Normandy, and the reputed port from which William the Conqueror sailed. It
was destroyed in the year 1346 by Edward III. Present pop. 1304.
BARFRUSH', or BARFURUSH', Same as _Balfroosh_.
BARGAIN AND SALE, a legal term denoting the contract by which lands,
tenements, &c., are transferred from one person to another. See
_Conveyancing_.
BARGE, a term similar in origin to _barque_, but generally used of a
flat-bottomed boat of some kind, whether used for loading and unloading
vessels, or as a canal-boat, or as an ornamental boat of state or pleasure.
[Illustration: Barge-board or gable-end of Manor House, Bramley, Hants.]
BARGE-BOARD (perhaps a corruption of _verge-board_), in architecture, a
board generally pendent from the eaves of gables, so as to conceal the
rafters, keep out rain, &c. They are sometimes elaborately ornamented. The
portion of the roof projecting from the wall at the gable-end, and beneath
which the barge-board runs, is termed the _barge-course_.
BARHAM (bar'am), Rev. Richard Harris, a humorous writer, born in 1788 at
Canterbury; educated at St. Paul's School, London, and at Brasenose,
Oxford; appointed in succession curate of Ashford, curate of Westwell,
rector of Snargate in Romney Marsh, and one of the minor canons of St.
Paul's Cathedral. He published two novels, _Baldwin_ and _My Cousin
Nicholas_, wrote nearly a third of the articles in Gorton's _Biographical
Dictionary_, and contributed to _Blackwood's Magazine_. In 1824 he was
appointed priest in ordinary of the Chapel Royal, and afterwards rector of
St. Mary Magdalene and St. Gregory-by-St.-Paul, London. In 1837, on the
starting of _Bentley's Miscellany_, he laid the main foundation of his
literary fame by the publication in that periodical of the _Ingoldsby
Legends_. He died in 1845.
BARHEBRAE'US. See _Abulfaragius_.
BARI (bae'r[=e]; ancient, BARIUM), a seaport, S. Italy, on a small
promontory of the Adriatic, capital of the province Terra di Bari. It was a
place of importance as early as the third century B.C., and has been thrice
destroyed and rebuilt. The present town, though poorly built for the most
part, has a large Norman castle, a fine cathedral and priory, &c. It
manufactures cotton and linen goods, hats, soap, glass, and liqueurs; has a
trade in wine, grain, almonds, oil, &c., and is now an important seaport.
In 1915 the town suffered considerably from floods. Pop. 109,218.--The
province has an area of 2048 sq. miles, and is fertile in fruit, wine, oil,
&c.; pop. 935,982.
BARI, a negro people of Africa, dwelling on both sides of the White Nile,
between lat. 3deg 30' and 6deg N. They practise agriculture,
cattle-rearing, smithwork, &c. Their country was conquered by Baker for
Egypt.
BARIL'LA, is the commercial name for impure sodium carbonate imported from
Spain and the Levant. At one time all sodium carbonate required for
industrial purposes was prepared from barilla obtained by burning various
marine plants (Salsola, Salicornia, and others). Only 25 per cent of the
weight of the ash contained soda, and consequently its import was expensive
and considerably added to the price of the manufacture of glass and soap.
During the Napoleonic wars the price of barilla rose to such a height that
Napoleon offered a reward for the discovery of a process for the
manufacture of sodium carbonate. A chemist, Leblanc, in 1791 invented a new
process by which sodium carbonate could be obtained from common salt, and
this entirely superseded barilla. Plants are still grown in Southern France
and Spain to obtain soda and other substances from the ash; but almost all
the sodium carbonate of the present day is manufactured chemically.
