[28] Haynes, George E., _op. cit._, p. 81.
[29] Haynes, George E., _unpublished data_.
[30] Haynes, George E., _unpublished data_.
[31] King, W. I., _Employment, Hours and Earnings in the United
States, 1920-1922_, Chap. V, pp. 5, 19; Chap. IV, p. 3.
[32] Salmon, Lucy M., _op. cit._
[33] _Monthly Labor Review_, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, August,
1920, p. 212.
[34] Eaton, Isabel, _op. cit._, p. 495.
[35] Reed, Ruth, _op. cit._, p. 35.
[36] Haynes, George E., _unpublished data_, 1921.
[37] Martin, Asa E., _Our Negro Population_, Kansas City, 1913, pp.
180, 143.
[38] Haynes, Geo. E., _unpublished data_, 1921.
[39] Reed, Ruth, _op. cit._, p. 51.
[40] Rubinow, I. M., _Depth and Breadth of the Servant Problem_,
_McClure's Magazine_, Vol. 34, p. 576, 1909-1910
[41] _Monthly Labor Review_, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Aug.,
1919, p. 212, May, 1920, p. 116.
[42] Salmon, Lucy M., _op. cit._, p. 115.
[43] Kellor, Frances A., _Out of Work_, pp. 197, 222, 225, 229.
DOCUMENTS
DOCUMENTS AND COMMENTS ON BENEFIT OF CLERGY AS APPLIED TO SLAVES
The following transcripts from the records of the Superior Court of
Richmond County, North Carolina, illustrate the application of benefit
of clergy to slaves charged with and found guilty of crimes punishable
with death.[A]
_Fall Term 1828_
State } Burglary { Pleads "not Guilty"
vs } { The following
George (A Slave)} { Jury Empaneled therein
{ (Viz) (1) Cyrus Bennet
(2) Alen Shaw (3) Try McFarland
(4) Wade LeGrand (5) George Wright
(6) James Covington (7) William Crowson
(8) Thos. B. Blewett (9) Israel Watkins
(10) Risdon Nichols (11) Lenard Webb
(12) Hampton Covington--
Who find the Prisoner "not Guilty" of Burglary in manner and Form
as charged in the Bill of Ind't'm't But guilty of Grand Larceny....
The Prisoner appeared at the Bar and being asked by the Court
If he had any thing to say why Sentence of Death should not be
pronounced against him, Answered by Council praying the benefit of
his Clergy. Which was allowed him by the Court & adjudged that he
receive THIRTY NINE lashes on his Bare Back & stand committed till
his Master enter into recognisance of $200 for his good behavior
for the Space of Twelve months & pay cost of Prosecution....
Sentence to be Carried into effect on Tomorrow at 4 Oclock P. M.
_Fall Term 1828_
State } { Pleads "Not Guilty"
vs } No. 19 { The following Jury
Dennis (a Slave) } Burglary { empanelled & sworn
{ (1) James Meacham
(2) George Wright (3) John Gibson
(4) Silas Jones (5) Lemuel Chance
(6) Wilie Chance (7) Thomas Bostick
(8) Ananias Graham (9) James LeGrand
(10) Elias Pate (11) Hugh McLean
(12) George Hunesucker ...
Who find the Dfd't not guilty of the Burglary as charged in the
Bill of Indtmt; but guilty of Grand Larceny....
The prisoner appeared at the Bar and being asked by the Court
If he had any thing to say why sentence of death should not be
pronounced against him; replied by his Council, praying the
Benefit of his Clergy; which was allowed; and the prisoner Dennis,
to be taken to the Whipping Post and receive Thirty nine lashes on
his Bare Back. Sentence to be carried into effect at 4 O'clock P.
M. on Saturday.
_Spring Term 1832_
State } No. 19 { The following Jury
vs } Burglary { empanelled & sworn--viz.
Harry (a Slave) } { (1) Alexander Shaw
(2) Cyrus Bennet (3) Try McFarland
(4) George Wright (5) Silas Jones
(6) John Gibson (7) Barton C. Everett
(8) William Everett (9) Jno McAlister
(10) William Strickland (11) Francis T. Leak
(12) Peter H. Cole
Who find the Dfdt guilty in manner and form as charged in the Bill
of Indictment.
The Prisoner appearing at the Bar, being asked by the Court if he
had any thing to say why sentence of Death should not be heaped
against him, replied through his Council praying the Benefit of
his Clergy.... Which was allowed ... and he was sentenced to be
carried to the whipping Post and there to receive Twenty Lashes on
his bare Back.... Sentence to be carried into effect at 4 Oclock
this afternoon.
Investigation of the law pertaining to benefit of clergy in the
slave-holding States reveals the following facts. It existed for a
longer or shorter time in Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas,
Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Kentucky, Arkansas, and Missouri.
Slaves were admitted to benefit of clergy in Virginia in 1732, and
although the privilege was abolished as it applied to free persons
in 1796, it remained legal for slaves until 1848. Likewise Kentucky
withdrew the privilege from whites in 1798 but did not deny it to
slaves until 1852. Alabama admitted slaves to benefit of clergy in
1805, but in 1807 all laws, customs and usages relating to Benefit of
Clergy were abolished. Slaves were admitted to the privilege in North
Carolina in 1816, and it was not denied them until benefit of clergy
was abolished in 1854. In the other slave-holding States slaves were
not admitted to benefit of clergy by statute but a law of Maryland
of 1751 which imposed the death penalty on slaves without benefit of
clergy implies that the privilege prevailed there through custom.
Benefit of clergy was abolished in Maryland in 1809, in Georgia in
1817, in Mississippi in 1822, in Arkansas in 1838, in Delaware in
1852, in Missouri in 1845, and in South Carolina some time during the
reconstruction period.
An interesting feature of benefit of clergy was its relation to the
amelioration of the criminal law. In this respect there is a parallel
between English and American practice. The English statute of 1706 (5
Anne 6) provided that "if any person shall be convicted of any such
felony, for which he ought to have had the benefit of his clergy, if
this act had not been made, and shall pray to have the benefit of this
act, he shall not be required to read, but without reading, shall be
allowed, taken and reputed to be, and punished as, a clerk convict,
which shall be as effectual to all intents and purposes, and be as
advantageous to him, as if he had read as a clerk; anything in this
act, or any other law or statute, to the contrary notwithstanding."
Thus benefit of clergy was extended to all classes in England.
A few years later Delaware adopted the principle of the English
statute: "that if any person convicted of any such felony as is hereby
made capital, for which he ought by the laws of Great Britain to have
the benefit of clergy, and shall pray to have the benefit of this
act; he shall not be required to read, but without any reading shall
be allowed, taken and reputed, and punished as a clerk convict,"
etc. Likewise Virginia in 1732 adopted the application of benefit
of clergy as laid down in the statute of Anne: "and if any person
be convicted of a felony, for which he ought to have the benefit of
clergy, and shall pray to have the benefit of this act, he shall not
be required to read, but without any reading, shall be allowed, taken,
and reputed to be, and punished as a clerk convict; which shall be as
effectual, to all intents and purposes, and as advantageous to him
as if he had read as a clerk; and any other law or statute, to the
contrary notwithstanding." Thus, in the language of Pike, "a relic of
extreme barbarism" became "the first step towards a modification of
the previous laws which deprived a man of his life by a brutal mode
of execution for a very petty transaction." (_A History of Crime in
England_, II, 281.)
Another parallel between English and American experience was in the
abolition of benefit of clergy. In Virginia and Kentucky it was denied
to free persons when servitude in a penitentiary was substituted for
most of the older penalties for felonies. These states anticipated the
policy of England, for benefit of clergy was not there abolished and
service in workhouses substituted for existing penalties until 1827.
The Virginia policy adopted in 1796 was due to some extent to the
example of Pennsylvania which revised its penal system in 1786. The
abolition of benefit of clergy in most of the other Southern States
was contemporaneous with revisions of the criminal codes.
But given a penal system in which imprisonment was the principal
feature, it was not advantageous to the slave-owner or to the State
to give prison sentences to slaves. And here the ghost of benefit
of clergy would not down. In place of imprisonment the slave was
usually corporally punished. In the language of the Alabama statute of
1807, "when any negro or mulatto whatsoever shall be convicted of any
offense not punishable with death by this act, ... he or she shall be
burnt in the hand by the sheriff in open court or suffer such other
corporal punishment as the court shall think fit to inflict." Likewise
Mississippi in 1822 enacted that "if any negro or mulatto slave was
convicted of felony not punishable with death, such negro or mulatto
should be burnt in the hand and suffer such other corporal punishment
as the court should think fit to inflict, except when he or she shall
be convicted of a second offense of the same nature, in which case
such negro or mulatto slave shall suffer death." Most interesting are
the laws of two States in which benefit of clergy was not provided
for. According to the Black Code of Louisiana when slaves were charged
with crimes punishable with death or hard labor for life, the jury
might at its discretion commute the death penalty and inflict a lesser
punishment. In Florida a slave guilty of crime punishable with death
might at the discretion of the court suffer instead a whipping not
exceeding thirty-nine lashes, have his ears nailed to a post and stand
one hour, and be burned in the hand.
In the light of the documents quoted and the statutes cited the
statement so frequently made that benefit of clergy disappeared in
America at the time of the Revolution, and the dictum of an Indiana
judge that "it is unknown to our laws" (I Blackford 63), can not be
taken at their face value.
WM. K. BOYD
TRINITY COLLEGE,
DURHAM, N. C.
FOOTNOTES:
[A] These documents were collected by Prof. Wm. K. Boyd, of Trinity
College, Durham, North Carolina.
COMMUNICATIONS
The following from Mr. A. P. Vrede of Paramaribo, Surinam, Dutch
Guiana, South America, will be informing and interesting to persons
interested in missions as a factor in the uplift of the race:
CORNELIUS WINST BLYD
_The First Negro Presbyter in Surinam_
PARAMARIBO, Feb. 5, 1923.
_Dear Sir:_
Likewise as in 1861 the Freedman Association sprang up for aid for
the enlightenment of the freed blacks on American soil, so in the
epoch from 1738 to 1818 did the missionaries of the Evangelical
Brother's Union take upon their shoulders the burden of the
enslaved blacks on Surinam. Then, too, their way was not always
paved with roses. No they had to face the same mockery, the same
martyrdom. They were jailed, despised because for the slaves to
remain in their ignorance was favorable to the filling of their
"masters" purses.
Let us go back to the year 1850 to see what had been happening
on one of the plantations situated on the beach of the Matapica.
On these plantations, there we found the administrator, Mr.
Rouse, in charge of the plantation administration, busy in
making arrangements for transportation of the properties of the
plantation, nicknamed by the slaves, "Domiri," to upper Surinam,
to the plantation St. Barbara. Among the properties over which
Mr. Rouse's superintendenceship extended, we found among living
stock a slave family, Father Dami, his wife bearing the name of
Ma Jetty, but better known by the name of Ma Jetty of Domiri, so
called because her birth-place is Domiri. Father Dami and Jetty
had two daughters, the one called Christina and the other, known
in slave registration by name of Wilhelmina. So it was on a windy
morning of the dry season, that we found this little family. They,
too, were occupied with the removal of the plantation properties.
It was a busy day. The rays of the sun pierced the backs of the
slaves. Their bodies glimmered in their going to and fro as rubbed
black-ebony wood furniture.
When the work was over, we left Domiri with its slave caravan
for St. Barbara. St. Barbara as aforesaid situated on the upper
Surinam the main-stream of the colony Surinam. Entering Mr.
Rouse's new dominion from the rear we found the slaves uncommonly
active, so different from that they had displayed for a time ago
at Domiri.--They were jolly about the coming emancipation days.
As we were wandering along the slaves' cabin-rows, it was then
July 19, 1860, we heard a baby cry. Turning our heads toward
where the voice had been coming from, we detected that it came
from the cabin inhabited by the family headed by Father Dami. We
walked into, found that Wilhelmina, Dami's daughter, had added
to her family a male member. There he lay down sprawling on the
floor in pieces of rag clothes used for his bed and pillow. But
this child will grow up to become a distinguished man among his
people, a shepherd to watch over his flock. Winst, or Profit,
the administrator, Mr. Rouse, called him. One would try to solve
that puzzle of nomenclature in those days. But we know and
understand it now better. It was the time when the administrator
was expecting to get for every slave three hundred guilders on
the emancipation day. So we may suppose that this was done, as a
profit upon his debit on the government account. Let us now see
what became of that slave child Winst.
