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HANDBOOK OF THE
TREES OF NEW ENGLAND
_WITH RANGES THROUGHOUT THE
UNITED STATES AND CANADA_
BY
LORIN L. DAME, S.D.
AND
HENRY BROOKS
_PLATES FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS_
BY
ELIZABETH GLEASON BIGELOW
BOSTON, U.S.A.
GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
The Athenæum Press
1904
COPYRIGHT, 1901, BY
LORIN L. DAME AND HENRY BROOKS
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
PREFACE.
There is no lack of good manuals of botany in this country. There still
seems place for an adequately illustrated book of convenient size for
field use. The larger manuals, moreover, cover extensive regions and
sometimes fail by reason of their universality to give a definite idea
of plants as they grow within more limited areas. New England marks a
meeting place of the Canadian and Alleghanian floras. Many southern
plants, long after they have abandoned more elevated situations
northward, continue to advance up the valleys of the Connecticut and
Merrimac rivers, in which they ultimately disappear entirely or else
reappear in the valley of the St. Lawrence; while many northern plants
pushing southward maintain a more or less precarious existence upon the
mountain summits or in the cold swamps of New England, and sometimes
follow along the mountain ridges to the middle or southern states. In
addition to these two floras, some southwestern and western species have
invaded Vermont along the Champlain valley, and thrown out pickets still
farther eastward.
At or near the limit of a species, the size and habit of plants undergo
great change; in the case of trees, to which this book is restricted,
often very noticeable. There is no fixed, absolute dividing line between
trees and shrubs. In accordance with the usual definition, a tree must
have a single trunk, unbranched at or near the base, and must be at
least fifteen feet in height.
Trees that are native in New England, or native in other sections of the
United States and thoroughly established in New England, are described
and, for the most part, figured. Foreign trees, though locally
established, are not figured. Trees may be occasionally spontaneous
over a large area without really forming a constituent part of the
flora. Even the apple and pear, when originating spontaneously and
growing without cultivation, quickly become degenerate and show little
tendency to possess themselves of the soil at the expense of the native
growths. Gleditsia, for example, while clearly locally established, has
with some hesitation been accorded pictorial representation.
The geographical distribution is treated under three heads: Canada and
Alaska; New England; south of New England and westward. With regard to
the distribution outside of New England, the standard authorities have
been followed. An effort extending through several years has been made
to give the distribution as definitely as possible in each of the New
England states, and while previous publications have been freely
consulted, the present work rests mainly upon the observations of living
botanists.
All descriptions are based upon the habit of trees as they appear in New
England, unless special mention is made to the contrary. The
descriptions are designed to apply to trees as they grow in open land,
with full space for the development of their characteristics under
favorable conditions. In forest trees there is much greater uniformity;
the trunks are more slender, taller, often unbranched to a considerable
height, and the heads are much smaller.
When the trunk tapers uniformly from the ground upward, the given
diameter is taken at the base; when the trunk is reinforced at the base,
the measurements are made above the swell of the roots; when reinforced
at the ground and also at the branching point, as often in the American
elm, the measurements are made at the smallest place between the swell
of the roots and of the branches.
A regular order has been followed in the description for the purpose of
ready comparison. No explanation of the headings used seems necessary,
except to state that the _habitat_ is used in the more customary present
acceptation to indicate the place where a plant naturally grows, as in
swamps or upon dry hillsides. Under the head of "Horticultural Value,"
the requisite information is given for an intelligent choice of trees
for ornamental purposes.
The order and names of families follow, in the main, Engler and Prantl.
In accordance with the general tendency of New England botanists to
conform to the best usage until an authoritative agreement has been
reached with regard to nomenclature by an international congress, the
Berlin rule has been followed for genera, and priority under the genus
for species. Other names in use at the present day are given as synonyms
and included in the index.
Only those common names are given which are actually used in some part
of New England, whether or not the same name is applied to different
trees. It seems best to record what is, and not what ought to be. Common
names that are the creation of botanists have been disregarded
altogether. Any attempt to displace a name in wide use, even by one that
is more appropriate, is futile, if not mischievous.
The plates are from original drawings by Mrs. Elizabeth Gleason Bigelow,
in all cases from living specimens, and they have been carefully
compared with the plates in other works. So far as practicable, the
drawings were made of life size, with the exception of the dissected
portions of small flowers, which were enlarged. In this way, though not
on a perfectly uniform scale, they are, when reduced to the necessary
space, distinct in all their parts.
So far as consistent with due precision, popular terms have been used in
description, but not when such usage involved tedious periphrase.
Especial mention should be made of those botanists whose assistance has
been essential to a knowledge of the distribution of species in the New
England states: Maine,--Mr. M. L. Fernald; New Hampshire,--Mr. Wm. F.
Flint, Report of Forestry Commission; Vermont,--President Ezra Brainerd;
Massachusetts,--trees about Northampton, Mrs. Emily Hitchcock Terry;
throughout the Connecticut river valley, Mr. E. L. Morris; Rhode
Island,--Professor W. W. Bailey, Professor J. F. Collins;
Connecticut,--Mr. C. H. Bissell, Mr. C. K. Averill, Mr. J. N. Bishop.
Dr. B. L. Robinson has given advice in general treatment and in matters
of nomenclature; Dr. C. W. Swan and Mr. Charles H. Morss have made a
critical examination of the manuscript; Mr. Warren H. Manning has
contributed the "Horticultural Values" throughout the work; and Miss M.
S. E. James has prepared the index. To these and to all others who have
given assistance in the preparation of this work, the grateful thanks of
the authors are due.
CONTENTS.
PAGES
KEY TO THE TREES OF NEW ENGLAND ix
LIST OF PLATES xi
AUTHORITIES xiii
ABBREVIATIONS xvii
TEXT AND PLATES 1
APPENDIX 171
GLOSSARY 173
INDEX 179
KEY TO THE TREES OF NEW ENGLAND.
