1798, 222, 223.
Ferdinand of Spain--
Disputes with Charles IV, 418–419, 425.
Proclaimed king of Spain, surrender of crown to Napoleon, 418–421.
Release refused, 1813, 558;
granted, 1814, 612, 613.
Financial reforms, 297, 352–354.
First Consul, _see_ Consulate.
Five Hundred, Council of, _see_ Council of Five Hundred.
Fleury, Cardinal, Corsican struggle, 12.
Fontainebleau--
Abdication of Napoleon, 1814, 588–594.
Conference with Pope, 1813, 508.
Departure for Elba, 1814, 596.
Napoleon at, 1814, news of fall of Paris, 581, 583.
Fontainebleau, Treaty of, terms and violation of, 595, 606–608.
Fouché--
Betrayal of Napoleon, 553.
Provisional government after Waterloo, 668–670.
Fox, British ministry, 1806, 359, 363.
Francis, Emperor of Austria--
Centre of Austrian loyalty, 549.
Conduct regarding Maria Louisa, 606, 607.
Frankfort proposals, insincerity of, 555–562.
Frederick the Great, tomb of, sash and sword taken by Napoleon, 368, 369.
Frederick, King of Prussia, centre of Prussian loyalty, 548.
French revolution--
Foreign intervention feared, 1791, 56.
Napoleon sides with nation, activity in Corsica, 47–52.
Swiss defence and Westermann attack, Napoleon’s attitude, 61–63.
Valence ceremonies, new oath of allegiance, 1791, 55.
Friedland, battle of, 383.
Fructidor, _coup d’état_ of, 183, 258.
Fulton steamboat invention, 402.
G
Gaffori, Corsican chief, fall of, 13.
Gap, return of Napoleon from Elba, 1814, 630.
Genoa--
Annexation to France, 1804, 338.
Corsican struggle, 2–14.
Disturbances, 1796, 156.
Napoleon’s mission in, 1794, 88.
George IV. of England, Napoleon’s appeal for British protection,
1815, 674.
Georges conspiracy, 318–328, 417.
Germany--
Aid to Corsica, 10.
Confederation of the Rhine, _see that title_.
Hatred of French principles by feudal powers, origin of Prussian
war, 364.
Redistribution of lands, 329–331.
Rising against France, 1813, 506–522, 543–545.
Giampolo, Corsican independence, 5.
Girondin revolt, 70, 71.
Godoy, Spanish minister, fall of, 417–421.
Gohier, fall of the Directory, 239–247.
Gourgand, General, complaints of neglect, 569.
Government of France--
Legislative body, _see that title_.
Louis XVIII, _see that title_.
Provisional government, 1815, 667–671.
Reorganizations, 256–273, 636–641.
[_See also_ Consulate, Directory, etc.]
Great Britain, _see_ England.
Great St. Bernard, crossed 1800, 280.
Grenoble, reception of Napoleon in 1814, 630–631.
Grenville, Lord, Napoleon’s peace overtures, 276.
Grossbeeren, battle of, 530.
Grouchy, conduct of, 1814–15, 648–667.
Guadamara mountains, crossed, 1808, 432.
H
Hanau, battle of, 542.
Hanover, ceded to Prussia, 1806, 357, 359, 363.
Hatzfeldt, Prince, treachery of, 367.
Haugwitz, Prussian envoy to Napoleon, 357.
Hautefort, Marquis de--Thellusson ball, 133.
Heilsberg, battle of, 383.
Helvetic republic established, 222.
Hinton, sailor on board the _Undaunted_, 604–605.
Hobhouse, writings of, 642, 682.
Hoche, General--
Directory, support to, 182.
Italian campaign, 177.
Hohenlinden, Moreau’s victory, 290.
Hohenlohe, Prussian general, defeated at Jena, 361.
Holland, monarchy under Louis Bonaparte, 1806, 350.
Dependency on France, complaint, 435.
Throne vacated, Holland annexed to France, 1810, 462–464.
Honors, distribution of, enthronement of members of Bonaparte
family, 350–352.
Hougomont fortress, British defence, 1815, 660.
House of Lords, created 1814, 638–639.
Houssaye incidents of Napoleon, 1815, 653–655.
Hundred Days of Napoleon, 1814, 635, 675, 684.
I
Imperial guard formed, 155.
Inquisition, 173, 612.
Invasion of France, 1813, and fall of Paris, 1814, 557–582.