Cornelis Winst Blyd was born of slave parents, as stated above,
on the plantation St. Barbara July 19, 1860. He was the son of
Wilhelmina, a daughter of Father Dami. Besides Winst, his mother
had two other sons. It came to pass that when Winst's mother
Wilhelmina died, survived by her three sons, they were put
under care of their Aunt Christina. Blyd, his brothers and Aunt
afterward moved into town. His aunt placed Blyd in one of the
Moravian mission boarding schools for boys, formerly known as
"Amtri" School. It was desired that after he should finish his
literary training he should be instructed in the handicraft of
carpentry. So he was brought in to Mr. Ammon, the carpenter well
renowned in the colony for furniture.
But this was not the way traced for him by our Lord. So they took
him from Mr. Ammon to the "Central School" a former preparatory
boarding school for teachers. Blyd, with his pious, gentle and
sincere character, had won in no time the friendship of everyone
who inhabited the institution. His educational instruction in
the Bible was received from Rev. E. A. Renkemir. For song he was
trained by Mr. Batenburg. In the classroom of the normal school
for teachers, he was one of the beloved pupils of Dr. H. D.
Benjamin, then the Inspector of the Board of Education in Surinam.
Blyd had in competition among his fellow classmates held by his
teachers, distinguished himself as a remarkable student in solving
Bible questions. So we see he showed more inclination to the
clergy and to become a minister than a school teacher. But in that
time no natives were exalted to the order of preacher. So Blyd
became a teacher.
Blyd followed his occupation as a teacher in several districts of
the colony. His first field of operation was on the plantation,
Berger Dal, one of the largest Negro settlements in Surinam. We
may mention here an uproar that took place during his stay there.
These will make us a little acquainted with his sincere and pious
character. It came to pass, one day after school hours, two school
boys got to quarreling about a pocket-knife. The quarrel became
so noisy that the family of both the boys were coming up with
hatchet, walking-stick and some more murderous weapons. So much
feeling had then developed that the uproar would not have been
prevented had not Mr. Blyd undertaken this difficult task and by
his unusual moral power brought both parties to reflection. After
a reprimand in well chosen words the quarrel was suppressed.
When Mr. Blyd later moved to plantation Wederzorg, situated on
the Commewyne river, he then got permission from the Director of
the Mission in Surinam, to lead now and then the church service.
But these all were for Blyd merely as forerunner to reach his
mile-stone. At the plantation Alkmaar, he came into touch with the
Rev. Mr. Kersten, and it was not long before this man detected in
Mr. Blyd a preacher of power. Blyd's impression made upon Rev. Mr.
Kersten was so favorable that soon in 1899, the Mission Director
in Surinam decided to appoint him as sub-preacher. And once the
words spoken by the old Rev. Mr. Haller (white) became truth. He
had said to Mr. Blyd "You should try to train yourself for the
uplift of your fellow race-men, and to teach them the words of
our living God." In the year 1902 Mr. Blyd was ordained to the
order of deacon, and from that time, his name as a preacher was
established.
Rev. Mr. Blyd had to wrestle with many storms that touched his
social life. There came upon him the bad deportment of his two
sons. He who knows the battle which he had to fight, brought upon
him by his sons' evil deeds, will find in him, the preacher of
God, a true and sincere knight of our Lord. Rev. Mr. Blyd sought
in his hours of these temptations his refuge on his Savior knees
and he always was consoled. Many had wondered at his patience
and long suffering amid these storms of life. But this man, the
preacher by the grace of God, the sincere Christian in the full
sense of the word, had as his encouragement, that had been giving
him consolation and confidence: "The Lord shall provide, be still
my soul."
Rev. Mr. Blyd's sermons were of an uncommon sort. Never would one
part from his service not being touched in the depths of his inner
life. His sermons were delivered in Dutch and Negro-English. They
were a splendor of oratory. In spite of all of these, however,
Rev. Mr. Blyd still retained his humility, without overrating
himself. His words won many hearts, even many a stranger. Among
them we may count Bishop Hamilton, High Commissioner of the
Moravian Board of Missions in England. In 1913, the year of the
celebration of the Fifty Emancipation Anniversary, the Mission
Director in Surinam decided to send Rev. Mr. Blyd to Europe, to
the Netherlands, our mother country, to represent the black race.
Rev. Mr. Blyd traveled also throughout Germany and Denmark. There
in Europe, he came into touch with several notables.
He won many friends by his sermon preached at the celebration of
the mission feast at Utrecht in the Netherlands as attested by H.
M. Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. Many ministers with the
degree of Doctor of Divinity had addressed the audience on that
occasion. After them Rev. Mr. Blyd rose from his seat to walk
to the pulpit for he was being given a turn. When he was on the
way to the pulpit, a white minister hastened to offer to him a
minister's gown, but the man Blyd kept his simplicity and refused
to accept it.[1] After the service everyone longed to cheer and
greet the black minister. By hundreds and thousands they crowded
themselves to see him pass. Photographers were busy taking his
photo. To and fro they went to ask for a picture of the black
minister. Rev. Mr. Blyd had made a deep impression upon H. M.
Queen Wilhelmina, and under the emotion that Rev. Mr. Blyd had
caused H. M. the Queen, he was invited by Her Majesty to deliver a
sermon at the court, attended by all H. M. court representatives.
Rev. Mr. Blyd was later invited to dinner at H. M. residence at
Hagen, and he sat at the same table near by H. M. the Queen. This
extraordinary event took place after his traveling from North
Europe.
His love for his native land will be illustrated by the following
event. It was at H. M. Queen Wilhelmina's residence that this took
place. When the Queen put before him this question: "Reverend
Mr. Blyd," H. M. turning to him, "which of the two places do you
prefer? The Netherlands or Denmark?" And without hesitation he
answered the Queen's question in his simple words: "Your Majesty,
East, West, home is best!"
Rev. Mr. Blyd surrounded by all these courtesies has never forgot
his race. He took the opportunity to bring before the Queen the
needs of his people. He had made also his entrance at the courts
of Germany and Denmark. In Denmark he was received with great
enthusiasm and great homage. He had so impressed the clergy of
Denmark that they made efforts to retain him for the order in that
country. But the man with his humble character chose above all to
serve among his own people. In Germany he had held several street
meetings. A white eye-witness, now in the colony, told about the
impression Rev. Mr. Blyd made upon his hearers. He said that the
longer he lived the more he learned from Rev. Mr. Blyd.
During Rev. Mr. Blyd's sojourn in Europe the mission authorities
were offered a better opportunity to study his character. And so
this led to the conclusion to exalt him to the order of presbyter.
This event took place before a large audience when he was
returning to the Colony.
Alas! the poor slave boy, Cornelis Winst Blyd, with his unlimited
energy traced his way from the slave cabin to kings and queens'
palaces. From body bondage to liberty of spirit and body--raised
to the highest order of Protestant dignity, the order which no man
of his color in the Colony has since attained.
Of the literature which Rev. Mr. Blyd has left, we may mention
here his well-styled booklet: "Superstition in Surinam." Therein
he has showed a great capacity as a writer. In this booklet he
warned his people of the devil's sacrifice--the fetishism and the
belief in witchcraft, an African religion transplanted here in the
colony by their ancestors from Africa. His effort in doing so was
only as he has said, to release his people from the chains of such
an empty religion.
It was on April 12, 1921, that the Colony was shocked from its
foundation. People stood in groups, heads sadly bent. Black clouds
now and then saluted in snow-white rainy cloud, to regain after a
few moments their original ash-grey color. Rev. Mr. Blyd, nursed
in the Military Hospital, had passed away. The sickness that
had ended his life so suddenly had returned. It was known that
physically his body was overpowered by a disease. But none had
expected his end so suddenly. On Sunday he had delivered his last
sermon. In the week when his sickness had become more serious they
decided to take him to the Military Hospital at Paramaribo for a
careful nursing. But his end was at hand.
The day of his burial, a funeral-service was conducted by the
Rev. Dr. Muller. It would require too much space in this Journal
to note here all that he spoke on that occasion. But I shall note
here some passages. Dr. Muller said: "He was one of the most
popular and loveliest personalities among our society. He was
the first among his co-workers. Everyone respected his name with
deep respect, the young as well as the aged. He stood for better
days above all parties; above all difference of color, sect and
confession. He was the man that won the general confidence of the
Colony.
"Yea! he was a man loved by all, respected by his own people the
black, as well as by white. His name will live forever in the
hearts of his people, friends and all. His name is holy for young
and old. His wandering upon this earth was a guide to and for many
in this Colony. He was simplicity itself and his life ended the
same."
A. P. VREDE,
Paramaribo, Surinam
The following communication from Captain T. G. Steward, U. S. A.,
retired, contains several statements of interest to students of Negro
History:
WILBERFORCE, OHIO, January 13, 1923.
MR. CARTER G. WOODSON,
Washington, D. C.
_Dear Sir_: Allow me to kindly refer you to page 67 of my book
"Fifty Years in The Gospel Ministry" where you will find recounted
the opening of the school in Marion, S. C, the names of the
teachers, and a copy of their credentials, etc.
Also on page 47 of your "Negro in Our History" you mention one
"Irish Nell." I am quite confident that the late Bishop James
Theodore Holly, bishop of Haiti, was a descendant of the union of
that lady with a black man. I do not know how the name Holly came
in, but I may be able to cite you to the facts if you think it
worth while to publish the matter.
I am glad to find you doing so much first hand work; and were I
able I should be delighted to be engaged with you.
I suppose you are aware of the fact that the keeper of Fraunce's
tavern or Faunce's tavern in New York where Washington took leave
of his officers was a negro. Also his daughter was Washington's
house-keeper when the latter lived on Murray Hill in New York.
I would think the Faunce hotel at that time was probably among the
best, if not itself the best hotel in the country.
Yours truly,
T. G. STEWARD
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Here in Surinam the Moravian preacher needs no gown by the
church service. This offering was then for Rev. Blyd a sign of his
worthiness, an honor and an acknowledgment of his true Christian soul.
BOOK REVIEWS
_Das unbekannte Afrika_ (Unknown Africa). By Leo Frobenius. (O.
Beck, München, 1923.)
The war has fettered Frobenius to his country and his desk, and he
has found time to study his material, and the series of diaries,
written every day while in Africa. Ten volumes of folklore, three
volumes of _Atlas Africanus_, several philosophical books, and this
one under discussion, have been the fruits of his unwelcome restraint.
Frobenius is now preparing another book, "The dying Africa." Many of
his collections have gone to the various museums, but he has a large
number of interesting objects, and many thousands of pictures which
are contained in his recent publications, and, at last, made known.
Each chapter of _Das unbekannte Afrika_ is headed by small maps
showing the distribution of the cultural elements treated in it.
This is the form of registration which Frobenius has practiced for
the last 25 years. Thus the enormous wealth of ethnological data is
statistically fixed. The area, for instance, for a house type or a
custom, when found in his travels, is compared with data found, in
literature, on the same subject, and all the findings are, again,
registered on a map. The results of seven expeditions, on which
skilled artists accompanied him, have been kept under control in this
manner. As soon as the center of a district which seemed of interest
was reached, numerous trained assistants were sent in different
directions. Each took notes and pictures on a given subject, so that a
marvelous amount of work could be accomplished. Other data were gained
by leaving questionnaires among the resident missionaries, merchants,
or government officials, to whom letters were sent later, where
matters did not seem sufficiently clear, when studied at home.
The deductions made are illustrated by the fascinating pictures
contained in _The unknown Africa_, in which more than half of the
space is devoted to illustrations. By them the interrelation between
Neolithic European, Asiatic, Phoenician, Carthaginian, and the African
cultures is shown, mainly in regard to art and architecture.
African art is nearer related to the prehistoric European than to the
Asiatic and the American. On the whole, that of the south is historic,
as compared with that of northwestern Africa. Linguistically the
south African idioms are the oldest, while the illiterate eastern
constitutes the second period, and the northwestern the youngest.
Racially the lighter Hamite in the northwest has displaced older
types, which are now prevalent in the east. The Hamitic culture
extends between the Canaries and the Indian Ocean, with extensions
into Abyssinia and the southern apex. In the south dwell the
Ethiopians. Originally there were two main points of cultural influx,
one in Erythraea, and one on the western shores, having travelled
through the Mediterranean and Gibraltar, around northwestern Africa.