I. LEAVES SIMPLE.
=Leaves alternate= A
Outline entire A C
Outline slightly indented A D
Outline lobed A E
Lobes entire A E F
Lobes slightly indented A E G
Lobes coarsely toothed A E H
=Leaves opposite= B
A C Ovate to oval, obscurely toothed Tupelo
A C Ovate to oval Persimmon
A C Also 3-lobed Sassafras
A C Sometimes opposite, clustered at the ends of
the branchlets Dogwoods
A D Tremulous habit, oval Poplars
A D Lanceolate, finely serrate, sometimes entire Willows
A D Ovate-oval, serrate, doubly serrate { Birches
{ Hornbeams
A D Oval, serrate, oblong-lanceolate, veins { Beeches
terminating in teeth { Chestnut
A D Ovate-oblong, doubly serrate, surface rough Elms
A D Ovate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, surface
slightly rough Hackberry
A D Outline variable, ovate-oval, sometimes lobed
(3-7), serrate-dentate Mulberry
A D Ovate, serrate, oblong { Shadbush
{ Plums
{ Cherries
A D Oval or oval-oblong, spines, evergreen Holly
A D Broad-ovate, one-sided, serrate Linden
A D Obovate, oval, lanceolate, oblong Chestnut oaks
A D Broad-ovate to broad-elliptical, thorny Thorns
A E F Lobes rounded Sassafras
A E F Base truncate or heart-shaped Tulip tree
A E F Obtuse, rounded lobes White oaks
A E F 3-5-lobed, white-tomentose to glabrous
beneath White poplar
A E G 5-lobed, finely serrate Sweet gum
A E G Irregularly 3-7-lobed, serrate-dentate with
equal teeth Mulberry
A E H Pointed or bristle-tipped lobes Black oaks
A E H Coarse-toothed or pinnate-lobed, short lobes
ending in sharp point Sycamore
B Outline entire, ovate, veins prominent Flowering dogwood
B Outline serrate, apex often tapering Sheep berry
B Outline lobed Maples
II. LEAVES COMPOUND.
=Leaves pinnately compound= I
Leaflets alternate I A
Outlines of leaflets entire I A C
Leaflets opposite I B
=Leaves bi-pinnately compound= J
I A Outlines of leaflets with two or three teeth at base. Ailanthus
IA Outlines of leaflets serrate { Sumacs (except Poison sumac)
{ Mountain ashes
{ Walnuts
{ Hickories
I A C Leaflets oval, apex obtuse Locusts (except Honey locust)
I A C Leaflets oblong, apex acute Poison sumac
I B Outlines of leaflets entire Ashes (except Mountain ashes)
I B Outlines of leaflets serrate Ashes (except Mountain ashes)
I B Leaflets irregularly or coarsely toothed, 3-lobed or nearly
entire Box elder
J Irregularly bi-pinnate, outlines of leaflets entire, thorns
on stem and trunk Honey locust
LIST OF PLATES.
PLATE PAGE
I. Larix Americana 4
II. Pinus Strobus 6
III. Pinus rigida 7
IV. Pinus Banksiana 9
V. Pinus resinosa 11
VI. Picea nigra 14
VII. Picea rubra 16
VIII. Picea alba 18
IX. Tsuga Canadensis 20
X. Abies balsamea 22
XI. Thuja occidentalis 24
XII. Cupressus thyoides 26
XIII. Juniperus Virginiana 28
XIV. Populus tremuloides 30
XV. Populus grandidentata 32
XVI. Populus heterophylla 34
XVII. Populus deltoides 35
XVIII. Populus balsamifera 37
XIX. Populus candicans 39
XX. Salix discolor 41
XXI. Salix nigra 43
XXII. Juglans cinerea 47
XXIII. Juglans nigra 49
XXIV. Carya alba 51
XXV. Carya tomentosa 53
XXVI. Carya porcina 55
XXVII. Carya amara 57
XXVIII. Ostrya Virginica 58
XXIX. Carpinus Caroliniana 60
XXX. Betula lenta 62
XXXI. Betula lutea 64
XXXII. Betula nigra 66
XXXIII. Betula populifolia 68
XXXIV. Betula papyrifera 70
XXXV. Fagus ferruginea 72
XXXVI. Castanea sativa, var. Americana 74
XXXVII. Quercus alba 77
XXXVIII. Quercus stellata 78
XXXIX. Quercus macrocarpa 80
XL. Quercus bicolor 82
XLI. Quercus Prinus 84
XLII. Quercus Muhlenbergii 85
XLIII. Quercus rubra 87
XLIV. Quercus coccinea 89
XLV. Quercus velutina 91
XLVI. Quercus palustris 93
XLVII. Quercus ilicifolia 94
XLVIII. Ulmus Americana 97
XLIX. Ulmus fulva 98
L. Ulmus racemosa 100
LI. Celtis occidentalis 102
LII. Morus rubra 103
LIII. Liriodendron Tulipifera 103
LIV. Sassafras officinale 108
LV. Liquidambar Styraciflua 109
LVI. Platanus occidentalis 111
LVII. Pyrus Americana 113
LVIII. Pyrus sambucifolia 115
LIX. Amelanchier Canadensis 117
LX. Cratægus mollis 121
LXI. Prunus nigra 123
LXII. Prunus Americana 124
LXIII. Prunus Pennsylvanica 125
LXIV. Prunus Virginiana 126
LXV. Prunus serotina 128
LXVI. Gleditsia triacanthos 130
LXVII. Robinia Pseudacacia 132
LXVIII. Rhus typhina 135
LXIX. Rhus Vernix 137
LXX. Ilex opaca 140
LXXI. Acer rubrum 142
LXXII. Acer saccharinum 144
LXXIII. Acer Saccharum 146
LXXIV. Acer Saccharum var. nigrum 147
LXXV. Acer spicatum 149
LXXVI. Acer Pennsylvanicum 151
LXXVII. Acer Negundo 153
LXXVIII. Tilia Americana 155
LXXIX. Cornus florida 157
LXXX. Cornus alternifolia 158
LXXXI. Nyssa sylvatica 160
LXXXII. Diospyros Virginiana 162
LXXXIII. Fraxinus Americana 164
LXXXIV. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica 165
LXXXV. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica. var. lanceolata 166
LXXXVI. Fraxinus nigra 168
LXXXVII. Viburnum Lentago 169
BOTANICAL AUTHORITIES.