Inventions ignored by Napoleon, 402.
Italy--
Army, Napoleon in, 86, 103.
Commander-in-chief, 132, 136–138.
Transfer order, evasion of, 94–96.
Campaigns of Napoleon, 87, 138–195, 278–290.
Coalition against French republic, 221–227.
Monarchy under Napoleon, 335–338.
Reforms by Napoleon, 410.
Republic created, 171, 194, 195.
Troops in Paris favorable to Napoleon, 18th Brumaire, 242.
J
Jaffa massacre, 213–215.
Jena, battle of, 361, 403.
Jomini, desertion to allied forces, 525.
Josephine, wife of Napoleon--
Character and infidelity of, 127–134, 191–193, 209–210.
Coronation, 333.
Death of, Napoleon’s visit to Malmaison, 643–644.
Divorce, 130, 455–457.
Fall of Napoleon, attitude of Josephine, 593–594.
First meeting, 109–110.
Italy, Josephine joins Napoleon in 1796, 192.
Marrac, château of, life at, 419–420.
Marriage, 130, 132.
Napoleon’s return from Egypt, 234–235.
Son of Napoleon secretly shown to, 468.
Joubert, defeat of Austrians in Italy, 167, 168.
Jourdan, defeated by Archduke Charles, 224.
Junot--
Anecdotes of Napoleon, 79, 209, 292, 345, 346, 393–395.
Portugal, French invasion, 418, 427.
K
Katzbach, battle of, 530.
Keralio, de, impression of Napoleon, 30, 33.
Kléber, General, assassination in Egypt, 207, 216, 291.
Knights of St. John, capture of Malta by Napoleon, 201–202.
Kremlin of Moscow, Napoleon at, 485–488.
Kulm, battle of, 530, 531.
Kubusoff, Russian general, French retreat from Moscow, 488,
492, 495, 497.
L
Labédoyère, Colonel--
Execution of, 691.
Napoleon’s return from Elba, 631.
La Belle Alliance, British position in, 1815, 658, 666.
Lafayette provisional government, abdication of Napoleon, 1815,
667, 669, 671.
Lafayette, release of, 186.
Lafon conspiracy, 503.
Lainé, opposition to Napoleon, 1813, 559–560.
Landshut, battle of, 440.
Lannes, General--
Death of, at Essling, 443–445.
Hostilities of, 1805, 343–343.
Italian campaign, 170.
Montebello victory, 283.
Laon, battle of, 574, 576.
La Rothière, battle of, 569.
La Vendée, pacification of, 265, 275.
Leclerc, invasion of St. Domingo, 311.
Lefebvre won over to Napoleon’s side against Directory, 246, 247.
Leghorn, seizure of English goods, 158.
Legislative body of France--
Abolition, creation of House of Lords, 1814, 638–639.
Deposition of Napoleon by Senate, 1814, 588.
Opposition to Napoleon, 1813, 560.
Sieyès’ plan of government, 1800, 266.
Leipsic, battle of, 534–541.
Lepelletier Section insurrection, 105, 107.
Ligny, battle of, 651–653.
Limited Monarchy under Louis XVIII, 599, 611.
“Little Corporal”--nickname of Napoleon, 146, 191, 420.
Lodi--victory of Napoleon, 144–146.
Lombardy--
Invasion of, 146, 150.
Italian republic formed, Napoleon as president, 329.
Republic formed, 194.
Lonato, battle of, 190.
Loretto, shrines, 171.
Louis XVIII, king of France--
Called from England to France, 1814, 596, 599.
Consternation at return of Napoleon from Elba, 626–627.
Government of, violations of the “Charter” and departure from
France, 600, 601, 612–627.
Limited monarchy, 599, 611.
Louisa, queen of Prussia, activity in war of 1806, 360–366, 384–385.
Louisiana, sale to United States, 316, 317.
Lowe, Sir Hudson, treatment of Napoleon at St. Helena, 679–701.
Lucca, republic of, gift from Napoleon to his sister, 338.
Lunéville, Peace of, 290.
Lützen, battle of, 510.
Lyons, reception of Napoleon, 1799, 232, 286;
1814, 632.
M
Macdonald, Marshal, abdication of Napoleon, 589, 592.
Mack, Austrian general, campaign against French republic, 222.
Madrid, riot, 425. [_See also_ Spain.]
Mahometans, Napoleon’s policy in Egypt, 205–207.