Some influence was also introduced from the north, and traversed the
Sahara desert. There it did not survive, but penetrated the Soudan.
The two cultures are explained distinctly. The Hamitic contains
remnants of the solar cult, while the Ethiopian shows that of
the moon. The first has the matriarchal while the second has the
patriarchal system. Hamitic inclinations are connected with the animal
world, the Ethiopian with Mother Earth and the plant. Proofs for the
entry of Hamitic elements by way of Erythraea are found in the fact
that the matriarchate has existed on the eastern coast of India, and
in southern Arabia, and that it still exists in northern Africa. Also,
the ritual killing of the kings which exists near the White Nile, and
in the eastern Soudan, was reported, by Diodorus, to have existed on
the eastern coast of India and in Meroe.
The Nile kept Egypt in touch with the rest of the civilized world,
while the western parts of northern Africa had no great stream to
retain the ancient height of culture, but this tended to the guarding
of traditions, and the preservation of ancient customs.
The same ritual procedure which is depicted on the rock-drawings,
thousands of years old, prevails in these days in western Soudan.
The same posture is taken by the supplicant huntsman, in regard to
the cardinal points, while he traces similar images on the sand. The
present-day pious Yoruba consults the replica of boards which were
found in Ife, and which were thousands of years old. On them are
carved the four main pairs of deities, or the sixteen cardinal points.
Frobenius found ancient terra-cotta heads and wood carvings which
represented the same objects as those found in Benin. The latter
must be considered as mediaeval. The pupils of the Benin heads are
perforated, while the Ilife heads have blind eyes. This would affix,
to the latter, a much greater age, as it is a feature of ancient
Mediterranean sculpture. The Atlantic art of western Africa is highly
developed, and has nothing in common with primitive Negro art. Some
of the boards are exquisite, and rows of beautiful figures and
mythological representations are carved on a door, in Yoruba, as shown
in the book.
A very interesting theory is put forth, in this connection. So far,
it was accepted that time, in archaeology, could be measured only by
stone objects, as these were lasting. The author, however, is of the
opinion that rock drawings and carvings may answer the aesthetic or
ritual requirements of a region or a people for many centuries, while
wooden implements and works of art must be replaced, being eminently
perishable. Wood is available everywhere. The idea underlying a figure
is renewed, with each generation of carvers, and the traditions are
handed down as faithfully by wooden carvings as by folk-lore.
Drawings, in the strict sense of the word, are found, in Africa,
only in ancient Egypt. They are more closely related to the Bushman
paintings of South Africa than to the petrography of the western parts
of the continent. Hamitic rock drawings, with depressed lines of
contour, and tinted in the intervening surfaces, are seen in Egypt.
Prehistoric and early historic figures were found in Egypt, Lesser
Africa, and the Guinea Coast. In the east the lines are generally
severe, while in the northwest they are rounded. The Hamitic culture
zone has no plastic art, among Berber, Bisharin, Somali, Masai, and
Hottentot. The Bushman who drew the beautiful rock ornaments has
produced no plastic. What is found among this tribe must be considered
as Carthaginian.
The primitive Hamite fears representations of the human and animal,
from magic. Later the plastic representations have, however,
penetrated the Hamitic boundaries, and reached the Nile. The peoples
of Lesser and North Africa do not recognize what is on the rocks. The
Negro is not gifted in this sense. The Hamite who does not readily
see a drawing or picture, and never seems to have produced plastic
art, draws well, realistically or ornamentally. The Negro is a good
carver but draws very badly. Even those Negroes who recognize every
photograph and carve excellently cannot draw.
Many deductions are made in studying the migration of cultures, and
many parallels are shown up. One of the relationships found is that
between the tattooing of the Neolithic Period of France and that of
the living individual near the Niger. The lines run from the ear to
the nose. Another well-known feature is the figure of the obese woman
which extends from France to Malta. It is quite prevalent in Hamitic
art, in the graphic productions of northern Africa, and in Egyptian
plastic. Steatopygy, in the living, is natural to the South African
tribes. The deduction made is that those models which seemed desirable
to the artist, during the stone age of the northwest, still exist
in the south. Therefore Hamitic culture must have wandered from the
north, east and south.
Other stone-age elements, the stone graves, are found in the Hamitic
regions. In Morocco the stone tumuli are explained as remnants of the
houses of forebears. When food ran low, goes the tale, the head of the
family collected all its members about him, and tore the home down,
over them.
Two main types of dwellings are found in Africa, one a cave, the other
a pile structure. The Hamitic culture prefers the first, the Ethiopian
the latter. The oldest Hamitic "chthonic" bed is a pit. The oven and
storehouse is built in the ground. The inhabitants of the Canary
Islands, who are the descendants of the ancient Guanches, and most of
the Kabyle tribes of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunis still have artificial
caves, which are, however, not generally known. In Matamata, in the
south of Tunis, tunnel-shaped, honeycomb dwellings constitute the
newer type of cave dwelling.
Ethiopian "telluric" architecture uses the pile in the construction
of beds, huts for guards, dwelling houses, and meeting places. The
edifices are round or rectangular, and thatched. Later the thatch is
covered with clay. Fortresses are constructed of clay and rafters. In
parts of the Soudan the walls are beautifully ornamented with reliefs
of humans and animals, or geometrical figures. In the interior of the
houses the clay walls are tinted and polished, and the pictures show
many beautiful decorative designs.
BEATRICE BICKEL
* * * * *
_A History of the United States Since the Civil War._ By Ellis
Paxon Oberholtzer. In five volumes. Volume II, 1868-1872. (New
York: The Macmillan Company, 1922. Pp. XI, 649. $4.00.)
This is the second of five volumes of a history of the United States
since the Civil War to be completed by this author. Covering the
period from 1868 to 1872, this treatise deals in detail with the
Reconstruction, the Ku Klux Klan, international questions resulting
from the Civil War, the building of railroads, and Oriental problems.
It is not usual, however, to find one publishing such a large and
expensive volume as this for the purpose of giving merely the author's
opinion about the problems of that day and the shortcomings of the
men who were trying to solve them. Not unlike most writers on the
Reconstruction, this author endeavored to commend those who achieved
as he would have them and to condemn those who addressed themselves
to these tasks in a different way. In most places, however, he found
many to censure and few to praise. If the book has any purpose at
all, it is intended not as a history of the period but a survey of
the corruption and vice of the age. Very little of the malfeasance in
positions of public trust escaped the attention of this writer.
Beginning with President Grant himself, the author has tried to
show that there was little of virtue and efficiency among public
functionaries of that time. He refers to Grant as being ignorant,
stupid, and simple, holds up to scorn James G. Blaine, and questions
Garfield's connection with Credit Mobilier in the style characteristic
of the book. Other crimes to the credit of the leading statesmen of
that day are given detailed treatment. The book abounds in so many
recriminations and epithets belaboring the most distinguished men of
the time that the uninformed reader would expect something like the
fall of Rome to follow.
If the white people with all their advantages had degenerated to
such a low level, the reader might wonder why the author should make
any comment at all on the corruption of the Negroes in the South.
Inasmuch as they had not been generally educated and had been denied
participation in civic affairs, he might have excused them for
abandoning work to enjoy their freedom, stealing from their former
masters, and obtruding themselves socially upon haughty persons of the
old regime. In the same style, however, the Negroes are given their
share of vilification. "He refers to them as 'Sambo' and 'Cuffee'
entering the halls of government, and a 'Coal Black' member made
temporary chairman," "'The Black Crook Convention,' 'Ring-tailed
Coons,' 'Outlaws and Rag-a-muffins,' and a 'Gang of Jailbirds.'"
All of these expressions are not original with the author. They
are taken from southern newspapers and books of the same sort of
authorship. Instead of using such evidence only when known to be
unconscious, the author has accepted this information as the truth.
According to the requirements of modern historiography, newspapers
are generally valuable only in determining the sentiment of the
people except when the evidence obtained is unconscious. Furthermore,
the author has too often accepted second-hand information, found in
books of writers who have produced treatises on the Reconstruction
for the express purpose of vilifying the Negroes who participated
in that drama, and to justify the high-handed action of the whites
who through such invisible powers as the Ku Klux Klan overthrew the
liberal governments, and re-established the power of the aristocracy
of the South. It is unreasonable to suppose that orators and editors
interested in disfranchising and re-enslaving the Negroes would tell
the truth about the freedmen.
It is most unfortunate that writers have accepted the point of view
of these biased authors instead of making a research for the facts in
the case. In too many instances, this author quotes Fleming for facts
of Reconstruction in Alabama, Hamilton for North Carolina, Ficklen for
Louisiana, Garne for Mississippi, Ramsdell for Texas, Reynolds for
South Carolina, Davis for Florida, Eckenrode for Virginia, Thompson
for Georgia, and the like. These "authorities" do not strengthen the
claims of a work because of the very bias with which these books
were written, for these writers accepted rumors, violent newspaper
comments, and inflammatory speeches as reasons for their conclusions.
Any history built upon such authority cannot be considered trustworthy.
From the point of view of the Negro himself, this book is not a
history of the United States for the period which it purports to
cover. It has very little to say about the Negroes except to refer
to them as an ignorant, illiterate mass of thieves and rascals. In a
work covering merely four years, a seeker of the truth would expect
some information therefrom as to how the freedmen began their social
and economic stride upward, what forces were set to work among them,
and how susceptible they proved to be of the training offered in the
schools and churches established for their special needs. Inasmuch
as he found so much space for the Carpet-Baggers who went South to
control the State governments through the Negro vote, it would have
hardly been out of place for the author to mention that throng of
apostles who came South as teachers to give their lives as a sacrifice
in the uplift of these belated people. What these Negroes did, during
these very years, to help themselves should have received some
consideration. Every Negro of consequence in the South was not a
politician or an office-seeker. What the race is accomplishing today
is due in a large measure to the foundation laid at that time by
Negroes of foresight, who acquired education and property and joined
the missionary teachers from the North in the noble effort for the
education and economic amelioration of the freedmen.
* * * * *
_The Partition of Africa._ By Sir Charles Lucas, K.C.B., K.C.M.G.
(Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1922. Pp. 228.)
This book consists of the lectures given by the author at the Royal
Colonial Institute to a circle of teachers of the London County
Council in 1921. The author disclaims any pretension to exhaust the
subject. He acknowledges that these lectures are somewhat discursive
with the intention of suggesting diverse points of view and a variety
of subjects for further study. With this purpose in mind he freely
quotes a number of books and papers, evidently desiring to stimulate
the reader to further study. It is admitted, moreover, that while
these lectures have been awaiting publication there has taken place
in Africa so many developments that this volume will not suffice to
inform the reader.
The work begins with a survey of Africa in ancient times as it
connected with the Mediterranean World. Unfortunately, in this chapter
the author follows the well-beaten path of misrepresenting that land
by referring to it as the "Dark Continent," which, from his point
of view, was dependent and backward because it had no facilities of
communication with Europe. In this chapter, therefore, he proves not
that Africa had not made much advancement but that the European was
merely ignorant of that part of the world.
In the chapter discussing "Africa from Ancient Times to the Nineteenth
Century" there is little more than a casual sketch of the invasion
of the Vandals, the Mohammedan conquest, followed by a rather brief
and unscientific discussion of the natives of Africa. This chapter,
however, presents in epitome the leading facts of the explorations of
Europeans beginning with Prince Henry of Portugal, the forerunner of
other adventurers from England, Italy, Spain and France.
Taking up the slave trade, the author becomes a little more
interesting. He discusses the question from two points of view,
distinguishing between the Mohammedan slave trade and the European
traffic in men on the West Coast of Africa. He undertakes to give the
causes of the West African slave trade in terms of the commercial
revolution. Then follows a more detailed account of the participation
therein by various European nations. In this connection is treated
also the effort of philanthropic Europeans who exposed the horrors
of the slave trade and finally abolished it. Further efforts for the
improvement of the Negroes are traced to the establishment of Sierra
Leone and Liberia.
The author then shows how this interest in the Negro, developing along
with European expansion into Africa, led to further exploration and
settlement and to the missionary enterprise of David Livingston. The
interest in the uplift of the natives, however, as the book admits,
was lost sight of after the Franco-German war, the prelude to the
scramble for Africa. Then came the beginning of Belgian Congo, the
Anglo-Portuguese treaty of 1884, the general acts of the Berlin
Conference, the Congo atrocities, and the partition of the continent
into Northeast-Africa, East-Africa, South-Africa, West-Africa and
other spheres of influence. There followed also another sort of
scramble in building African railways, tapping the wealth of the
hinterland of Africa. The bearing of the Anglo-French Convention of
1904, the Franco-German Agreement of 1911 and other European treaties
are all set forth.
