in 1630; studied at the Charterhouse and at Trinity College, Cambridge, of
which he became a fellow in 1649. After a course of medical studies he
turned to divinity, mathematics, and astronomy, and took his M. A. degree
in 1652, and, failing to obtain the Cambridge Greek professorship, went
abroad. In 1659 he was ordained; in 1660 elected Greek professor at
Cambridge; in 1662 professor of geometry in Gresham College; and in 1663
Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge, a post which he resigned to
Newton in 1669. In 1670 he was created D. D., in 1672 master of Trinity
College, and in 1675 vice-chancellor of Cambridge University. He died in
1677. His principal mathematical works (written in Latin) were: _Euclidis
Elementa_ (1655); _Euclidis Data_ (1657); _Mathematicae Lectiones_
(1664-6); _Lectiones Opticae_ (1669); _Lectiones Geometricae_ (1670);
_Archimedis Opera_; _Apollonii Conicorum lib. iv_; _Theodosii Spherica_,
(1675). All his English works, which are theological, were left in MS., and
published by Dr. Tillotson in 1685, the best edition being that prepared by
the Rev. A. Napier in 1859. As a mathematician Barrow was deemed inferior
only to Newton. The Latin edition of his mathematical works was prepared by
Whewell in 1860.
BARROW, Sir John, Bart., geographer and man of letters, born in 1764 in
Lancashire. At the age of sixteen he went in a whaler to Greenland; and
later on was teacher of mathematics in a school at Greenwich. In 1792 he
was sent with Lord Macartney, in his embassy to China, to take charge of
philosophical instruments for presentation to the Chinese emperor. His
account of this journey was of great value, and not less so was the account
of his travels in South Africa, whither he went in 1797 as secretary to
Macartney. In 1804 he was appointed second secretary to the Admiralty, a
post occupied by him for forty years. In 1835 he was made a baronet; and he
died in 1848, three years after his retirement. Besides the accounts of his
own travels, he published lives of Earl Macartney, Lord Anson, and Lord
Howe; _Voyages of Discovery and Research within the Arctic Regions_; an
_Autobiography_ written at the age of eighty-three, &c.
BAR'ROW-IN-FUR'NESS, a seaport, county and parliamentary borough of
Lancashire, in the district of Furness, opposite the Island of Walney, a
town that has increased from a fishing-hamlet with 100 inhabitants in 1848
to a town of 74,254 inhabitants in 1921. Its prosperity is due to the mines
of red hematite iron-ore which abound in the district, and to the railway
rendering its excellent natural harbour available. It has several large
docks, besides graving-docks, a floating dock capable of receiving vessels
of 3000 tons, a large timber pond, &c. There is an extensive trade in
timber, cattle, grain, and flour; and iron-ore and pig-iron are largely
shipped. It has numerous blast-furnaces, and one of the largest
Bessemer-steel works in the world. Besides ironworks, a large business is
done in shipbuilding, the making of railway wagons and rolling-stock,
ropes, sails, bricks, &c. A town hall, erected at a cost of L60,000, was
opened in 1887. Barrow-in-Furness returns one member to Parliament.
[Illustration: Barrows]
BAR'ROWS, mounds of earth or stones raised to mark the resting-place of the
dead, and distinguished, according to their shape, as _long_, _bowl_,
_bell_, _cone_, and _broad_ barrows. The practice of barrow-burial is of
unknown antiquity and almost universal, barrows being found all over
Europe, in Northern Africa, Asia Minor, Afghanistan, Western India, and in
America. In the earliest barrows the enclosed bodies were simply laid upon
the ground, with stone or bone implements and weapons beside them. In
barrows of later date the remains are generally enclosed in a stone cist.
Frequently cremation preceded the erection of the barrow, the ashes being
enclosed in an urn or cist. A detailed description of an ancient
barrow-burial is given in the Anglo-Saxon poem _Beowulf_.--BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Canon W. Greenwell, _British Barrows_; J. Anderson, _Scotland in Pagan
Times_; W. C. Borlase, _The Dolmens of Ireland_.
