Part 1. contains the whole Art of Oil Painting.

The Builder, No. 1, December 31, 1842.

THE BUILDER.

PRECURSOR NUMBER.

THIRD IMPRESSION OF FIVE THOUSAND.

LONDON, DECEMBER 31, 1842.

No. 1.] PRICE. { _Unstamped, 1½ d._

{ _Stamped, 2½ d._

ADDRESS.

Upon the occasion of addressing, for the first time, a particular class,

and that too through the medium of a decidedly class-paper, it seems to

us that the views and intentions of its conductor should be unreservedly

stated. We commence, then, in the spirit that will characterize our

future advocacy of the varied interests enumerated in another page. It is

avowed that we enter upon this portion of the wide field of literature

and science as our legitimate province, inasmuch as we were brought

up, educated, and have long wrought in it; mere qualification for any

undertaking is, however, but one amongst the elements of success, and

unless combined with well-timed efforts, frequently disappoints the

possessor:—we invite the reader to judge of the timeliness of our own by

the following incident, the explanations it gives rise to, and of the

result in the publication before him.

Conversing a few months since with a leading bookseller and publisher in

this metropolis, we had occasion to remark upon the costly, not to say

exorbitant, price of Architectural books; this fact was not disputed, and

the cause at once ascribed to the smallness of the number of readers,

which made it impossible it should be otherwise. We almost held up our

hands in astonishment, as we repeated his words “smallness of the number

of readers!” Call you five hundred thousand a small number? Can a class

of half a million male adults, whom we may emphatically term all readers,

and members of reading families; a class of half a million of the pick of

British Artisans; a class of the highest intelligence, and (measured by

their wages and numbers) highest in wealth: can we talk of the smallness

of the number of readers, and assume to know any thing of this large and

influential body? It was in this strain that we interrogated our friend

the bookseller; it was a burst of somewhat indignant feeling, for we had

long thought on the subject, and felt convinced that the fault lay, not

with the reader, but rather with the writer and publisher. We have since

put the case in a familiar way to other parties, as we will now proceed

to do to _our_ readers.

Suppose the Grocers, whose business it is to supply the commodities of

their shops in a way suited to the daily wants of customers, were to act

upon the principle of refusing to parcel out their tea and sugar, or to

dispose of it in less quantities than a chest of the former, or a hundred

weight of the latter; or, bringing the parallel nearer, suppose the

Bakers, in dispensing the “staff of life,” were to set themselves above

the standard of purveying the quartern, and half-quartern loaf; or again,

that the Butcher should sell his meat in nothing less than the carcase;

or that these tradesmen were to study only the palate and appetite of

dainty and refined stomachs; what, let us ask, would be the condition of

men of moderate means, and homely requirements? Why, just that which in

regard to the food of the mind is the condition of the Working Builder.

There are in England, Scotland, and Wales, one hundred and twenty

thousand Carpenters, of full age, and we may assume for Ireland (the

compiled accounts not assisting us here) thirty thousand more, making

a total of one hundred and fifty thousand, exclusive of apprentices,

in this trade alone, who, in common with the other co-operating

Building Artificers, require to read and study (and in some instances

to abstruseness) on all subjects connected with their craft. For these

hundreds of thousands there has hitherto been no retailing of proper food

for the mind; no books at moderate prices, and in suitable parcels; and

if we except the issue in parts and numbers of works such as those of

Mr. Peter Nicholson, the large sale of which confirms the truth of our

convictions, nothing in the shape of a trade instructor, or magazine,

adapted to their several pursuits has yet been offered to this immense

body. The “Architectural Magazine,” by Mr. London, indeed, did wonders

in its way; and other journals which have followed in its track are,

no doubt, well adapted to the particular departments whose cause they

espouse, and promote;[1] but what is there, we ask again, for the

work-shop, and for the fire-side circle of the Building Artisan?

Examine our PROSPECTUS, and contemplate the numbers forming an array

of what we have advisedly termed “the pick of British Artisans.” Be it

remembered, however, that we do not use these words in an invidious

sense, or in disparagement of other bodies of the industrious citizens

of the empire; but, considering the standard of perfection, in body

and mind, required for the proper practising of the Building Arts, and

considering also the healthful nature of their occupations, it will

not be deemed arrogant in us to speak thus of the class to which we

have the honour to belong; in addition, we have the influence which

numbers, intelligence, and wealth, if united, must ever secure to us.

With all these advantages present to literary eyes and ears, in an

age of professed catering, printing, and publishing, is it not one of

the greatest marvels—a huge paradox—that there is no such thing as a

_Builder’s Newspaper and Magazine_?

We have just said Newspaper and Magazine, for it has occurred to us

(rather happily, we opine and trust), to combine them; that is to say,

the particular features which distinguish either. We would relieve the

Working Builder from a double charge for matter less available to him in

practice, as well as from the still greater evil, in many instances, of a

dry magazine at home, and a well moistened newspaper at a public-house.

We have an eye to the superior household and domestic economy which

prevails, and which we would have still more constant in the Builder’s

Circle. We would give him a book on his trade, worth preserving, and a

newspaper for the reading of his wife and family, as well as for himself;

and, finally, we would make the weekly pence set apart from his earnings,

for the gratification of a common feeling of curiosity, not begrudged by

the partner of his cares on the one hand, or to be regretted by the most

thrifty economist on the other, since, even the news will be the vehicle

of trade knowledge, and consequently of the means of trade, with its

advantages and profits.

In designating our paper, we use the word “Builder” in its most extended

sense—instancing a house, or other edifice, we regard it from the

procurement and preparation of the materials, to the fixing upon its

site, and to its full completion for the residence, use, and enjoyment

of man, and which includes the making of the design or plan, “breaking”

ground, as it is termed; the erection, or building up; decorating,

fitting, and furnishing; the supply of water and drainage; and even the

laying out of the garden, pleasure grounds, and park. This is the whole

art of building, or, in other words, of providing and perfecting human

habitations. To all, therefore, who are engaged in the Art so defined,

we address ourselves without distinction, and without preference; the

interests of all will, to the best of our power, be consulted, promoted,

and advocated.

It now becomes us to say a few words as to how far this step (that is,

the issuing of the “PRECURSOR NUMBER”) is to be considered on our part

as an experiment; for, without being clear and explicit, we should, in

case of failure, or rather abandonment, of our enterprise (for failure

there can be none, where provision is made against that result), incur

the blame of not having given our friends, the Building Classes, a clear

view of the part which we humbly conceive it is their duty and interest

to take in the business.

The “Precursor” is a _trial number_; and we make the avowal plainly and

distinctly. Our part of the affair is to make every effort to supply

what we consider a useful and most desirable public object. The part of

the building fraternity, to whom it is particularly addressed, and the

part of those who regard as a duty all the exertions they are making in

the cause of public education; and also of those who pursue the arts

out of a pure love and liking, is to support our humble efforts if they

deem them worthy of appreciation. The less the sacrifice called for on

either side the better. Let the covenants between us be of an equitable

nature, and as we start upon the principle of discountenancing, as far

as practicable, all lottery and riskful speculation (of which we will

say more presently), so in the basis of this compact with our friends

and readers, we would remove all unnecessary hazard, or complexion

of adventure. We give our best exertion in what appears to us a work

of common good; if our friends think well and approvingly of these

exertions, and that work, let them contribute their part, were it alone

for economy and fairness sake.

We do not rely upon the leviathan power of capital for our success;

but we purpose building it up by an honest and diligent pursuit of the

objects defined, aided by a fair share of judgment, and other necessary

qualifications; and we anticipate it in the cheerful and generous

response of our countrymen: and this Precursor Number, as its name

implies, has its office in searching out the way, and exploring the track

which its successor “THE BUILDER” is designed to follow. If the Precursor

finds a ready passport, and a significant welcome, of which we have no

doubt, it will be promptly followed by that of which it will have been

the harbinger.

We invite, therefore, an active dispersion of the Precursor amongst our

friends; but, above all, we respectfully invite communications from the

many distinguished patrons and favourers of works of this class. We

invite also the Architect, Engineer, Landscape Gardener, Master Builder,

Manufacturers in ornamental processes, and proprietors generally, Clerks

of Works, Foremen, and Workmen, to avail themselves of the ready means

of the penny-postage, to aid us by their supporting voices, and by any

suggestions they can commit to paper. A Supplement will be issued with

a subsequent impression of the Precursor (without increase of price),

and in that Supplement our correspondence, and additional advertisements

will appear; we, therefore, scarcely need say that the more promptly our

friends reply to the invitation the better.

It now remains for us to say something of the peculiar character

proposed to be given to the “Builder.” The Prospectus, which serves

as the basis of this exposition, sets forth that the trade essays and

descriptions will be accompanied by illustrations and diagrams: that is,

we shall supply drawings, to render clearer the accounts we may give of

mechanical inventions and processes; drawings of ornament, or enrichment

in Plasterwork, Painting, Sculpture, Carving, Iron, and other metals;

drawings of Mouldings, and Moulded work, for the Carpenter, Mason, and

Bricklayer; drawings of _construction_, in roofs, floors, trusses, and

framing, hand-railing, &c., centering of arches and groining; drawings

of Buildings, both ancient and modern; plans, elevations, sections,

and details: drawings of Architectural orders and styles; drawings for

instruction in perspective, geometry, and the like; and, occasionally,

coloured printing, in such matters as pertain to painting and staining.