BARING, the name of a famous English family of bankers and financiers,
statesmen and diplomats, from which has arisen the financial house of
Baring Brothers & Co., and of which members now hold four peerages, namely,
two earldoms--Northbrook and Cromer--and two baronies--Ashburton and
Revelstoke. The founder of the house was Francis Baring (1740-1810), whose
father was a cloth manufacturer near Exeter, and grandfather pastor of the
Lutheran Church at Bremen, the family being thus of German origin. Francis
Baring settled in London, attained a high position in the mercantile and
financial world, was long a member of Parliament and a director of the East
India Company, and was made a baronet in 1793. Of his sons, one, Alexander,
was created Baron Ashburton (in 1835), and rendered important political
services in connection with the boundary treaty concluded between Britain
and the United States, and known by his title (see _Ashburton_, _Ashburton
Treaty_). His son, the second Lord Ashburton (1799-1864), held a position
of some note in politics, and his first wife, a daughter of the sixth Earl
of Sandwich, was fond of the society of both politicians and literary men,
among those who were on friendly terms with her being Carlyle and
Thackeray. Sir Francis Baring's eldest son, Thomas, was father of Francis
Thornhill Baring, first Lord Northbrook (1796-1866), whose eldest son,
Thomas, was created Earl of Northbrook in 1876, and held successively a
number of high positions, among them that of Viceroy of India (1872-6) and
First Lord of the Admiralty (1880-5). (See _Northbrook_.) Another son of
Sir Francis, Henry Baring, was father of Edward Baring, the first Baron
Revelstoke (born in 1828, died in 1897), who was long one of the most
conspicuous members of the financial world of London, and was raised to the
peerage as baron in 1885. He had full management of the great house of
Baring Brothers, which under him was long most prosperous, but in 1890 fell
into temporary difficulties. Henry Baring was father also of Evelyn Baring,
Earl Cromer (q.v.).
BARING-GOULD (b[=a]-ring-g[=o]ld'), Sabine, English clergyman and author,
born at Exeter, 1834. Educated at Cambridge, he held several livings in the
English Church, and in 1881 became rector of Lew Trenchard, Devon. After
publishing several books on theological and miscellaneous subjects, he
distinguished himself as a novelist. Among his works are: _Iceland, its
Scenes and Sagas_; _Curious Myths of the Middle Ages_; _The Origin and
Development of Religious Belief_; _Lives of the Saints_ (in 15 vols.);
_Village Sermons_; _The Vicar of Morwenstowe_ (an account of the Rev. R. S.
Hawker); _The Mystery of Suffering_; _History of the Church in Germany_;
_The Tragedy of the Caesars_; _Cliff Castles and Cave Dwellings_; _The
Church Revival_; &c.; besides the novels _Mehalah_, _John Herring_,
_Richard Cable_, _The Gaverocks_, _Court Royal_, _The Pennycomequicks_,
&c.; and short stories or novelettes.
BARINGO, a lake in Africa, N.E. of the Victoria Nyanza, about 20 miles
long.
BAR'ITONE, or BAR'YTONE, a male voice, the compass of which partakes of
those of the common bass and the tenor, but does not extend so far
downwards as the one, nor to an equal height with the other. Its best tones
are from the lower A of the bass clef to the lower F in the treble.
BA'RIUM (from the Gr. _barys_, heavy), the metal of which _baryta_ is the
oxide; specific gravity 4; symbol Ba. It is only found in compounds, such
as the common sulphate (or _barytes_) and carbonate, and was isolated by
Davy in 1808. It is a yellow malleable metal, which readily oxidizes,
decomposes water, and fuses at a low temperature. Its nitrate and chlorate
are used in pyrotechny. Barium salts, when brought into a non-luminous
flame, burn with a yellowish-green colour. See _Baryta_.
[Illustration: Magnified Section of Oak-bark.
A, Epidermis. B, Cells containing chlorophyll or colouring matter. C, Liber
or Bast. D, Cambium. E, Sapwood.]
BARK, properly the _periderm_, or outer covering, of woody stems and roots,
composed of dead tissues cut off from the living parts of the organ by one
or more layers of impervious cork. It serves to prevent loss of water, and
also affords protection against animals and fungi. The outermost bark is
continually sloughed in the form of scales (Scots Pine) or sheets (Common
Birch), being regenerated from within by the activity of the cork-cambium
(_phellogen_). Bark is usually rich in waste-products, many of which are of
economic value, such as tannin, gums, &c. Bottle-cork is the bark of the
cork-oak. Bark for tanning is obtained from oak, hemlock-spruce, species of
acacia, &c. Peruvian and Angostura barks, cinnamon, &c., are other useful
barks. As commonly used, bark denotes all the tissues external to the
_cambium_.
BARK. See _Barque_.
BARK, PERUVIAN. See _Cinchona_.
BARKER, Granville, playwright, was born in London in 1877. His principal
plays are: _The Voysey Inheritance_ (1905), _Waste_ (1907), _The Madras
House_ (1910). He has published a book (in which William Archer
collaborated) called _A National Theatre_, and another entitled _The Red
Cross in France_. His revivals of Shakespeare have introduced some new
ideas of mounting and stage-effects.
