whose territory was occupied by a confederation of Germanic tribes, called
after their predecessors Boiarii. These were made tributary first to the
Ostrogoths, and then to the Franks; and on the death of Charlemagne his
successors governed the country by lieutenants with the title of margrave,
afterwards converted (in 921) into that of duke. In 1070 Bavaria passed to
the family of the Guelphs, and in 1180 by imperial grant to Otho, Count of
Wittelsbach, founder of the dynasty reigning until 1918. In 1623 the
reigning duke was made one of the Electors of the empire. Elector
Maximilian II joined in the War of the Spanish Succession on the side of
France, and this led, after the battle of Blenheim, 1704, to the loss of
his dominions for the next ten years. His son, Charles Albert, likewise
lost his dominions for a time to Austria, but they were all recovered again
by Charles's son, Maximilian III (1745). In the wars following the French
revolution Bavaria was in a difficult position between France and Austria,
but in the end joined Napoleon, from whom its Elector Maximilian IV
received the title of king (1805), a title afterwards confirmed by the
treaties of 1814 and 1815. King Maximilian I was succeeded by his son,
Ludwig (or Louis) I, under whom various circumstances helped to quicken a
desire for political change. Reform being refused, tumults arose in 1848,
and Ludwig resigned in favour of his son, Maximilian II, under whom certain
modifications of the constitution were carried out. At his death in 1864 he
was succeeded by Ludwig II. In the war of 1866 Bavaria sided with Austria,
and was compelled to cede a small portion of its territory to Prussia, and
to pay a war indemnity of L2,500,000. Soon after Bavaria entered into an
alliance with Prussia, and in 1867 joined the Zollverein. In the
Franco-German War of 1870-1 the Bavarians took a prominent part, and it was
at the request of the King of Bavaria, on behalf of all the other princes
and the senates of the free cities of Germany, that the King of Prussia
agreed to accept the title of Emperor of Germany. From Jan., 1871, to 1918
Bavaria formed part of the German Empire, and was represented in the
Bundesrath by six, and in the Reichstag by forty-eight members. The
eccentricity early displayed by Ludwig II developed to such an extent that
in June, 1886, he was placed under control, and a regency established under
Prince Luitpold (Leopold). The change was almost immediately followed by
the suicide of the king, and as Prince Otto, the brother and heir of the
late king, was insane, the regency was continued. Prince Luitpold died on
12th Dec., 1912, and his son, Ludwig, became regent. On 5th Nov., 1913, the
prince was proclaimed king, under the name of Ludwig III, in succession to
his cousin, King Otto, who was declared incapable of ruling. King Otto died
on 12th Oct., 1916. Ludwig III abdicated in Nov., 1918, and the Bavarian
Government was taken over by a cabinet under the leadership of Kurt Eisner.
Eisner was assassinated in Feb., 1919, and a struggle ensued between the
moderate Socialists and the extremists of the Left. The moderate party,
however, returned to power in May, 1919.--BIBLIOGRAPHY: S. Riezler,
_Geschichte Bayerns_ (4 vols.); R. Piloty, _Die Verfassungsgeschichte des
Koenigreichs Bayern_; Goetz, _Geographisch-historisches Handbuch von
Bayern_; M. Docberl, _Entwickelungsgeschichte Bayerns_; C. P. Higby,
_Religious Policy of the Bavarian Government during the Napoleonic Period_.
BAXTER, Richard, the most eminent of the English nonconforming divines of
the seventeenth century, born in Rowton, Shropshire, 1615; ordained in
1638; parish minister of Kidderminster in 1640. The imposition of the oath
of universal approbation of the doctrine and discipline of the Church of
England (the _et caetera oath_) detached him from the Establishment. After
the battle of Naseby he accepted the chaplaincy of Colonel Whalley's
regiment. He can scarcely be said, however, to have separated as yet in
spirit from the Establishment. He upheld the monarchy, condemned the
execution of the king and the election of Cromwell, preached against the
Covenant and against separatists and sectaries, but his piety won him the
respect of all parties. At the Restoration he became king's chaplain, but
declined the bishopric of Hereford, and on the passage of the Act of
Uniformity threw in his lot entirely with the nonconformists. In 1685 he
was arrested, refused a hearing by Jeffreys, and imprisoned. After his
release he lived in retirement till his death in 1691. He left about 150
treatises, of which his _Saints' Everlasting Rest_, _Call to the
Unconverted_, and _Reformed Pastor_ have been the most
popular.--BIBLIOGRAPHY: William Orme, _Life and Times of Richard Baxter_;
J. Stalker, _Lecture on Baxter_ in _The Evangelical Succession_; McAdam
Muir, _Religious Writers of England_; Currier, _Nine Great Preachers_.