We shall also give patterns for the paperhanger and upholsterer, and

designs for furniture; and a comprehensive range of constructive

and ornamental design suited to that immense territory of British

pre-eminence, the Iron-foundry and its workshops: as connected with

these, we come to that creative and directing science, Civil Engineering,

and here drawings of constructed works, of Engines and Machinery, will

have a prominent place, accompanying the descriptive treatises and essays.

From this enumeration it must be evident that a large space will be

devoted to the sciences in the nature of connected and consecutive

essays; another part to the record of progress in the Building Art; and a

third to news relating to Building and Builders.

Reviews and notices of publications intended for or likely to be useful

to Builders, will also be given, and biographical sketches of eminent men

connected with science and the arts. These separate heads, together with

correspondence and inquiries, will constitute the peculiarities of our

Journal, and the remaining space will assume the aspect of the general

weekly press—home and foreign news; digest of Parliamentary reports;

political opinions of the leading Journals; dramatic notices; general

literary reviews; police and law reports; markets, and advertisements.

So ample is the field before us, that there can be no lack of matter or

subjects; our business will be to cull the choicest for the literary

banquet of our friends. Much that is valuable we hope and look for in

the shape of correspondence; one of the chief merits of “THE BUILDER”

being, that it is a direct and fitting medium for conveying instruction

from the liberal and enlightened of every department—a free exchange of

knowledge—which we anticipate may result in mutual good service to all.

[1] We would instance the Civil Engineer and Architect.

WILLIAM OF WYKEHAM.

We have selected the portraiture of this illustrious man, whose fame

lives in national works, as the first wherewith to embellish our GALLERY

OF ARCHITECTS—a man who was eminent, not only as an architect, but as

a liberal patron of the arts—not only as a builder of colleges, but as

a munificent donor to the cause of education, and whose institutions

still flourish among the proudest in the land. “Many there are,” says

Bishop Lowth, in his Life of Wykeham, “who have felt the influence of his

liberality, or who are actually partakers of his bounty.”

It is rarely that instances approaching in interest to that of our

subject present themselves; of successful talent we have many, but they

are limited to its mere exercise for ordinary reward; others, where

ambition and ostentation, as in the case of Wolsey, stimulated to a

patronage of great works, while in that of Wykeham we have a memorable

example of true nobility of mind, soaring from humble origin to the most

elevated stations in church and state, and fulfilling its duties by an

active exercise of all the kindred virtues.

William of Wykeham was born at the village of that name in Hampshire,

in the year 1324, of reputable but poor parents, whose deficiency of

means to afford him education was supplied by the generous intervention

of Nicholas Uvedale, lord of the manor of Wykeham, and constable of

Winchester Castle, then one of the great offices of the kingdom. After

going through the course of study afforded by the school at Winchester,

we find him officiating as secretary to Uvedale, and subsequently

executing commissions of trust as attorney for Edyngdon, Bishop of

Winchester, his immediate predecessor in that see, in whose service he

appears at that time to have been engaged.

The piety, diligence, and early acquirements of Wykeham had recommended

him to the notice of many patrons, both lay and ecclesiastical, and paved

the way for his introduction to that of the reigning monarch, Edward

III., and of his son, the renowned Black Prince; he had already entered

the subordinate ranks of the clergy, and the fitness of his choice was

confirmed in after times by the dignities he attained to; that elevation

was, however, preceded by the execution of works which have stamped his

fame as an Architect.

It is natural that we should ask, how was this talent in architecture

acquired? We find no account of the preparation or training, beyond that

of the general knowledge he had gained at the school of Winchester, aided

by the intuitive genius and taste proper to comprehensive intellectual

powers. No record exists of his having studied at either of the

universities, and if it had been so, the regard and confidence of the

King must be attributed to acquirements very superior to those at that

time current at Oxford or Cambridge, where theological controversy was

the leading and absorbing theme. We are told, indeed, that Wykeham had

studied “arithmetic, mathematics, divinity, and, above all, the canon

and civil law;” and we see no reason to the contrary. The school of

Winchester, a city then second to none in the kingdom in splendour and

opulence, would scarcely be deficient of teachers in these courses of

study; in the mode, and according to the then understanding of their

relative uses and value.

It is, upon the whole, probable that Wykeham gave the first proofs of

skill as an Architect in the extension and reparation of Winchester

Castle, during his employment by Nicholas Uvedale. That it was a fortress

of considerable extent and consequence, history abundantly proves; and it

continued so down to the period of the civil strife between the adherents

of Charles I. and the Parliamentary armies; but whatever may have been

the extent or description of building previously executed by him, it led

to his appointment, by patent, dated May 10th, 1356, of Clerk of all the

King’s works in the manors of Henley and Yesthampstead; and by a second

patent, under date 30th October of the same year, he was made Surveyor of

all the King’s works at the Castle and Park of Windsor; and subsequently

of all the royal castles south of Trent.

In these capacities he was furnished with extensive powers; such as

directing the issue of the King’s writ to the sheriffs of counties,

requiring them to impress workmen, who were compelled to labour at

fixed wages; to purvey and apply all material fitted for building; to

hold courts for pleas of trespass and misdemeanours; and to inquire of

the King’s liberties and rights within his demesne lands. The prelude

to the erection of Windsor Castle was the assembling of 360 impressed

workmen, by forties, from nine adjoining counties, in addition to

those voluntarily engaged; the original Norman building was levelled,

and on its site, under the eye of a warlike monarch who delighted in

embattled towers and gorgeous halls fitted for the display of chivalric

institutions, was reared this far-famed fortress and palace of our kings.

Windsor Castle occupied from ten to twelve years of continued labour,

and comprised the King’s palace; the great hall of St. George; buildings

for various purposes, on the east and south sides of the upper ward; the

keep, or tower; the chapel of St. George; the residences of the custos

and canons, in the lower ward, with the whole circumference of the walls,

towers, and gates. Many parts of the original building remain, but the

lapse of nearly five hundred years, frequent repairs, the enlargements

and alterations required to meet the conveniences or tastes of successive

kings, most of whom have expended immense sums in real or fancied

improvements, have, in a great degree, obliterated a plan and style

which was, in Castellated Architecture, the perfection of the fourteenth

century.

His second work was the Castle of Queenborough, in the Isle of Sheppy,

which, from the lowness of the site, and nature of the foundations,

required unusual skill in the Architect. It was commenced in 1361, and

completed in about six years, when the King, holding his court there,

made the town a free borough, naming it Queenborough, in honour of his

Queen Philippa. Of this structure no part remains; but its position and

extent are ascertained by the moat which surrounded it. There can be no

doubt this was one of the principal castles of the kingdom, designed

both as a means of defence against invasion, and as a point for the

assembling of fleets and armies for offensive purposes. We are told of

this building, that it was “large, strong, and magnificent;” a fitting

residence for royalty, and one of the strongholds of the realm; and its

importance may be estimated by the rank of its constables, who were, in

the reign of Edward III., John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster; Richard II.,

Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford; Henry IV., John Cornwall, Baron Fanhope;

Henry VII., Humphry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham; Edward IV., George,

Duke of Clarence, &c. The last repairs were done in the reign of Henry

VIII., 1536.

Pending these works, Wykeham grew into high favour with his royal

master, and church preferment was heaped upon him with a lavish hand;

he filled also in succession the offices of Secretary of State, Keeper

of the Privy Seal, and Chancellor of England; and upon the death of

Edyngdon, Bishop of Winchester, in 1366, he succeeded to that see, one

of the richest and most influential in the kingdom. With his career

as a prelate or a statesman, we can have little to do in this sketch,

but we may be permitted to notice that it was replete with great and

disinterested actions. Prosperity so brilliant had, however, its hour of

adversity, but which only served to place in bolder relief the virtues

of the Christian and the dignity of the man. In the dotage of Edward

III., charges of malversation, in the execution of his high offices, were

preferred against the Bishop of Winchester, at the instigation of John

of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, who had always manifested an irreconcilable

jealousy of his influence with the king. This proceeding was followed

by an arbitrary sequestration of the temporalities of the bishop, and

he retired to the monastery of Merton, and subsequently to the Abbey of

Waverly, near Farnham, amid the universal regrets of the nation. The

aspersion of a character so singularly exempt from the besetting sin

of avarice, and its twin vices, peculation and sensualism, could not,

however, be long sustained; and at the end of seven months he was happily

restored to the means of carrying forward magnificent designs for the

benefit of posterity.

From this period Wykeham seems, as much as possible, to have relieved

himself from the burthen of secular affairs, although we find him again

Chancellor in the unsettled reign of Richard II., but which office he

took the earliest occasion to resign. Long and faithful services to the

state had entitled him to repose; but there was no cessation in the

activity of a mind fraught with benevolent purposes. Possessed of great

wealth, he seems to have considered himself but as a steward intrusted

with a useful application of it, and he devised, with as much judgment as

human foresight is permitted to exercise, the establishments we are now

to mention.

With the year 1373 began the formation of a school at Oxford, that of

Winchester having much earlier been taken under his especial care; at

each, masters were provided, and scholars, to the number of seventy,

lodged and boarded at his sole charge. These were, however, but

preliminary steps to the great and original plans contemplated, namely,

the founding of colleges at Oxford and Winchester, with buildings,

masters, and suitable appointments, and a perpetual maintenance for two

hundred scholars, who, while receiving the advantage of liberal support,

were trained from elementary learning through the whole circle of the

sciences. So costly was this undertaking, that no individual, with a

single exception, has had the means or generosity to emulate the example.

This occurred in the person of King Henry VI., whose colleges at Eton

and Cambridge were founded upon principles scarcely varying from these

models.

