[1] The choice of these words must be left to the taste of the reader, Dr.
Johnson not having thought proper to admit them into his dictionary.
[2] Some doubts are entertained whether Dr. Boord was physician to King
Henry the eighth, but he was certainly a fellow of the College.
[3] Apprehension of sensations. This is perhaps only an endeavour to
explain the thing, _by_ the thing, or producing words of similar import
with different sounds. Junius, speaking of the word hand (as derived from
the gothic Handus) says, "Quidam olim deduxerunt vocabulum ab antiquo
verbo HENDO, _Capio_: unde PREHENDO, APPREHENDO, &c."--_Gothicum
Glossarium_, p. 188. Professor Ihre conceives it equally probable that the
old latin word _hendo_ may have had a northern origin. "Id vero non
possum, quin addam, oppido mihi probabile fieri, ipsammet hanc vocem latio
olim peregrinam non fuisse, quod quippe augurar ex derivato HENDO, capio,
unde prehendo cum derivatis pullularunt."--_Glossarium Sviogothicum. tom.
i. p. 778._
[4] Quere. Why should the most _active_ characteristics of our nature be
termed _Passions_? The word seems properly employed in _Passion week_, the
period commemorative of Christ's suffering or _Passion_. But we are said
to _fly_, or _fall_ into a passion, and then passion _gets the better of
us_. For the softer sex we conceive the most delicate, refined, and
honorable _passion_, yet every one allows the dreadful consequences which
ensue from an indulgence of our _passions_, and most persons agree that
_passion_, carried to excess, constitutes madness--we live in a world of
metaphor.
[5] In many instances, although it is far from being general, pain of the
head, and throbbing of its arteries precede an attack of insanity;
sometimes giddiness is complained of as a precursory symptom. Those who
have been several times disordered, are now and then sensible of the
approaching return of their malady. Some have stated, a sense of working
in the head, and also in the intestines, as if they were in a state of
fermentation. Others observe that they do not seem to possess their
natural feelings, but they all agree that they feel confused from the
sudden and rapid intrusion of unconnected thoughts.
[6] To illustrate how necessarily our sensations, or ideas must become
confused, when their succession is too rapid, the relation of some
experiments on that subject will sufficiently conduce.
"But by the able assistance of Mr. Herschel, I am in a condition to give
some approximation, at least, towards ascertaining the velocity of our
audible sensations. For having, by means of a clock, produced sounds,
which succeeded each other with such rapidity, that the intervals between
each of them were (as far as could be judged) the smallest posible; he
found he could evidently distinguish one hundred and sixty of them to flow
in a second of time. Now as each interval must in this case be reckoned as
a sensation likewise, as it might be filled up with a sound thereby making
it a continued one; it follows, that we are capable of entertaining at
least three hundred and twenty audible sensations in that period of
time."--_Vide a Treatise on Time, by W. Watson, Jun. M. D. F. R. S. 8vo,
1785, page 32._
[7] The late Dr. Johnson was remarkably distinguished by certain
peculiarities of action when his mind was deeply engaged. Sir Joshua
Reynolds was of opinion "that it proceeded from a habit he had indulged
himself in, of accompanying his thoughts with certain untoward actions."
"One instance of his absence, and particularity as it is characteristic of
the man, may be worth relating. When he and I took a journey into the
West, we visited the late Mr. Banks, of Dorsetshire; the conversation
turning upon pictures, which Johnson could not well see, he retired to a
corner of the room, stretching out his right leg as far as he could reach
before him, then bringing up his left leg, and stretching his right still
further on. The old gentleman observing him, went up to him, and in a very
courteous manner assured him, that though it was not a new house, the
flooring was perfectly safe. The Doctor started from his reverie like a
person waked out of his sleep, but spoke not a word."--_Boswell's Life of
Dr. Johnson, vol. i. p. 76._ In the same work other of his tricks are
recorded, as talking to himself, measuring his steps in a mysterious
manner, half whistling, clucking like a hen, rubbing his left knee, &c.