Maida, battle of, 349.
Maitland, Captain, Napoleon on board the _Bellerophon_, 671–677.
Malet conspiracy, 503.
Malmaison--
Anecdotes of Napoleon, 396–399.
Death of Josephine--Napoleon’s visit in 1815, 643–644.
Napoleon at, after Waterloo, 670, 671.
Malta--
British conquest, 292.
Rupture of Peace of Amiens, 312.
Capture by Napoleon, 201–202.
Mamelukes, rulers of Egypt, defeated by Napoleon, 200–205, 216.
Mantua, siege and capitulation, 160–169.
Marbeuf, General, friendship during boyhood of Napoleon, 24, 30.
Marbois, mismanagement of finances, 352–354.
Marbot, General--
Madrid riot, 425.
_Memoirs_, 232, 233, 278, 347.
Marengo, battle of, 278–287, 404.
Marguerite, peasant at Brienne, visit to, 334.
Maria Louisa, wife of Napoleon--
Character of, 460–461, 468.
Desertion of Napoleon, 606, 611, 642, 690, 696.
Empress Regent in 1814, betrayal of Napoleon, 564, 575.
King of Rome born, 1811, 465–467.
Marriage, 457–460, 472.
Marmont, General--
Leipsic, battle of, 535.
Operations in 1814, 573–578.
Treachery of, 590–591.
Marrac, château of, anecdotes of life at, 1808, 419–420.
Masséna, General--
Austrian campaign, 1809, Wagram, 410–448.
Genoa, siege and evacuation, 279, 282, 283.
Italian campaign, 162, 163, 168, 175, 176.
Melas, defeated at Marengo, 280–286.
Menou, General--
English conquest of Egypt, 291.
Revolt of the Sections, 106.
Méry village, Napoleon at, 1814, 573.
Metternich, Austrian diplomat--
Austrian mediation--policy, and interview with Napoleon,
524, 554–562.
_Memoirs_, 512–521, 545.
Milan--
Claim on Corsica, 4.
French occupation of, 151–153.
Josephine joins Napoleon, 1796, 192.
Napoleon crowned King of Italy, 336.
Milan Decree, 416.
Military of France, _see_ Army.
Miot de Melito--designs of Napoleon, 181, 182.
Modena, union with papal legations and Cisalpine, 195.
Modena, Duke of, peace terms offered to Napoleon, 151, 152, 182.
Monarchy, French--
Empire, _see that title_.
Limited monarchy under Louis XVIII, 599, 611.
Montebello, Lannes’s victory, 283.
Montenotte victory, 139–140.
Montmirail, battle of, 570.
Mont St. Jean, battle of, 657.
Moore, Sir J., retreat and death at Corunna, 432, 433.
Moreau, General--
Conspiracy against Napoleon, 319–328.
_Coup d’état_ of 18th Brumaire, 243.
Death of, 532.
Defeated by Archduke Charles, 161, 162.
Desertion of Napoleon, 525–532.
Pichegru’s arrest by Augereau, captured despatches, 183.
Soissons surrender, 563.
War with Austria, Hohenlinden victory, 279, 290.
Moscow--
Fire, 486.
Retreat of French army, 482–499, 504.
Moulins, fall of Directory, 18th Brumaire, 239–247.
Muiron, saves life of Napoleon, 164.
Murad Bey, Mameluke chief, defeat of, 204.
Murat, General--
Bourbon restoration, 1814, 624.
Cavalry leader, qualities as, 155, 640.
Desertion and betrayal of Napoleon, 507, 541, 562, 563.
Discontent of, desire to become king, 426, 437, 461.
Dresden, battle of, 1813, 529.
Execution of, 691.
Eylau, battle of, 381.
Grand Duchy of Berg created, 1806, 351.
Italian colors conveyed to France, 1796, 144, 147.
Italian independence proclaimed by, failure of, 639–640.
Madrid riot, 425.
Moscow, advance and retreat, 483–499.
Naples, king of, 437.
Russians, defeat of, 1805, 343–345.
Spain, campaign in, 1808, 419, 421.
Turkish commander Mustapha, defeat of, 219.
Warsaw gayeties, 375–380.
Mustapha defeated by Murat, 219.
N
Naples--
Joseph Bonaparte as King of, 350.
Murat succeeds Joseph as King, 437.
Napoleon’s policy in 1796, 157.
Parthenopean republic proclaimed, 223.