Wykeham was now fifty-five years old, and, in realizing his plans, found

full scope for the display of matured genius. Neither the cares of state

which he had encountered, nor the personal ease which so frequently

inclines even great minds to passive inaction, could obliterate his

predilections for architecture. Under this master of his art were

perfected improvements in Gothic style which have procured for examples

of this period the distinction of the _pure or decorated English_. These

consist in increased boldness, highly wrought and varied sculpture,

and enriched vaultings, with exterior ornaments of statuary, niched or

canopied, upon the western or great entrance fronts of ecclesiastical

buildings. With the taste to dictate and the wealth to execute such

magnificent designs, he entered upon his tasks, and, in 1379, personally

laid the first stone of the college familiarly termed New College,

Oxford, but by himself “Sainte Marie College of Winchestre in Oxenford,”

which was completed and its establishment inducted with much ceremony in

1386.

We may here be permitted to observe, that with every disposition to dwell

upon the details and beauties of this and his succeeding works, want of

space compels us, for the moment, to relinquish an intention to do so;

but, as subjects of national interest, we shall recur to them, aided

by illustrations calculated to render many peculiarities of this style

available in modern practice.

But to resume our brief notices. Scarcely a year elapsed before the

second, or St. Mary’s College, at Winchester, was in progress, and in

six years fitted for the reception of its professors and students. In

extent and style this edifice bears the strong impress of its founder,

whose memory lives freshly in the veneration of his children, for such we

may term those who are here nurtured and taught, and from amongst whom

have stood forth many worthies of the church, and others of the highest

attainments in science.

The next, and last, work of this eminent and excellent prelate, the

construction of the western front, and the nave and aisles of his

cathedral at Winchester, was commenced in 1394, and the 70th of his age;

and in this instance the unimpaired vigour of his conceptions, and the

extreme liberality with which he appropriated his resources, are equally

subjects for lasting admiration. It was built by Walklyn, the first

Norman bishop after the conquest; and in its governing features, _extent

and massiveness_, is in the style so called. We have before mentioned

the western front as the work of Wykeham, which, though mutilated by

barbarian fanaticism, retains much of its splendour, and is a marked

example of his manner. Entering by this door-way, we are at once upon the

scene of his mightiest achievement;—the eye becomes fixed for a moment by

the gorgeous colouring of the eastern window, then wanders upwards amidst

the infinite tracery and adornment of the vault, and, having scanned the

vastness of the pile, seeks repose in a more leisure examination of the

isolated, but not less beautiful, objects of sculpture below.

Apart from associations and impressions induced by the aspect of Gothic

temples upon the great scale, we here find the elements of solidity,

propriety, and uniformity carefully preserved, and the enrichments

distributed with a masterly hand; the groining of the roof springs from

single shafts rising from octangular bases; the capitals are highly

embellished with busts and foliage, and the frieze charged with bold and

finely-sculptured bosses; in fact, we have here before us an _era in the

Gothic style_, and a perfect adaptation of its capabilities, carried out

with all the originality that distinguished the genius of the architect.

The various writers who have treated on the antiquities of Winchester

agree that the effect produced by the columnar vista of the nave, in

combination with the group of chantries and screens, is not surpassed

by any spot in England, or in Europe. In minute Gothic, or shrine-work,

it is also unrivalled. The tomb of Wykeham, executed, according to the

practice of the middle ages, under his own direction, is the purest of

all authorities in this style: it is placed within the mortuary chapel,

or chantry, occupying the fifth arch from the west end, and is rich in

canopies and tabernacle work; the latter originally contained statues

of saints, particularly that of the Virgin, which stood against the

same pillar, when in his youth he had worshipped here; but these have

long since been destroyed, and the tomb despoiled also of the enchased

escutcheons which adorned it. The marble figure represents the prelate

as possessing full features, and a placid, benign, and intelligent

countenance; it is clothed in full episcopal costume, the head resting

upon a pillow supported by angels, and at the feet are three figures of

one of the religious orders, in the attitude of prayer.

The life so usefully spent closed in the year 1404, leaving more durable

and splendid memorials than it has been the lot of any other individual

to rear. Having, for nearly half a century, held the highest stations,

and possessed almost unbounded influence, we find it to have been exerted

in a spirit far in advance of his times; and personal aggrandizement

grew upon him as a consequence of undeviating integrity and universal

benevolence; these great and marked qualities were evinced in pure and

unabated loyalty to his prince, courtesies and services to his equals of

the church and the nobles of the land; and, above all, in the kindness,

forbearance, and mercy which he caused to be exercised towards the people

of a yet unenlightened age.

William of Wykeham expired at his manor house, or palace, of Waltham,

Hants, A.D. 1404, in the eightieth year of his age, and his remains rest

under the tomb we have described. His life affords, perhaps, the most

brilliant example on record of the combined power of industry and genius;

the industry to acquire knowledge, and the genius to apply it in advance

of preceding theories. His earliest employments seem to have been merely

such as a tolerably well-educated man of the fourteenth century would

find little difficulty in obtaining. Architecture was his diverging point

from the monotony of ordinary life towards the greatness he achieved,

his first essays appearing to have resulted from opportunities which

casually fell in his way, but embraced with an alacrity inspired by

self-confidence. Having once engaged in it, his fondness for the science

knew no abatement, for however lofty his position in the state, or

onerous his duties as a churchman, he found leisure to cultivate it;

and having engrafted new and more impressive features upon the style

he delighted in, may be said to have died in the exercise of _this

profession_, just before the completion of his cathedral at Winchester.

So exalted were the stations and so extensive the influence he possessed,

that the spirit of benevolence by which he was actuated had full scope

for exertion. While serving his prince with unswerving loyalty, he

found means to protect the people from oppression and exactions, and

by numerous courtesies and services to the nobility, won them to a

milder exercise of their territorial privileges; while in the relations

of private intercourse, we are told that he was “the kindest and most

generous of patrons, and the most constant and affectionate friend,

rarely changing his officers or domestics, none leaving, or being

deserted by him, and all receiving in their turn testimonies of his

favour.”

By his hand the revenues of the church were disbursed in her service and

to her honour, and, to use the words of Lowth, the whole period from the

meridian of life to the end of his days was employed “in one continued

series of generous actions and great designs, for the good of his

friends, of the poor, and of his country.”

OUR SERMON.

In adopting this heading for a series of articles, which will be

continued as occasion offers, we are very far from intending to

startle our readers with a rush of theological disquisition. In proof

of our sincerity, and as an earnest of the gist of our discourses, we

have chosen as a standing text, or motto, the golden rule of “peace

and goodwill to all men;” but while we leave intact the functions of

the divine, it is our business, as we conceive it to be our duty, to

sermonize on the morals of trade, the social relations of every-day

life, and even the proprieties which enhance every species of domestic

enjoyment.

A right understanding of the relative duties of master and man, or of

employer and the employed, yields to no subject in importance; peculiar

incidents, induced by a rapidly increasing population, the tendency of

commercial wealth to accumulate in masses, and its employment under

the familiar term “capital,” through the agency of individuals, in the

construction of great works, constitutes, however, an era in the Building

trade to which former periods bear no very strict analogy. In offering

our humble opinions upon actuating causes and their effects, be the

subject what it may, we will never lose sight of our text; we shall make

use neither of angry words nor denunciations; peace is too lovely to

our minds, and charity too imperative to be abandoned; we would dispel

the darker and sterner passions, giving every brother full credit for

good intentions, and assign occasional deviations from the path of right

rather to misfortune than intention. Whatever the class of men addressed

or dealt with, this, we are convinced, is the best and only true policy.

It may be very well for any one to talk of their anger being aroused, or

their indignation excited, and so on, and under such pleas to vent abuse,

imprecate a thousand vengeances, and the like, but, depend upon it, fear

is less to be relied on than love; we would win a child to our love, not

deter it by frowns and coercion;—we would have a thousand friends rather

than a single enemy.

Who has not heard of the tale of the traveller, upon whom the sun and

wind essayed their power? These elements, as the fable puts it, were at

issue as to which was superior, and agreed to rest the decision upon

the effect they should produce upon the first wayfarer. Well, first the

wind fell to work, and blew with all his might, to compel the subject of

their experiment to throw off his cloak, but the more vehemently the man

was assailed, the closer he wrapped the garment about him; in turn the

sun made trial of his power, and genial warmth soon accomplished what

the bluster of the ruder element had made more and more difficult. So in

human policy the kindly glow excited by generous sentiments and actions

will succeed where threats, force, and even punishments have failed. The

human heart has no such obduracies but that charity will overcome them.

It is a part of our present purpose to refer to practical benevolence

of this nature, and it will be found in an extract from the _Leeds

Mercury_, given in another part of our paper, on the subject of the

treatment of workpeople, by Sir John Guest, at Merthyr Tydvil, and the

Messrs. Marshall, of Leeds. These, thank God, and for the honour of our

country, are not solitary instances. These gentlemen stand not alone in

the practice of that soundest principle of Christian political economy

which instructs the rich to dispense of their abundance for the benefit

of their poorer brethren. We have Master Builders in every department,

proprietors of large works and establishments, whose names we could hold

up to the admiration of their craft and country, but we will not do this

violence to their unobtrusive merit, neither will we invite invidious

comparisons by such selections; we would rather hold up these Christian

duties for common emulation, and call upon all to “go and do likewise.”

We open, then, our exhortations to MASTERS, because we know that the

first impulse of benignant power must originate with _them_; kindness

from them may be likened to the sun in its influence, and most surely

will it be returned with usurious interest “into their basket and their

store.”