BARROW STRAIT, the connecting channel between Lancaster Sound and Baffin's
Bay on the east and the Polar Ocean on the west. Named after Sir John
Barrow.
BARRY, a seaport of S. Wales, Glamorganshire, 7 miles south-west of
Cardiff, with large docks, exporting much coal. Pop. (1921), 38,927.
BAR'RY, Sir Charles, an English architect, born in London, 1795. After
executing numerous important buildings, such as the Reform Clubhouse,
London, St. Edward's School, Birmingham, &c., he was appointed architect of
the new Houses of Parliament at Westminster, with the execution of which he
was occupied for more than twenty-four years. He was elected a Royal
Academician in 1844, was knighted in 1852, and died suddenly in 1860.
BARRY, Comtesse Du. See _Du Barry_.
BARRY, Edward Middleton, R.A. (1830-80), son of Sir Charles Barry, was also
a distinguished architect, and designed many important buildings, though he
was disappointed in regard to his plans for the Albert Memorial, National
Gallery, and New Law Courts.
BARRY, James, a painter and writer on art, born at Cork, 1741; studied
abroad with the aid of Burke; was elected Royal Academician on his return;
and worked seven years on the paintings for the hall of the Society for the
Encouragement of the Arts. His first picture which attracted attention was
_St. Patrick baptizing the King of Cashel_. In 1773 he published his
_Inquiry into the Real and Imaginary Obstructions to the Increase of the
Arts in England_, and in 1782 was elected professor of painting to the
Academy. He was expelled in 1797 on the ground of his authorship of the
_Letter to the Society of Dilettanti_. His chief painting was his _Victors
at Olympia_. He died in 1806.
BARRY CORNWALL. See _Procter, Bryan Waller_.
BAR'SABBAS, surnamed Justus, son of Alpheus, brother of James the Less and
of Judas, and one of the candidates for the apostolical office left vacant
by Judas Iscariot. According to tradition, he was afterwards Bishop of
Eleutheropolis, near Jerusalem, and suffered martyrdom. Another Barsabbas,
surnamed Judas, supposed to be the brother of the above, is mentioned in
the _Acts_ as a companion of St. Paul and Barnabas at Antioch. He is
supposed to have died in Jerusalem at a very advanced age.
BAR-SHOT, a double-headed shot consisting of two pieces connected by a bar.
BARSI, a town of India, in Sholapur district, Bombay, 43 miles north of
Sholapur and 128 miles east of Poona, with a trade in cotton, oil, &c. Pop.
21,000.
BAR-SUR-AUBE (b[.a]r-s[.u]r-[=o]b), an ancient town, France, department
Aube, where, in 1814, a hotly-contested action was fought between Napoleon
and the Allies. Pop. 4533.
BART, BARTH, or BAERT (baert), Jean, a famous French sailor, born at
Dunkirk, 1650, the son of a poor fisherman. He became captain of a
privateer, and after some brilliant exploits was appointed captain in the
royal navy. In recognition of his further services he was made commodore,
subsequently receiving letters of nobility. Brusque, if not vulgar, in
manner, and ridiculed by the Court for his indifference to ceremony, he
made the navy of the nation everywhere respected, and furnished some of the
most striking chapters in the romance of naval warfare. After the Peace of
Ryswick he lived quietly at Dunkirk, and died there while equipping a fleet
to take part in the War of the Spanish Succession, 1702.
BARTAS (b[.a]r-tae), Guillaume de Salluste du, a French poet, termed 'the
divine' by contemporary English writers, born 1544. Principal work, _La
Semaine ou la Creation du Monde_, a poem on the creation, translated into
English by Joshua Sylvester. It is said to have had a considerable
influence on Milton's _Paradise Lost_. He died of wounds received at Ivry,
1590.