Many sensible persons, with whom I am now acquainted, when particularly
thoughtful, discover strange bodily motions, of which they are by no means
conscious at the time.
[8] This gritty matter, subjected to chemical examination, was found to be
_phosphat of lime_.
[9] This appearance I have found frequently to occur in maniacs who have
suffered a violent paroxysm of considerable duration: and in such cases,
when there has been an opportunity of inspecting the contents of the
cranium after death, water has been found between the dura mater and
tunica arachnoidea.
[10] Morbid Anatomy, page 304.
[11] Mr. Fourcroy does not appear to have given any particular attention
to this fluid. He says, "Cette humeur ne parait pas differer de celle qui
mouille toutes les parois membraneuses du corps humain en general, et dont
j'ai deja parle. C'est un liquide mucoso gelatineux, plus ou moins
albumineux, et contenant _quelques matieres salines_."--_Systeme des
Connoisances Chimiques, 8vo. tom. ix. p. 303._
[12] It may be remarked, that all children in the early attempts at
language, speak of themselves and others in the third person, and never
employ the pronoun; they likewise never use connectives, or the
inflections of verbs, until they begin to acquire some knowledge of
numbers. Beyond this rude state our patient never advanced.
[13] For this term the indulgent reader must give the author credit,
because he finds himself unable adequately to explain it.--It is a complex
_term_ for many ideas, on which language has not as yet, and perhaps will
never be imposed. Very unfortunately there are many terms of this nature,
equally incapable of description--a smile, for instance, is not very easy
to be defined. Dr. Johnson calls it "a slight contraction of the face"
which applies as properly to a paralytic affection. He also states it to
be "opposed to frown." If curiosity should prompt the inquisitive reader
to seek in the same author for the verb, to frown, he will find it "to
express displeasure _by contracting the face_ to wrinkles." He who would
"Finde the minde's construction in the face"
must not expect to be able to communicate to others, in a few words, that
knowledge which has been the slow and progressive accumulation of years.
[14] These are the usual terms employed by writers on this subject, but
the propriety of their use must be left to the judgment of the reader.
Every person will occasionally hesitate whether certain occurrences, said
to be causes, ought to be referred to one class, in preference to the
other. They are loose and vague names: for instance, a course of
debauchery long persisted in, would probably terminate in paralysis;
excessive grief we know to be capable of the same effect. Paralysis
frequently induces derangement of mind, and in such case it would be said,
that the madness was induced by the paralysis as a physical cause. But it
often happens that debauchery and excessive grief are followed by madness,
without the intervention paralysis. Moral, in this sense, means merely
habitudes or customs, reiteration of circumstances confirmed into usage;
and these may be indifferently accounted physical or moral.
[15]
"----nessun maggior dolore,
Che ricordarsi del tempo felice
Nella miseria."--_Dante._
[16] The Jews also were particularly instrumental in the practice and
propagation of medical knowledge at that period.
[17] Cogitatio, (hic minime praetereunda) est motus peculiaris Cerebri,
quod hujus facultatis est proprium organum: vel potius Cerebri pars
quaedam, in medulla spinali et nervis cum suis meningibus continuata, tenet
animi principatum, motumque perficit tam cogitationis quam sensationis;
quae secundum Cerebri diversam in omnium animalium structuram, mire
variantur.--_Tolandi Pantheisticon, p. 12._
[18] 1796, 1797.
[19] Vide Report, Part II. p. 25.
[20] Report, p. 59.
[21] Ibid, 57.
[22] Report 54.
[23] "We shall use the general term of methodism, to designate these three
classes of fanatics, [Arminian and Calvinistic methodists, and the
_evangelical_ clergymen of the church of England] not troubling ourselves
to point out the finer shades, and nicer discriminations of lunacy, but
treating them all as in one general conspiracy against common sense, and
rational orthodox christianity."--_Edinburgh Review, Jan. 1808, p. 342._
[24] Traite Medico-Philosophique sur l'Alienation Mentale, 8vo. Paris, an.