Napoleon--
Abdication, 589–594, 669–670.
Ajaccio, _see that title_.
Army of France, _see that title_.
Arrest, overthrow of Robespierre, 1794, 89–91.
Birth and parentage, 17–22.
Birth of King of Rome, 465–467.
Boyhood, anecdotes of, 22–42.
Brienne, _see that title_.
Campaigns, _see_ names of countries, Italy, Egypt, etc.
Coalitions, _see that title_.
Comparison with rulers, etc., of same period, 289, 423, 430, 654.
Consulate, _see that title_.
Coronation, 331–333;
anniversary of, 346.
Corsica, _see that title_.
Death, 696–697.
Deserted and betrayed, 587, 590–595.
Directory, _see that title_.
Education, 22–38.
Elba, _see that title_.
Empire, _see that title_.
England, _see that title_.
Europe, Napoleon’s relations with, conditions existing at
commencement of career, 121, 122.
European monarchs, antagonism of, 355–358.
Exhaustion, 653–656, 666, 669–670, 675.
Family affairs 41, 65, 70, 87.
French Revolution, _see that title_.
Funeral at St. Helena, 1821, 697–698;
Paris ceremonies, 1840, 700–703.
Germany, _see that title_.
Habits and characteristics, 196–199, 294–295, 389–411, 683–694.
High-water mark of power, 412.
Honors, distribution, 350.
Hundred days, 635, 675, 684.
Hunting, 507.
Illness, 530, 531, 694–696.
Immortality, 18, 690–704.
Italy, _see that title_.
Jacobin denunciation of Napoleon, 86.
Josephine, _see that title_.
Maria Louisa, _see that title_.
Marriage with Josephine, 130–132, 198;
divorce, 455–457.
Marriage with Maria Louisa, 457–460, 472.
Paoli, _see that title_.
Paris, _see that title_.
Personal appearance, 1785, 39, 40;
1795, 100;
1807, 386–388;
1814, 644–646.
Plots against life of Napoleon, 197, 288–289, 317–328, 451.
Poverty and economy, 53, 54, 61.
Prussia, _see that title_.
Religious views at St. Helena, 687–690.
Republic, _see that title_.
Results of victories of Napoleon, 413.
Russia, _see that title_.
St. Helena, _see that title_.
Spain, _see that title_.
Studies and writings, 34–45, 53, 54, 65, 67, 72.
Succession, speculations as to, 451.
Turkey, _see that title_.
Valence, _see that title_.
Will, 696–697.
[_See also_ names of countries, and political events.]
Napoleon, son of Hortense and Louis Bonaparte, death of, 452, 463.
Napoleon II, _see_ Rome, king of.
Narbonne, Count, French invasion of Russia, 1812, 478.
Neipperg and Maria Louisa, 606, 643, 690.
Nelson, Lord--
Death at Trafalgar, 342.
Hatred of the French, 84.
Italy, murder of Carraccioli, 226.
Napoleon’s Egyptian expedition, battle of the Nile, etc., 201, 208.
Neuhoff, T. de, King of Corsica, 11–13.
Ney, General--
Abdication of Napoleon, 589–590.
Dresden, battle of, 529.
Campaign of 1814–15, battle of Waterloo, etc., 649, 651–669.
Elchingen, battle of, 343.
Execution of, 691.
Germany, rising in, 1813, 510.
Marshal, 332.
Moscow retreat, 495, 496.
Return of Napoleon from Elba, 627, 632, 633.
Russian campaign, 1807, 381, 383.
Niemen--
Interview with Czar of Russia, 1807, 383.
Passage across, 1812, 479, 481.
Nile, battle of, 208.
Norway, transference to Swedish rule, 623.
O
Oldenburg taken by Napoleon, 472.
Orezzo, Corsican general assembly, 51, 52.
Oudinot, Marshal, _Memoirs_, Erfurth conference, 428.
P
Paoli, Corsican general--
British protectorate plan for Corsica, 92.
First meeting with Napoleon, 52.
Independence struggle, 12–16.
Quarrel and struggle with Napoleon, 60–68, 198.
Return to Corsica, 1790, after exile, 51.
“Parallel between Cæsar, Cromwell, Monk, and Bonaparte,” pamphlet, 289.
Paris--
Bourbon restoration, 1814, 583–586.
Coronation of Napoleon, 333.
Exile of Napoleon from Corsica, 61–63.
Fall of, 1814, 576–581.
