THE WESLEY FAMILY.
SAMUEL WESLEY, father of John, was for forty years rector of Epworth
Parish. He was an honest, conscientious, stern old Englishman; a firmer
never clung to the mane of the British lion. He was the son of John
Wesley, a Dissenting minister, who enjoyed, for a time, all the rights
of churchmen. But, after the death of Cromwell, Charles II, whom the
Dissenters had aided in restoring to the throne, and who had promised
them toleration and liberty of conscience, on his return, finding the
Church party in the ascendency, violated his pledge and approved of the
most cruel and oppressive laws passed by Parliament against Dissenters.
By one of these inhuman acts more than two thousand ministers, and among
them many of the most pious, useful, learned, and conscientious in the
land, were deprived of their places in the Church, of their homes and
support, and were compelled to wander homeless and friendless, without
being allowed to remain anywhere, until they found rest in the grave.
"Stopping the mouths of these faithful men," says Dr. Adam Clarke, "was
a general curse to the nation. A torrent of iniquity, deep, rapid, and
strong, deluged the whole land, and swept away godliness and vital
religion from the kingdom. The king had no religion, either in power or
in form, though a papist at heart. He was the most worthless that ever
sat on a British throne, and profligate beyond all measure, without a
single good quality to redeem his numerous bad ones; and Church and
State joined hand in hand in persecution and intolerance. Since those
barbarous and iniquitous times, what hath God wrought!"[B]
Mr. Wesley had been for some years pastor of Whitchurch,
Dorchestershire, and was greatly beloved by his people. But the law
forbade anyone attending a place of worship conducted by Dissenters.
Whoever was found in such an assembly was tried by a judge without a
jury, and for the third offense was sentenced to transportation beyond
the seas for seven years; and if the offender returned to his home
before the seven years expired he was liable to capital punishment. This
was an example of refined cruelty. The minister who had grown gray in
the service of his Lord, whose annual income was barely sufficient to
meet the pressing needs of his family, was turned adrift upon the world
without support, and the poor man was not permitted to live within five
miles of his charge, nor of any other which he might have formerly
served. As Mr. Wesley could not teach, or preach, or hold private
meetings, he, for a time, turned his attention to the practice of
medicine for the support of his family.
He bade his weeping church adieu, and removed to Melcomb, a town some
twenty miles away. He had preached for a time in Melcomb before he
became vicar of Whitchurch, and hoped to find there a quiet retreat and
sympathizing friends. But his family was scarcely settled when an order
came prohibiting his settlement there, and fining a good lady twenty
pounds for receiving him into her house. Driven from Melcomb, he sought
shelter in Preston, by invitation of a kind friend, who offered him free
rent. Then came the passage of what was known as the "five-mile act,"
which required that Dissenting ministers should not reside within five
miles of an incorporated town. Preston, though not an incorporated town,
was within five miles of one. Finding no place for rest from the
relentless persecution of the Established Church--persecution as cruel
as Rome ever inflicted, save the death penalty, and that was imposed
under certain conditions--he concluded to leave his home for a time and
retire to some obscure village until he could, by prayer and
deliberation, determine what to do. Here, alone with God, his decision
was made. He fully decided that he could not, with a good conscience,
obey the law of Conformity, as it was called. Conformity was to him
apostasy.
Mr. Wesley determined to remove to some place in South America, and, if
not there, to Maryland. He hoped, by so doing, to find a quiet home for
himself and family. In Maryland, settled and ruled by Catholics, he
could enjoy freedom to worship God, but not in oppressive, Protestant
England, just rescued from the domination of Rome.
No one can adequately comprehend how such a removal would have affected
the religious life of the world. But the good man finally determined to
abandon his plan and remain in his native land and do the best he could.
God, without doubt, was in that decision. But he felt that God had
called him to preach, and preach he would.