Who ever saw the good father of a family putting firm faith in virtue

and honour, and regulating his household by their dictates, failing to

raise up virtuous, amiable, and honourable citizens? or, to put the case

stronger, who ever knew the man that acted upon opposite principles

succeed in sowing any thing but vice and discord? Depend upon it, then,

the same principles and rules apply in business, from the overseer of the

smallest undertaking to the governor of a nation. Fatherly solicitude

for those under our care, or for whom we bear any responsibility, is as

solemn and sacred a duty as the fulfilment of contracts or engagements;

nay, it is the first of duties between man and man.

On the other hand, as to the workman,—fidelity—and more, the same

generous kindness towards his master is required, as that he would

receive; in fact, “to do unto others us you would be done by,” is the

great and universal secret of social happiness.

It is with this view of relative duties that we deem it of as much

importance to engage ourselves in giving good counsel to our craft,

as in enlightening them on principles of science pertaining to their

several callings; for of what avail will it be to a man to possess all

the knowledge of his art, if his heart be corrupt, or continue under

vicious influences? Away with, as dross, all the ability of the engineer,

architect, master builder, or workman, if _the man_ be not endowed with

moral excellence. What are beautiful designs, imposing structures,

mechanical skill, or ingenious artifice in workmanship, without a mind

and heart in harmony with the superior inspirations which virtue alone

bestows? This, this indeed must come first as the base of the pyramid. In

any other case the pyramid may be there, but it topples, leans, or lies

on its side; the same inherent beauty may exist, but its position and

action are superadded elements of deformity. Oh, how beautiful the human

mind when lit up and guided by the impulses of virtue! how terrible and

loathsome when passion and gaunt sensuality have their sway!

Guard, my beloved countrymen, against avarice, envy, malice; avoid

contentions; be moderate in the desire of gain; repine not at another’s

success in life, or the distinctions he may attain to; cast all rancorous

suggestions far from your heart; contend not in any unholy spirit of

craving competition; “live, and let live,” is a maxim which we conjure

you at all times to observe.

In times of commercial depression, aggravate not your own or another’s

suffering; these, like seasons of sickness and malady, must and will have

their recurrences, and they will recur more frequently, and press more

grievously, where brotherly love and charity, the great preventative and

remedy of human ills, are neglected. Let none imagine it his privilege to

be exempt from these obligations; let us not, because we see a neighbour

unmindful of his duties in any of the multifarious walks of life, think

ourselves justified in departing from our superior policy; neither must

we judge and condemn; inflict, if you will, pains and penalties on

yourself, but you have no right to do so on another.

Pardon us, good brothers of our building fraternity, and you who do us

the favour to lend an ear to our counsellings, if we thus seek to engage

your attention, and offer our well-meant importunings. Should your

approving suffrages incite a continuance of our vocation, it will be our

ambition to discuss the relative duties of the stations you respectively

fill—master, apprentice, or workman; father, brother, son, or husband;

neighbour or friend; and to do as we have now done, namely, try to

improve each and all, and in doing so, promote, in some degree, the cause

of human happiness.

TREATMENT OF WORK-PEOPLE BY THEIR EMPLOYERS.

In an article under this head it was mentioned that the parliamentary

inquiry into the payment of wages in goods had shewn, that there are

persons extensively engaged in manufactures of various kinds, who

feel that the employment of bodies of workpeople involves a degree of

responsibility to care for their general well-being, and who act on that

conviction in a manner highly creditable to themselves, and conducive to

the excellent object they have in view. These employers are of opinion

that to regard as a machine a man whose skill or industry assists them to

maintain their own families in respectability, is altogether unchristian,

and that by viewing workpeople in such a light, they would deprive

themselves of some of the finest opportunities of usefulness, and of

cementing the bonds of society.

Of course, as the intention in moving for a committee of the House of

Commons was to expose grievances, it was not likely that any examples

of conduct distinguished for its humanity would be found in the pages

of the report. As we remarked, however, when formerly writing on the

subject, illustrations of this kind might be obtained by any one from

our own neighbourhood. We had only last week the pleasure of visiting an

extensive range of school buildings just erected on the best principles,

in connection with Messrs. Marshall’s mill at Holbeck. In that suite of

rooms there are between 300 and 400 children under daily instruction,

independent of about 160 boys, who work half-time at the factory, and

are at school either in the morning or afternoon of every day; the same

gentlemen have also instituted girls’ and infant schools (which are

situated elsewhere), and a night school, attended by young men and women

from the mill, whose improvement in conduct as well as attainments, in

consequence of this arrangement, is spoken of as highly gratifying. In

the several schools every thing seems to be done to promote the comfort

of the young, and to cultivate habits of cleanliness and decorum, as

well as to impart an excellent plain education.[2] Plans for affording

the means of recreation to the adult workpeople have also been devised

in connection with these buildings; and all manifests that a sincere

interest is felt by the members of the firm in the welfare of every class

in their employ.

The principal example of attention to the interests of workpeople which

came under the notice of the parliamentary committee, was that of Sir

John Guest and Co., at their iron and coal works, Dowlais. These works,

which were established from thirty to forty years since, “in an isolated

place on the top of a hill,” in Glamorganshire, have now a town around

them (Merthyr Tydvil), and nearly 5,000 persons are employed by this

firm alone. In the first instance, great difficulty was experienced by

the workpeople in procuring the means of lodging, but in the course of

time this was removed by the erection of a large number of cottages at

the expense of the company, and by the people being encouraged to build

dwellings for themselves. The cottages belonging to the firm are stated

to be low-rented, convenient, well built, well drained, and the taking

of them is quite optional with the workpeople; while the granting of

loans to steady men to build cottages for themselves has been pursued to

a considerable extent, and has been found to attach them to the place,

to keep them from the ale-house, and to produce and confirm in them a

feeling of independence.

The amount of each individual’s wages at this extensive establishment

is settled every Friday evening, and the whole of the hands are paid on

the morning of Saturday; shewing that a large number of workpeople is

no barrier to the early payment of wages if employers are determined to

adopt that highly beneficial practice.

Nearly twenty-four years ago, Sir John Guest and his partners recognised

the responsibility which attached to them as employers by erecting

large schools, near the works at Dowlais, chiefly for the education

of the children of their workmen, but (like Messrs. Marshall) not

confined to them. There are at present about 220 girls and 250 boys

under instruction, the children being admitted at the age of six, and

usually remaining until thirteen years old. The teachers are well paid,

and the whole expenses of the schools are defrayed by the workpeople and

employers together, in the following manner:—Twopence in the pound is

stopped every week “for the doctor” from the wages of every one in the

works, of which 1½d. is appropriated to provide medical attendance for

the families of the workmen, and the remainder goes towards the support

of the schools. Each child is also expected to pay one penny a week, and

whatever is wanting to make up the amount incurred in maintaining the

educational establishments is contributed by the company. In connection

with the schools, it is worthy of notice that Mr. Evans, the manager at

Dowlais (from whose evidence our facts are drawn), expressed before the

committee a strong conviction, as the result both of his own observation

for above twenty years, and of the statements of colliers themselves,

that for a collier to put his child to work in the pits very young is

decidedly bad economy; instead of gaining, the family loses by it in

the long run, while the unfortunate victim of error or cupidity becomes

decrepit and unfit for work when individuals of the same age are in

possession of mature strength. Very few of the children taught in the

schools at Dowlais become colliers, the greater number being qualified

for employment as carpenters, smiths, and, in some instances, even

book-keepers. “We derive very great advantage,” says Mr. Evans, “from

having children in the works who have been educated there; they are of

great use to us.” Here, then, is a proof to masters who have not yet

exerted themselves for the elevation of the families dependent on them,

but are disposed to do so, that such a course is not only beneficial

to others, but brings a reward to every one who adopts it. The medical

attendants on the workpeople at Dowlais consist of three regular surgeons

and a dispenser, whose services are remunerated chiefly by the money

stopped from the wages. In 1827 a fund for the relief of the sick and

aged was formed, one penny in the pound being stopped every week to

furnish the necessary supply for the wants of those who are thus unable

to provide for themselves; this fund is at the disposal of a committee,

elected yearly by all the contributors.

From the peculiar circumstances of the district, when the works of Sir

John Guest and Co. were established, and for many years after, it was

desirable and even needful that the firm should afford their workpeople

the means of obtaining the necessaries of life by maintaining a shop on

the premises. In 1823, however, they closed it, but once again opened

it at the request of the men in 1828. On the act against truck shops

being passed in 1831, the workmen were called together and desired to

state whether they wished the store belonging to the firm still to be

continued. The votes were taken by ballot, and thirteen only were given

for the discontinuance; but as there was not perfect unanimity, the

company thought it best that the shop should be finally closed at that

time; and the increase of population having had the usual effect of

attracting private individuals to supply the wants of the community,

the only result of this step was to shut up an establishment where

the labouring classes were always sure of buying good articles at a

moderate price. The accommodation being no longer necessary, we think the

company’s decision was a wise one.

It is gratifying to find that no loss whatever has been entailed on Sir

John Guest and Co. by all the beneficial regulations adopted by them on

behalf of their workpeople. On the contrary, “by the education of the

people,” Mr. Evans states, “we have gained more than we have spent upon

them.” And this gentleman expressed himself as feeling certain that if a

similar system were extended over the manufacturing and mining districts

of the whole country, it would prove the cheapest and most effectual mode

of benefiting both the working classes and employers, and consequently

society at large. Of course, the details of the system at Dowlais, or

at any other establishment of which an account is before the public,

are not essential to its being adopted with advantage in other parts of

the country, though the success which has attended those plans gives

them a title to careful consideration; the thing to be desired is, that

each employer should ask himself how far he can adopt the principle,

and then carry into operation the dictates of his own judgment and

conscience.—Leeds Mercury.