Discussing North-Africa, the author first makes a comparison of the
situation in the different parts of the continent, allowing for such
influences as the proximity of that portion of the continent to
Europe, the effect of the orientalization of Egypt, Tunis, Algeria,
Tripoli, and Morocco. This discussion, however, is not carried
out in all of its ramifications and the reader must make further
investigation for adequate information.
In Chapter VIII the author reviews the settlements of the Dutch in
South-Africa, the British occupation of the Cape, the conflict of
the British and the Dutch, the rise of the Boer Republic, and the
Kaffir wars. In keeping with so many writers who endorse almost
anything which Europeans do, this author finds some justification
for the intrusion of the Europeans in Africa. The cruel oppression
visited upon the natives as a result of this conquest does not cause
the author any grief. In the same way, he discusses the conquest
and settlements of France and Great Britain in West-Africa, their
dependencies, and methods of development. Treating the late campaigns
in Africa, the author makes an effort to bring this information up
to date as far as possible, trying to account for the territorial
settlement in that continent as shown by the reconstructed map of
Africa. The book closes with a discussion of such African problems
as the elimination of Germany from Africa, the plurality of powers
in Africa as an advantage to the Africans in bringing about mutual
checks, and the effect of the World War upon the relation between
whites and blacks.
* * * * *
_A Boy's Life of Booker T. Washington._ By W. C. Jackson, Vice
President of the North Carolina College for Women, and Professor
of History, Greensboro. (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1922.
Pp. 147.)
The author does not pretend to add anything new to what is generally
known about Booker T. Washington, or to what may be found in such
works as _Up from Slavery_, _My Larger Education_, and _Booker T.
Washington: Builder of a Civilization_. The aim is to tell this story
in such simple language as to make it comprehensible for children. The
author hopes that by reading this book some of them may be inspired
to higher ambition and encouraged to nobler effort. While the reader
may not agree with all of the observations made by the author, he must
commend this effort to popularize the record of the distinguished
citizen who by his achievement demonstrated that the race has within
it the possibilities of other groups. This effort, then, has an
important bearing on the dissemination of information concerning the
Negro and on the preservation of the records of the race.
The details of the life of the subject of the sketch are omitted
except that the interesting beginnings of Booker T. Washington as
a boy, and his rise through poverty and ignorance to a position of
leadership, are given with some degree of thoroughness. The author
endeavors to impress upon the youth the bravery, courage, backbone,
energy, fair-mindedness, honesty, wisdom, intelligence, judgment,
modesty, patriotism, will power, self control, and love of humanity
of Booker T. Washington. To do this, each important trait in the
man is portrayed by reference to some achievement which served as a
striking example of his character. In this way, the author draws upon
his planning for an education, school days at Hampton, beginning life
in the outside world, first efforts at teaching, the beginning of
Tuskegee, early hardships, struggles to raise money, speech-making,
leadership, political experiences, and travels abroad.
The book is well printed and neatly bound. It is also adequately
illustrated so as to concentrate the attention of the youth on
certain important achievements and events in the life of Washington.
Among these illustrations appear the monument recently unveiled at
Tuskegee, which constitutes the frontispiece of the book. Then follow
various illustrations of the many activities of the institution. While
there is not given a general view of the whole school, the various
groups given will impress the reader with the magnitude of the work
undertaken at Tuskegee. The cuts of Washington and his family show the
home life of the man.
NOTES
Mr. A. A. Taylor, who during the last fiscal year devoted a part of
his time to research under the direction of the Association, has been
permanently employed as an Associate Investigator of the Association
to make researches into Negro Reconstruction History. Mr. Taylor is an
alumnus of the University of Michigan. He has recently done graduate
work under Professors Abbott, Usher, Turner, Merk, and Channing at
Harvard, where he obtained the degree of Master of Arts.
Miss Irene A. Wright, who has been employed by the Association to
copy certain documents in the Archives of the Indies, Seville, Spain,
reports that in the near future she will offer for publication in
these columns interesting and valuable data giving the history of the
Mose Settlement of Negroes in Florida.
Mr. Albert Parry, the contributor of the article in this number
entitled "Hannibal, the Favorite of Peter the Great," is a former
resident of Russia. He has been studying in this country two years.
* * * * *
The various aspects of German colonization in East Africa and the rôle
played by that portion of this continent in the World War are treated
in _Kumbuke; Erlebnisse eines Arztes in Deutsch Ostafrika_ (Berlin,
Dom-Verlag, 1922, pp. 502), by August Hauer.
_Études sur l'Islam en Côte d'Ivoire_ (Paris, Leroux, 1922, pp. 502)
by Paul Marty, _Au Congo: Souvenirs de la Mission Marchand_ (Paris,
Fayard, 1921) by General Baratier, and _Une Étape de la Conquête de
l'Afrique Équatoriale Française_ (Paris, Fournier, 1922, pp. 260)
by the Ministry of War of France, cover altogether in a general way
French colonization in Western and Central Africa.
The Associated Publishers will soon publish a work entitled _Negro
Poets and Their Poems_ by Robert T. Kerlin, Professor of English of
the State Normal School, West Chester, Pennsylvania, former Professor
of English at the Virginia Military Institute. This work will be an
illustrated textbook for schools and will at the same time serve as a
volume of general information on contemporary Negro poetry.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR
The fiscal year which ended June 30, 1923, was the most prosperous in
the history of the Association. The efforts of the staff were directed
toward carrying out the purposes for which the Association was
organized, namely, to collect historical data and to promote studies
bearing on the Negro. To attain these objectives the Director had to
perform the two important tasks of soliciting funds to finance the
Association and then to use the same in the employment of assistants
to investigate the various aspects of Negro life and history.
Funds have been received and disbursed as follows:
COMPLETE FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF ALL DEPARTMENTS OF THE
ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF NEGRO LIFE AND HISTORY[A]
_July 1, 1922-June 30, 1923_
_Receipts_
Research Fund $5,000.00
Interest on Reserve 78.77
Subscriptions 1,798.91
Memberships 321.10
Contributions 6,727.99
Advertisements 264.55
Refunds 57.11
Miscellaneous 107.80
Books 3.25
----------
Total Receipts $14,359.48
Balance on hand for
Research June 30, 1922 5,000.00
Balance on hand, General
Expense Fund, June 30, 1922 89.46
----------
Grand Total $19,448.94
_Disbursements_
Printing and Stationery $2,996.34
Paid for Research 4,401.62
Petty Cash (Incidentals) 900.00
Stenographic Service 1,330.01
Rent and Light 518.50
Salaries 2,733.37
Traveling Expenses 300.39
Miscellaneous 520.47
----------
Total Disbursements $13,700.70
Balance on hand, June 30, 1923
appropriated for Printing
and Research 5,677.15
Balance on Hand, General
Expense Fund, June 30, 1923 71.09
----------
Grand Total $19,448.94
Respectfully submitted,
(Signed) S. W. RUTHERFORD,
Secretary-Treasurer.
VARIOUS INTERESTS
The Director, who is editor of the JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY as well
as the executive of the Association, has devoted some of his time to
administrative duties, which, with the expansion of the work, are
rapidly multiplying. It has been possible, however, to give much
stimulus to all phases of the work in spite of arduous duties. That
the additional assistants now associated with the Director will
relieve him of some of these tasks is indeed gratifying.
THE JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY has found its way into additional
libraries and schools where it is becoming more and more to be
regarded as a valuable aid in research. It is now used as such in the
accredited colleges and universities of both races in the South and
serves for similar purposes in centers of research in the North. A
larger number of institutions abroad, moreover, are now subscribing
to this publication, requiring, too, a complete file of the magazine
in bound form. Briefly stated, then, while this publication has
not a popular subscription list, it circulates throughout the
civilized world as a library magazine of value for advanced students,
investigators, and social workers.
The Director has spent some of his time in field work. Wherever there
is a call to encourage a school or a club to do more for the study of
Negro life and history, the Director generally responds. In this way
the people of Kentucky, especially in Lexington and Louisville, were
made acquainted with the purposes of the Association and induced to
do something for the preservation of the local records of Negroes who
have achieved well. Enterprising citizens of Lexington have organized
for this purpose.
At Nashville, the Director availed himself of a similar opportunity
to carry the work of the Association to the thinking people of the
city, speaking to them for two days in their schools and churches. The
interest aroused was most encouraging and resulted in the organization
of a local club to co-operate with this national organization. In
addition to preserving the records of Negroes in that particular
community, this group will engage in the actual study of the neglected
aspects of Negro history, using the Branch Library as a center where
numerous works on Negro life and history have been provided.
In Baltimore, where the Spring Conference of the Association was held,
the citizens showed the same sort of interest in the work and pledged
themselves to do more to save local records which are now being
rapidly lost. Persons having an intelligent interest in the past of
the Negro are now taking steps to organize there a Maryland Historical
Society, to record and popularize the achievements of the Negroes of
that commonwealth under the leadership of the teachers of history of
the public schools and instructors at Morgan College.
RESEARCH
For the first time in the history of the Association its researches
have taken a definite course. Up to the year just ended, the
Association had the benefit of merely what investigations the
Director's manifold duties permitted him to conduct, or of what others
of their own will worked out in the interest of unearthing the truth.
Thanks to the appropriations of the Carnegie Corporation and the
Laura Spellman Rockefeller Memorial, however, the Association can now
outline a definite program of investigation and systematically carry
it out. For the present the staff is engaged in the study of the Free
Negro prior to 1861 and Negro Reconstruction History.
With the assistance of a copyist, Mrs. C. B. Overton, the Director
has been preparing a report on the Free Negro in the United States.
This report will be decidedly statistical, giving the names of the
persons of color who were heads of families in 1830, where they were
living, how many were in each family, how many slaves each owned, and
what relation these free Negroes sustained to the white people. This
research covers also the statistics of absentee ownership of slaves by
whites. The first volume of the report will be published within the
next six months. Using it as a basis, the Director will make further
investigation of the Free Negroes to determine their economic status,
their social position, the attitude of the southern whites toward this
class, and the opinion of the North with respect to them as citizens.
Working in this same field, but developing special aspects of this
history, are Mr. George F. Dow and Miss Irene A. Wright. Mr. George
F. Dow has been employed to read the 18th century colonial newspapers
of New England for facts bearing on the Negro. Up to the present,
however, he has been unable to finish this task and does not promise
to accomplish much until next fall. Miss Irene A. Wright is now
extracting from the Archives of the Indies in Seville, Spain, some
valuable documents showing the part the Negroes played in the early
struggle between the British and Spanish in America and especially
the records of the Mose Settlement of Negroes in Florida and the
achievements of the Negroes in Louisiana. Miss Wright will also copy
all accessible documents of Latin-America giving accounts of Negroes
in higher spheres of usefulness. The Association is endeavoring to
employ an investigator to render the same sort of service in the
British Museum and the Public Record Office in London.
During the year the Association has had one worker in Negro
Reconstruction History. This was Mr. A. A. Taylor, an alumnus of the
University of Michigan, who has recently received the degree of Master
of Arts for graduate work done at Harvard University under Professors
W. C. Abbott, F. J. Turner, and Edward Channing. Although he has
devoted only a part of his time to this research, he has produced
one valuable dissertation, _The Social Conditions and Treatment of
Negroes in South Carolina, 1865-1880_. He has also made a scientific
study of the social and economic conditions of the Negroes in Virginia
for the same period, but has not yet completed this treatise. It is
expected that it will be ready for publication within the next twelve
months. Mr. Taylor will continue this work as Associate Investigator,
permanently employed by the Association to devote all of his time to
this effort.
The Association continues its interest in the work of training young
men for scientific investigation. As far as possible it will follow
its program of educating in the best graduate schools with libraries
bearing on Negro Life and History, three young men supported by
fellowships of $500 each from the Association and such additional
stipends as the schools themselves may grant for their support. These
students are assigned to different fields, one to make Anthropometric
and Psychological measurements of Negroes, one to study African
Anthropology and Archaeology, and one to take up history as it has
been influenced by the Negro.