PAGE
ATKINS, C. G. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
AVERILL, C. K. v
Populus balsamifera, L.
(_Rhodora_, II, 35) 36
Prunus Americana, Marsh. 123
Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm. 84
BAILEY, L. H. Populus candicans, Ait. 37
BAILEY, W. W. Celtis occidentalis, L. 100
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, _var._
lanceolata, Sarg. 166
BARTRAM, WILLIAM Quercus tinctoria (1791) 89
BATCHELDER, F. W. Betula nigra, L. 65
Salix discolor, Muhl.
(Laconia, N. H.) 41
BATES, J. A. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
Sassafras officinale, Nees 106
BISHOP, J. N. v
Celtis occidentalis, L. 100
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh. 164
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, _var._
lanceolata, Sarg. 166
Juglans nigra, L.
(_in lit._, 1896) 48
Morus rubra, L. 102
Populus heterophylla, L. 33
Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm. 84
Thuja occidentalis, L. 23
BISSELL, C. H. v
Cratægus Crus-Galli, L. 117
Pinus sylvestris, L.
(_in lit._, 1899) 12
Prunus Americana, Marsh.
(_in lit._, 1900) 123
Rhus copallina 137
BRAINERD, EZRA Carya porcina, Nutt. 53
Cratægus punctata, Jacq. 118
Ulmus racemosa, Thomas 99
BREWSTER, WILLIAM Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
BRITTON, NATHANIEL LORD Acer Saccharum, _var._ nigrum 172
BROWNE, D. T. Ilex opaca (_Trees of North
America_, 1846) 139
_Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club_, XVIII, 150
Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
CHAMBERLAIN, E. B. Ulmus fulva, Michx. (1898) 97
CHURCHILL, J. R. Prunus Americana, Marsh. 123
COLLINS, J. F. v
Gleditsia triacanthos, L. 129
DAME. L. L. Cratægus Crus-Galli, L. 171
Salix fragilis, L. (_Typical Elms and
other Trees of Massachusetts_,
p. 85) 44
DAY, F. M. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
DEANE, WALTER Sassafras officinale, Nees (1895) 106
DUDLEY, W. R. Populus heterophylla, L. 33
EGGLESTON, W.W. Carya porcina, Nutt. 53
Celtis occidentalis, L. 100
Morus rubra, L. 102
Platanus occidentalis, L. 110
Populus deltoides, Marsh. 34
Sassafras officinale, Nees. 106
Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. 99
ENGLER, ADOLPH v
FERNALD, M. L. Fraxinus Pennsylvania, Marsh, _var._
lanceolata, Sarg. (_in lit._, Sept.,
1901) 172
Gleditsia triacanthos, L. 129
Populus balsamifera, L. _var._
candicans, Gray (_Rhodora_.
III, 233) 171
Salix balsamifera, Barratt. 171
Salix discolor, Muhl.
(_in lit._, Sept., 1901) 171
FLAGG Morus rubra, L. 102
FLINT, W. F. v
Acer Negundo, L. 151
Quercus alba, L. 75
_Flora of Vermont_ Betula lenta, L. (1900) 61
Cratægus Crus-Galli, L. (1900) 117
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.
(1900) 164
Picea nigra, Link (1900) 12
Pinus rigida, Mill (1900) 6
Populus deltoides, Marsh. (1900) 34
Quercus alba, L. (1900) 75
FURBISH, MISS KATE Cratægus coccinea, L. (May, 1899) 119
Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
GOODALE, G. L. Pinus Banksiana. Lamb 8
GRANT Sassafras officinale, Nees 106
GRAY, ASA Ilex opaca, Ait. (_Manual of
Botany_, 6th ed.) 138
HAINES, MRS. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
HARGER, E. B. Picea nigra (_Rhodora_, II, 126) 13
HARPER, R. M. Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. (_Rhodora_
II, 122) 104
HARRINGTON, A. K. Picea alba, Link 17
HASKINS, T. H. Ulmus racemosa, Thomas (_Garden and
Forest_, V, 86) 99
HOLMES, DR. EZEKIEL Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh 159
HOSFORD, F. H. Cratægus mollis, Scheele 120
HOYT, MISS FANNY E. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
HUMPHREY, J. E. Picea alba, Link 17
Quercus palustris, Du Roi
(_Amherst Trees_) 91
JACK, J. G. Cratægus coccinea, L. (1899-1900) 119
JESSUP, HENRY GRISWOLD Carya amara, Nutt 55
Ulmus racemosa, Thomas 99
JOSSELYN, JOHN Sassafras officinale, Nees (_New England
Rarities_, 1672) 106
KNOWLTON, C. H. Pinus rigida, Mill. (_Rhodora_, II, 124) 6
MANNING, WARREN H. vi
MATTHEWS, F. SCHUYLER Morus rubra. L. 102
MICHAUX, FILS, FRANÇOIS ANDRÉ Ulmus fulva (_Sylva of North
America_, III, ed. 1853) 97
MORRIS, E. L. v
MORSS, CHARLES H. vi
OAKES, WILLIAM Morus rubra, L. 102
PARLIN, J. C. Sassafras officinale, Nees (1896) 106
PRANTL, KARL VON v
PRINGLE, C. G. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham.
& Schlecht 113
Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm 84
RAND, E. L. Pinus Banksiana 8
_Rhodora_, III, 234 Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ barbatum,
Trelease 172
Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ nigrum,
Britton 172
_Rhodora_, III, 58 Ilex opaca, Ait. 139
_Rhodora_, III, 234 Prunus Americana, Marsh 171
ROBBINS, JAMES W. Sassafras officinale, Nees 106
Ulmus racemosa, Thomas 99
ROBINSON, DR. B. L. vi
ROBINSON, JOHN Cratægus coccinea, L. (1900) 119
ROBINSON, R. E. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
RUSSELL, L. W. Diospyros Virginiana. L. 161
Quercus palustris, Du Roi 92
Quercus stellata. Wang 77
SARGENT, CHARLES S. Cratægus coccinea, L. (_Botanical
Gazette_, XXXI, 12, 1901, by permission) 119
Cratægus mollis, Scheele
(_Botanical Gazette_. XXXI, 7, 223, 1901) 121
SETCHELL, W. A. Populus heterophylla. L. 33
STONE, W. E. Quercus palustris.