In spite of every precaution, he was frequently interrupted, suffering
imprisonment for months together, and at four different times within a
few years. At last, by frequent imprisonment, poverty, and failing
health, the poor man's crushed spirit could stand it no longer, and he
died at the early age of forty-two years, leaving wife and children
homeless and helpless. All this the grandfather of John Wesley endured
for conscience' sake. He was a graduate of Oxford; as a classical
scholar he had few equals--a man of deep piety and distinguished
talents. His father, Bartholomew Wesley, had early dedicated his son to
the Gospel ministry, and God seems to have accepted the dedication. And
because he conscientiously objected to conducting public worship
strictly according to the Prayer Book, the unchristian laws regarding
Conformity were enforced, and the tears, blood, and suffering which
befell those godly men lay at the door of the Established Church. Cruel
persecution marked this man for its prey even after death. When his
inanimate body, followed by weeping wife, little children, and
sympathizing neighbors, was borne on a bier to the gates of the
consecrated burial place of Preston, the gates were closed against it by
order of the minister of the Established Church. So the remains of this
good and great man were deposited in an unknown and unmarked grave.
Samuel Wesley was sixteen years old at the time of his father's death.
He had been under the careful tuition of his learned father, and under
such training his mind had become highly educated for one of his years.
He had a genius for poetry, and possessed a highly sensitive nature. His
associations with Dissenters were not the most favorable, and what he
saw and heard at the meetings of what was known as the "Calf's Head
Club" disgusted him. Added to this, he was not pleased with the school
of the Dissenters in which he was being educated, and, being not a
little impulsive and hasty in his decisions, he concluded that all
Dissenters were of the same character. He determined to examine the
grounds of Dissent and Conformity, and, as might be expected, being more
or less controlled by youthful prejudice, he concluded to renounce his
former opinions and the faith of ancestors, and unite with the
Established Church. And, as is often the case in such sudden changes, he
did not stop until he had become a high churchman. But, notwithstanding
his change, he had too much good practical common sense to carry out his
theory. While it is true that he became a high Tory, he possessed too
much benevolence, and too nice a sense of right, to give countenance to
arbitrary power, such as had been exercised toward his ancestors. He
could not forget what his honored father had suffered at the hands of
churchmen.
Having become a churchman, at the age of sixteen he left his home for
Oxford University. He traveled all the distance on foot, with only about
thirteen dollars in his pocket and with no hopeful outlook for further
supplies. And from that time until he graduated he received from his
friends but a single crown ($1.20). But, Yankeelike, he made everything
turn to his advantage. Being a bright scholar, he composed college
exercises for those students who, it is said, "had more money than
brains;" he read over lessons for those who were too lazy to study, and
gave instruction to such as were dull of apprehension. He wrote also for
the press, and left the university, at the close, with four times as
much money as he had when he entered.
After his graduation he went to London and was ordained. He served one
year as curate in London, one year as chaplain on shipboard, and two
years more as curate in London.
When James II was expelled, and William and Mary were called to the
throne, Mr. Wesley was the first man to write in their defense. For this
timely support Queen Mary appointed him rector of Epworth, Lincolnshire,
which position he held to the end of his life. The village was far from
being attractive, and the people were generally hard cases; but he was a
faithful pastor there for forty years. He was always poor, but always
honest. He was frequently in jail for debt, and as often relieved by
donations from the Duke of Buckingham, the Archbishop of York, the
queen, and others. "No man," he says, "has worked truer for bread than I
have done, and no one has fared harder."
In politics Mr. Wesley was no conservative. Whatever he did, he did with
his might. He espoused the cause of William, Prince of Orange,
regarding him as a perfect antitype of Job's war horse, and for such
heroic support he received the anathemas of his parishioners; they
stabbed his cow, cut off his dog's legs, burned his flax, and twice
fired his house. But still he had the courage of his convictions. As an
example of his moral courage the following story is told of him: Mr.
Wesley was in a London coffee house taking refreshments. A colonel of
the guards, near by, was uttering fearful oaths. Wesley, a young man,
was greatly moved, and felt that a rebuke was demanded. He called the
waiter to bring him a glass of water. He did so, and in a loud, clear
voice Wesley said, "Carry this to that young man in the red coat, and
request him to wash his mouth after his oaths." The colonel heard him,
became much enraged, and made a bold attempt to rush upon his reprover.
His companion interfered, saying, "Nay, colonel, you gave the first
offense. You see, the gentleman is a clergyman." The colonel subsided,
but did not forget the reproof. Years after he met Mr. Wesley in St.