[2] The ventilation of the new school-rooms appears to be remarkably

effective—a point of great importance where so many individuals are

for three hours at a time congregated together. The playground also

is being extremely well laid out.

Reviews.

_Temples, Ancient and Modern, or Notes on Church Architecture._ By

WILLIAM BARDWELL, Architect. London: Fraser & Co., and Williams.

MR. BARDWELL, in the Preface to this work, states his object to be—

“To endeavour to excite among architects a spirit of inquiry

such as cannot fail to prevent a repetition of those

improprieties the existence of which in our public edifices

has so long afforded subject for complaint and matter for

criticism;” and “to put an end to that inconsistency which

is the cause of error,—namely, the tyranny of custom and

the caprice of fashion: which, while they compel the modern

architect to copy _in little_ and with meaner materials the

sublime works of revered antiquity, indulge a laugh at his

expense, because his reproduction fails to excite those

sensations of pleasure and admiration which are inseparable

from a contemplation of the original.”

Passing over the first three chapters of the work, which, although they

contain much excellent matter of opinion, to which all may subscribe, do

nevertheless open a door to controversy, and this it is our desire to

avoid,—we come to Chapter IV. This is headed “_Errors in the details of

late-erected Churches, a connected series of critical observations_;”

and has for its object, by stringing together a number of critiques from

the _Gentleman’s Magazine_ and other sources, to call attention to the

prevalent errors of past design, and to enunciate correct principles for

future practice. We quite agree with Mr. Bardwell, that “notwithstanding

the querulous tone in which the writers have occasionally indulged, the

extracts contain many hints that may be permanently useful;” and would

wish that the spirit of a following paragraph could be always borne in

mind by the critic and reviewer. “The legitimate object of criticism,”

says our author, “is to improve the future, rather than to cast

ill-natured censure upon the past.” However, we cannot take exception to

Mr. Bardwell’s discharge of his duty. He has most appositely given these

extracts through a whole chapter, and placed them in admirable order for

study and profitable reflection. No one can read through this chapter

attentively without being impressed with a desire to contribute his part

to the rectification of such errors as are therein pointed out—it will

awaken many to an active investigation where other modes of expression or

remonstrance would probably fail.

In Chapter V. Mr. Bardwell enters into the great question that awaits

us at every approach to a comprehensive study in architecture—THE

ORIGIN. Speculation on this point is in its nature endless; but it is

highly gratifying to feel occasionally that we are thrown in the way of

facts, and such it is the province of this chapter to treat us to. With

a little prefatory matter in the way of an assault upon the hitherto

deemed orthodox authorities on such subjects, and upon the principle

of adherence to rule and precedent, and upon the little fables of an

inventive tradition, assigning to this accident or that the origin of

this or that feature, plan, and style, we come to the “burden of the

book,”—TEMPLES; and have a most interesting dissertation on those of

ancient character, or on what we may more aptly term sacred edifices,

memorials, or monuments.

“An altar of turf or of stones, _stones of memorial_, such

as that set up at the grave of Jacob’s beloved Rachel, the

_great stone_ near the oak at Shechem, Absalom’s Pillar,

Jacob’s Bethel, SAMUEL’s Ebenezer, the Gilgal, or circle of

stones, of JOSHUA; a heap of unhewn stones, the Pandoo Koolies,

of Hindostan, the numerous pillars set up by the Phœnician

merchants, on the shores of the Mediterranean, in France,

in Sweden; and in Great Britain, circles and rows of huge

stones, like those of Stonehenge, Abury, &c.; cromlechs and

logan stones, a portable ark, or tabernacle, were the first

sacred monuments. Next came the pyramid, a cylinder, whether a

_cippus_ or a column; a cubical block, with a particular member

superadded to the regularity of mathematical proportions. A

sphere and a _tetrahedron_; and last succeeded a vase covered

with a flat lid, and adorned with various sculptures from the

vegetable and marine world.”

Thus Mr. Bardwell connects with religion the first memorable and

permanent efforts of Building Art—sacrifice he shows to have been

associated with, and to have guided the workings of, the first builders,

from the “primeval altar of little more than a raised hearth, built

generally of unhewn stones,” to the “column or stone pillar of _mystic_

character—‘And JACOB rose up early in the morning, and took the stone

that he had put for his pillow, and set it up for a _pillar_, and poured

oil upon the top of it; and he called the name of that place Beth-El.’”

“The Greeks also erected pillars which they called ‘_Baitulia_,’

evidently derived from Beth-El, involving the same mystery, and both

supposed to be symbols of _the Divine Presence_.”

Chapter VI. increases in interest, and is devoted to the TEMPLE OF AMMON.

“The Temple of Ammon, the remains of which archæologists, for

many powerful reasons, agree are extant in the enormous pile

known as the Temple of Karnac, is by far the most extensive,

as well as the most ancient, of the Theban edifices; properly

belonging to the whole period of the monarchy, and may

with propriety be termed the _Temple of the Pharaohs_, the

majority of whom, in succession, more particularly such as

are celebrated in history, contributed their efforts to its

enlargement and magnificence. From numerous authorities it

seems clear that HAM, the son of NOAH, the AMUN, AMMON, or

OSIRIS of the Egyptians, must be considered as the original

founder of Thebes, or the city of Ammon, as his son MIZRAIM,

MISOR, or MENES, was by common consent the founder of Memphis;

so that the temple of Ammon or Ham was, in all probability,

originally named from its founder, like the Temple of Solomon

at Jerusalem.”

We cannot take our readers along with us as we would by quoting largely

from this interesting chapter, nor will we presume to dispose of the work

by this brief and imperfect notice; it deserves much more at our hands;

it is written with an enlarged feeling, and a genuine spirit of devotion

to the sublime art upon which it treats; it is erudite, and occasionally

profound; but we must take our leave of it for the present, concluding

with another extract from the same chapter.

“The remains of Karnac are about 2,500 feet from the banks of

the Nile, on an artificial elevation, surrounded by a brick

wall, about 6,300 yards in circuit. The chief front of the

temple (the western) is turned towards the river, with which it

was connected by an alley of colossal crio-sphinxes, leading

down to the bank of the river. Here the devotee would land who

came from a distance to the shrine of Ammon, and with amazement

and a feeling of religious awe would he slowly walk along

between the majestic and tranquil sphinxes to the still more

magnificent propylæ of the building. This colossal entrance is

about 360 feet long and 148 high; the great door in the middle

is 64 feet high. Passing through this door-way, he would enter

a long court, occupied by a row of pillars on the north and

south sides, and a double row of taller pillars running down

the middle. These pillars terminated opposite to two colossal

statues in front of a second propylon, through which, after

ascending a flight o’ twenty-seven steps, we enter the great

hypostyle hall, which had a flat stone roof, supported by one

hundred and thirty-four colossal pillars, some of which are

twenty-six feet in circumference, and others thirty-four. The

width of this magnificent hall (for the entrance is in the

centre of the longest side) is about 338 feet, and the length

or depth 170 feet. The centre column supported a clere-story,

in which were small windows. Four beautiful obelisks mark the

entrance to the adytum, which consists of three apartments

entirely of granite. The centre or principal room is 20 feet

long, 16 wide, and 13 feet high. Three blocks of granite form

the roof, which is painted with clusters of gilt stars on a

blue ground. Beyond this are other porticos and galleries,

which have been continued to another propylon at the distance

of 2,000 feet from that at the western extremity of the temple.”

_English Patents for 1841._ By ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I., &c. Whitaker and

Co., London. 2s. 6d.

We had commenced the selection of a list of patents from this excellent

compendium, with the intention of laying before our readers all those

pertaining to the Building Art, but found that we should have to reprint

nearly the whole of the book; so comprehensive is the range we have

chosen, and so ingenious the class we have the honour to serve. Of 441

patents herein entered, by far the largest proportion are as we have

stated; and we can only, therefore, refer to the work itself. Besides

the above list of patents, there is appended a copy of Letters Patent,

an abstract of the Registration of Designs Act, and a notice respecting

its operation, concluding with a useful Index, which shews at one glance

what you would refer to. The value of such a work as this is not to be

estimated. All persons intending to take out patents should look over its

pages, as it may save much trouble and expense. We know of many who would

have been great gainers had they had such a guide at their elbows.

MISCELLANEOUS.

There is a consideration which entitles architecture to a decided

pre-eminence amongst the other arts. It is itself the parent of many

separate professions, and requires a combination of talents and an

extent of knowledge for which other professions have not the smallest

occasion. An acquaintance with the sciences of geometry and mechanical

philosophy, with the arts of sculpture and design, and other abstruse

and elegant branches of knowledge, are indispensable requisites in the

education of a good architect, and raise his art to a vast height above

those professions which practice alone can render familiar, and which

consist in the mere exertion of muscular force. From these considerations

it appears there is some foundation in the very nature of architecture

for those extraordinary privileges to which masons have always laid

claim, and which they have almost always possessed—privileges which no

other artists could have confidence to ask, or liberty to enjoy.—_Ency.

Brit., Vol. XIV., p. 280._

ALISON ON FRENCH ARCHITECTURE.—In France we find that public works have

been reared at an expense not exceeding that of edifices of little or no

excellence in our own country, even although the charges of building are

not materially different in the two countries. So true it is, that the

most essential elements in architectural beauty—genius and taste in the

architect, are beyond the power of mere wealth to command—that it is not

money to construct beautiful edifices, but the mind to conceive them,

which is generally wanting. It would seem, therefore, that it is the pure

taste and noble conceptions of the artists of Southern Europe, rather

than in any great excellence in the materials at their command, or the

wealth of which they have the disposal, to which we must ascribe their

remarkable superiority to those of this country.