Du Roi (_Bull. Torr. Club_, IX, 57) 91
SWAN, DR. C. W. vi
TERRY, MRS. EMILY H. Picea alba. Link 17
TRELEASE, WILLIAM Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ barbatum 172
TUCKERMAN, EDWARD Betula papyrifera, _var._ minor, Marsh. 68
WAGHORNE, A. C. Cratægus coccinea, L. (1894) 119
ABBREVIATIONS.
Ait.--Aiton, William.
Barratt, Joseph.
B. S. P.--Britton, Nathaniel Lord, Sterns, E. E., and Poggenburg,
Justus F.
Borkh.--Borkhausen, M. B.
Carr.--Carrière, Éli Abel.
Cham.--Chamisso, Adelbert von.
Coulter, John Merle.
DC.--De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus.
Desf.--Desfontaines, René Louiche.
Du Roi, Johann Philip.
Ehrh.--Ehrhart, Friedrich.
Engelm.--Engelmann, George.
Gray, Asa.
Jacq.--Jacquin, Nicholaus Joseph.
Karst.--Karsten, Hermann Gustav Karl Wilhelm.
Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph.
L.--Linnæus, Carolus.
L. f.--Linnæus, fils, Carl von.
Lam.--Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de Monet.
Lamb, Aylmer Bourke.
Link, Heinrich Friedrich.
Marsh.--Marshall, Humphrey.
Medic.--Medicus, Friedrich Casimir.
Michx.--Michaux, André.
Michaux, fils.--François André.
Mill.--Miller, Philip.
Moench, Konrad.
Muhl.--Muhlenberg, H. Ernst.
Nees--Nees von Esenbeck, C. G.
Nutt.--Nuttall, Thomas.
Peck, Charles H.
Poggenburg, Justus F.
Pursh, Friedrich Trangott.
Roem.--Roemer, Johann Jacob.
Sarg.--Sargent, Charles S.
Scheele, A.
Schlecht--Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von.
Schr.--Schrader, Heinrich A.
Spach, Eduard.
Sterns, E. E.
Sudw.--Sudworth, George B.
Sweet, Robert.
T. and G.--Torrey, John, and Gray, Asa.
Thomas, David.
Vent.--Ventenat, Étienne Pierre.
Walt.--Walter, Thomas.
Wang.--Wangenheim, F. A. J. von.
Watson, Sereno.
Waugh, Frank A.
Willd.--Willdenow, Carl Ludwig.
TREES OF NEW ENGLAND.
PINOIDEÆ. PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS.
ABIETACEÆ. CUPRESSACEÆ.
Trees or shrubs, resinous; leaves simple, mostly evergreen, relatively
small, entire, needle-shaped, awl-shaped, linear, or scale-like;
stipules none; flowers catkin-like; calyx none; corolla none; ovary
represented by a scale (ovuliferous scale) bearing the naked ovules on
its surface.
ABIETACEÆ.
LARIX. PINUS. PICEA. TSUGA. ABIES.
Buds scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years (except in
_Larix_), scattered along the twigs, spirally arranged or tufted,
linear, needle-shaped, or scale-like; sterile and fertile flowers
separate upon the same plant; stamens (subtended by scales) spirally
arranged upon a central axis, each bearing two pollen-sacs surmounted by
a broad-toothed connective; fertile flowers composed of spirally
arranged bracts or cover-scales, each bract subtending an ovuliferous
scale; cover-scale and ovuliferous scale attached at their bases;
cover-scale usually remaining small, ovuliferous scale enlarging,
especially after fertilization, gradually becoming woody or leathery and
bearing two ovules at its base; cones maturing (except in _Pinus_) the
first year; ovuliferous scales in fruit usually known as cone-scales;
seeds winged; roots mostly spreading horizontally at a short distance
below the surface.
CUPRESSACEÆ.
THUJA. CUPRESSUS. JUNIPERUS.
Leaf-buds not scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years,
opposite, verticillate, or sometimes scattered, scale-like, often
needle-shaped in seedlings and sometimes upon the branches of older
plants; flowers minute; stamens and pistils in separate blossoms upon
the same plant or upon different plants; stamens usually bearing 3-5
pollen-sacs on the underside; scales of fertile aments few, opposite or
ternate; fruit small cones, or berries formed by coalescence of the
fleshy cone-scales; otherwise as in _Abietaceæ_.
Larix Americana, Michx.
_Larix laricina, Koch._
TAMARACK. HACMATACK. LARCH. JUNIPER.
=Habitat and Range.=--Low lands, shaded hillsides, borders of ponds; in
New England preferring cold swamps; sometimes far up mountain slopes.
Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, west to the Rocky
mountains; from the Rockies through British Columbia, northward
along the Yukon and Mackenzie systems, to the limit of tree growth
beyond the Arctic circle.
Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont,--abundant, filling swamps acres in
extent, alone or associated with other trees, mostly black spruce;
growing depressed and scattered on Katahdin at an altitude of 4000 feet;
Massachusetts,--rather common, at least northward; Rhode Island,--not
reported; Connecticut,--occasional in the northern half of the state;
reported as far south as Danbury (Fairfield county).
South along the mountains to New Jersey and Pennsylvania; west to
Minnesota.
=Habit.=--The only New England conifer that drops its leaves in the
fall; a tree 30-70 feet high, reduced at great elevations to a height of
1-2 feet, or to a shrub; trunk 1-3 feet in diameter, straight, slender;
branches very irregular or in indistinct whorls, for the most part
nearly horizontal; often ending in long spire-like shoots; branchlets
numerous, head conical, symmetrical while the tree is young, especially
when growing in open swamps; when old extremely variable, occasionally
with contorted or drooping limbs; foliage pale green, turning to a dull
yellow in autumn.
=Bark.=--Bark of trunk reddish or grayish brown, separating at the
surface into small roundish scales in old trees, in young trees smooth;
season's shoots gray or light brown in autumn.