BAXTERIANS, followers of Baxter in respect of his attempted compromise
between Calvinism and Arminianism. They reject the doctrine of reprobation,
admit a universal potential salvation, becoming actual in the case of the
elect, and assert the possibility of falling from grace. The Baxterians
never formed a sect or even a school, but were men of independent minds,
distinguishing between essentials and non-essentials: in things necessary,
unity; in things doubtful, liberty; in all things, charity. The two most
eminent Baxterians were Dr. Isaac Watts and Dr. Philip Doddridge.--Cf.
McAdam Muir, _Religious Writers of England_.
BAY, the laurel tree, noble laurel, or sweet-bay (_Laurus nob[)i]lis_); but
the term is loosely given to many trees and shrubs resembling this. A fatty
or fixed oil (used in veterinary medicine) and also a volatile oil are
obtained from the berries, but what is called 'bayberry oil' is also
obtained from the genus Myrica or candleberry. In N. America the
fragrant-flowered _Magnolia glauca_ is called sweet-bay, the red-bay being
_Laurus carolinensis_, the loblolly-bay _Gordonia lasianthus_. See
_Laurel_.
BAY, in geography, an indentation of some size into the shore of a sea or
lake, generally said to be one with a wider entrance than a gulf.
BAY, in architecture, a term applied to a recessed division or compartment
of a building, as that marked off by buttresses or pillars.
[Illustration: Nests of Baya (_Ploceus philipp[=i]nus_)]
BA'YA, the weaver-bird (_Ploc[)e]us philipp[=i]nus_), an interesting East
Indian passerine bird, somewhat like the bullfinch. Its nest resembles a
bottle, and is suspended from the branch of a tree. The entrance is from
beneath, and there are two chambers, one for the male, the other for the
female. The baya is easily tamed, and will fetch and carry at command.
BAYADERES (b[=a]-a-d[=e]rz'), the general European name for the dancing and
singing girls of India, some of whom are attached to the service of the
Hindu temples, while others travel about and dance at entertainments for
hire. Those in the service of the temples are generally devoted to this
profession (including that of prostitution) from their childhood.
BAYAMO (b[.a]-yae'm[=o]), or ST. SALVADOR, a town in the east of Cuba, near
the Cauto. Pop. 18,180.
BAYARD (b[.a]-yaer), Pierre du Terrail, Seigneur de, the _Chevalier sans
peur et sans reproche_, born in 1476 in Castle Bayard, near Grenoble, in
Southern France. At the age of eighteen he accompanied Charles VIII to
Italy, and in the battle of Fornovo took a standard. At the beginning of
the reign of Louis XII, in a battle near Milan, he entered the city at the
heels of the fugitives, and was taken prisoner, but released by Ludovico
Sforza without ransom. In Apulia he killed his calumniator, Sotomayor, and
afterwards defended a bridge over the Garigliano singly against the
Spaniards, receiving for this exploit as a coat of arms a porcupine, with
the motto _Vires agminis unus habet_ ('one has the strength of a band'). He
distinguished himself equally against the Genoese and the Venetians, and,
when Julius II declared himself against France, went to the assistance of
the Duke of Ferrara. He was severely wounded at the assault of Brescia, but
returned, as soon as cured, to the camp of Gaston de Foix, before Ravenna,
and after new exploits was again dangerously wounded in the retreat from
Pavia. In the war commenced by Ferdinand the Catholic he displayed the same
heroism, and the fatal reverses which embittered the last years of Louis
XII only added to the personal glory of Bayard. When Francis I ascended the
throne he sent Bayard into Dauphine to open a passage over the Alps and
through Piedmont. Prosper Colonna lay in wait for him, but was made
prisoner by Bayard, who immediately after further distinguished himself in
the battle of Marignano. After his defence of Mezieres against the invading
army of Charles V he was saluted in Paris as the saviour of his country,
receiving the honour paid to a prince of the blood. His presence reduced
the revolted Genoese to obedience, but failed to prevent the expulsion of
the French after the capture of Lodi. In the retreat the safety of the army
was committed to Bayard, who, however, was mortally wounded by a stone from
a blunderbuss in protecting the passage of the Sesia. He kissed the cross
of his sword, confessed to his squire, and died, 30th April, 1524. He was
buried in a church of the Minorites, at Grenoble.--BIBLIOGRAPHY: "Le Loyal
Serviteur" (supposed to be Jacques de Mailles), _La tres joyeuse ...