Closely connected with these plans, moreover, are certain other
projects to preserve Negro folklore. In this effort the Association
has the co-operation of Dr. Elsie Clews Parsons, the moving spirit
of the American Folklore Society. She is now desirous of making a
more systematic effort to embody this part of the Negro civilization
and she believes that the work can be more successfully done by
co-operation with the Association. As soon as the Director can
obtain a special fund for this particular work, an investigator will
be employed to undertake it. For the present the Association is
endeavoring to stimulate interest in this field by offering a prize of
$200 for the best collection of tales, riddles, proverbs, sayings, and
songs, which have been heard at home by Negro students of accredited
schools.
The interest in the result of these researches has become all but
nation-wide. Most advanced institutions of learning now make some use
of historical works on the Negro. _The Negro in Our History_ has met
with the general welcome as a much desired volume giving the essential
facts of Negro achievement. It has been extensively used as collateral
reading and has been adopted as a text in more than a score of schools
and colleges. The demand for this book is so rapidly increasing that
the second edition has been almost exhausted. The third edition,
which is now in preparation, will be revised and enlarged so as to
give more attention to the Negro in freedom, a period of more concern
to most students than that of the Negro before the Civil War.
In almost every center of considerable Negro population and in most
of the large schools of the race there are clubs or classes engaged
in the study of Negro life and history. Some of these were organized
under the supervision of the Association and others sprang up of
themselves in response to the increasing desire among Negroes to know
about themselves and to publish such information to a world uninformed
as to what the race has thought and felt and attempted and done. These
groups thus interested in the scientific study of the Negro, moreover,
are not restricted to the schools and communities controlled by this
race. The Association has found little difficulty in interesting
advanced students in large northern universities, and this work has
extended to some of the best white schools of the South.
THE STAFF
The staff has suffered one irreparable loss in that Miss A. H. Smith,
who during the last seven years has served the Association as Office
Manager and Assistant to the Secretary-treasurer, has recently retired
from the service. The Association is immeasurably indebted to Miss
Smith for the faithful service which she has rendered the cause,
and it will be difficult to fill her position. Although offered
opportunities for earning a larger stipend elsewhere, she remained
with the Association because of her interest in the work which it has
been prosecuting. The Association wishes her well and earnestly hopes
that she may be welcomed in some other field of usefulness.
Respectfully submitted,
CARTER G. WOODSON,
Director
1538 NINTH ST., N. W.,
WASHINGTON, D. C.
Sept. 18, 1923
FOOTNOTES:
[A] The books of the Association have been audited by a certified
public accountant who reports that the receipts have been duly
deposited, that all disbursements have been made through numbered
voucher checks properly approved, and that the balances given in the
records of the Association agree with the balances reported by the
banks.
* * * * *
INDEX
JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY
VOLUME VIII
A
_A Negro Pioneer in the West_, 333-335
_Abram Hannibal, the Favorite of Peter the Great_, 359-366
_Africa and the Discovery of America_, review of, 233-238
African Institution, the interest of, in colonization, 168, 169, 170,
178, 182, 200, 204, 215
African Methodist Episcopal Church, organization of, 303
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, the organization of, 303
African slave, the status of, in the colonies, 250, 251
Alabama, the movement of Negroes to, 367, 370, 373, 379-381;
Cotton culture in, 372
Allen, Philip, owner of land near Dartmouth, 155
Allen, Richard, the work of, 51;
anti-colonization meeting in church of, 216
Allen, William, interest of, in African colonization, 174, 182, 186,
189, 195, 200, 201, 205, 206
Alvord, J. W., Assistant Commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau, 13
American Catholic Historical Society, the prize offered by, 351
American Freedmen's Union Commission, 16
_American Magazine_, extract from, 91-92
American Missionary Association, the work of, in South Carolina, 7, 8,
15, 16, 25, 26
Anderson, Joseph, of Montreal, purchase of a slave by, 329
Anderson, Lymus, a teacher of Negroes at Port Royal, 38
André, a Negro, suit of, for freedom, 326, 327
Andrew, Governor, interest of, in Negro education, 35
_Anna Murray-Douglass--My Mother As I Recall Her_, 93-101
Antoine, C. C., sketch of, by W. O. Hart, 84-87;
how he made money, 86
Arkansas, cotton culture in, 372
Arnett, Bishop B. W., the statistics of A. M. E. Church by, 310
Arnold, Thomas, a friend of Paul Cuffe, 184
Arthur, Stanley Cisby, sketch of Isaiah T. Montgomery by, 87-91
Asbury, Bishop, organizer of a mixed Sunday school, 302
Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, proceedings of
the Annual Meeting of, 116-122;
Spring Conference of, 353-357
Auger, Jean-Baptiste, a sale of a slave by, 322
Auguste, Tancrede, a ruler of Haiti, 138
Avery Institute, the establishment of, 19
B
Ba Mangwato, a native in South Africa, 288
Babcock, Colonel, effort of, to annex Santo Domingo, 145
Baganda, the morality of, 286-287, 288, 289;
art of, 291
Bailly, Augustin, a vendor of a slave, 321
Baltimore, Spring Conference in, 353-357;
Negroes in domestic service in, 390;
interest of, in training domestic workers, 399
Baptist Home Mission Society, the work of, 26
Baptists, the efforts of, among the freedmen, 18
Barahona, a plantation in Santo Domingo, 139, 140
Barbadoes, the progress of, 249
Beaufort, South Carolina, Negro schools at, 22, 24, 26
Beauvais, reference to, 286, 289
Bell, J. W., address of, at the annual meeting, 117, 122, 123-127
Benedict, Mrs., the gift of, 26
Benefit of clergy as applied to slaves, 443-447
Bent, reference to, and quotations from, 288, 292, 293, 294
Betty, a Negro servant, one of the first Methodists, 301
Bickel, Beatrice, review of _Das Unbekannte Afrika_ by, 453-458
Bigelow, A. M., a teacher of a Negro school at Aiken, 31
_Biography, Negro_, by P. W. L. Jones, 128-133
Biron, an enemy of Abram Hannibal in Russia, 364
Bishop, Josiah, a preacher in Virginia, 51
Blaney, Mary, the owner of a slave in Montreal, 330
Blyd, Cornelius Winst, the achievements of, in Dutch Guiana, 448-453
Bond, James, participation of, in the annual meeting, 118
_Book of American Negro Poetry, The_, review of, 347-348
Booker, S. S., participation of, in the Spring Conference of the
Association in Baltimore, 353
Border States, the movement of Negroes from, 367-383
Bornu, the kings of, 296;
the rise of, 297
Boston Education Commission, 6
Boston, Negro servants in, 260, 261;
Negroes in domestic service in, 429
Botume, Elizabeth Hyde, a teacher of Negroes in South Carolina, 11
Boutton, Louis Philippe, a sale of slaves by, 322
Bowles, Mrs. Emma Castleman, facts of, on the origin of Wilberforce,
335-337
Boyd, Wm. K., _Benefit of Clergy as applied to Slaves_ by,
443-447
Boyer, a ruler of Haiti, 137
_Boy's Life of Booker T. Washington, A_, review of, 463-464
Bragg, George F., _The History of the Afro-American Group of the
Episcopal Church_ by, 107-109;
remarks of, 355-356
Brass, a Negro held in Virginia, 258-259, 278
British America, the status of the Negro in, 276-277
Breeding of slaves for market, 374
Brooks, John, the purchaser of a slave in Montreal, 329
Brooks, W. H., a prominent Negro minister, 313
Brown, George W., an instructor in history, 115;
_Haiti and the United States_ by, 134-152
Brown, John, a vendor of a slave from Saratoga, 327
Brown, Moses, a friend of Paul Cuffe, 184
Brown, Thomas E., remarks of, 356
Brownell, David, the owner of land at Dartmouth, 154
Bryan, Andrew, a Negro preacher, 50
Bryan, Sampson, a preacher, 50
Bryan, William J., efforts of, to encroach upon Haiti, 143
Bryant, William Cullen, interest of, in freedom, 7
Buffum, a co-worker of Prudence Crandall, 74
Bulkley, Ichabod, an attorney against Prudence Crandall, 78
Bureau of Refugees, establishment of, 3
Bush, W. O., a Negro farmer of fame in the West, 333
Bush, George, a Negro pioneer in the West, 333-335
Butler, B. F., at Fortress Monroe, 2-3
Byrne, William, disposal of slaves by, 329
C
Caesar, a slave sold in Montreal, 327
Campbell, William, the purchase of slaves by, 328
Came, Amable-Jean-Joseph, sale of a slave by, 319
Canada, slavery in, 316-330
Canal, a ruler of Haiti, 137
Canterbury, Connecticut, the people of, arrayed against Prudence
Crandall, 76-80
Capers, Bishop, the missionary work of, 303
Carberry, Daniel, of Montreal, a purchaser of slaves, 329
Cardoza, F. L., an educator of Negroes in South Carolina, 39
Carter, Frank, a teacher of Negroes at Camden, S. C., 38
Carter, E. A., participation of, in the annual meeting, 116
Cary, Lott, a missionary in Africa, 304
Castor, John, a slave owned by Anthony Johnson, a Negro, 259, 278
Chaboille, Sir Charles, a purchaser of slaves, 329
Champlin, G. C., a supporter of Paul Cuffe, 184
Chavigny, Joseph, a vendor of slaves, 322
Channing, Walter, a supporter of Paul Cuffe, 184
Charleston, John, a Negro preacher, 302
Charleston, South Carolina, the Negro schools of, 18, 19, 20, 21,
22-40
Chase, Salmon P., interest of, in the freedmen, 7
Chêne, Mary Josephine, slaves of, by marriage, 329
Chicago, race commission of, 112-114;
Negroes in domestic service in, 390, 422
Chicago Commission on Race Relations, _The Negro in Chicago_ by,
112-114
Christophe, a ruler of Haiti, 136
Cincinnati, the treatment of Negroes in, 331-332
Clair, Bishop Matthew W., recognition of, by Methodists, 315
Claflin University, the establishment of, 26
Clark, Peter H., quotation from, 102-103
Clarkson, Thomas, interest of, in colonization, 168;
efforts of, 195
Clifford, John R., the achievements of, 338-341
Coppin, Mrs. L. J., interest of, in training domestic workers, 399
Coggeshall, John, a supporter of Paul Cuffe, 184
Coker, Daniel, a friend of Paul Cuffe, 185
Collins, a friend of Paul Cuffe, 185
Colored Methodist Episcopal Church, the organization of, 312
Columbia, South Carolina, the Negro schools of, 18, 19, 20, 21
Columbus, Christopher, the discoverer of Haiti and Santo Domingo, 135
Colvis, Joseph, the record of, 132
_Comparative Study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu Languages, A_, by
Sir Harry H. Johnston, 241-242
Caucasians in domestic service in the United States, 386-387
_Concerning the Origin of Wilberforce_, 335-337
Congregationalists, educational efforts of, 15, 16
Connecticut, Negro servants in, 265-266, 280
"Contraband of War," at Fortress Monroe, 2-3
Cooke, Edward, quotation from letter of Paul Cuffe to, 221
Cotterill, R. S., participation of, in the annual meeting, 118
Cotton, the rise of cotton culture, 370-374;
the price of, 376-378;
output of, 377-378
Cowan, Philip, petition of, for freedom, 279
Cox, a missionary to Africa, 304
Cramahé, Hector-Theophile, purchase of a slave by, 323-324