Farewell of Napoleon to National Guard, 1814, 564.
Funeral of Napoleon, 1840, 700–703.
Military school, Napoleon at, 33–35.
Reception of Napoleon, 1800, 287;
return from Elba, 633.
Return of Napoleon from Russia, 1812, 499–500, 504.
Parma, Duke of, contribution to Napoleon, 146, 147.
Parthenopean republic proclaimed, 223.
Pasquier records, 560, 565.
Peninsular war, 417–434.
Permon family, early intimacy with Napoleon, 33–36, 64, 98–100,
113, 337, 406.
Phélippeaux, aid to Turks against Napoleon, 212.
Pichegru--
Banishment of, 183, 258.
Brienne college, 30.
Conspiracy against Napoleon, 318–328.
Suicide of, 328.
Piedmont, invasion of, 87, 138–143, 146, 150.
Pisa, war with Genoa over Corsica, 2.
Pitt, W.--
Administration and policy, 116, 117.
Death of, 359.
Plague among troops in Egypt, 217, 218.
Pleiswitz, armistice of, 511, 545, 554.
Poland--
Aid to Napoleon in Spain, etc., 374–377, 431.
Independence, Napoleon’s policy, 372–377, 473, 480–481.
Napoleon at Warsaw, 372–381.
Princess Potocka, _memoirs_, 375–380.
Russian possession--Vienna Congress, 1814, 622, 623.
Walewski, Mme., _see that title_.
Pope--
Concordat sanctioned, 302–309.
Coronation of Napoleon, 333.
Loosed from Fontainebleau, 1814, 613.
Quarrel with Napoleon, 337, 453–455;
reconciliation, 508–509.
Temporal power abolished, 222, 453, 454, 558.
Terms with Napoleon, 1796, violation, 157–173.
Portugal--
English invasion, 1808, defeat of the French, 427.
French invasion, 1808, 417–418.
Pouzet, General, death of, 444–445.
Pozzo di Borgo--
British occupation of Corsica, 92, 93.
Enmity to Napoleon, 58–60.
Prague, Congress of, 521–523, 545.
Presburg, treaty of, 347.
Press censorship, 1814, 614.
Provera, Austrian general--Italian defeat, 167–169.
Prussia--
Ally of France in war of 1812, 476.
Berlin entered by Napoleon, 1806, 366–369.
Hanover ceded to, 357, 359, 363.
Neutrality of, 1799, 277.
Policy denounced, 363.
Reorganization, 413.
Tilsit, Treaty of, 384.
Vienna Congress, 1814, dispute as to division of territory, 620–623.
War threatened, 1804, 357.
War with Napoleon, 1806, overthrow of Prussian monarchy, battle of
Jena, 359–366, 403.
War of 1814–15, battle of Waterloo, etc., 566, 648–671.
Pultusk, battle of, 378, 383.
Pyramids, battle of, 204–205.
Q
Quasdanovitch, Austrian general, defeat of, 160.
Quatre-Bras, battle of, 650–654.
R
Rampon, Napoleon’s victory of Montenotte, 139–140.
Rastadt, Congress of, 330.
Ratisbonne, battle of, 440, 451.
Red sea incident, 207.
Reichenbach, treaty of, 516.
Republic of France--
Consulate, Directory, etc., _see those titles_.
European leagues to restore Old Order in France, 115–121.
First organized, 13th Vendémiaire, 107.
Reorganization, 256–273, 295–302.
Rheims, battle of, 574.
Rhine, _see_ Confederation of the Rhine.
Robespierre, Napoleon denounced as friend of, 71, 89, 90.
Rocca, _see_ Della Rocca.
Roman Catholic Church, _see_ Church.
Rome--
Neapolitan army in, 222–223.
Pope, _see that title_.
Republic, 221–224.
Rome, King of, Napoleon’s son--
Abdication of Napoleon in favor of, 589–592.
Austrian treatment of, palace of Schönbrunn, 611.
Birth of, 465–467.
Message to Napoleon at Elba, 643.
Terms of treaty of Fontainebleau violated by Allies, 606–607.
Rose, J. H., Napoleon’s seizures of British ships, 316.
Ruffo, attack on republicans of Naples, treaty of peace, 225–226.
Russia--
Alexander, _see that title_.
Alliance to Prussia, 358, 429.
Bourbon restoration in France, 1814, 583–586.
Coalitions, 1799, 224;
1805, 339–348;
1813, 525–541;
1814–15, 566–648.