BARKER'S MILL, also called Scottish turbine, a hydraulic machine on the
principle of what is known as the hydraulic tourniquet. This consists of an
upright vessel free to rotate about a vertical axis, and having at its
lower end two discharging pipes projecting horizontally on either side and
bent in opposite directions at the ends, through which the water is
discharged horizontally, the direction of discharge being mainly at right
angles to a line joining the discharging orifice to the axis. The backward
pressures at the bends of the tubes, arising from the two issuing jets of
water, cause the apparatus to revolve in an opposite direction to the
issuing fluid. The machine was invented by a Dr. Barker towards the end of
the seventeenth century.
BARKING, a town, England, county of Essex, on the Roding, 7 miles N.E. of
London, with some important manufacturing works. Near it is the outfall of
the sewage of a large part of London. Pop. (1921), 35,543.
BARKSTON ASH, a parliamentary division of the West Riding of Yorkshire.
BARK-STOVE, or BARK-BED, a sort of hothouse for forcing or for growing
plants that require a great heat combined with moisture, both of which are
supplied by the fermentation that sets up in a bed of spent tanner's bark
contained in a brick pit under glass.
BAR'LAAM AND JOS'APHAT, a famous mediaeval spiritual romance, which is in
its main details a Christianized version of the Hindu legends of Buddha.
The story first appeared in Greek in the works of Joannes Damascenus in the
eighth century. It is, however, more probably the work of a monk of the
Sabbas monastery, near Jerusalem, and written at the beginning of the
seventh century. The compilers of the _Gesta Romanorum_, Boccaccio, Gower,
and Shakespeare have all drawn materials from it.--BIBLIOGRAPHY: Max
Mueller, _Chips from a German Workshop_; J. Jacobs, _Barlaam and Josaphat_,
(There is a translation by Rev. G. R. Woodward and H. Mattingly in the Loeb
Library).
BAR-LE-DUC (b[.a]r-l-d[.u]k), a town of North-East France, capital of
department Meuse, with manufactures of cotton and woollen stuffs, leather,
confectionery, &c. Pop. 17,068.
BARLET'TA, a seaport in South Italy, province of Bari, on the Adriatic,
with a fine Gothic cathedral; it has a considerable export trade in grain,
wine, almonds, &c. Pop. 44,233.
BAR'LEY, the name of several cereal plants of the genus Hordeum, ord.
Gramineae: (grasses), yielding a grain used as food and also for making
malt, from which are prepared beer, porter, and whisky. Barley has been
known and cultivated from remote antiquity, and beer was made from it among
the Egyptians. It is mentioned in _Exodus_, in connection with the ten
plagues; and it is referred to in ancient Chinese records. Excellent barley
is produced in Britain. The species principally cultivated are _Hord[)e]um
dist[)i]chum_, two-rowed barley; _H. vulg[=a]re_, four-rowed barley; and
_H. hexastichum_, six-rowed, of which the small variety is the sacred
barley of the ancients. The varieties of the four- and six-rowed species
are generally coarser than those of the two-rowed, and adapted for a poorer
soil and more exposed situation. Some of these are called _bere_ or _bigg_.
In Britain barley occupies more than 22-1/2 per cent of the land under
corn, but in N. America the extent of it as a crop is comparatively small,
being in Canada, however, relatively greater than in the States, and the
Canadian barley is of very high quality. Barley is better adapted for cold
climates than any other grain, and some of the coarser varieties are
cultivated where no other cereal can be grown. Russia devotes a surface of
over 20,000,000 acres to barley, i.e. a little under 11 per cent of the
cereal area of the country. Germany has 4,000,000 and France 1,800,000
acres of barley. Some species of the genus, three of which are natives of
Britain, are mere grasses. _Pot_ or _Scotch barley_ is the grain deprived
of the husk in a mill. _Pearl barley_ is the grain polished and rounded and
deprived of husk and pellicle. _Patent barley_ is the farina obtained by
grinding pearl barley. _Barley-water_, a decoction of pearl barley, is used
in medicine as possessing emollient, diluent, and expectorant qualities.
BARLEY-SUGAR. See _Confectionery_; _Sugar_.
BAR'LOW, Joel, an American poet and diplomatist, born 1755. After an active
and changeful life as chaplain, lawyer, editor, land-agent, lecturer, and
consul, he went to Paris and acquired a fortune. On his return to America
he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to France (1811), but died near
Cracow in 1812 on his way to meet Napoleon. His principal poem, _The
Columbiad_ (_The Vision of Columbus_), dealing with American history from
the time of Columbus, was published in 1807.
BARM. See _Yeast_.
BAR'MECIDES (-s[=i]dz), a distinguished Persian family, whose virtues and
splendour form a favourite subject with Mahommedan poets and historians.