BARTFELD (b[.a]rt'felt), an old town in Czecho-Slovakia, formerly Hungary,
county of Saros, on the Tepl, with mineral springs in the neighbourhood.
Pop. 6160, mostly Slovaks.
BARTH (baert), Heinrich, African traveller, born at Hamburg, 1821, died in
1865. He graduated at the University of Berlin as Ph.D. in 1844, and set
out in 1845 to explore all the countries bordering on the Mediterranean.
The first volume of his _Wanderungen durch die Kuestenlaender des
Mittelmeeres_ was published in 1849, in which year he was invited by the
British Government to join Dr. Overweg in accompanying Richardson's
expedition to Central Africa. The expedition set out from Tripoli in Feb.,
1850, and, in spite of the death both of Richardson and Overweg, Barth did
not return to Tripoli till the autumn of 1855. His explorations, which
extended over an area of about 2,000,000 sq. miles, determined the course
of the Niger and the true nature of the Sahara. The English account of it
was entitled _Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa_ (5
vols., 1857-8). An important work on the African languages was left
unfinished.
BARTH, Jean. See _Bart_.
BARTHELEMY (b[.a]r-t[=a]l-m[=e]), Jean Jacques, French author, born 1716.
He was educated under the Jesuits, for holy orders, but declined all offers
of clerical promotion above the rank of Abbe He gained considerable repute
as a worker in philology and archaeology; and after his appointment as
Director of the Royal Cabinet of Medals, in 1753, spent some time
travelling in Italy collecting medals and antiquities. His best-known work,
not inaptly characterized by himself as an unwieldy compilation, was his
_Voyage du Jeune Anacharsis en Grece_ (1787). It was very popular and was
translated into various tongues. Though taking no part in the revolution,
he was arrested on a charge of being an aristocrat in 1793, but was set at
liberty, and subsequently offered the post of librarian of the National
Library. He died in 1795.
BARTHELMY-SAINT-HILAIRE (b[.a]r-t[=a]l-m[=e]-san-t[=e]-l[=a]r), Jules,
French scholar and statesman, born 1805, died in 1895. He was professor of
Greek and Latin philosophy in the College de France, but resigned the chair
after the _coup d'etat_ of 1852 and refused to take the oath. He was
reappointed in 1862; and in 1869 was returned to the Corps Legislatif.
After the revolution he was a member of the National Assembly; and was
elected Senator for life in 1876. He published a translation of Aristotle,
and works on Buddhism, Mohammed and Mohammedanism, the Vedas, &c.
BARTHEZ (b[.a]r-t[=a]), Paul Joseph, an eminent French physician, born at
Montpellier 1734, died 1806. At Montpellier he founded a medical school,
which acquired a reputation throughout all Europe. Having settled in Paris,
he was appointed by the king consulting physician, and by the Duke of
Orleans his first physician. The Revolution deprived him of the greatest
part of his fortune, and drove him from Paris, but Napoleon brought him
forth again, and loaded him in his advanced age with dignities. Among his
numerous writings may be mentioned _Nouvelle Mecanique des Mouvements de
l'Homme et des Animaux_; _Traitement des Maladies Goutteuses_;
_Consultation de Medecine_, &c. His _Traite du Beau_ was published
posthumously (1807).
BARTHOLDI (b[.a]r-tol'd[=e]), Auguste, French sculptor, born 1834, died
1904; best known for his colossal statue of Liberty, now overlooking the
harbour of New York.
BARTHOLIN (baer'to-lin), Kaspar, Swedish writer, born 1585, died 1630. He
studied medicine, philosophy, and theology; was made doctor of medicine at
Basel in 1610, rector of the University of Copenhagen 1618, and professor
of theology 1624. His _Institutiones Anatomicae_ was for long a standard
textbook in the universities.--His son, Thomas, born at Copenhagen 1616,
died 1680, was equally celebrated as a philologist, naturalist, and
physician. He was professor of anatomy at Copenhagen, 1648; physician to
the king, Christian V, in 1670; and Councillor of State, 1675.--His sons,
Kaspar (born 1654, died 1704) and Thomas (born 1659, died 1690) were also
highly distinguished--the former as an anatomist, the latter as an
archaeologist.