9, p. 47.
[25] The late Reverend Dr. Willis.
[26] With respect to the persons, called Keepers, who are placed over the
insane, public hospitals have generally very much the advantage. They are
there better paid, which makes them more anxious to preserve their
situations by attention and good behaviour: and thus they acquire some
experience of the disease. But it is very different in the private
receptacles for maniacs. They there procure them at a cheaper rate; they
are taken from the plough, the loom, or the stable; and sometimes this
tribe consists of decayed smugglers, broken excisemen, or discharged
sheriffs' officers:
"All that at home no more can beg or steal."
How well such a description of persons is calculated to regulate and
direct the conduct of an insane gentleman may be easily conjectured. If
any thing could add to the calamity of mental derangement, it would be the
mode which is generally adopted for its cure. Although an office of some
importance and great responsibility, it is held as a degrading and odious
employment, and seldom accepted but by idle and disorderly persons.
[27] Vide Cullen, First Lines, vol. iv. p. 154.
[28] "_D'uno luogo chiamato Timarahane, dove si castigano i matti._
"In Costantinopoli fece fare un luogo Sultan Paiaxit dove si dovessero
menare i pazzi, accioche non andassero per la citta, facendo pazzie, et e
fatto a modo d'uno Spedale, dove sono circa cento cinquanta guardiani in
loro custodia, et sonvi medicine, et altre cose per loro bisogni, e i
detti guardiani vanno per la citta con bastoni cercando i matti, et quando
ne truovano alcuno, lo'ncatenano per il collo con cathene di ferro, et per
le mani, et a suon di bastoni lo menano al detto luogo, et quivi gli
mettono una catena al collo assai maggiore, che e posta nel muro, et viene
sopra del letto, tal mente che nel letto per il collo tutti gli tengono
incatenati, et vene saranno per ordine, lontano l'uno dall'altro numero di
quaranta, i quali per piacere di quelli della citta molte volte sono
visitati, et di continovo col bastone i guardiani gli stanno appresso:
Percio che non essendovi guastano i letti, et tiransi le tavole l'uno a
l'altro: et venuta l'hora del mangiare, i guardiani gli vanno esaminando
tutti per ordine, et trovando alcuno, che non istia in buon proposito,
crudelmente lo battono, et se a caso truovano alcuno, che non faccia piu
pazzie, gli banno miglior cura, che a gli altri." _J. Costumi et la vita
de Turchi di Gio. Antonio Menavino Genovese da Vultri, 12mo, in Fiorenza,
1551._
[29] Traite sur la Mania, page 103.
[30] The frequent recurrence of any propensity leads, by sure steps, to
the final adjustment of the character; and even when the propensity is
ideal, the repetition of the fits will, in the end, invest fancy with the
habitudes of nature.--_Criticism on the Elegy written in a Country Church
Yard, p. 3._
[31] Remarks on Dr. Batties' Treatise on Madness, p. 38.
[32] Dr. Cox, Practical Observations on Insanity, p. 28.
[33] Dr. John Monro's Remarks on Dr. Battie, p. 39.
[34] Vide Dr. Cox's _Practical_ Obs. on Insanity, p. 42.
[35] It is a painful recollection to recur to the number of interesting
females I have seen, who, after having suffered a temporary disarrangement
of mind, and undergone the brutal operation of _spouting_, in private
receptacles for the insane, have been restored to their friends without a
front tooth in either jaw. Unfortunately the task of forcing patients to
take food or medicines is consigned to the rude hand of an ignorant and
unfeeling servant: it should always be performed by the master or mistress
of the mad-house, whose reputations ought to be responsible for the
personal integrity of the unhappy beings committed to their care.
[36] Dr. Cox.
[37] See Dr. Cox's Advertisement prefixed to his book.
[38] Vide Report from the select committee appointed to enquire into the
state of lunatics, page 25.
[39] Remarks on Dr. Batties' Treatise on Madness.
[40] See Dr. Cox, page 102.
[41] Dr. Cox, p. 61.
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