Continental system opposed, 470–478.
Erfurth conference, 428.
French invasion, Moscow, etc., 1812, 470–504.
Lukewarm support to Napoleon in war of 1809, 441, 472.
Rising in Germany against France, 1813, 507–514.
Tilsit, Treaty of, 1807, 383–385, 470–478.
Vienna Congress, 1814, dispute as to division of territories, 620–623.
War with Turkey on the Danube, 473, 475, 481.
S
St. Cloud, _coup d’état_ of 18th Brumaire, 241–255.
St. Cyr, Dresden defence and Leipsic defeat, 1813, 527, 535.
Saint-Denis school, visit to, 561.
St. Dizier, battle of, 568, 577.
St. Domingo, negro revolt, failure of French expedition, 310.
St. Helena, Napoleon’s exile--
British deception, 672–676.
Death and funeral of Napoleon, 696–698.
Farewell of Napoleon at Malmaison, 671.
Life at St. Helena, 679–699.
Negotiations for removal of Napoleon from Elba, 1814, 607, 608.
St. Jean, battle of, 657.
St. Jean d’Acre, siege of, 215.
Salamanca, battle of, 522.
Salicetti, intimacy with Napoleon, 71, 77, 87, 89, 91, 93, 98, 99.
Sambuccio, Corsican leader, organization of village confederation, 2.
Sampiero, Corsican leader, 5–8, 692.
San Marino, rights of, respected by Napoleon, 173.
Sardinia, French invasion of, 66, 138–143.
Saxony--
Desertion to enemies of Napoleon, 1813, 537.
Prussian possession, Vienna Congress, 1814, 622, 623.
Saxony, Queen of, reproaches Metternich for deserting Napoleon, 546.
Schérer, in command of army of Italy, succeeded by Napoleon, 135, 136.
Schwarzenberg, Austrian Prince--
Dresden hostilities, 1813, 527, 529, 534, 536.
Invasion of France, 1814, 566–577.
Paris fête in honor of Napoleon and Maria Louisa, 460.
Scotchman’s story of Napoleon at Elba, 608–610.
Sébastiani, General--
Military situation, 1813, 524.
Turkey refuses to join coalition against France, 415.
Sections, revolt and disarmament, 105–109.
Ségur--
_Memoirs_ of Napoleon, 341.
Wounded in Spain, 431.
Seine overflow, Napoleon’s embankment, 410.
Sémonville, French commissioner,--
Napoleon’s defence of France in Corsica, 68.
Senate, French--
Deposition of Napoleon, 1814, 588.
Sieyès’ plan of government, 1800, 266.
Sérurier, Italian campaign, 169, 170.
Sheridan, R. B., speech in British House of Commons, 614.
Sieyès’ new constitution after overthrow of Directory, 237–253, 265–270.
Smolensk, advance on, 482.
Smith, Sir S., aid to Arabs against Napoleon, 212, 215, 220.
Social conditions in France--
Reform of, 295.
Thellusson ball, 132–134.
Soissons surrender--treachery of Moreau, 573.
Sommo Sierra mountain pass, blockade by Spanish bands, 431.
Spain--
Alliance with France violated, 1807, 417.
Bonaparte, Joseph, _see that title_.
Ferdinand, _see that title_.
French invasion, 1807–8, 419–434.
Crown surrendered to Napoleon, 419–424.
Progress of the war, neglect of Napoleon, 452, 455.
Unpopularity of the war in France, 437.
Improvements by Napoleon, 410.
Internal disputes, Godoy and Ferdinand, 418–421.
Madrid, riot, 425.
Reorganization of government by Napoleon, complaint of Joseph
Bonaparte, 1809, 435.
Staël, Mme. de, banishment of, 399, 408, 414
“Supper of Beaucaire,” pamphlet by Napoleon, 65, 72.
Suwarow, Russian general, victories in Italy, 224.
Sweden--
Bernadotte, _see that title_.
Coalition of 1805 against France, 339.
Switzerland, Helvetic republic proclaimed, 222.
Syria, invasion of, 213.
T
Talleyrand, French diplomat--
Betrayal of Napoleon and conspiracy against, 437–439, 552, 579.
Bourbon restoration, abdication of Napoleon, 1814, 583–588.
Death of, 688.
Execution of Duke d’Enghien, 324–327.
Germany, reorganization, 330.
Turkish mission proposal, 200.