James Park, and said to him: "Since that time, sir, thank God! I have
feared an oath and everything that is offensive to the Divine Majesty. I
cannot refrain from expressing my gratitude to God and to you."
Samuel Wesley possessed many virtues, with some faults. He was often
impetuous, hasty, and sometimes rash. In the heat of controversy, in
which he at times engaged, he was often unsparing in his invectives. But
this must be set down, in part, to the spirit of the time. He was a
faithful pastor and a fine oriental scholar. Mr. Tyerman says, "He was
learned, laborious, and godly." He had the reputation of being a good
poet, a fair commentator, and an able miscellaneous writer.
SUSANNAH WESLEY.
Susannah Wesley, mother of John Wesley, was in most respects the perfect
antipode of her husband. She is said by some to have been beautiful, and
by all to have been devout, energetic, and intelligent. She had mastered
the Greek, Latin, and French languages, and was the mother of nineteen
children. And such a mother, for the careful, wise, religious training
of her children, modern times has never furnished a superior.
She was the daughter of Dr. Samuel Annesley, one of the many sufferers
under the cruel law of Nonconformity; but he does not seem to have
suffered as severely as John Wesley, whose fate we have recorded. It
must have been that he, for some cause, was more fortunate than his
contemporary. Miss Annesley became the wife of Samuel Wesley at the age
of nineteen years. It seems quite remarkable that Samuel Wesley and his
wife should have both been connected with Dissenters, and their
parents, on both sides, should have suffered by the oppression of the
Established Church, and that both of them, while young, should have left
the Dissenters and joined the Establishment. It could not have been the
result of careful investigation, but, more likely, of youthful
prejudice.
Mrs. Wesley was a noble woman. Of her Dr. Adam Clarke says: "Such a
woman, take her all in all, I have never read of, nor with her equal
have I been acquainted. Many daughters have done virtuously, but
Susannah Wesley has excelled them all." She was the sole instructor of
her numerous family, "and such a family," continues Dr. Clarke, "I have
never read of, heard of, or known; nor since the days of Abraham and
Sarah, Joseph and Mary of Nazareth, has there been a family to which the
human race has been more in debt."
Many have supposed that Samuel Wesley was a sour and disagreeable
husband. But he was one of the kindest of husbands, and his children are
said to have "idolized" him. His affection for his wife is seen in a
portrait he gives of her, a few years after their marriage, in his _Life
of Christ_, in verse:
"She graced my humble roof, and blest my life;
Blest me by a far greater name than wife;
Yet still I bore an undisputed sway,
Nor was't her task, but pleasure, to obey.
Scarce thought, much less could act what I denied,
In our lone home there was no room for pride.
Nor did I e'er direct what still was right;
She studied my convenience and delight;
Nor did I for her care ungrateful prove,
But only used my power to show my love.
Whate'er she asked I gave, without reproach or grudge,
For still she reason asked, and I was judge.
All my commands, requests at her fair hand,
And her requests to me were all commands.
To other households rarely she'd incline,
Her house her pleasure was, and she was mine.
Rarely abroad, or never but with me,
Or when by pity called, or charity."
Mrs. Wesley's attachment to her husband was undying. When some
disagreement occurred between her brother and her husband Mrs. Wesley
took the side of her husband, and wrote to her brother as follows: "I am
on the wrong side of fifty, infirm and weak, but, old as I am, since I
have taken my husband for better, for worse, I'll keep my residence with
him. Where he lives, I will live; where he dies, I will die, and there
will I be buried. God do unto me, and more also, if aught but death part
him and me."
In giving directions to her son John in regard to the right or wrong of
worldly pleasure she says: "Take this rule: Whatever weakens your
reason, impairs the tenderness of your conscience, obscures your sense
of God, or takes off the relish for spiritual things--in short,
whatever increases the strength and authority of your body over your
mind, that thing is sin to you, however innocent it may be in itself."
Did ever divine or philosopher state the question more clearly? Whoever
follows these directions will not err in regard to the question of
amusements.
Such a woman as this is worthy to be the mother of the founder of
Methodism, for had not Susannah Wesley been the mother of John Wesley it
is not likely that John Wesley would have been the founder of Methodism.
We shall have occasion to speak of this woman and her husband further
on.