Crenshaw, David, a mixed Sunday School in the home of, 302
Croder, Josiah, a merchant connected with Paul Cuffe, 203
Cromwell, John W., letter of, 338-341
Cuffe, Paul, early life of, 153-156;
a sea captain, 156-159;
domestic affairs of, 159-161;
protest of, against taxation, 162-166;
a colonizationist, 167-210;
trip of, to England, 174-181;
life of, as a Quaker, 188-194;
death of, 221-223;
the will of, 230-232
Cuffe, John, a brother of Paul Cuffe, 155;
protest of, against taxation, 162-166, 188
Cureux, Louis, purchaser of slaves, 319
Curry, Thomas, a purchaser of slaves in Montreal, 327
D
Daggett, Judge, decision of, in the Prudence Crandall case, 78-80
Daguille, Jacques-François, a vendor of a slave, 322
Damien, Jacques, sale of a slave by, 319
_Das Unbekannte Africa_, review of, 455-458
Dassier, Estienne, sale of slave by, 320
Davis, T. R., _Negro Servitude in the United States_ by, 247-283
Davis, Jefferson, befriended by Isaiah T. Montgomery, 87-91
Dayly, Dennis, vendor of a slave, 324
Deane, Major E. L., work of, under the Freedmen's Bureau, 13
De Chalet, François, the hire of a slave by, 323
De Champigny, Intendant, proposal of, 316
De la Chevrotière, Joseph Chavigny, purchase of an Indian slave by,
321
Decline of border States, 367-383
De Grasse, John V., the example of, 132
De la Tesserie, Joseph, the sale of a Negro by, 318
Delaware, Lord, the orders of, 267-268
Delaware, the movement of Negroes from, 367
Delaware River, status of Negroes along, 262, 263
Delzenne, Ignace-François, purchase of a slave by, 320
Denonville, Governor, proposal of, 316
Dessalines, the emperor of Haiti, 136
Detroit, Negroes in domestic service in, 390, 405
Detweiler, Frederick G., _The Negro Press in the United States_
by, 238-239
De Vitre, Mathieu-Theodore, a purchaser of a slave, 322
Director of the Association, the annual report of, 466-471
Discovery of Gold in California, the result of, 377
Disfranchisement of Negro servants, 272
_Disruption of Virginia, The_, review of, 239-241
District of Columbia, the movement of the Negroes from, 367;
Negroes in domestic service in, 390, 392, 393, 394, 395, 400, 401,
402, 403, 404, 407, 408, 409-413, 414, 415, 419, 425, 426
Dolgorukovs, friends of Abram Hannibal, 363
Dominican Republic, the history of, 135-142
Domingue, a ruler of Haiti, 137
_Domestic service in the United States, Negroes in_, 384-442
Douglass, Frederick, story related by, 54;
his wife, 93-101;
in Ireland, 102-107
Dregis, Emanuel, a Negro servant, 260
Dumoulin, François, of Montreal, a vendor of slaves, 329
Dunière, Louis, sale of slaves by, 319, 320
Dutch frigate, slaves brought to Jamestown in, 249
Dutch law with regard to slavery, 253
E
Edie, Colonel J. R., Assistant Commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau,
13
_Educational Efforts of the Freedmen's Bureau and Freedmen's Aid
Societies in South Carolina, 1862-1872_, 1-40
Edwards, G. A., participation of, in the Spring Conference in
Baltimore, 354, 355
El Bekri, the author of Tarikh-es-Soudan, 296
Elizabeth, Empress, a friend of Abram Hannibal, 364
Elizabeth, Queen, the attitude of, toward slavery, 251, 256
Elkonhead, Jane, the owner of Francis Pryne, 259
Ellsworth, W. W., an attorney for Prudence Crandall, 78
Ely, General, daughters of, teachers of Negroes, 21
Embury, Philip, a meeting of Methodists at the home of, 301
Employment agencies as they concern Negro domestic workers, 436-440
Ethics of Africans, 286-290
Evans, Henry, a pioneer preacher, 51
_Evening Bulletin_ (Philadelphia), extract from, 81-84
F
Farando, Bashasar, a Negro servant, 260
Fay, Thomas, inquiry of, into the affairs of Africa, 207
Featherstonhaugh, quotation from, 375
Fetishism, the religion of Africa, 43-45
Finley, Robert, the correspondence of, with Paul Cuffe, 212-213, 215
Fisher, Miles Mark, an instructor at Virginia Union University, 115
Fisher, Samuel R., proposal of, to establish a Negro school, 206
Flora, a slave sold in Montreal, 327
Forten, Charlotte S., a teacher in South Carolina, 10-11
Forten, James, correspondence of, with Paul Cuffe, 205-206, 207;
attitude of, on colonization, 216, 217
Fouse, W. H., participation of, in the annual meeting, 118, 121
Free Negroes in Baltimore, 94
Free Society of Traders, attitude of, toward freedom, 263
Free Will Baptists, educational efforts of, in South Carolina, 15, 16,
18
Freedmen's Bureau, the work of, in South Carolina, 1-40
Freedmen's Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, the schools
of, in South Carolina, 26
_Frederick Douglass in Ireland_, 102-107
French Canada, slavery in, 316-330
Friends, the work of, among freedmen in South Carolina, 27;
interest of, in colonization, 170, 171
Friendly Society of Sierra Leone, the efforts of, 186, 193, 200, 206
Frobenius, Leo, reference to, 286, 287, 295;
_Das Unbekannte Africa_ of, 455-458
Furley, Benjamin, opposition of, to slavery, 263
G
Gainesville, Georgia, occupations of, graduates of schools of, 400
Gannett, W. C., a teacher of Negroes in South Carolina, 8
Garneau, François-Xavier, quotations from, 316, 317
Garrettson, Freeborn, attitude of, toward slavery, 301
Garrison, William Lloyd, interest of, in the freedmen, 7;
letter of Prudence Crandall to, 72;
letter of Frederick Douglass to, 103-107
Gautier, Pierre, purchase of a slave by, 319
Gay, Sydney Howard, in the home of Frederick Douglass, 97
Geaween, John, a Negro servant, 260
Geffrard, a ruler of Haiti, 137
Georgia, restriction upon slavery in, 254-255;
servants in, 279, 280;
movement of Negroes from, 363
Germantown, Friends of, protest of, against slavery, 263
Ghana, the kings of, 296;
the rise of, 296
Gibbons, William, inquiry of, into the affairs of Sierra Leone,
207-208
"Gideonites," the efforts of, 7
Gifford, Enos, owner of land near Dartmouth, 155
Gifford, Isaac, quotation from letter of Paul Cuffe to, 221-222
Gilbert, a settler from Antigua, 301
Gloucester, Duke of, interest of, in colonization, 169, 195
Goddard, Calvin, an attorney for Prudence Crandall, 78
Gold, the discovery of, in California, the effect of, 377
Grant, U. S., effort of, to annex Santo Domingo, 145
Guérin, Danielle Marie-Anne, vendor of a slave, 319
Guerrier, a ruler of Haiti, 137
Guillaume, a ruler of Haiti, 138
Gulf States, migration to, 367-383
Gummere, Amelia Mott, _The Journal of John Woolman_ by, 349-350
H
Haiti, relations of, with the United States, 134-152;
the occupation of, by the United States, 138;
the commercial position of, 148-150
_Haiti and the United States_, by George W. Brown, 134-152
Hale, Edward Everett, interest of, in freedmen, 7
Hammond, Anna Eliza, a pupil of Prudence Crandall, 76;
the arrest of, 76
Hammond, L. H., _In the Vanguard of a Race_ by, 111-112
Hammond, John, of Saratoga, the sale of a slave by, 327-328
Hancock, Gordon B., _Three Elements of African Culture_ by,
284-300
Hannibal, Ivan, a son of Abram Hannibal, 365
Hannibal-Pushkin, Nadejda, the mother of Alexander Pushkin, 365
Hannibal, Ossip, a son of Abram Hannibal, 365
Harris, Sara, a pupil of Prudence Crandall, 73
Harris, William, quotation from letter of Paul Cuffe to, 221
Hart, W. O., sketch of C. C. Antoine by, 84-87
Hartford, interest of, in the training of domestic workers, 399
Hartzell, Bishop J. C., _Methodism and the Negro in the United
States_ by, 301-315
Hawkins, Sir John, the trading of, 251;
argument of, in favor of slavery, 255-256
Hawkins, M. A., participation of, in the Spring Conference of the
Association in Baltimore, 353, 354
Hawkins, John R., address of, in Baltimore, 353-354
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 145-146
Haynes, Elizabeth Ross, _Negroes in Domestic Service in the United
States_ by, 384-442
Haynes, George E., _The Trend of the Races_ by, 109-111
Health of Negro domestic workers, 432-433
Henrique y Carvajol, Frederico, nomination of, 144
Herard, a ruler of Haiti, 137
Hicks, Mrs. C. M., a teacher of Negroes in South Carolina, 37
Hicks, Jenkins, and Company, merchants connected with Paul Cuffe, 203
Higginson, T. W., quotations from, 55, 56, 57
Hill, L. P., address of, in Baltimore, 356-357
Hilton Head, capture of, 4;
educational efforts at, 5
Hippolyte, a ruler of Haiti, 137
Hipp, George, sale of a slave by, 323
History, the teaching of, 123-127
_History of the Afro-American Group of the Episcopal Church_,
review of, 107-109
_History of the United States since the Civil War, A_,
review of, 458-461
Hodge, LeRoy, a letter of, 343-344
Holly, Bishop Theodore, the lineage of, 454
Hopkins, Charles, a teacher of Negroes in South Carolina, 37-38
Hopkins, Samuel D., interest of, in colonization, 168
Hosier, Harry, a Negro preacher, 49
Howard, Horatio P., the death of, 243;
relation of, to Paul Cuffe, 243;
the will of, 243
Howard, O. O., the head of the Freedmen's Bureau, 13
Howard School, the establishment of, 21
Hume, Naethan, the owner of slaves in Montreal, 330
Hunter, General David, in command in South Carolina, 8
Hunter, William, a friend of Paul Cuffe, 185
Hurst, Bishop John, participation of, in the Spring Conference in
Baltimore, 356
Hutchinson, Samuel, a friend of Paul Cuffe, 184
I
Importation of slaves, restriction on, 252-253, 375
Impostor posing as the relative of Paul Cuffe, 208-210
_In the Vanguard of a Race_, review of, 111-112
Indian slaves in Canada, 320-323
Indianapolis, occupations of graduates of schools of, 400, 401,
405, 434
Ireland, Frederick Douglass in, 102-107
Isabella, the slave of Hector-Theophilie Cramahé, Lieutenant-Governor
of Quebec, 323, 324, 325
Isthmian Canal, the seizure of, 146;
the completion of, 146
J
Jack, a pioneer Negro preacher, 50-51
Jackson, John H., the services of, 132
Jackson, L. P., _Educational Efforts of the Freedmen's Bureau and
Freedmen's Aid Societies in South Carolina, 1862-1872_ by, 1-40;
an instructor at the Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute, 115
Jackson, W. C., _A Boy's Life of Booker T. Washington_ by,
463-464
James, John, a friend of Paul Cuffe, 184;
inquiry of, into the condition of Sierra Leone, 207
James, L. S., address of, in Baltimore, 355
Jamestown, the introduction of slavery at, 249
Jessop, Joseph, visit to, by impostor, 209
Johnson, Anthony, a Negro owner of slaves, 259, 278
Johnson, James Weldon, _The Book of American Negro Poetry_ by,
347-348
Johnson, Richard, a Negro brought to Virginia, 260
Johnston, Sir Harry H., _A Comparative Study of the Bantu and
Semi-Bantu Languages_ by, 241-242
Jones, Absalom, the opposition of, to colonization, 219
Jones, J. McHenry, the services of, 132
Jones, Laurence C., _Piney Woods and Its Story_ by, 346-347
Jones, P. W. L., participation of, in the annual meeting, 117;
_Negro Biography_ by, 128-133
Jones, Bishop R. E., recognition of, by Methodists, 315
Jordan, L. G., participation of, in the annual meeting, 117
_Journal of John Woolman, The_, review of, 349-350
Judson, A. T., an opponent of Prudence Crandall, 75, 76, 77, 78
K
Keith, George, opposition of, to slavery, 263
Kentucky, Colonization Society of, the establishment of, 211;
the culture of tobacco in, 368;
breeding of slaves in, 374
Khama, an honest native of South Africa, 288
Kizell, John, a settler in Sierra Leone, 193
L
Labart, Guillaume, a vendor of slaves, 329
Ladoga Canal Commission, Abram Hannibal a member of, 364
Lane College, the establishment of, 312
La Promenade, Paul, a purchaser of a slave in Montreal, 328
Larger Canal Zone, a reality, 143, 146, 150, 151, 152
Larned, E. D., quotation from, concerning Prudence Crandall, 73