DEVONSHIRE HOUSE, PICCADILLY.—The additions and alterations which are

being made to this fine old mansion, the residence of His Grace the Duke

of Devonshire, are proceeding rapidly, and will add considerably to the

extent as well as to its internal arrangements. Mr. Decimus Burton is the

architect, and Messrs. Woolcott and Son are the contractors, for these

works, which will yet take many months to complete. The Duke is for the

present staying at his princely abode, Chatsworth.

CHURCH EXTENSION.—There are now twelve new churches building, or about to

be commenced, in various parts of the metropolis; one in the Kent-road,

in the parish of St. George, Southwark; one in the parish of Paddington;

another on the site of the Old Broadway Chapel, Westminster; a large

church, with a lofty Gothic tower, in which a musical peal of bells is

to be placed, in Wilton-square, Knightsbridge; three in Bethnal-green

parish, and a church in St. Pancras parish. Sites have been chosen

for a new church in the Waterloo-road district of Lambeth parish;

another in St. Botolph Without, Aldgate, in the county of Middlesex;

and a third in St. George’s-in-the-East. The new parish church of St.

Giles’s, Camberwell, building on the site of the old edifice, which

was destroyed by fire, is progressing rapidly, and will be a noble and

spacious edifice. The new church at Paddington will be a great ornament

to that neighbourhood. The University of Durham has granted 400_l._

towards the erection of a new church at South Shields. It is intended to

build a new Roman Catholic Church in the eastern part of the metropolis.

The site chosen is a large piece of ground on the south side of the

Commercial-road, and it is expected that the total cost of the edifice

and the purchase of the ground will not fall short of 30,000_l._

NOTICES.

TO ADVERTISERS.—_This first impression of Five Thousand is reserved

for sale in London and the large Provincial Towns. The next impression

of five thousand will be stamped, so as to pass post-free, and will

be circulated gratuitously on the 7th of January, 1843, amongst that

number of the nobility, gentry, clergy, professional men, and principal

tradesmen, all over the United Kingdom, according to a list which has

most generously been placed at our disposal for that purpose by a friend.

It is important, therefore, to advertisers that they should seize the

opportunity thus afforded them of a special and select notification of

their business among a class of such importance. It may be affirmed,

indeed, that a circulation of this character and amount is superior

to one of four times the number of copies dispersed at random, in

the ordinary way of sale. Additional advertisements, therefore (if

sufficient in number) will be inserted in a Supplement to accompany this

gratuitous circulation, as well as the future sale, and should be sent

to the Office at latest, on Thursday, the 5th of January. The charge

for advertisements in the Supplement will be 15s. per quarter column,

1l. 10s. per half column, and so on; smaller advertisements according

to agreement. To insure more attention to the Supplement, as well as

to secure an additional circulation for it, it will contain matter of

interest as to the progress of the first impression, correspondence, and

the like. Our prospects hitherto have been so far gratifying as to give

us confidence that the whole number of 20,000 copies of the Precursor

will be disposed of!_

* * * * *

TO OUR READERS.—_As we do not choose to trust our own judgment on a

subject in which so many are interested besides ourselves, and as it

is so easy to obtain an opinion by which we may be guided, we think it

right in this place to invite attention to our views on the subject of

the future character of “THE BUILDER.” Before a month shall have elapsed,

at least 20,000 numbers of this paper will, in all probability, have

been circulated, and will have passed under the review of twenty times

that number of readers. They, and in particular our Building friends,

will have made up their minds as to whether “THE BUILDER” is a work to

be encouraged—it certainly is not our desire to attempt to force the

point, although we would use a little “gentle violence” to develope the

evidence—and this we may be supposed to be doing now. We have said that

there are two parties to this, as to every other question—the public and

ourselves. It is not for us to tell the public that they know nothing of

their own wants, and to attempt to force them into the belief that such a

paper as “THE BUILDER” is absolutely necessary, but unless we had taken

this step on our own responsibility, the question would have remained

undetermined. What we would ask of the Building public then is—Do you

wish to have a periodical devoted to your interests, as we propose? and

whether would you have it a Magazine and Advertiser simply, or as a

Newspaper conjoined? In the former case it might be weekly or monthly,

in the latter it must necessarily be weekly. As to the price and size:

If a Magazine and Advertiser of twelve pages of the size of our present

number, we should say 3d. the number, stamped 4d.; if a Newspaper of

sixteen pages, we do not think it could be less than 6d. Every body has

seen the_ Illustrated London News, _and allowing for difference in the

character of the illustrations (those in “THE BUILDER” being devoted

entirely to art and science), you will be able to judge of the appearance

which the latter will present. We are only anxious to undertake no

more, or, no less, than can reasonably be expected to be carried out.

If it should appear from experience of the working that more can be

accomplished, we shall most gladly acknowledge and act upon it, by either

enlarging the paper, or reducing the price. But we still think that to

conjoin the character of a Magazine and Newspaper, and at the cost of one

to give the advantages of both, will be to study the true economy of our

cause._

_The readers, therefore, have much of the settlement of the question

in their own hands—even to the influencing of the advertisers. All

advertisers look for papers of large circulation, and as advertisements

are a great means of support to a newspaper, it is evident that the more

“THE BUILDER” is supported by the mere reader, by so much the more does

it stand a chance of support from advertisers. We venture, therefore,

to speak in this business as though we were ourselves less concerned

in its issue than we really feel to be—and we urge upon our honoured

fellow-craftsmen to make this paper their own. Let it be a sign or

standard of union._

_We do not ask to have subscriptions forwarded, but we would respectfully

request to be favoured by an immediate intimation front all parties as to

their willingness to subscribe, and which they would prefer, a Magazine

alone, or Magazine and Newspaper._

_We trust it will be considered that we are pursuing a straightforward

and ingenuous course, willing to be guided by circumstances, rather than

to seek to force or control them, or to stake upon our own presumptuous

judgment that which a prudent and discreet man would say should be left

to the decision of the common voice and experience._

_Pardon us if we once more urge you to rally round “THE BUILDER.”_

ADVERTISEMENTS.

BAZAAR PANCLIBANON, 58, BAKER-STREET, PORTMAN-SQUARE.—KITCHEN

RANGES, STOVE GRATES, FURNISHING IRONMONGERY.—The stock of this vast

establishment has been renewed, with an extensive selection of every

description of domestic furniture, usually found in the ironmongery

department. Every requisite for the Kitchen, in Copper, Iron, or Tin, of

first-rate qualities, the prices being marked in plain figures, for READY

MONEY. Kitchen ranges and cooking apparatus upon approved principles,

including useful and modern improvements. The higher class of goods

comprises an enlarged assortment of register and stove grates, in steel

and black metal, with fenders and fire-irons to correspond, suitable to

drawing and dining rooms, libraries, halls, and chambers, in various

styles of ornamental embellishment now in vogue, and of improved modes of

construction, calculated to insure safety with economy.

A very large assemblage of baths, of sound make, and adapted to all

purposes of health and comfort; comprehending shower, plunge, and vapour

baths; those proper to the nursery, with hip, foot, and knee baths, and

peculiar shapes convenient for embrocation; among these enumerated, are

varieties fitted with practical improvements for the ready application

of this valuable resource to the invalid, or in cases of sudden

indisposition.

A commodious saloon has been added to receive a new stock containing

Appendages to the tea table, including papier maché and iron tea trays of

great beauty of design, and tasteful display of ornament. Tea and coffee

urns and coffee machines of the best quality, of London make, comprising

every useful improvement in those articles.

Tea services in Britannia metal, of superior quality, and in considerable

variety of shape and pattern. A costly display of plain and enriched

British plate of peculiar elegance of design and execution, chiefly work

from silver models, together with suites of spoons, tongs, and caddies,

knives and forks en suite, to which may be added table and gravy spoons,

soup ladles, fish knives, slices, with the more consequential objects

proper to the dining table. Turbot and venison dishes and covers; square,

round, and oval-corner dishes; epergnes, cruet stands, &c. &c.

The stock of wire-work is the largest in the kingdom, and comprises every

variety requisite for the hall or veranda, conservatory, terrace, or room

window. Trellis work, trainers, baskets, arches, temples, and alcoves, of

new and beautiful designs, and of first class workmanship.

Every article is plainly exhibited, with the ready money price affixed,

and warranted of the best make.

* * * * *

BAZAAR.—SINGULARLY BEAUTIFUL HISTORICAL GROUP IN MAGNIFICENT ARMOUR.—The

splendid Royal Cot in which is the Prince of Wales with the Princess

Royal of England. The King of Prussia. Commissioner Lin and his Consort,

modelled by Lamqua, of Canton, expressly for this exhibition; the

gorgeous robes in which they are represented were actually worn by

them at the period of their sad catastrophe. George the Fourth in his

resplendent Coronation Robes, designed by himself, and executed in

crimson and blue imperial velvet, richly embroidered in gold, by eminent

artists, at an expense of 18,000_l._ This dazzling spectacle is seen in a

spacious boudoir of costly architecture, elaborately wrought in carvings

and gold, from one lately existing in the Palace of Carlton House, and is

acknowledged to be the most splendid sight ever offered to the British

public. Admittance One Shilling. Open from Eleven in the morning until

dusk, and from Seven until Ten.

Madame Tussaud and Sons’ Bazaar, Baker-street, Portman-square.