Vienna Congress, 1814, 620–623.
Warsaw gayeties, 377.
Tallien, Mme., character of, 127, 128, 130, 134.
Tariff, _see_ Continental system.
Taxation reforms during Consulate, 261–262, 271.
Thames embankment, Napoleon’s suggestion, 410.
Thellusson ball, society conditions, 132–134.
Theodore, King of Corsica, 11–13.
Theosophy, sect, 260.
Thiébault, _Memoirs_ of, 108, 110, 434, 645.
Tilsit, Treaty of, 1807, 383–385.
Continental system supported by Russia, 385;
violation, 470–478.
Tolentino, treaty of, 1797, 173.
Toulon, siege of, military genius of Napoleon, 72–83.
Toussaint L’Ouverture--
Revolt of St. Domingo against France, 311.
Treatment of, by Napoleon, 408.
Trafalgar, battle of, 342.
Transpadane republic established, 194.
Turkey--
Coalition, refusal to join in, 1807, 415.
Defeated by Napoleon in Egypt, 212–220.
Invasion of Corsica, 6.
Military system reorganized, 103, 104.
War with Russia on the Danube, 473, 475, 481.
Turreau, wife of, battle incident, 92.
Tyrolese revolt, 450.
U
Ulm campaign, 341.
_Undaunted_, British ship, conveyance of Napoleon to Elba,
601, 604–605.
United States, sale of Louisiana to, 316, 317.
Ushant, Napoleon’s last sight of France, 678, 679.
V
Valeggio, narrow escape of Napoleon from Austrians, 154.
Valence--
Napoleon joins regiment of La Fère, social life, etc., 35.
National oath ceremonies, 1791, 55.
Reception of Napoleon, 1799, 233.
Valette, General, troops condemned by Napoleon, 189.
Valladolid, Napoleon’s ride to Bayonne, 1809, 433, 434.
Vandamme, defeated at Kulm, 530, 531.
Vannina, wife of Sampiero, 6, 7.
Vaubois, defeat of, 162, 166.
Vendémiaire [13th] Napoleon acting chief in, 107.
Venice, Napoleon’s policy, disturbances in Venetia, 155, 156, 178–180.
Victor, General, captured by Prussians, 379.
Vienna--
Fall of, 1809, 441.
Marriage of Napoleon and Maria Louisa by proxy, 1810, 458.
Vienna Congress, 620–626.
Consternation at return of Napoleon from Elba, 626, 639.
Dispute between four powers, 620–623.
Vienna, Treaty of, 357, 472.
Villeneuve, Admiral, failure of expedition to England, 340.
Vimeiro, battle of, 427.
Vincentello, Corsican struggle, 3, 4.
Vitebsk, delay at, war of 1812, 481, 482.
Vittolo, Corsican struggle, 8.
Vittoria, battle of, 430, 522.
W
Wagram, battle of, 447–448.
Walewski, Mme., favorite of Napoleon, 378–383.
Visit to Napoleon at Fontainebleau, 1814, 594.
Warsaw--
Grand Duchy of, 374, 472, 480.
Napoleon at, 1806–7, 372–381.
Waterloo, battle of, 660–667.
Regrets at St. Helena, 634–685.
Wellington, Duke of--
Canova’s statue of Napoleon, anecdote, 368.
Invasion of France, 1814, 566.
Napoleon’s hatred of, 685.
Vimeiro, battle of, 427.
Waterloo, battle of, Blücher’s coöperation in war of 1814–15, 648–671.
Westphalia, monarchy under Jerome Bonaparte, 351, 384.
Napoleon’s policy and advice to Jerome, 412, 413.
Old Order restored, 1814, 612, 613.
Whitworth, Lord, British ambassador to Paris, 1804, 313.
Wilna, delay at--French invasion of Russia, 1812, 481.
Wolseley, Lord, opinion of Napoleon, 411.
Wurmser, Austrian general, defeated by Napoleon, 159–169.
Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant
preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.
(Exception: “Kleber” was changed to “Kléber”, even though the former
occured more often than the latter, because the accented form is the
correct one.)
Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced
quotation marks retained.
Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained; occurrences of
inconsistent hyphenation have not been changed.
Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.
Page 127: “Idealogists” was printed that way.
Page 301: “colaborers” was printed that way.
Page 569: “a fretful man and a jealous” was printed that way.
Illustration facing page 562: the caption ends with an asterisk.