Lecompte Cincinnatus, a ruler of Haiti, 138
Lee, Barnard K., a founder of a school for Negroes, 8
Legitime, a ruler of Haiti, 137
Lepage Louis, a slave in Quebec, 322
Le Pailleur, Charles, a purchaser of a slave in Montreal, 327, 329
Levy, Gershon, owner of André, a Canadian slave, 326
Levy, Solomon, a purchaser of slaves, 327
Lewis, Edmonia, the achievements of, 132
Liberia, part played by Philadelphia in founding, 81-84
Lifland, Abram Hannibal in, 364
Light, George, an early owner of slaves in Virginia, 279
Living conditions of Negro domestic workers, 428-429
Locke, Perry, a minister going to Africa, 198, 201;
interest of, in colonization, 217
London Freedmen's Aid Society, 15, 16
Los Angeles, domestic workers in, 435
Louisiana, the movement of Negroes to, 367, 370, 373, 379, 381;
cotton culture in, 372
Louison, a slave in Canada, 319
Lucas, Charles, a slaveholder in Virginia, 279
Lucas, Sir Charles, _The Partition of Africa_ by, 461-463
Lugard, Lady, quotation from, 294-295, 298-299, 300
Lurker, King, the grandson of, 205
M
McAdam, Hugh, a vendor of slaves in Saratoga, 327
McCoy, L. M., participation of, in the Spring Conference of the
Association in Baltimore, 353
McGill, James, a vendor of slaves, 327
McGregor, James C., _The Disruption of Virginia_ by, 239-241
_McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations, The_, review of, 348-349
McLachlan, R. W., memorandum of, on the sale of slaves, 327
Macaulay, Zachariah, interest of, in colonization, 169-170
Madison, President James, visit to, by Paul Cuffe, 184-185, 186
Mansa Musa, a noble of Ghana, 296
Maryland, early slavery in, 260-261;
treatment of servants in, 268-269, 271, 273, 274-275, 276, 280,
281, 282;
movement of Negroes from, 367, 370;
the culture of tobacco in, 368;
breeding of slaves in, 374, 376
Martin, Governor Simeon, an endorser of Paul Cuffe, 184
Mashonaland, natives of, discussed, 288, 289, 292
Massachusetts, early slavery in, 252, 260, 261, 262;
restrictions on servants in, 272, 273, 280
Mather, Mrs. Rachel C., the establishment of a school by, 26
Matthews, W. B., participation of, in the annual meeting, 117
May, Samuel, a coworker of Prudence Crandall, 74, 75, 76
May, Samuel J., in the home of Frederick Douglass, 97
Mazoe Valley, art in, 294
Meade, Bishop, interest of, in colonization, 217
Melle, a kingdom of Africa, 296
Methodist Churches, early difficulties of the races in, 302
_Methodism and the Negro in the United States_, 301-315
Menshikov, ruler of Russia, 363
Michaels, Myer, of Montreal, a purchaser of slaves, 329
Michigan Freedmen's Relief Association, 15
Migration to the lower South and Southwest, 367-383
Miller, Kelly, address of, in Baltimore, 354
Miller, Thomas E., Ex-Congressman, remarks of, at the Baltimore Spring
Conference, 356
Mills, Samuel J., interest of, in colonization, 213-216
Miner Normal School, the occupation of the graduates of, 400, 401
Minich, Field Marshall, the friend of Abram Hannibal, 364
Minimum wage legislation, 424-425
Missionary efforts in the South, the success of, 304-305
Mississippi, the movement of Negroes to, 367, 373, 380, 379-381;
cotton culture in, 372
Missouri, the culture of tobacco in, 368;
breeding of slaves in, 374
Mole St. Nicholas, a prospective naval base, 143
Mona Passage, the, significance of, 148-150
Monroe Doctrine as it concerns Haiti and Santo Domingo, 135, 143, 144,
145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150
Montgomery, Isaiah T., sketch of, 87-91
Monsaige, Jean, purchase of a slave by, 319
Morality of Africans, 286-291
Morgan, Peter G., the record of, 341-344
Morisseaux, Marie-Josephe, sale of a slave by, 322
Morrison, James, a vendor of a slave in Montreal, 327, 328-329
Morse, Dr. Jedekiah, inquiry of, into the affairs of Africa, 206
Morse, P. A., quotations from, 372
Moses, Ruth, an Indian girl, marriage of, to Cuffe Slocum, 154
Mossell, Mrs. N. F., remarks of, 355
Mtokoland, natives of, discussed, 294
Munro, Abby D., a teacher of Negroes in South Carolina, 27
Murray, Ella Spencer, remarks of, 356
N
Napier, Peter, the purchase of a slave called Isabella by, 324
Nat Turner's Insurrection, the results of, 375-376
Nassingh, Phillip Peter, employer of York Thomas, in Montreal, 330
_Negro Biography_, by P. W. L. Jones, 128-133
Negro folklore, interest in, 470
_Negro in Chicago, The_, review of, 112-114
_Negroes in Domestic Service in the United States_, 384-442
_Negro Pioneer in the West, A_, 333-335
_Negro Press in the United States, The_, review of, 238-239
_Negro Servitude in the United States_, 247-283
Neide, Major Horace, work of, under the Freedmen's Bureau, 13
Neptune, a Negro slave of the estate of De Beauvais, 323
New England Freedmen's Aid Society, 6, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
22, 23
New Jersey, memorial of citizens of, with respect to colonization, 212
New Netherlands, status of slaves in, 262-263
New York, the status of the slave in, 253, 262-263, 280;
laws of, with respect to Negro schools, 344-345
New York National Freedmen's Relief Association, 6, 15, 16, 17, 18,
19, 20, 21, 22, 23
New York City, Negroes in domestic service in, 390, 391, 398, 406,
407, 418, 419, 420, 421, 427, 428
Nieboer, definition of _slave_ by, 266
Nicolas, the sale of, 318
Nonomapata, a dynasty in Africa, 297
Nord, Alexis, a ruler of Haiti, 137-138
Normandin, Jean-Baptiste, a vendor of a slave, 321-322
North Carolina, early slavery in, 251-252, 260;
treatment of Negro servants in, 271, 273, 279, 280, 281;
the movement of Negroes from, 367, 374
Northern Methodist, the attitude of, toward slavery, 303, 304, 305,
306, 307, 311;
statistics of, 309, 312;
missionary work of, after the _Civil War_, 312-313;
schools established by, 313-314;
recognition given Negroes by, 314
_Notes on the Slave in Nouvelle France_, 316-330
O
Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxon, _A History of the United States since the
Civil War_ by, 458, 461
O'Connell, Pezavia, participation of, in the Spring Conference of the
Association in Baltimore, 353, 354
Old Fort Plantation School, the establishment of, 11-12
Oreste, Michel, a ruler of Haiti, 138
Organizations of domestic workers, 435-436
Orleans, Duke of, proposal of, to Abram Hannibal, 362
Orr, Governor, interest of, in the uplift of Negroes in South
Carolina, 32
Otis, James, quotation from, 249
Overton, C. B., an assistant in research, 468
P
Palapwe, an objective of Bent in South Africa, 288
Palmer, Alice Freeman, interest of, in training for domestic service,
398
Panama Canal, the building of, 143, 145, 146;
the influence of, 145, 146, 147, 148
"Panis," Indian slaves among the French, 320-323
Parent, Louis, the petition of, 323
Paris, Abram Hannibal educated at, 361, 362
Park, Dr. R. E., quotation from, 45-46
Parker, Robert, a friend of John Castor, 278
Parry, Albert, _Abram Hannibal, the Favorite of Peter the Great_
by, 359-366
_Partition of Africa, The_, a review of, 461-463
_Paul Cuffe_, by H. N. Sherwood, 153-229
Péan, Hugues Jacques, sale of an Indian slave by, 321
Pécaudy, Claude, purchase of a slave by, 319
Peck, Solomon, a teacher of Negroes in South Carolina, 8, 26
Pemberton, James, interest of, in African colonization, 169
Penn, William, in colonization dialogue, 218-220
Penn's Charter, with respect to slavery, 263
Pennington, J. W. C., the scholarship of, 132
Pennsylvania, early slavery in, 252, 262, 263;
Negro servants in, 263, 264, 276, 279, 280, 281;
value of lands of, compared, 370
Penn Normal and Agricultural Institute, the establishment of, 11
Pennsylvania Freedmen's Relief Association, 6
Perry, Heman E., sketch of, 91-92
Peter the Great, the favorite of, 359-366
Peter II, ruler of Russia, 363;
Abram Hannibal, the instructor of, 363
"Peter's Negro," 359-366
Petion, a ruler of Haiti, 136-137
Philadelphia, the part of, in establishing Liberia, 81-84;
Negroes in domestic service in, 390, 393, 398, 399, 414, 416, 418
Phillips, Wendell, in the home of Frederick Douglass, 97
Philleo, Rev. Calvin, the husband of Prudence Crandall, 80
Pierrot, a ruler of Haiti, 137
Pickens, William, address of, in Baltimore, 357
Pierce, E. L., efforts of, in South Carolina, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
Pierre, a slave sold in Canada, 320
Pinchback, P. B. S., partner of C. C. Antoine, 86-87
_Piney Woods and its Story_, review of, 346-347
Pioneer Negro, in the West, 333-335
Pitman, Thomas G., a supporter of Paul Cuffe, 184
Planters, migration of, from the border States, 367-383
Porter, Admiral, effort of, to lease Samaná Bay, 145
Porter, Rev. A. Tomer, the work of, among the freedmen, 27, 32
Port Royal, the education of Negroes at, 8, 9, 10, 11, 25, 26, 28, 32
Port Royal Experiment, the, 4-12
Port Royal Relief Committee, 6
Preobrajensky Guard-regiment, Abram Hannibal an officer in, 362
Presbyterian Church, the efforts of, to educate Negroes, 27
_Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of Association for the Study of
Negro Life and History_, 116-122;
of the Spring Conference, 353-357
Protest against slavery, 333
Protestant Episcopal Freedmen's Commission, the efforts of, in South
Carolina, 27
Providence, attitude of, toward slavery, 261;
interest of citizens of, in domestic service training, 399
_Prudence Crandall_, by G. Smith Wormley, 72-80
Punch, John, a Negro servant in Virginia, 282
Pushkin, Alexander, references of, to his grandfather, 359, 360,
361, 362
Pryne, Francis, a slave freed in Virginia, 259
Q
Quebec, slavery in, 316-330
R
Ragusinsky Savva, gift of Abram Hannibal to Peter the Great by, 360
Rathbone, William and Richard, merchants connected with Paul Cuffe,
203
Rathbone Hodgson Company in communication with Paul Cuffe, 205
Réaume, Charles, a vendor of slaves, 315
Reed, E. E., participation of, in the annual meeting, 116
Reed, James, a colonizationist in Sierra Leone, 182
Reed, Lieut. Col. William N., services of, 131
_Religion of the American Negro Slave: His Attitude toward Life and
Death_, 40-71
Research, the results of, 468-470
Reval, Abram Hannibal the commandant of, 364
Rhode Island, Negro servitude in, 264-265, 280
Rhodes, James F., _The McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations_
by, 348-349
Richards, Ellen H., the experiment of, 398
Riché, a ruler of Haiti, 137
Riddell, William Renwick, _Notes on the Slave in Nouvelle France_
by, 316-330
Rights of Negro servants, 271, 272
Rigot, Jean, a vendor of a slave, 329
Ripley, quotation from, 299-300
Robbins, Amasa, an attorney employed by Paul Cuffe, 184
Robert Gould Shaw School, the establishment of, 19-20
Rogers, Joel, quotation from letter of Paul Cuffe to, 222
Roman, C. V., address of, at the annual meeting, 122
Romana, La, a plantation in Santo Domingo, 138, 139, 140
Roscoe, references to, 287, 288, 290, 291, 292
Roth, William, a letter of, quoted, 193;
interest of, in Paul Cuffe, 199, 203, 208, 224
Rotch, William, a friend of Paul Cuffe, 184
Rubin, a faithful slave of John Young in Canada, 325
Ruggles, David, the record of, 132
Russell, James S., letters of, 341-344
Russell, H. C., participation of, in the annual meeting, 121
Russell, J. H., quotations from, 258, 259, 260
Rust, R. S., a president of the original Wilberforce, 308
Rutherford, S. W., remarks of, at the Baltimore Spring Conference, 356
S
Saget, a ruler of Haiti, 137
Salnave, a ruler of Haiti, 137
Salomon, a ruler of Haiti, 137
Sam, a ruler of Haiti, 137