=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, globular, reddish.
Leaves simple, scattered along the season's shoots, clustered on the
short, thick dwarf branches, about an inch long, pale green,
needle-shaped; apex obtuse; sessile.
=Inflorescence.=--March to April. Flowers lateral, solitary, erect; the
sterile from leafless, the fertile from leafy dwarf branches; sterile
roundish, sessile; anthers yellow: fertile oblong, short-stalked; bracts
crimson or red.
=Fruit.=--Cones upon dwarf branches, erect or inclining upwards, ovoid
to cylindrical, 1/2-3/4 of an inch long, purplish or reddish brown while
growing, light brown at maturity, persistent for at least a year; scales
thin, obtuse to truncate; edge entire, minutely toothed or erose; seeds
small, winged.
=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; grows in any good soil,
preferring moist locations; the formal outline of the young trees
becomes broken, irregular, and picturesque with age, making the mature
tree much more attractive than the European species common to
cultivation. Rarely for sale in nurseries, but obtainable from
collectors. To be successfully transplanted, it must be handled when
dormant. Propagated from seed.
=Note.=--The European species, with which the mature plant is often
confused, has somewhat longer leaves and larger cones; a form
common in cultivation has long, pendulous branches.
[Illustration: PLATE I.--Larix Americana.]
1. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers.
2. Sterile flowers.
3. Different views of stamens.
4. Ovuliferous scale with ovules.
5. Fruiting branch.
6. Open cone.
7. Cone-scale with seeds.
8. Leaf.
9. Cross-section of leaf.
PINUS.
The leaves are of two kinds, primary and secondary; the primary are
thin, deciduous scales, in the axils of which the secondary leaf-buds
stand; the inner scales of those leaf-buds form a loose, deciduous
sheath which encloses the secondary or foliage leaves, which in our
species are all minutely serrulate.
Pinus Strobus, L.
WHITE PINE.
=Habitat and Range.=--In fertile soils; moist woodlands or dry uplands.
Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, through Quebec and Ontario, to Lake
Winnipeg.
New England,--common, from the vicinity of the seacoast to altitudes of
2500 feet, forming extensive forests.
South along the mountains to Georgia, ascending to 2500 feet in the
Adirondacks and to 4300 in North Carolina; west to Minnesota and
Iowa.
=Habit.=--The tallest tree and the stateliest conifer of the New England
forest, ordinarily from 50 to 80 feet high and 2-4 feet in diameter at
the ground, but in northern New England, where patches of the primeval
forest still remain, attaining a diameter of 3-7 feet and a height
ranging from 100 to 150 feet, rising in sombre majesty far above its
deciduous neighbors; trunk straight, tapering very gradually; branches
nearly horizontal, wide-spreading, in young trees in whorls usually of
five, the whorls becoming more or less indistinct in old trees;
branchlets and season's shoots slender; head cone-shaped, broad at the
base, clothed with soft, delicate, bluish-green foliage; roots running
horizontally near the surface, taking firm hold in rocky situations,
extremely durable when exposed.
=Bark.=--On trunks of old trees thick, shallow-channeled, broad-ridged;
on stems of young trees and upon branches smooth, greenish; season's
shoots at first rusty-scurfy or puberulent, in late autumn becoming
smooth and light russet brown.
=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leading branch-buds 1/4-1/2 inch long, oblong
or ovate-oblong, sharp-pointed; scales yellowish-brown.
Foliage leaves in clusters of five, slender, 3-5 inches long, soft
bluish-green, needle-shaped, 3-sided, mucronate, each with a single
fibrovascular bundle, sessile.
=Inflorescence.=--June. Sterile flowers at the base of the season's
shoots, in clusters, each flower about one inch long, oval, light brown;
stamens numerous; connectives scale-like: fertile flowers near the
terminal bud of the season's shoots, long-stalked, cylindrical; scales
pink-margined.
=Fruit.=--Cones, 4-6 inches long, short-stalked, narrow-cylindrical,
often curved, finally pendent, green, maturing the second year; scales
rather loose, scarcely thickened at the apex, not spiny; seeds winged,
smooth.
=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; free from disease;
grows well in almost any soil, but prefers a light fertile loam; in open
ground retains its lower branches for many years. Good plants, grown
from seed, are usually readily obtainable in nurseries; small collected
plants from open ground can be moved in sods with little risk.
Several horticultural forms are occasionally cultivated which are
distinguished by variations in foliage, trailing branches, dense and
rounded heads, and dwarfed or cylindrical habits of growth.
PLATE II. PINUS STROBUS.
1. Branch with sterile flowers.
2. Stamen.
3. Branch with fertile flowers.
4. Bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
5. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
6. Branch with cones.
7. Cross-section of leaf.
Pinus rigida, Mill.
PITCH PINE. HARD PINE.
=Habitat and Range.=--Most common in dry, sterile soils, occasional in
swamps.
New Brunswick to Lake Ontario.
Maine,--mostly in the southwestern section near the seacoast; as far
north as Chesterville, Franklin county (C. H. Knowlton, _Rhodora_, II,
124); scarcely more than a shrub near its northern limits; New
Hampshire,--most common along the Merrimac valley to the White mountains
and up the Connecticut valley to the mouth of the Passumpsic, reaching
an altitude of 1000 feet above the sea level; Vermont,--common in the
northern Champlain valley, less frequent in the Connecticut valley
(_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); common in the other New England states,
often forming large tracts of woodland, sometimes exclusively occupying
extensive areas.
South to Virginia and along the mountains to northern Georgia; west
to western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee.
=Habit.=--Usually a low tree, from 30 to 50 feet high, with a diameter
of 1-2 feet at the ground, but not infrequently rising to 70-80 feet,
with a diameter of 2-4 feet; trunk straight or more or less tortuous,
tapering rather rapidly; branches rising at a wide angle with the stem,
often tortuous, and sometimes drooping at the extremities, distinctly
whorled in young trees, but gradually losing nearly every trace of
regularity; roughest of our pines, the entire framework rough at every
stage of growth; head variable, open, often scraggly, widest near the
base and sometimes dome-shaped in young trees; branchlets stout,
terminating in rigid, spreading tufts of foliage.