* * * * *

BAZAAR CARRIAGE DEPARTMENT, BAKER-STREET, PORTMAN-SQUARE.—An immense

variety of every description of new and second-hand Carriages are

constantly on sale, in the spacious galleries of the Establishment, at

very reduced prices; most of the new Carriages being warranted for twelve

months. Purchasers may place the greatest reliance upon their being of

the best materials and workmanship, by highly respectable builders.

Carriages are sold by auction on the first Friday in the month, during

the season.

* * * * *

BAZAAR SADDLERY DEPARTMENT, 58, BAKER-STREET, PORTMAN-SQUARE.—HARNESS,

SADDLERY, AND HORSE CLOTHING.—Every article manufactured in this

establishment, being sold at the lowest price, consistent with the best

quality of materials and workmanship, will be found to be 25 per cent.

under the usual trade charges.

* * * * *

PRESERVATION FROM COLD AND WET.

HALL & CO. invite attention to their invaluable INDIA-RUBBER GOLOSHES,

which most effectually preserve the Feet from Cold and Damp, and are

neater, more durable, and cheaper than the most superior Golosh or Clog

ever before offered.

COMFORT AND EASE FOR THE FEET

Are secured by their Patent Pannus-Corrium or Leather Cloth Boots and

Shoes, as being the softest, easiest, lightest, most elastic, and

comfortable for Tender Feet, arising from whatever cause. These qualities

they retain to the last. They are also adapted to all climates, and are

as durable and cheap as those made of any other material.

Also their elastic India-rubber Spring Boots entirely supersede the use

of buttons, straps, ties, laces, or other fastenings, and afford the most

complete security and support to the ankle.

PROTECTION FROM THE STORM

Is afforded by their Portable Waterproof Dresses. The Gentleman’s Dress,

comprising Cape, Leggings, and Hood, may be conveniently deposited in the

coat-pocket. The Ladies’ Manteau Cardinal effectually shelters the person

and dress from injury, and may be folded and deposited in the reticule.

These dresses never retain moisture, and are impervious to rain, snow, or

hail.

Gentlemen’s complete Suit, One Guinea. Manteau Cardinal for Ladies, 18s.

HALL & CO., Sole Patentees, Wellington-street, Strand, London.

* * * * *

PATENT GAS and LAMP CHIMNEY.—COGAN’S ECONOMIC ELONGATOR, secured by

her Majesty’s Letters Patent, is superior to any hitherto introduced

to the public, produces a more brilliant light, and so effectually

prevents smoke, that Gas may now be introduced into the best-furnished

apartments, without fear or injury to its adornments. Lace-merchants,

shawl-warehousemen, and others, will find it worthy their adoption.

Common Lamps, with this simple chimney, though burning inferior oil, will

give light equal to the Solar, and without smell.

Proprietors of gas-works, gas-fitters, gas-dealers, and others, desirous

of becoming agents for the same, will please to make early application

to R. COGAN, 48, Leicester-square, where the trade may be supplied with

lamp and gas glasses, together with clock and figure shades of every

description, cheaper than at any house in London. Priced lists of nearly

100 engraved patterns of gas glasses will be sent to any part of the

kingdom by forwarding the address.

French and English fancy glass, alabaster ornaments, China shades, &c.

* * * * *

BUILDERS’ COLLEGE, LONDON.—To PARENTS AND GUARDIANS.—Mr. HANSOM,

Architect of the Birmingham Town Hall, &c. &c., has associated with

his practice an Institution to give enlarged facilities to students in

Architecture and Architectural Engineering; and to form a superior class

of Architectural Sculptors, Carvers, Modellers, &c., to be engaged in his

own office and works until competent to practise a liberal and lucrative

profession.

It has been Mr. Hansom’s study to lay down a plan for the instruction

of architectural decorators and furnishers, which shall combine the

advantages of the school, the office, and the workshop; so that general

education, professional training, and handicraft skill may be acquired

and perfected together—that the benefits of college discipline, and

residence of systematic tuition under proficient masters, of lectures and

examinations, and of constant familiarity with books, models, and works

may be united in one establishment.

Pupils are eligible at the age of fourteen and upwards, and are articled

in the usual manner as apprentices. The terms are moderate, and with

other particulars, may be known on application at the office, 27,

Foley-place, London.

The importance of a system of education as above proposed,

it is scarcely necessary to point out. While other callings

and professions are crowded, those to which this Institution

principally refers are but rarely, and in many instances,

imperfectly practised, and the demand for proficients is every

day wonderfully on the increase. In proof of this, we need

only to advert to the evidences of the growing public taste,

and to note the tone and temper of the professors and patrons

of architecture. Witness also the ornamented character of our

public and private edifices, the restoration of ecclesiastical

structures, and the building of new ones, on a munificent

scale; the late fearful ravages of fire, causing the necessity

of a large amount of rebuilding, and leading, most probably,

to the remodelling of most of the large cities of Europe. All

these circumstances tell how important it is that a school

should be founded, and a body of professors formed to fill up

the vacuity in that section of art which lies between the mere

constructor of buildings, and the architect and engineer who

gives the plan of the structure.

In fact, it is only in obedience to that law of general

movement which characterizes these times, that the institution

in question has had its birth—the universal voice calls

for advance—the arts of design are to be revived, and the

debasement of centuries cast off. Schools are being established

under government patronage, and mechanics’ institutes were

but a phase of progress—the thirst for knowledge has been

stimulated, but not gratified. There remains, then, to be

formed an institution wherein the theory and practice of art

may accompany each other; and this is proposed by the Builders’

College.

Thus, while the pupil will be made familiar with the best

examples of ancient and modern decoration by means of books,

drawings, models, and the inspection of buildings; while he

will be instructed in the principles of design, and in the

science of construction upon which they depend; while he will

be made a skilful draughtsman and colourist, he will be trained

in the handicraft arts, so as to be able to produce the works

themselves, the objects of his study and investigation.

But in addition to all this, it is necessary that he learn so

much of practical mechanics, mathematics, and of experimental

and natural philosophy, as to be guided in his art by the

_rationale_ which these supply. Mechanical laws and mechanical

powers have a wide range of influence in the arts of design;

for how shall a man embellish his work appropriately who knows

not the former, or how economize in the use and application

of machinery, without being conversant with the latter?

Mathematical science, in particular as to the properties of

figures and of numbers, is essential to him—and as to sound,

light, and heat—as to the ventilation of buildings, supply of

water, and drainage—as to chemical constituents and processes

affecting the preparation, combination, and preservation of his

materials—as to the natural fitness of metals and minerals, of

vegetable and even animal products to be used in building—as

to the vast suggestive sources of construction and of ornament

that exist in the whole arcanum of nature—how, in all these

respects, shall the pupil make efficient or rational progress;

or how acquire a mastery of his art, unless he study and be

made acquainted with the sciences and laws that bear upon and

illustrate its several elements?

History, and, indeed, general literature, as bearing upon the

subject of his inquiries, will demand a share of his attention.

It is not, however, to be supposed that the pupil can be

critically or curiously learned in all these, nor, on the

other hand, that a superficial knowledge will avail; but it is

considered that by confining attention to the matter of each

that strictly pertains to architecture, and by combining as

far as possible, in one establishment, the means of pursuing an

unbroken scheme of instruction, that the evils of a too general

and desultory system of study, and of widely-scattered sources

of information, will be largely remedied.

The bringing together of a number of youths and their associate

teachers, probably from all quarters of the world (as already

promises to be the case); the contact of various minds,

influenced by various national peculiarities, but all bent

upon one comprehensive enterprise of attainment; the working

together in the various practical development of progress,

under practical instructors, and for practical and intelligible

ends—these, and a number of other circumstances of a favouring

character, must conduce to a rapid progress and an extensive

and sound proficiency.

And not least in the assumed merits of this Institution are the

features pertaining to ordinary or general school education;

the neglect of early youth may be repaired here, or the

acquirements of that period secured, and directed to practical

purposes; arithmetic, mensuration, book-keeping, classic

literature, and the French, German, and Italian languages,

which are almost essential to the education of an artist, will

be taught in their due routine, and the facility for acquiring

them considerably enlarged by association with students and

tutors speaking the respective languages of their own countries.

By uniting, therefore, the pursuit of knowledge to a strict

system of supervision and instruction—of regular and

fixed hours of employment and recreation, and of constant

practical tendencies, engaging the students in the designing,

fabricating, and applying objects of art, confiding to them at

proper opportunities and periods the superintendence of works

and workmen, and giving them at the same time the benefits

of social converse with their fellows and tutors, whether

in study, work, recreation, or refection; paying a strict

attention to their morals, habits, and health; in fine, by

aiming at the best practical union of the home, the school, the

workshop, and the studio, it is hoped that a fine class of men

may be produced, fitted to the exigencies of the times, and

calculated to advance the arts, and do honour to their country.

Neither is this attempt so novel or so extraordinary as it may

seem; the history of art in former times, and the practice of

contemporary professors abroad, give sanction to the scheme.

It is not with every man a gift or a passion to apply himself

to teaching in conjunction with the practice of his art, but

some of the greatest names of antiquity and of this present

age are associated with schools and styles, and indeed it is

an important question to be put, as to whether the business of

education, paramount as it is above all other business, should

not be conducted by and confided to practical men.

Let the groundwork be well laid in the minds of the ardent and

generous of our young countrymen. Let their ambition to excel

be honestly encouraged and directed. Open to them the pages of

past history, as to the glorious and sublime achievements of

the architects and associate artists of old, and point out to

them the path of equal, or it may be greater distinction (for

who shall say what mechanical and chemical science, allied

to the inspiration of genius, may produce); and we shall no

more hear of the complaints of inferiority, or of the want of

original talent in the Fine Arts among our countrymen.