BARTHOLOMEW, MASSACRE OF ST., the brutal slaughter of the French
Protestants, which began on 24th Aug., 1572, by secret orders from Charles
IX, at the instigation of his mother, Catherine de' Medici, and in which,
according to Sully, 70,000 Huguenots, including women and children, were
murdered throughout the country. During the minority of Charles and the
regency of his mother, a long war raged in France between the Catholics and
Huguenots, the leaders of the latter being the Prince of Conde and Admiral
Coligny. In 1570 overtures were made by the Court to the Huguenots, which
resulted in a treaty of peace. This treaty blinded the chiefs of the
Huguenots, particularly Admiral Coligny, who was tired of the civil war.
The king appeared to have entirely disengaged himself from the influence of
the Guises and his mother; he invited Coligny to his Court, and honoured
him as a father. The most artful means were employed to increase this
delusion. The sister of the king was married to the Prince de Bearn (18th
Aug., 1572) in order to allure the most distinguished Huguenots to Paris.
On 22nd Aug. a shot from a window wounded the admiral. The king hastened to
visit him, and swore to punish the author of the villainy; but on the same
day he was induced by his mother to believe that the admiral had designs on
his life. "God's death!" he exclaimed; "kill the admiral; and not only him,
but all the Huguenots; let none remain to disturb us." The following night
Catherine held the council, which fixed the execution for the night of St.
Bartholomew, 24th Aug., 1572. After the assassination of Coligny, a bell
from the tower of the royal palace at midnight gave to the assembled
companies of burghers the signal for the general massacre of the Huguenots.
The Prince of Conde and the King of Navarre saved their lives by going to
mass and pretending to embrace the Catholic religion. By the king's orders
the massacre was extended throughout the whole kingdom; and the horrible
slaughter continued for thirty days in almost all the
provinces.--BIBLIOGRAPHY: Henry White, _Massacre of St. Bartholomew and
History of the Religious Wars_; Lavisse, _Histoire de France_ (vol. vi).
BARTHOL'OMEW, ST., the apostle, is probably the same person as _Nathanael_,
mentioned in the _Gospel of St. John_ as an upright Israelite and one of
the first disciples of Jesus. He is said to have taught Christianity in the
south of Arabia, into which, according to Eusebius, he carried the _Gospel
of St. Matthew_ in the Hebrew language, and to have suffered martyrdom. The
ancient Church had an apocryphal gospel bearing his name, of which nothing
has been preserved. A festival is held in his memory on 24th Aug.
BARTHOLOMEW, ST., or ST. BARTHELEMY, an island, one of the West Indies, in
the Leeward group, belonging to France, about 24 miles in circumference. It
produces some tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo, &c. Pop. 3000. The only town
is Gustavia. The island, occupied by France in 1648, was ceded to Sweden in
1784, but was again acquired by France in 1877 at the cost of 275,000
francs.
BARTHOLOMEW FAIR, a celebrated fair, established in the reign of Henry I
(1133), formerly held in West Smithfield, London, on St. Bartholomew's Day
(24th Aug., O. S.), but abolished since 1855.
BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL, ST., one of the great hospitals of London, formerly
the priory of St. Bartholomew, and made a hospital by Henry VIII in 1547.
On an average over 6000 patients are annually admitted to the hospital,
while about 150,000 out-patients are treated at its out-door dispensaries.
A medical school is attached to it, attended by more than four hundred
students.
BARTHOU, Louis, French statesman, born at Orloron-Sainte-Marie in 1862. He
practised as an advocate until he entered the Chamber of Deputies in 1889.