Two eminent members of this family were Khaled-ben-Barmek, tutor of Haroun
al Rashid, and his son Yahya, grand vizier of Haroun. The expression
_Barmecide Feast_, meaning a visionary banquet or make-believe
entertainment, originates from the Barber's story of his Sixth Brother in
the _Arabian Nights' Entertainments_.
BAR'MEN, a German city on the Wupper, in the Prussian Rhine Province,
government of Duesseldorf, and forming a continuation of the town of
Elberfeld, in the valley of Barmen. It has extensive ribbon and other
textile manufactures; also dyeworks, manufactures of chemicals, metal
wares, buttons, yarns, iron, machines, pianos, organs, soap, &c. In 1919
Barmen was the scene of Spartacist disorders. Pop. 169,214.
BARMOUTH, Welsh name ABERMAW, a small seaport and watering-place of Wales,
in Merionethshire, at the entrance of Barmouth Bay, a fine estuary. It is
picturesquely situated, and has become a favourite resort of tourists and
others. Pop. (1921), 3559.
BAR'NABAS, the surname, according to _Acts_, iv, 36-7, given by the
apostles to Joseph, a fellow-labourer of St. Paul, and, like him, ranked as
an apostle. He is said to have founded at Antioch the first Christian
community, to have been first Bishop of Milan, and to have suffered
martyrdom at Cyprus. His festival is held on the 11th June.
BARNABAS, SAINT, EPISTLE OF, an epistle in twenty-one chapters unanimously
ascribed to Barnabas by early Christian writers, but without any support of
internal evidence. It was probably written about A.D. 130 (or, according to
others, between A.D. 70 and 79) by one who was not a Jew, and under the
influence of Alexandrian Judaistic thought. See _Codex_ (_Sinaiticus_).
BARNABITES, an order of monks founded in Milan in 1530 and named after the
Milan church of St. Barnabas which was allotted them to preach in. On their
expulsion from France in 1905, the majority of the Barnabites sought refuge
in England. A few monasteries of the order still exist in Italy, Belgium,
Austria, and Spain.
[Illustration: Barnacles hanging from timber]
BAR'NACLE, the name of a family (Lepadidae) of marine crustaceous animals,
ord. Cirripedia. They are enveloped by a mantle and shell, composed of five
principal valves and several smaller pieces, joined together by a membrane
attached to their circumference; and they are furnished with a long,
flexible, fleshy stalk or peduncle, provided with muscles, by which they
attach themselves to ships' bottoms, submerged timber, &c. They feed on
small marine animals, brought within their reach by the water and secured
by their tentacula. Some of the larger species are edible. According to an
old fable, these animals produced barnacle geese.
BARNACLE GOOSE (_Anser Bernicla_ or _leucopsis_), a summer visitant of the
northern seas, in size rather smaller than the common wild goose, and
having the forehead and cheeks white, the upper body and neck black. A
fable asserts that the crustaceans called barnacles changed into geese, and
various theories have been framed to account for its origin. Max Mueller
supposes the geese were originally called _Hiberniculae_ or Irish geese,
and that barnacle is a corruption of this; but the resemblance of a
barnacle to a goose hanging by the head may account for it. The Brent Goose
is also sometimes called the Barnacle Goose, but the two should not be
confused.
BARNARD-CASTLE, a town, England, County Durham, giving name to a
parliamentary division of the county. There are a large thread-mill and
carpet manufactories; the Bowes Museum and Art Gallery, endowed by private
munificence, and costing over L80,000; and the Northern Counties School,
richly endowed. The castle was originally built about 1178 by Bernard
Baliol, grandfather of John Baliol. Pop. 4737.
BARNAR'DO, Thomas John, philanthropist, born in Ireland in 1845, qualified
as a medical practitioner, studying in London, Edinburgh, and Paris,
established his first home for neglected London children in 1867, and for
the rest of his life was engaged in the same class of work. Up to his death
in 1905 he had nearly 60,000 destitute waifs cared for and trained in the
institutions with which his name is connected, many of the children having
been sent to Canada or other colonies. The Barnardo homes and institutions
have become very numerous, being established in various English counties as
well as in London, a few being in Canada. A naval training-school for boys
is included among them. It was a rule of the founder that no destitute
child should be refused admission. The homes have since 1899 been under a
council or body incorporated under the title of the National Incorporated
Waifs Association, but continue to be managed on the same lines as before.
Dr. Barnardo published _Something Attempted, Something Done_; _The Rescue
of Waifs_; &c.--Cf. J. H. Batt, _Dr. Barnardo, the Foster-father of
Nobody's Children_.