histoire ... des faiz, gestes, triumphes et prouesses du bon chevalier sans
paour et sans reproche, le gentil seigneur de Bayart_ (printed in 1527);
modern edition of this work by M. J. Roman; A. de Terrebasse, _Histoire de
Pierre Terrail, Seigneur de Bayart_.
BAYAZID', a ruined town in Armenia, 140 miles S.E. of Erzerum, S.W. of
Mount Ararat, at various times the scene of warlike operations, and twice
occupied by the Russians in 1877. Total pop. 4000.
BAYAZID. See _Bajazet_.
BAYBERRY. See _Bay_ (tree) and _Candleberry_.
BAY CITY, an American city, Michigan, on the east side of Saginaw River,
near its mouth in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. Chief articles of trade, lumber
and salt. Pop. (1920), 47,554.
BAYEUX, (b[.a]-y_eu_) an ancient town, France, department Calvados, 16
miles N.W. of Caen, with manufactures of lace, calico, and porcelain. In
its cathedral, said to be the oldest in Normandy, the famous Bayeux
tapestry was preserved for a long time. Pop. 7638.
[Illustration: A section of the Bayeux Tapestry showing the Norman cavalry
attacking the English footmen at the Battle of Hastings]
BAYEUX TAPESTRY, so called because it was originally found in the cathedral
of Bayeux, in the public library of which town it is still preserved.
Formerly known as the 'Toile de St. Jean', it is supposed to have been
worked by Matilda, Queen of William the Conqueror, and to have been
presented by Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, the half-brother of William, to the
church in which it was found. It is 231 feet in length and 20 inches in
breadth, and is divided into seventy-two compartments, the subject of each
scene being indicated by a Latin inscription. These scenes give a pictorial
history of the invasion and conquest of England by the Normans, beginning
with Harold's visit to the Norman Court, and ending with his death at
Hastings.--BIBLIOGRAPHY: Bolton Corney, _Researches and Conjectures on the
Bayeux Tapestry_; Jules Comte, _Tapisserie de Bayeux_; F. R. Fowke, _The
Bayeux Tapestry_.
BAY ISLANDS, an island group, Bay of Honduras, off N. coast of State of
Honduras, incorporated as a British colony in 1852, and ceded to Honduras
in 1856. The largest is Ruatan, 30 miles long. Pop. about 5000.
BAYLE (b[=a]l), Pierre, French critic and miscellaneous writer, the son of
a Calvinist preacher, born at Carlat (Languedoc) in 1647, died at Rotterdam
1706. A statue in his honour was erected at Pamiers in 1906. He studied at
Toulouse, and was employed for some time as a private tutor at Geneva and
Rouen. He went to Paris in 1674, and soon after was appointed professor of
philosophy at Sedan. Six years after he removed to Rotterdam, where he
filled a similar chair. The appearance of a comet, in 1680, which
occasioned an almost universal alarm, induced him to publish, in 1682, his
_Pensees Diverses sur la Comete_, a work full of learning, in which he
discussed various subjects of metaphysics, morals, theology, history, and
politics. It was followed by his _Critique Generale de l'Histoire du
Calvinisme de Maimbourg_. This work excited the jealousy of his colleague,
the theologian Jurieu, and involved Bayle in many disputes. In 1684 he
undertook a periodical work, _Nouvelles de la Republique des Lettres_,
containing notices of new books in theology, philosophy, history, and
general literature. This publication, which lasted for three years, added
much to his reputation as a philosophical critic. In 1693 Jurieu succeeded
in inducing the magistrates of Rotterdam to remove Bayle from his office.
