THE KHWĀRAZM-SHĀHS
On the death of Melik Shāh in A.H. 485 (1092) a civil war broke out
between the brothers Berkiyāruk and Mohammad, which resulted in the
formation of separate semi-independent states, under various branches
of the Seljūks, in different quarters of the dominions of that family.
Chief among their representatives were--the Seljūks of Kirmān, A.H.
433–583 (1041–1187); the Seljūks of Syria, A.H. 487–511 (1094–1117);
the Seljūks of `Irāk and Kurdistān, A.H. 511–590 (1117–1194); the
Seljūks of Rūm (or Asia Minor), A.H. 470–700 (1077–1300). Until the
death of Sanjar the main branch preserved a nominal suzerainty over the
rest, although their empire had been so greatly reduced that Sanjar’s
rule was practically confined to Khorāsān. On his death in A.H. 552
(1157) the authority of the great Seljūks came to an end, and Khorāsān
fell into the hands of the Khwārazm-Shāh, Il-Arslān, who had succeeded
his father in the previous year. In 567 (A.D. 1171) the Kara-Khitāys
advanced into Khwārazm, and Il-Arslān marched out to oppose them; but
on reaching Amūya[334] he fell dangerously ill, and was obliged to
resign command of his army to one of his generals. After gaining a
decisive victory over the Khwārazmians the Kara-Khitāys again withdrew,
A.H. 568 (1172).[335] In the following year Il-Arslān died, leaving
his realms to his youngest son, Sultan Shāh Mahmūd. His elder brother
Tekish, however, disputed the succession, and, with the aid of the
Kara-Khitāys, overthrew the young prince and set himself upon the
throne, A.H. 568 (1172).[336]
Sultan Shāh Mahmūd, with his mother, Queen Turkān, fled to Nīshāpūr,
and sought the aid of its governor, Mu`ayyad. Reinforced by a
contingent under his command, Sultan Shāh made a fresh bid for
sovereignty. Tekish advanced to meet him in the desert of Khwārazm, and
inflicted a crushing defeat on his brother. The queen-mother was slain,
and Mu`ayyad was captured and cut in two. Sultan Shāh escaped a similar
fate by flight, and found safety among the Ghūrides of Ghazna.
Tekish[337] was, in A.H. 588 (1192), firmly settled on the throne of
Khwārazm. Confident in the devotion of an army which he had led to
victory, he grew ambitious and forgot the obligations under which the
Kara-Khitāy had placed him. He incurred the wrath of that powerful
tribe by putting to death one of their envoys who had come to claim
the annual tribute, and brought them into the field against him. On
learning that his brother was sorely beset, Sultan Shāh left the
protection of the Ghūrides and joined the Kara-Khitāys, whose queen
he persuaded that the Khwārazmians were anxious for his return to
the throne. As the Queen-Gūr-Khān was incensed against Tekish, she
allowed herself to be gained over by Sultan Shāh, and sent her husband
Karmā[338] with a large force into Khwārazm to defend the rights of
Sultan Khān. Tekish, hearing of their advance, commanded the waters of
the Jīhūn (Oxus) to be diverted across their line of march, so that the
progress of the Kara-Khitāys was rendered almost impossible. Meanwhile
he busied himself with military preparations. Karmā, seeing clearly
that Sultan Shāh’s pretensions to the esteem of the Khwārazmians were
unfounded, led his army home. Sultan Shāh, with his own followers and
a small body of Kara-Khitāys, marched to Sarakhs, and, evicting its
governor, established himself there.
In A.H. 576 (1180) we find him at the head of 10,000 horsemen, and
lord of Nīshāpūr. In A.H. 582 (1186) Tekish set out for Khorāsān with
a large army; while Sultan Khān hastened to Khwārazm by another road.
These hostilities between the two brothers continued with only short
intermissions until the death of Sultan Shāh in A.H. 589 (1192), when
Tekish became master of all Khorāsān and Khwārazm.[339]
In A.H. 590 (1194) he entered Persian `Irāk and overthrew Toghrul
III., the last of the great Seljūks of Persia.[340] After adding Ray,
Isfahān, and other important towns to his dominions, he obtained an
investiture from Caliph Nāsir li Dīn-illāh of all the countries which
he had conquered.
From this epoch-time till his death Tekish appears to have paid tribute
regularly to the Gūr-Khān, and retained his friendship. He recommended
his son and successor to follow the same policy, for the Kara-Khitāy
were a bulwark against the dreaded hordes of the East.[341]
In A.H. 596 (1200) Tekish died, and was succeeded by his famous son,
`Alā ud-Dīn Mohammad, who soon made himself master of Khorāsān,
Balkh, Herāt, Māzenderan, and Kirmān.[342] He now considered himself
sufficiently powerful to assert his independence of the Gūr-Khān, to
whom, like his three predecessors, he had paid an annual tribute. He
was encouraged to resist his liege lord by `Othmān, prince of Samarkand
and Transoxiana, who was also a vassal of the Gūr-Khān, who promised to
pay him the same allegiance as he had rendered to the Kara-Khitāys in
return for his assistance against the common enemy.[343] An occasion
for the rupture of friendly relations between the Khwārazm-Shāh and the
Gūr-Khān was soon found. It was identical with the method employed by
Tekish,--the slaughter of one of the receivers of tribute.[344]
After perpetrating this outrage, Mohammad entered the Kara-Khitāy
territory, A.H. 605 (1208), where he suffered a crushing defeat and
barely escaped capture.[345]
In the following year Mohammad made a second incursion into the land of
the Kara-Khitāy. Crossing the Jaxartes at Fināket, he gained a signal
success over their general, Tanigū, beyond Tarāz, pushed his conquests
as far as Otrār[346] (Fārāb), and returned in triumph to Khwārazm.
But the tangled knot of Central Asian politics was soon to be cut by
a conqueror whose annals are as devoid of complexity as his career.
In the place of paltry struggles for supremacy in isolated states,
attended by obscure and ever-changing fortunes, we have the triumphant
advance of one who, like Alexander of Macedon, was destined to give a
new impulse to the world’s history.