BARNAUL', a town of Siberia, government of Tomsk, on the Barnaulski, near
its influx into the Obi. The town is of wood but well built, with museum,
observatory, &c. It is an important mining centre for lead, copper, and
silver, has a copper-mint, kilns, and factories. Pop. 61,330.
BARNAVE (b[.a]r-naev), Antoine-Pierre-Joseph-Marie, a distinguished French
revolutionist, born 1761, died 1793. He successfully maintained against
Mirabeau the right of the National Assembly, as against that of the king,
to declare for peace or war, but afterwards asserted the inviolability of
the king's person. He was impeached, condemned, and guillotined.
BARNES, an urban district of England, in Surrey, on the right bank of the
Thames, a short distance above London, connected with Middlesex by
Hammersmith Suspension Bridge. There is here a common of 120 acres, one of
the preserved open spaces of the metropolitan area. Pop. (1921), 34,281.
BARNES (baernz), Albert, theologian, born in the State of New York, 1798.
In 1825 he was ordained pastor of the Presbyterian Church of Morristown,
New Jersey, and from 1830 till his death in 1870 had charge of the first
Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia. He is chiefly known by his _Notes on
the New Testament_ and _Notes on the Old Testament_.
BARNES, Rt. Hon. George Nicoll, British Labour leader, born at Dundee, in
Scotland, in 1859. After working as an engineer he became assistant
secretary of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers in 1892, and was general
secretary from 1896 to 1906. He entered Parliament in 1906, became Minister
for Pensions in 1916, member of War Cabinet in 1917, and was Minister
without portfolio from 1919 to Jan., 1920. He was a British representative
at the Peace Conference in Paris.
BARNES, William, English dialect poet and philologist, born in Dorsetshire
in 1800, died 1886. Of humble birth, he first entered a solicitor's office,
then taught at a school in Dorchester, and having taken orders became
rector of Winterbourne Came in his native county and died there. He
acquired a knowledge of many languages, and published works on Anglo-Saxon
and English, as _An Anglo-Saxon Delectus_, _A Philological Grammar_
(grounded upon English), _Grammar and Glossary of the Dorset Dialect_, &c.,
but is best known by his _Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect_ and
_Poems of Rural Life in Common English_.
BAR'NET, a town of England, in Herts, 11 miles from London, where was
fought in 1471 a battle between the Yorkists and Lancastrians, resulting in
the defeat of the latter and the death of Warwick, Edward IV being thus
established king. Pop. (1921), 11,772.
BARNETT, John, musical composer, son of Bernhard Beer, a German, born at
Bedford 1802, died 1890. He composed music as a lad, and his songs and
ballads soon had great vogue. In 1834 his opera _The Mountain Sylph_ was
produced with success, and three years after was followed by the less
successful _Fair Rosamond_. For many years before his death he was little
heard of.
BARNETT, John Francis, nephew of the former, born in 1837, died in 1916,
was also a distinguished musician and teacher, author of cantatas: _The
Ancient Mariner_, _Paradise and the Peri_, _The Raising of Lazarus_, _The
Building of the Ship_, and of various other works.
BARNEVELDT (baer'ne-velt), Johan van Olden, grand pensionary of Holland
during the struggle with Philip II of Spain, born in 1547. After the
assassination of William of Orange, and the conquest of the south provinces
by the Spaniards under Parma, he headed the embassy to secure English aid.
Finding, however, that the Earl of Leicester proved a worse than useless
ally, he secured the elevation of the young Maurice of Nassau to the post
of Stadtholder, at the same time by his own wise administration doing much
to restore the prosperity of the State. After serving as ambassador to
France and England, he succeeded in 1607 in obtaining from Spain a
recognition of the independence of the States, and two years later in
concluding with her the twelve years' truce. Maurice, ambitious of absolute
rule and jealous of the influence of Barneveldt, was interested in the
continuance of the war, and lost no opportunity of hostile action against
the great statesman. In this he was aided by the strongly-marked theologic
division in the State between the Gomarites (the Calvinistic and popular
party) and the Arminians, of whom Barneveldt was a supporter. Maurice, who
had thrown in his lot with the Gomarites, encouraged the idea that the
Arminians were the friends of Spain, and procured the assembly of a synod
at Dort (1618), which violently condemned them. Barneveldt and his friends
Grotius and Hoogerbeets were arrested, and subjected to a so-called trial;
and Barneveldt, to whom the country owed its political existence and the
Commons their retention of legislative power, was beheaded on 13th May,
1619. His sons, four years later, attempted to avenge his death; one was
beheaded, the other escaped to Spain.