He now devoted all his attention to the composition of his _Dictionnaire
Historique et Critique_, which he first published in 1696, in 2 vols. fol.
It is a vast storehouse of facts, discussions, and opinions, and though it
was publicly censured by the Rotterdam consistory for its frequent
impurities, its pervading scepticism, and tacit atheism, it long remained a
favourite book both with literary men and with men of the world. The
articles in his dictionary, in themselves, are generally of little value,
and serve only as a pretext for the notes, in which the author displays, at
the same time, his learning and the power of his logic. The best editions
are that of 1740, in 4 vols. fol. (Amsterdam and Leyden), and that in 16
vols., published in 1820-4 at Paris.--BIBLIOGRAPHY: L. A. Feuerbach,
_Pierre Bayle_; F. Brunetiere, _Etudes Critiques_ (5th series); A. Cazes,
_Pierre Bayle, sa vie, ses idees, son influence, son oeuvre_.
BAY-LEAF, the leaf of the sweet-bay or laurel tree (_Laurus nobilis_).
These leaves are aromatic, and are used in cookery and confectionery. See
_Bay_.
BAYLEN (b[=i]-len'). Same as _Bailen_.
BAYLY (b[=a]'li), Thomas Haynes, English poet, novelist, dramatist, and
miscellaneous writer, born 1797, died 1839. He was educated at Oxford, and
intended for the Church. He wrote thirty-six pieces for the stage, most of
which were successful; several novels: _The Aylmers_, _A Legend of
Killarney_, &c.; and numerous songs. As a song-writer he was most prolific
and most popular. _The Soldier's Tear_, _We met--'twas in a Crowd_, were
the best known.
BAY MAHOGANY, that variety of mahogany exported from Honduras. It is softer
and less finely marked than the variety known as Spanish mahogany, but is
the largest and most abundant kind.
BAYNES (b[=a]nz), Thomas Spencer, LL.D., born at Wellington, Somerset, in
1823, died suddenly in London, 1887. He studied under Sir William Hamilton
at Edinburgh, and acted as his class assistant from 1851 to 1855. From 1857
to 1863 he was resident in London, where he acted as examiner in logic and
mental philosophy in the University of London, and as assistant editor of
the _Daily News_. In 1864 he was appointed to the chair of logic, rhetoric,
and metaphysics in St. Andrews University, a post he held till his death.
In 1873, when he became editor of the ninth edition of the _Encyclopaedia
Britannica_, his wide acquaintance with men of letters and learning
assisted him greatly in the selection of suitable contributors. He
translated the _Port Royal Logic_ (see _Arnauld_), and was a frequent
contributor to the principal reviews and literary journals.
BAY OF ISLANDS, a large, deep, and safe harbour on the N.E. coast of the N.
Island of New Zealand. On it is Kororarika, the first European settlement
in New Zealand.--Also a large bay formed by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on
the west coast of Newfoundland. See _New Zealand_.
BAY'ONET (Fr. _baionnette_), a straight, sharp-pointed weapon, invented by
a Frenchman (probably a native of Bayonne) in the seventeenth century. A
bayonet was originally screwed into the muzzle of the firelock, converting
it into a short pike. This system, which practically precluded any further
use of the firelock as such, was later improved by a Scotchman, who fitted
the weapon with a socket and bolt, enabling it to be placed over the muzzle
of the musket instead of being screwed into it. The firelock could then be
used for both missile and shock action, according to requirements. The
bayonet replaced the pike in the English army after the revolution of 1690.
The length, shape, and weight of the bayonet have varied considerably at
different periods and in different countries; that at present in use in the
British army is a short sword-shaped weapon, 1 foot 6 inches long and
weighing about 1 pound. In war it is considered that an attack with the
bayonet or the immediate threat of one is a necessary preliminary to a
successful assault.