[Illustration: PLATE II.--Pinus Strobus.]
=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees thick, deeply furrowed, with broad
connecting ridges, separating on the surface into coarse dark grayish or
reddish brown scales; younger stems and branches very rough, separating
into scales; season's shoots rough to the tips.
=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leading branch-buds 1/2-3/4 inch long,
narrow-cylindrical or ovate, acute at the apex, resin-coated; scales
brownish.
Foliage leaves in threes, 3-5 inches long, stout, stiff, dark
yellowish-green, 3-sided, sharp-pointed, with two fibrovascular bundles;
sessile; sheaths when young about 1/2 inch long.
=Inflorescence.=--Sterile flowers at the base of the season's shoots,
clustered; stamens numerous; anthers yellow: fertile flowers at a slight
angle with and along the sides of the season's shoots, single or
clustered.
=Fruit.=--Cones lateral, single or in clusters, nearly or quite sessile,
finally at right angles to the stem or twisted slightly downward, ovoid,
ovate-conical; subspherical when open, ripening the second season;
scales thickened at the apex, armed with stout, straight or recurved
prickles.
=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; well adapted to
exposed situations on highlands or along the seacoast; grows in almost
any soil, but thrives best in sandy or gravelly moist loams; valuable
among other trees for color-effects and occasional picturesqueness of
outline; mostly uninteresting and of uncertain habit; subject to the
loss of the lower limbs, and not readily transplanted; very seldom
offered in quantity by nurserymen; obtainable from collectors, but
collected plants are seldom successful. Usually propagated from the
seed.
[Illustration: PLATE III.--Pinus rigida.]
1. Branch with sterile flowers.
2. Stamen, front view.
3. Stamen, top view.
4. Branch with fertile flowers.
5. Fertile flower showing bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
6. Fertile flower showing ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
7. Fruiting branch with cones one and two years old.
8. Open cone.
9. Seed.
10. Cross-section of leaf.
=Pinus Banksiana, Lamb.=
_Pinus divaricata. Sudw._
SCRUB PINE. GRAY PINE. SPRUCE PINE. JACK PINE.
=Habitat and Range.=--Sterile, sandy soil: lowlands, boggy plains, rocky
slopes.
Nova Scotia, northwesterly to the Athabasca river, and northerly
down the Mackenzie to the Arctic circle.
Maine,--Traveller mountain and Grand lake (G. L. Goodale); Beal's island
on Washington county coast, Harrington, Orland, and Cape Rosier (C. G.
Atkins); Schoodic peninsula in Gouldsboro, a forest 30 feet high (F. M.
Day, E. L. Rand, _et al._); Flagstaff (Miss Kate Furbush); east branch
of Penobscot (Mrs. Haines); the Forks (Miss Fanny E. Hoyt); Lake Umbagog
(Wm. Brewster); New Hampshire,--around the shores of Lake Umbagog, on
points extending into the lake, rare (Wm. Brewster _in lit._, 1899);
Welch mountains (_Bull. Torr. Bot. Club_, XVIII, 150); Vermont,--rare,
but few trees at each station; Monkton in Addison county (R. E.
Robinson); Fairfax, Franklin county (Bates); Starkesboro (Pringle).
West through northern New York, northern Illinois, and Michigan to
Minnesota.
=Habit.=--Usually a low tree, 15-30 feet high and 6-8 inches in diameter
at the ground, but under favorable conditions, as upon the wooded points
and islands of Lake Umbagog, attaining a height of 50-60 feet, with a
diameter of 10-15 inches. Extremely variable in habit. In thin soils and
upon bleak sites the trunk is for the most part crooked and twisted, the
head scrubby, stunted, and variously distorted, resembling in shape and
proportions the pitch pine under similar conditions. In deeper soils,
and in situations protected from the winds, the stem is erect, slender,
and tapering, surmounted by a stately head with long, flexible branches,
scarcely less regular in outline than the spruce. Foliage
yellowish-green, bunched at the ends of the branchlets.
=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees dark brown, rounded-ridged,
rough-scaly at the surface; branchlets dark purplish-brown, rough with
the persistent bases of the fallen leaves; season's shoots
yellowish-green, turning to reddish-brown.
=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Branch-buds light brown, ovate, apex acute or
rounded, usually enclosed in resin.
Leaves in twos, divergent from a short close sheath, about 1 inch in
length and scarcely 1/12 inch in width, yellowish-green, numerous,
stiff, curved or twisted, cross-section showing two fibrovascular
bundles; outline narrowly linear; apex sharp-pointed; outer surface
convex, inner concave or flat.
=Inflorescence.=--June. Sterile flowers at the base of the season's
shoots, clustered, oblong-rounded: fertile flowers along the sides or
about the terminal buds of the season's shoots, single, in twos or in
clusters; bracts ovate, roundish, purplish.
=Fruit.=--Cones often numerous, 1-2 inches long, pointing in the general
direction of the twig on which they grow, frequently curved at the tip,
whitish-yellow when young, and brown at maturity; scales when mature
without prickles, thickened at the apex; outline very irregular but in
general oblong-conical. The open cones, which are usually much
distorted, with scales at base closed, have a similar outline.
=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; slow growing and hard to
transplant; useful in poor soil; seldom offered by nurserymen or
collectors. Propagated from seed.
[Illustration: PLATE IV.--Pinus Banksiana.]
1. Branch with sterile flowers.
2. Stamen, front view.
3. Stamen, top view.
4. Branch with fertile flowers.
5. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
6. Fruiting branch.
7. Open cone.
8, 9. Variant leaves.
10, 11. Cross-sections of leaves.
Pinus resinosa, Ait.
RED PINE. NORWAY PINE.
=Habitat and Range.=--In poor soils: sandy plains, dry woods.
Newfoundland and New Brunswick, throughout Quebec and Ontario, to
the southern end of Lake Winnipeg.