Samaná Bay, the desire of the United States for, 145
Santo Domingo, a brief account of, 138-142
Sara, a slave from Saratoga, sold in Canada, 327
Saxton, Major Rufus, work of, among the freedmen, 8, 9;
Assistant Commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau, 13
Schism in the Churches of the United States, 303, 304, 305, 306
Schofield, Martha, efforts of, for the uplift of Negroes, 27
Scott, Bishop I. B., mission of, to Africa, 314
Scott, General R. K., Assistant Commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau,
13
Secretary-Treasurer, financial statement of, 466
Selenginsk, the flight of Abram Hannibal from, 363
Servitude distinguished from slavery, 247-260
Sewall, Judge, work of, against slavery, 262
Seward, F. W., efforts of, to secure Samaná Bay, 145
Sharp, Granville, interest of, in colonization, 168
Shaw, Francis G., interest of, in the freedmen, 7
Sherman, T. W., operations of, in South Carolina, 3
Sherman, W. T., field order of, 35-36
Sherbro, proposal to purchase land there, 208
Sherwood, H. N., _Paul Cuffe_ by, 153-229
Sierra Leone, an objective of colonizationists, 168, 169, 182, 189
Slavery in the United States distinguished from servitude, 247-260;
slavery in England, 250, 251;
protest against, in the colonies, 333
Slocum, Cuffe, ancestor of Paul Cuffe, 153, 154
Slocum, Ebenezer, the owner of Paul Cuffe's ancestor, 153
Slocum, Ruth, the wife of Cuffe Slocum, the death of, 155
Smith, A. H., the retirement of, from the service of the Association,
351, 471
Smith, Georgine Kelly, participation of, in the Spring Conference of
the Association in Baltimore, 353
Social life of Negro domestic workers, 434
Songhay, the civilization of, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300
Soudan, the governments of, 295-300
Soulouque, a ruler of Haiti, 137
South, the movement of Negroes in, 367-383
South Carolina, refugees in, 1-6;
education in, 1-40;
early slavery in, 252, 280;
missionary work in, 302, 304;
of Negroes from, 368
Southern Methodists supreme over slavery, 306, 307, 308
Southwest, the movement of Negroes to, 367-383
Sowle, Jonathan, an owner of land near Dartmouth, 155
Spanish explorers, Negroes with, 249
Spencer, J. O., address of, in Baltimore, 353, 354
Spingarn, A. B., a letter of, 344-345
Sprague, Rosetta Douglass, _Anna Murray-Douglass--My Mother as I
Recall Her_ by, 93-101
Spring Conference of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and
History, the proceedings of, 353-357
Springfield, Massachusetts, occupations of Negroes in, 405
St. Helena, Negro school at, 11
St. Louis, Negroes in domestic service in, 393-394
St. Petersburg-Moscow Canal, the plan for, submitted by Abram
Hannibal, 365
Steward, T. G., extracts from _The Friend_ supplied by, 331-333;
a letter from, 453
Steward, W. H., participation of, in the annual meeting, 116
Stiles, Ezra, interest of, in colonization, 168
Stiles, Joshua, a vendor of slaves in Montreal, 329
Stoll, C. C., address of, at the annual meeting, 117
Strong, Henry, an attorney for Prudence Crandall, 78
Strouds, Giles, a sale of slaves by, 322
Sullivan, John, the purchaser of a slave in Montreal, 330
Sumner, Charles, quotation from, 262
Sumner High School, St. Louis, the occupations of the graduates of,
400
Survance, Antony, a native of Senegal, 199
Swedish Company, ordinance of, with respect to slavery, 263
T
Taber, Judge Constant, a supporter of Paul Cuffe, 184
Taber, Philip, a minister known to the Cuffes, 154
Tappan, Arthur, a supporter of Prudence Crandall, 78
_Tarikh-es-Soudan_, the author of, 296
Taylor, A. A., _The Movement of Negroes from the East to the Gulf
States from 1830 to 1850_ by, 367-383;
a permanently employed investigator of the Association, 465, 469
Tennessee, the culture of tobacco in, 368;
breeding slaves in, 374
_Teaching of Negro History, The_, by J. W. Bell, 123-127
Texas, admission of, stimulus to slave trade, 377
_The Friend_, extracts from, 331-333
_The Item_ (New Orleans), extract from, 87-91
_The Movement of Negroes from the East to the Gulf States from 1830
to 1850_, by A. A. Taylor, 367-383
_The States_ (New Orleans), extract from, 84-87
Thérèse, an Indian slave girl in Quebec, 321
Thomas, York, a Negro serving under an indenture, 330
Thompson, A. Eugene, participation of, in the annual meeting, 116
Thornton, William, interest of, in colonization, 168
_Three Elements of African Culture_, 284-300
Tillinghast, reference to, 286, 289
Tobacco, the production of, from 1830 to 1850, 368-369
Todd, Andrew, a purchaser of a slave, 329
Tomlinson, Reuben, work of, under the Freedmen's Bureau, 13;
Assistant Commissioner, 13;
report of, 34
Tomsk, the service of Abram Hannibal at, 363
Towne, Laura M., a teacher of Negroes in South Carolina, 11
Training of domestic service workers in England, 397;
in the United States, 398-404
Transition from white servitude to slavery, 266-276;
from Negro servitude to Negro slavery, 277-283
Treatment of Negroes in Ohio, 331-332
_Trend of the Races, The_, review of, 109-111
Turner, John, a vendor of a slave in Montreal, 329
Turner, George, a soldier, the owner of a slave in Canada, 330
Tyson, Elisha, a friend of Paul Cuffe, 185
U
Union American Methodist Episcopal Church organized, 303
Union Humane Society, the establishment of, 211
United States in the Larger Canal Zone, 145-146
V
Vallée, Jean Baptiste, a sale of slaves by, 322
Vase, John, an attorney employed by Paul Cuffe, 184
Vederique, François, purchase of a Negro by, 318
Venture, Thomas, the owner of a slave called Isabella, 324
Vernon, I., a supporter of Paul Cuffe, 184
Virginia, memorial of legislature of, 212;
introduction of slavery in, 251, 254;
Negro servants in, 256-260, 267;
treatment of Negro servants in, 269, 270, 271, 272, 274, 275, 276,
278, 280, 282;
movement of Negroes from, 367, 370, 374;
tobacco culture in, 368, 369;
breeding of slaves in, 374, 376
Von Sheberg, Christina Regina, the wife of Abram Hannibal, 364
W
Wallace, Henry A., the death of, 243;
his services, 243-244
Ward, William, of Vermont, sale of slaves by, 328
Washington, Booker T., a quotation from, 49
Washington, D. C, Negroes in domestic service in, 390, 391, 393, 394,
395, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 407, 408, 409-413, 414, 415, 419,
425, 426
Webster, Dr. A., an educator in South Carolina, 26
Welch, Jonathan A., an attorney against Prudence Crandall, 78
Wesley, John, the baptism of a Negro by, 301
Wesleyan Methodists, educational efforts of, 15, 16
Westport, Friends at, 195
Wheatley, Phyllis, the story of, 44-45
Wheaton, Laban, presentation of Memorial of Paul Cuffe by, 196
White, Ned Lloyd, a teacher of Negroes in South Carolina, 39
Whittier, John G., interest of, in the Freedmen's education, 10-11
Wiener, Leo, _Africa and the Discovery of America_ by, 233-238
Wilberforce, William, interest of, in colonization, 168, 174, 195
Wilberforce, the establishment of, 308, 335-337
Wilhelmina, Queen, a friend of Cornelius Winst Blyd, of Dutch Guiana,
451-452
Williams, Noah W., participation of, in the annual meeting, 117
Williams, Peter, inquiry of, into colonization prospects, 207;
interest of, in colonization, 215;
funeral sermon of, on Paul Cuffe, 224
Wilmington, Delaware, independent Negro Methodists of, 303
Wilson, G. R., _The Religion of the American Negro Slave: His
Attitude toward Life and Death_ by, 41-71
Wilson, Samuel, interest of, in colonization, 217
Windward Passage, the, significance of, 148-150
Woman's Home Missionary Society, the work of, 17, 26
Woodson, Carter G., quotation from, 47-48;
address of, at annual meeting, 117;
address of, in Baltimore, 354
World War and Negro domestic labor, 384-442
Wormley, G. Smith, _Prudence Crandall_ by, 72-80;
address of, in Baltimore, 355
Wyatt, Sir Francis, the owner of a Negro named Brass, 259
Wright, Irene A., the assistance of, in research, 465
Wright, John F., a founder of the original Wilberforce, 308
Wright, T. G., a founder of a Negro School, 20-21
Y
Yeamans, Sir John, introduction of slaves by, 252
Yoruban civilization, an estimate of, 286-287
Young, John, the purchaser of a Negro slave in Canada, 324
Z
Zamor, a ruler of Haiti, 138
Zimbabwe, a city of art in Africa, 292, 293
Zachas, John C, a teacher of Negroes in South Carolina, 8
* * * * *
[Transcriber's Notes:
The transcriber made these changes to the text:
Vol. VIII., No. 1 JANUARY, 1923.
1. p. 2, Footnote #2, annual report, No. 2 -> Annual report, No. 2
2. p. 2, Footnote #2, "Description and Travel." made small caps
3. p. 18, necesasry -> necessary
4. p. 30, Footnote #75, Hohse -> House
5. p. 47, No footnote marker for footnote #13
6. p. 51, No footnote marker for footnote #30
7. p. 57, rythmical -> rhythmical
8. p. 58, "'O Lord, O my Lord! -> 'O Lord, O my Lord!
9. p. 72, scolars -> scholars
10. p. 98, alter -> altar
11. p. 100, altho -> altho'
12. p. 104, "Howth" to the "Giant's -> "Howth" to the Giant's
13. p. 108, demonination -> denomination
Vol. VIII., No. 2 APRIL, 1923
1. p. 135, prac-cal -> practical
2. p. 146, Colombia -> Columbia
3. p. 169, Novia Scotia -> Nova Scotia
4. p. 205, Aikin -> Aiken
5. p. 209, keeness -> keenness
6. p. 210, Paul Cuffe."
7. p. 218, in in Africa -> in Africa
8. p. 220, decendants -> descendants
9. p. 222, devasted -> devastated
10. p. 225, Columbian Centinel -> Columbian Sentinel
11. p. 231, In the second item on the page, the text:
"Item. I give unto my cousin Ruth Cottell fifty dollars"
is repeated later on the page and has been left as published.
12. p. 235, conclusions -> conclusion
13. p. 235, or capnotherapy -> of capnotherapy
14. p. 236, "In Africa -> In Africa
15. p. 236, with spearheads of guanin. -> with spearheads of guanin."
16. p. 238, Caaada -> Canada
17. p. 242, H[=o]ma macron diacritical mark above the letter o
Vol. VIII., No. 3 JULY, 1923
1. p. 254, No footnote marker for footnote #31
2. p. 258, 'slaves'." -> 'slaves'.
3. p. 258, Footnote #50, Thomas, 1608 -> Thomas, 1608"
4. p. 260, devlopment -> development
5. p. 264, Pensylvania -> Pennsylvania
6. p. 298, aboundant -> abundant
7. p. 310, ther church relations -> their church relations
8. p. 319, fut -> fût
9. p. 320, Duniere -> Dunière
10. p. 320, Footnote #10, evenement -> événement
11. p. 324, Crahamé's -> Cramahé's
12. p. 324, Footnote #19, rue St-Louis." -> rue St-Louis.
13. p. 331, There is no footnote #1 in the "Documents" section
14. p. 335, Shorly -> Shortly
15. p. 339, Pioneeer -> Pioneer
16. p. 340, attoney -> attorney
Vol. VIII., No. 4 OCTOBER, 1923
1. p. 378, Tables moved to appear between paragraphs
2. p. 379, Tables moved to appear between paragraphs
3. p. 381, Tables moved to appear between paragraphs
4. p. 385, domestice -> domestic
5. p. 392, 5,124 single registered -> 5,124 single women registered
6. p. 416-417, Two footnotes #27, no text for first one on p. 416
7. p. 416, Tables moved to appear between paragraphs
8. p. 418, Tabre -> Table
9. p. 418, Rangh -> Range
10. p. 418, Model -> Modal
11. p. 422, Wide table XVII split into narrower tables
12. p. 431, as well being -> as well as being
13. p. 433, No footnote anchor for footnote number 36
14. p. 444, Move 1st juror name to same position as other transcripts
15. p. 446, barabarism -> barbarism
16. p. 469, finsh -> finish
Vol. VIII., 1923, INDEX
1. p. 478, Frderick -> Frederick
2. p. 480, Hutchinson, Samuel, ... -> Hutchinson, Samuel, ... 184
3. p. 484, Potestant Episcopal -> Protestant Episcopal
End of Transcriber's Notes]