BAYONNE (b[.a]-yon), a well-built fortified town, the largest in the French
department Basses-Pyrenees, at the confluence of the Nive and the Adour,
about 2 miles from their mouth in the Bay of Biscay; with a citadel
commanding the harbour and city, a cathedral--a beautiful ancient
building--shipbuilding and other industries, and a considerable trade.
Among the lower class the Basque language is spoken. Catherine de' Medici
had an important interview with the Duke of Alva in Bayonne, June, 1565, at
which it is said the massacre of St. Bartholomew was arranged. It was also
the scene of the abdication of Charles IV of Spain in favour of Napoleon
(1808). In 1814 the British forced the passage of the Nive and invested the
town, from which the French made a desperate but unsuccessful sortie. Pop.
27,886.
BAYONNE CITY, a suburb of New York, in Hudson County, New Jersey. Pop.
76,754.
BAYOU (b[=a]-yoe'), in the southern States of North America, a stream which
flows from a lake or other stream: frequently used as synonymous with creek
or tidal channel.
BAYREUTH (b[=i]'roit). See _Baireuth_.
BAY RUM, a spirit obtained by distilling the leaves of _Myrica acris_, or
other West Indian trees of the same genus. It is used for toilet purposes,
and as a liniment in rheumatic affections.
BAY-SALT, a general term for coarse-grained salt, but properly applied to
salt obtained by spontaneous or natural evaporation of sea-water in large
shallow tanks or _bays_.
[Illustration: Bay-window at Bramhall Hall, Cheshire]
BAY-WINDOW, a window forming a recess or bay in a room, projecting
outwards, and rising from the ground or basement on a plan rectangular,
semi-octagonal, or semi-hexagonal, but always straight-sided. One of the
finest examples of bay-windows is that of the banqueting-hall at Hampton
Court. The term is, however, also often employed to designate a
_bow-window_, which more properly forms the segment of a circle, and an
_oriel-window_, which is supported on a kind of bracket, and is usually on
the first floor.
BAZA (bae'th[.a]), an old town of Spain, Andalusia, province of Granada,
formerly a large and flourishing city. In 1810 the French, under Marshal
Soult, here defeated the Spaniards under Generals Blake and Freire. Pop.
15,964.
BAZAAR. See _Bazar_.
BAZAINE (b[.a]-z[=a]n), Francois Achille, French general, born 1811, died
1888. He entered the army as a private soldier in 1831, and served in
Algeria with distinction, gaining the cross of the Legion of Honour, and
rising to the rank of lieutenant. He next went to Spain and fought in the
Foreign Legion against the Carlists; and in 1839 returned to Algeria, where
he eventually held the rank of colonel (1850). He was next engaged in the
Crimean War, being at first commander of a brigade and then general of
division, leading the French troops sent to attack the fortress of Kinburn
(1855). He did good service also in the Italian war of 1859, being actively
engaged in the battle of Solferino. His military reputation was increased
by the part he took in the Mexican expedition (1862-4), in which he led the
first division under Forey, and when this general was recalled became
commander-in-chief of the French forces in Mexico and marshal of France.
His loyalty, however, to the cause of the Emperor Maximilian was very
doubtful. In 1870 he took command of the army of the Rhine, or the third
army corps, in the Franco-German War, collected a very large army in the
neighbourhood of Metz, and had the intention of joining his forces with
those of MacMahon at Chalons. He found this impossible, however, especially
after Gravelotte, and was forced into Metz, where he capitulated after a
seven weeks' siege, with an army of 175,000 men. For this act he was tried
by court-martial in 1871, found guilty of treason, and condemned to death.
The sentence was commuted to twenty years' seclusion in the Isle of St.
Marguerite, from which he escaped in 1874, and retired to Spain. He
published _Episodes de la Guerre de 1870_.--BIBLIOGRAPHY: La Brugere,
_L'Affaire Bazaine_; Comte d'Herisson, _La Legende de Metz_.
BAZAR', or BAZAAR', in the East an exchange, market-place, or place where
goods are exposed for sale, usually consisting of small shops or stalls in
a narrow street or series of streets. These bazar-streets are frequently
shaded by a light material laid from roof to roof, and sometimes are arched
over. Marts for the sale of miscellaneous articles, chiefly fancy goods,
are now to be found in most European cities, bearing the name of _bazars_.