Maine,--common, plains, Brunswick (Cumberland county); woods, Bristol
(Lincoln county); from Amherst (western part of Hancock county) and
Clifton (southeastern part of Penobscot county) northward just east of
the Penobscot river the predominant tree, generally on dry ridges and
eskers, but in Greenbush and Passadumkeag growing abundantly on peat
bogs with black spruce; hillsides and lower mountains about Moosehead,
scattered; New Hampshire,--ranges with the pitch pine as far north as
the White mountains, but is less common, usually in groves of a few to
several hundred acres in extent; Vermont,--less common than _P. Strobus_
or _P. rigida_, but not rare; Massachusetts,--still more local, in
stations widely separated, single trees or small groups; Rhode
Island,--occasional; Connecticut,--not reported.
South to Pennsylvania; west through Michigan and Wisconsin to
Minnesota.
=Habit.=--The most beautiful of the New England pines, 50-75 feet high,
with a diameter of 2-3 feet at the ground; reaching in Maine a height of
100 feet and upwards; trunk straight, scarcely tapering; branches low,
stout, horizontal or scarcely declined, forming a broad-based, rounded
or conical head of great beauty when young, becoming more or less
irregular with age; foliage of a rich dark green, in long dense tufts at
the ends of the branches.
=Bark.=--Bark of trunk reddish-brown, in old trees marked by flat ridges
which separate on the surface into thin, flat, loose scales; branchlets
rough with persistent bases of leaf buds; season's shoots stout,
orange-brown, smooth.
=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leading branch-buds conical, about 3/4
inch long, tapering to a sharp point, reddish-brown, invested with
rather loose scales.
Foliage leaves in twos, from close, elongated, persistent, and
conspicuous sheaths, about 6 inches long, dark green, needle-shaped,
straight, sharply and stiffly pointed, the outer surface round and the
inner flattish, both surfaces marked by lines of minute pale dots.
=Inflorescence.=--Sterile flowers clustered at the base of the season's
shoots, oblong, 1/2-3/4 inch long: fertile flowers single or few, at the
ends of the season's shoots.
=Fruit.=--Cones near extremity of shoot, at right angles to the stem,
maturing the second year, 1-3 inches long, ovate to oblong conical; when
opened broadly oval or roundish; scales not hooked or pointed, thickened
at the apex.
=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; a tall, dark-foliaged
evergreen, for which there is no substitute; grows rapidly in all
well-drained soils and in exposed inland or seashore situations; seldom
disfigured by insects or disease; difficult to transplant and not common
in nurseries. Propagated from seed.
[Illustration: PLATE V.--Pinus resinosa.]
1. Branch with sterile flowers.
2. Stamen, front view.
3. Stamen, top view.
4. Branch with fertile flowers and one-year-old cones.
5. Bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
7. Fruiting branch showing cones of three different seasons.
8. Seeds with cone-scale.
9, 10. Cross-sections of leaves.
= Pinus sylvestris, L.=
SCOTCH PINE (sometimes incorrectly called the Scotch fir).
Indigenous in the northern parts of Scotland and in the Alps, and from
Sweden and Norway, where it forms large forests eastward throughout
northern Europe and Asia.
At Southington, Conn., many of these trees, probably originating from an
introduced pine in the vicinity, were formerly scattered over a rocky
pasture and in the adjoining woods, a tract of about two acres in
extent. Most of these were cut down in 1898, but the survivors, if left
to themselves, will doubtless multiply rapidly, as the conditions have
proved very favorable (C. H. Bissell _in lit._, 1899).
Like _P. resinosa_ and _P. Banksiana_, it has its foliage leaves in
twos, with neither of which, however, is it likely to be confounded;
aside from the habit, which is quite different, it may be distinguished
from the former by the shortness of its leaves, which are less than 2
inches long, while those of _P. resinosa_ are 5 or 6; and from the
latter by the position of its cones, which point outward and downward at
maturity, while those of _P. Banksiana_ follow the direction of the
twig.
Picea nigra, Link.
_Picea Mariana, B. S. P. (including Picea brevifolia, Peck)._
BLACK SPRUCE. SWAMP SPRUCE. DOUBLE SPRUCE. WATER SPRUCE.
=Habitat and Range.=--Swamps, sphagnum bogs, shores of rivers and ponds,
wet, rocky hillsides; not uncommon, especially northward, on dry uplands
and mountain slopes.
Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, westward beyond the Rocky
mountains, extending northward along the tributaries of the Yukon
in Alaska.
Maine,--common throughout, covering extensive areas almost to the
exclusion of other trees in the central and northern sections,
occasional on the top of Katahdin (5215 feet); New Hampshire and
Vermont,--common in sphagnum swamps of low and high altitudes; the dwarf
form, var. _semi-prostrata_, occurs on the summit of Mt. Mansfield
(_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); Massachusetts,--frequent; Rhode Island,--not
reported; Connecticut,--rare; on north shore of Spectacle ponds in Kent
(Litchfield county), at an elevation of 1200 feet; Newton (Fairfield
county), a few scattered trees in a swamp at an altitude of 400 feet:
(New Haven county) a few small trees at Bethany; at Middlebury abundant
in a swamp of five acres (E. B. Harger, _Rhodora_, II, 126).
South along the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee; west
through the northern tier of states to Minnesota.
=Habit.=--In New England, usually a small, slender tree, 10-30 feet high
and 5-8 inches in diameter; attaining northward and westward much
greater dimensions; reduced at high elevation to a shrub or dwarf tree,
2 or 3 feet high; trunk tapering very slowly, forming a narrow-based,
conical, more or less irregular head; branches rather short, scarcely
whorled, horizontal or more frequently declining with an upward tendency
at the ends, often growing in open swamps almost to the ground, the
lowest prostrate, sometimes rooting at their tips and sending up shoots;
spray stiff and rather slender; foliage dark bluish-green or glaucous.
This tree often begins to blossom after attaining a height of 2-5 feet,
the terminal cones each season remaining persistent at the base of the
branches, sometimes for many years.
=Bark.=--Bark of trunk grayish-brown, separating into rather close, thin
scales; branchlets roughened with the footstalks of the fallen leaves;
twigs in autumn dull reddish-brown with a minute, erect, pale, rusty
pubescence, or nearly smooth.
=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds scaly, ovate, pointed, reddish-brown.