He was a member of several Cabinets, and was appointed Premier in March,
1913, but resigned in December of the same year. He was Minister of Foreign
Affairs in Painleve's Cabinet during the European War. In April, 1922, he
headed the French delegation to the Genoa Conference. His works include
_Mirabeau_; _Lamartine, Orateur_; _Les Amours d'un Poete_, &c.
[Illustration: Bartizan, Micklegate Bar, York.
_a_, _a_, Balistraria]
BAR'TIZAN, a small overhanging turret pierced with one or more apertures
for archers, projecting generally from the angles on the top of a tower, or
from the parapet, or elsewhere, as in a mediaeval castle. The word,
probably a corruption of _bratticing_, was apparently first used by Sir
Walter Scott.
BART'LETT, William Henry, an English artist, born 1809, died, on a voyage
from Malta to Marseilles, 1854. He travelled extensively abroad, and the
illustrated works descriptive of the countries visited by him (Switzerland,
the Bosporus and the Danube, Syria and Palestine, Egypt, Canada, United
States, &c.) obtained great success with the public, the engravings being
from sketches by his own pencil.
BARTOLINI (b[.a]r-to-l[=e]'n[=e]), Lorenzo, a celebrated Italian sculptor,
born at Florence about 1778, died 1850. He studied and worked in Paris, and
was patronized by Napoleon. On the fall of the Empire he returned to
Florence, where he continued to exercise his profession. Among his greater
works may be mentioned his groups of _Charity_, and _Hercules and Lichas_,
a colossal bust of Napoleon, and the beautiful monument in the cathedral of
Lausanne, erected in memory of Lady Stratford Canning. Bartolini ranks next
to Canova among modern Italian sculptors.
BARTOLOMMEO (-m[=a]'o), Fra, or BACCIO DELLA PORTA (b[.a]ch[=o]'), Italian
painter, born at Florence 1475, died there 1517. He studied painting in
Florence, and acquired a more perfect knowledge of art from the works of
Leonardo da Vinci. He was an admirer and follower of Savonarola, on whose
death he took the Dominican habit, and assumed the name of Fra Bartolommeo.
He was the friend of Michael Angelo and Raphael; painted many religious
pictures, among them a _Saint Mark_ and a _Saint Sebastian_, which are
greatly admired. His colouring, in vigour and brilliancy, comes near to
that of Titian and Giorgione. His _Holy Family_ is in the National Gallery,
London.
BARTOLOZZI (-lot's[=e]), Francesco, a distinguished engraver, born at
Florence in 1725, or, according to others, in 1730, died at Lisbon 1815. In
Venice, in Florence, and Milan he etched several pieces on sacred subjects,
and then went to London, where he received great encouragement. After forty
years' residence in London, he went to Lisbon on the invitation of the
Prince Regent of Portugal. He became director of the National Academy at
Lisbon, where he remained till his death.
BAR'TON, Andrew, one of Scotland's first great naval commanders; flourished
during the reign of James IV, and belonged to a family which for two
generations had produced able and successful seamen. In 1497 he commanded
the escort which accompanied Perkin Warbeck from Scotland. After doing
considerable damage to English shipping, he was killed in an engagement
with two ships which had been specially fitted out against him (1512).
BARTON, Bernard, known as the Quaker poet, born at Carlisle 1784, died
1849. In 1806 he removed to Woodbridge, in Suffolk, where he was long clerk
in a bank. He published _Metrical Effusions_ (1812); _Poems by an Amateur_
(1818); _Poems_ (1820); _Napoleon, and other Poems_ (1822); _Poetic Vigils_
(1824); _Devotional Verses_ (1826); _A New-year's Eve, and other Poems_
(1828); besides many contributions to the annuals and magazines. His
poetry, though deficient in force, is pleasing, fluent, and graceful.
Barton is chiefly remembered as the friend of Charles Lamb, with whom he
began to correspond in 1822.