It may be urged by many that this is a gigantic work, and

should be left to the government, or a company. A moment’s

reflection, however, will check the thought of the former in an

English breast, and the interference of companies with objects

of private enterprize, is, perhaps, as much to be deprecated.

That this is a legitimate object of private enterprize, may

be inferred from what has been already said as to ancient

and contemporary practice. And in a matter where so much

depends upon the bias of the heart—where fatherly care, as

much as artistic sentiment is needed, to guide and form the

student—where every interest of the superior is bound up with

that of the pupil, associating the success of the former in his

practice, with the probity and proficiency of the latter—where

an intelligent conception of interest and duty reigns in

the mind of the principal—these, it is presumed, offer the

strongest guarantees of success, when other arrangements,

through companies or co-partnerships, under boards of directors

and managers, would be likely to fail.

All that can be done in this respect has probably been done

in the London University and King’s College, by appointing

professors, instituting classes, and giving a course of

lectures in Architecture and Engineering; or by taking the

matter a step further as is being tried at the College of Civil

Engineers, Putney. The rest must be accomplished in the office

or the atelier of the professor, and in works and buildings

conducted by him. The pupil in this case takes part in

practical operations with an intelligible aim, and a tangible

end. He is identified with, or interested in, their progress,

and imbibes knowledge of a most profitable kind through

grateful and agreeable channels.

PUBLICATIONS.

Just published, price 2s. 6d.

ENGLISH PATENTS; being a Register of all those granted for Inventions in

the Arts, Manufactures, Chemistry, Agriculture, &c. With copious Index.

By ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I.

This Annual contains a register of all the patents granted in each year;

the title, date, and name of inventor; distinguishing those produced in

foreign countries from those native. Alphabetical lists both of names and

subjects being given, an easy reference is obtained.

To the manufacturer the importance of this work must be at once apparent,

as it embraces improvements in nearly every branch of art and science,

and enables him to ascertain what processes and articles he is restricted

from using or making, and the period when they become public property. To

inventors, many are the uses for which a list of this kind is available:

besides offering them a ready means of ascertaining whether others have

directed their attention to the same subjects, it enables them, if such

be the case, to determine whether the inventions are similar, or what

parts are claimed by former patentees, and whether they can secure their

invention to themselves without infringement of an existing patent.

To each annual list is appended some valuable information relating to

subjects connected with inventions. The “English Patents,” 1841, has

appended a copy of letters patent as now granted in England, by which

inventors are enabled to form some idea of the rights and privileges

they acquire by a patent. Also an abstract of the consolidated act,

which commenced its operation in September, 1842, whereby inventors or

manufacturers may secure to themselves the sole right of making and

selling, for terms not exceeding three years, any new design on articles

of manufacture, or for any novelty in the pattern, shape, configuration,

or ornament thereof. The orders of the Lords of the Treasury respecting

the charges to be made for such registrations, the names of articles

registered, &c. are given.

The “English Patents” granted in 1842 will contain, in addition to the

List and Index, some observations on foreign patents, which, it is

conceived, will be useful to inventors generally, but more especially to

those who have obtained English patents.

This Annual will be published as soon after the close of each year as the

collecting, arranging, and printing the work will permit.

London: Whittaker & Co. Ave-Maria-lane.

* * * * *

17, Ave-Maria-Lane, London.

Messrs. Whittaker and Co. have the pleasure to announce the recent

publication of the following Works

By Mr. ANDREW PRITCHARD.

A HISTORY of ANIMALCULES, with Five hundred Engravings. Price 5s.

MICROSCOPIC ILLUSTRATIONS: with Descriptions of the Achromatic,

Polarizing, Dissecting Microscopes, &c. with ample Instructions for use.

A new edition, enlarged, price 4s. 6d.

This work is the only practical treatise on the use of modern microscopes

extant.

MICROGRAPHIA; containing Practical Essays on the Solar and Oxyhydrogen

Microscopes, Eye-pieces, Micrometers, &c. Price 8s. 6d.

A LIST of 2,000 MICROSCOPIC OBJECTS; with Remarks. Second edition, price

1s.

MICROSCOPIC CABINET of Animated Objects, Tests, &c. Price 18s.

An important memoir on the verification of microscopic phenomena, and

another on an exact method of appreciating the quality of microscopes,

are given in this work, by Dr. Goring.

A HISTORY of INFUSORIA, Living and Fossil; with Descriptions of all the

known Species. Illustrated by 500 coloured engravings. Price 30s.

* * * * *

New Works and Editions, published by C. Dolman, 61, New Bond-street,

London.

* * * * *

Just published, in 1 vol., 12mo., price 6s. cloth, lettered,

FATHER OSWALD; a Genuine Catholic Story.

“And other sheep I have that are not of this fold: them also I must

bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold and one

Shepherd.”—John x. 16.

* * * * *

A new edition, in 1 vol., foolscap 8vo., uniform with the Standard

Novels, price 6s.

GERALDINE; a TALE of CONSCIENCE.

By E. C. A.

* * * * *

In 18mo., price 2s. cloth,

THE YOUNG COMMUNICANTS. Written for the use of the Poor School,

Bermondsey, and respectfully dedicated to the Rev. Peter Butler, by the

Authoress of “Geraldine, a Tale of Conscience,” with the approbation of

the Right Rev. Dr. Griffiths, V.A.L.

* * * * *

Just published, price 1s. 6d., cloth, lettered,

A new elementary Work on Geography, for the use of Schools, entitled

THE JUVENILE COMPANION to the ATLAS, with some Historical Notices.

“A book of greater practical utility to the young we have seldom seen.

We recommend it with confidence to all who are engaged in rudimental

instruction.”—Catholic, Oct. 22.

* * * * *

In 18mo., price 1s.

A CATECHISM of the HISTORY of ENGLAND, for the use of Schools. By a Lady.

* * * * *

Now ready, 8vo., cloth lettered, with 315 Woodcuts, price 15s., The First

Volume of

TURNING AND MECHANICAL MANIPULATION. By CHARLES HOLTZAPFFEL, Associate

of the Institution of Civil Engineers. The work, which will be completed

in Five Vols., is intended as a work of General Reference and Practical

Instruction on the Lathe and the various Mechanical pursuits followed by

Amateurs.

Each volume may be purchased separately, and will form a distinct

treatise on the branch to which it is appropriated. Vol. I. treats of

materials from the vegetable, animal, and mineral kingdoms; their uses in

the mechanical arts; modes of severally preparing, working, and joining

the materials; with the practical description of a variety of processes,

which do not generally require the use of tools with cutting edges.—Vol.

II. (to be published in April, 1843) will treat of cutting tools and

abrasive processes.—Vol. III., the complete practice of hand or simple

turning.—Vol. IV., practice of ornamental or complex turning.—Vol. V.,

practice of amateur engineering.

Published by Holtzapffel & Co., 64, Charing Cross, and 127, Long Acre,

London, and to be had of all booksellers.

Prospectuses free by post.

* * * * *

THE BRITISH CHILD’S SPELLING-BOOK, for the use of Children of the various

Christian denominations. By HENRY JAMES. Price 1s.

This judicious little book is divided into seven parts. The 1st consists

of tables of words from one to seven syllables, accompanied with many

easy lessons; 2. Lessons in natural history; 3. Fables and tales, which

are pointed with some important moral, and interwoven with some just

maxims of conduct; 4. Simple and tasteful poetry; while 5, 6, and 7

comprise introductions to geography, English grammar, &c.

By the same Author,

RHETORICAL CLASS-BOOK.

Price 3s. 6d. bound.

John Limbird, 143, Strand.

* * * * *

FOR ALL FAMILIES.

Just published, 5th edition, price 5s., cloth,

FAMILY MANUAL AND SERVANTS’ GUIDE, with upwards of One Thousand New and

Approved Receipts, arranged and adapted for Families and all classes of

Servants.

“We shall recommend this book everywhere, if it were only for the

sake of the excellent suggestions on the ‘self-improvement’ of house

servants.”—Gardener’s Magazine.

“It should find a place in the kitchen or servants’ hall of those who

desire to blend comfort with elegance, and prudence with luxury.”—New

Monthly Magazine.

“No servant should be without it.”—Morning Advertiser.

J. Limbird, 143, Strand, London, and all booksellers.

* * * * *

THE SELF-INSTRUCTING LATIN CLASSIC; whereby a perfect knowledge of the

Latin Language may be readily acquired, without burdening the memory with

the multifarious rules of syntactical Grammar, the searching a Dictionary

for the interpretation of words, or even requiring the assistance of a

Classical Tutor. By W. JACOBS. In Twelve Parts, at 1s. each; or in Two

Volumes, price 7s. each.

By the same Author,

THE MYSTERIES OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE REVEALED;

Or, Remarks shewing that it can be read and understood without being

confined to the forms of government of grammatical construction: and

proved by verbatim translations of passages from fourteen of the standard

Poetical and Prose Latin Classics. 4s. In 12 Parts, at 6d. or complete,

7s. cloth (10 Parts are now ready),

BACCHUS:

An Essay on the Nature, Causes, Effects, and Cure of Intemperance. By R.

B. GRIMDROD, LL.D.

In 6 Parts, at 1s. each, or complete, 7s. cloth,

COMPLETE GUIDE to the FINE ARTS.

Part 1. contains the whole Art of Oil Painting.