Leaves scattered, needle-shaped, dark bluish-green, the upper sides
becoming yellowish in the sunlight, the faces marked by parallel rows of
minute bluish dots which sometimes give a glaucous effect to the lower
surface or even the whole leaf on the new shoots, 4-angled, 1/4-3/4 of
an inch long, straight or slightly incurved, blunt at the apex, abruptly
tipped or mucronate, sessile on persistent, decurrent footstalks.
=Inflorescence.=--April to May, a week or two earlier than the red
spruce; sterile flowers terminal or axillary, on wood of the preceding
year; about 3/8 inch long, ovate; anthers madder-red: fertile flowers at
or near end of season's shoots, erect; scales madder-red, spirally
imbricated, broader than long, margin erose, rarely entire.
=Fruit.=--Cones, single or clustered at or near ends of the season's
shoots, attached to the upper side of the twig, but turning downward by
the twisting of the stout stalk, often persistent for years; 1/2-1-1/2
inches long; purplish or grayish brown at the end of the first season,
finally becoming dull reddish or grayish brown, ovate, ovate-oval, or
nearly globular when open; scales rigid, thin, reddish on the inner
surface; margin rounded, uneven, eroded, bifid, or rarely entire.
=Horticultural Value.=--Best adapted to cool, moist soils; of little
value under cultivation; young plants seldom preserving the broad-based,
cone-like, symmetrical heads common in the spruce swamps, the lower
branches dying out and the whole tree becoming scraggly and unsightly.
Seldom offered by nurserymen.
[Illustration: PLATE VI.--Picea nigra.]
1. Branch with sterile flowers.
2. Stamen, front view.
3. Stamen, side view.
4. Stamen, top view.
5. Branch with fertile flowers.
6. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
7. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
8. Fruiting branch.
9. Seed.
10. Leaf.
11. Cross-sections of leaves.
=Picea rubra, Link.=
_Picea rubens, Sarg. Picea nigra, var. rubra, Engelm._
RED SPRUCE.
=Habitat and Range.=--Cool, rich woods, well-drained valleys, slopes of
mountains, not infrequently extending down to the borders of swamps.
Prince Edward island and Nova Scotia, along the valley of the St.
Lawrence.
Maine,--throughout: most common towards the coast and in the
extreme north, thus forming a belt around the central area, where
it is often quite wanting except on cool or elevated slopes; New
Hampshire,--throughout; the most abundant conifer of upper Coos, the
White mountain region where it climbs to the alpine area, and the higher
parts of the Connecticut-Merrimac watershed; Vermont,--throughout; the
common spruce of the Green mountains, often in dense groves on rocky
slopes with thin soil; Massachusetts,--common in the mountainous regions
of Berkshire county and on uplands in the northern sections, occasional
southward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,--not reported.
South along the Alleghanies to Georgia, ascending to an altitude of
4500 feet in the Adirondacks, and 4000-5000 feet in West Virginia;
west through the northern tier of states to Minnesota.
=Habit.=--A hardy tree, 40-75 feet high; trunk 1-2-1/2 feet in diameter,
straight, tapering very slowly; branches longer than those of the black
spruce, irregularly whorled or scattered, the lower often declined,
sometimes resting on the ground, the upper rising toward the light,
forming while the tree is young a rather regular, narrow, conical head,
which in old age and in bleak mountain regions becomes, by the loss of
branches, less symmetrical but more picturesque; foliage dark
yellowish-green.
=Bark.=--Bark of trunk smoothish and mottled on young trees, at length
separating into small, thin, flat, reddish scales; in old trees striate
with shallow sinuses, separating into ashen-white plates, often
partially detached; spray reddish or yellowish white in autumn with
minute, erect, pale rusty pubescence.
=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds scaly, conical, brownish, 1/3 inch long.
Leaves solitary, at first closely appressed around the young shoots,
ultimately pointing outward, those on the underside often twisting
upward, giving a brush-like appearance to the twig, 1/2-3/4 inch long,
straight or curved (curvature more marked than in _P. nigra_),
needle-shaped, dark yellowish-green, 4-angled; apex blunt or more or
less pointed, often mucronate; base blunt; sessile on persistent
leaf-cushions.
=Inflorescence.=--May. Sterile flowers terminal or axillary on wood of
the preceding year, 1/2-3/4 inch long, cylindrical; anthers pinkish-red:
fertile flowers lateral along previous season's shoots, erect; scales
madder-purple, spirally imbricated, broader than long, margin entire or
slightly erose.
=Fruit.=--Cones; single or clustered, lateral along the previous
season's shoots, recurved, mostly pointing downward at various angles,
on short stalks, falling the first autumn but sometimes persistent a
year longer, 1-2 inches long (usually larger than those of _P. nigra_),
reddish-brown, mostly ovate; scales thin, stiff, rounded; margin entire
or slightly irregular.
=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; adapts itself to a
great variety of soils and lives to a great age. Its narrow-based
conical form, dense foliage, and yellow green coloring form an effective
contrast with most other evergreens. It grows, however, slowly, is
subject to the loss of its lower branches and to disfigurement by
insects. Seldom offered in nurseries.
[Illustration: PLATE VII.--Picea rubra.]
1. Branch with sterile flowers.
2. Stamen, front view.
3. Stamen, side view.
4. Branch with fertile flowers.
5. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
7. Fruiting branch with cones of two seasons.
8. Seed.
9. Leaf.
10. Cross-sections of leaves.
=Picea alba, Link.=
_Picea Canadensis, B. S. P._
WHITE SPRUCE. CAT SPRUCE.[1] SKUNK SPRUCE.[2] LABRADOR SPRUCE.
=Habitat and Range.=--Low, damp, but not wet woods; dry, sandy soils,
high rocky slopes and exposed hilltops, often in scanty soil.
[Footnote 1, 2: So called from the peculiarly unpleasant odor of the
crushed foliage and young shoots,--a characteristic which readily
distinguishes it from the _P. nigra_ and _P. rubra_.]
Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, through the provinces of Quebec and
Ontario to Manitoba and British Columbia, northward beyond all
other trees, within 20 miles of the Arctic sea.