BARTON, Elizabeth, a country girl born in 1506 at Aldington, in Kent
(commonly called the Holy Maid or the Nun of Kent), who gained some
notoriety in the reign of Henry VIII. She was subject to epileptic fits,
and was persuaded by certain priests that she was a prophetess inspired by
God. Among other things she prophesied that Henry, if he persisted in his
purpose of divorce and second marriage, would not be king for seven months
longer, and would die a shameful death, and be succeeded by Catherine's
daughter. On arrest the imposture was confessed, and Barton and six others
were executed 5th May, 1534.
BARTON-UPON-HUMBER, a town of England, in Lincolnshire, on the Humber. It
contains two old churches, one of which is an undoubted specimen of
Anglo-Saxon architecture. Pop. (1921), 6454.
BARTSCH (b[.a]rch), Karl Friedrich, a German scholar, born in 1832, died in
1888, whose labours have been of immense service in elucidating the older
literature and language of his native country as well as in the field of
the Romance tongues. Among his publications were editions of the
_Nibelungenlied_, _Walther von der Vogelweide_, _Kudrun_, &c.;
_Chrestomathie de l'ancien Francais_; _Provencalisches Lesebuch_;
translations of Burns, of Dante, &c.
BARTSIA, a genus of Scrophulariaceae, green half-parasites upon roots of
grasses. Three species are British; _B. alpina_ has underground shoots, not
unlike those of the allied Toothwort, with fleshy scale-leaves bearing
water-secreting glands.
BARU (ba-roe'), a woolly substance used for caulking ships, stuffing
cushions, &c., found at the base of the leaves of an East India sago palm.
BARUCH (b[=a]'ruk; literally, 'blessed'), a Hebrew scribe, friend and
assistant to the prophet Jeremiah. At the captivity, after the destruction
of Jerusalem, Jeremiah and Baruch were permitted to remain in Palestine,
but were afterwards carried into Egypt, 588 B.C. His subsequent life is
unknown. One of the apocryphal books bears the name of Baruch. The Council
of Trent gave it a place in the canon, but its authenticity was not
admitted either by the ancient Jews or the early Christian fathers.
BARWOOD, a dyewood obtained from _Pterocarpus angolensis_, a tall tree of
West Africa. It is chiefly used for giving orange-red dyes on cotton yarns.
See _Camwood_; _Sandalwood_.
BARY'TA, oxide of barium (BaO) is found in nature associated with sulphuric
acid as barium sulphate, heavy-spar or Barytes (BaSO_4), and with carbon
dioxide as barium carbonate or witherite (BaCO_3). Baryta is a heavy
greyish powder of specific gravity 4.7, obtained by burning barium in
oxygen or from barium nitrate or barium carbonate. It has a strong affinity
for water, and combines with it in the evolution of lead and the formation
of barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)_2). Barium oxide is manufactured in quantity
for the preparation of barium dioxide (BaO_2), from which oxygen was at one
time obtained. (See _Oxygen_.) Baryta forms white crystalline salts with
acids, which are all poisonous with the exception of barium sulphate.
Barium hydroxide is soluble in water, forming a strongly-alkaline solution,
Baryta water, which is much used in chemical analysis. Barium sulphate is a
white substance insoluble in water and in acids, and is the source of most
of the barium compounds. Artificially-prepared barium sulphate is used as a
pigment, _Permanent White_, also in the paper industry and in vulcanizing
rubber. Other salts of barium of importance are barium chloride, barium
nitrate, and barium carbonate, used in pyrotechny and in glass manufacture.
BARYTES (AMERICAN BARITE), a rhombic mineral consisting of barium sulphate
(specific gravity 4.5) occurring in veins and extensive masses as a
subsequent deposit in various rocks. Colourless to brownish, the colourless
massive examples being in great demand as a substitute for white lead in
paint and for other purposes. Barytes is mined in the north of England and
in County Cork.
BARYTONE. See _Baritone_.
[Illustration: Basaltic Columns, Fingal's Cave, Island of Staffa]