The term bazar is popularly applied to a sale of miscellaneous articles,
mostly of fancy work, and contributed gratuitously, in furtherance of some
charitable or other purpose.
BAZAR'JIK, now officially called Dobritsh (q.v.).
BAZIGARS', a tribe of Indians dispersed throughout the whole of Hindustan
mostly in wandering tribes. They are divided into seven castes; their chief
occupation is that of jugglers, acrobats, and tumblers, in which both males
and females are equally skilful. They present many features analogous to
the gipsies of Europe, and like these each clan has its king.
BAZIN, Rene, French novelist, born 1853. For some time he was professor of
law in the Catholic University of Angers. His literary reputation was
established by _Une Tache d'Encre_. His other novels include _La Terre qui
meurt_, _De Toute son Ame_, _Les Oberle_, _Les Noellet_, _Davidee Birot_,
all of which have been translated into English by Dr. A. S. Rappoport. He
has also written _Questions litteraires et sociales_, &c. Bazin was elected
a member of the Academie Francaise in 1903.
BAZOCHE (b[.a]-zosh'), or BASOCHE (a corruption of _Basilica_), a
brotherhood formed by the clerks of the Parliament of Paris at the time it
ceased to be the grand council of the French king. They had a king,
chancellor, and other dignitaries; and certain privileges were granted them
by Philip the Fair early in the fourteenth century, as also by subsequent
monarchs. They had an annual festival, having as a principal feature
dramatic performances in which satirical allusions were freely made to
passing events. These farces or satires were frequently interdicted, but
they had a considerable influence on the French drama. The Bazoche took an
active part in the French Revolution, but the order was suppressed by the
decree of 13th Feb., 1791.
BAZZI (b[.a]t's[=e]). See _Sodoma_.
BDELLIUM (del'i-um), an aromatic gum resin brought chiefly from Africa and
India, in pieces of different sizes and figures, externally of a dark
reddish brown, internally clear, and not unlike glue. To the taste it is
slightly bitterish and pungent; its odour is agreeable. It is used as a
perfume and a medicine, being a weak deobstruent. Indian bdellium is the
produce of _Balsamodendron Roxburghii_; African of _B. africanum_; Egyptian
bdellium is obtained from the doum palm; and Sicilian is produced by
_Daucus gummifer_, a species of the genus to which the carrot belongs. The
bdellium mentioned in _Gen._ ii, 12, was apparently a precious stone,
perhaps a pearl. See _Myrrh_.
BEACHES, RAISED, a term applied to those long, terraced, level pieces of
land, consisting of sand and gravel, and containing marine shells, now, it
may be, a considerable distance above and away from the sea, but bearing
sufficient evidences of having been at one time sea-beaches. In Scotland
such a terrace has been traced extensively along the coasts at about 25
feet above the present sea-level.
BEACHY HEAD, a promontory in the south of England, on the coast of Sussex,
rising 575 feet above sea-level, with a revolving light, visible in clear
weather from a distance of 28 miles. A naval battle took place here, 30th
June, 1690, in which a French fleet under Tourville defeated an English and
Dutch combined fleet under Lord Torrington.
BEACON (b[=e]'kon), an object visible at some distance, and serving to
notify the presence of danger; commonly applied to a fire-signal set on a
height to spread the news of hostile invasion or other great event; and
also applied to a mark or object of some kind placed conspicuously on a
coast or over a rock or shoal at sea for the guidance of vessels, often an
iron structure of considerable height.
BEACONSFIELD (b[=e]'konz-f[=e]ld), a village of Buckinghamshire, the parish
church of which contains the remains of Edmund Burke, whose seat was in the
neighbourhood; while a marble monument to the poet Waller, who owned the
manor, is in the churchyard. It gave the title of earl to the English
statesman and novelist Benjamin Disraeli. Pop. (1921), 3642.
BEACONSFIELD, formerly known as Du Toit's Pan, a town of Cape Province
about a mile to the east of Kimberley, of which it forms a suburb. Pop.
20,364.