(1) Herculis vicus, hence Heraclea; or (2), according to Colonel Leake,
Archalla; or (3) Cybistra. Strabo’s account of Cybistra agrees very well
with the present position of Eregli. Cicero stationed his army here in
order to resist a threatened invasion of the Parthians.
A bishop of Cybistra is mentioned as present at the Council of Nice, in
325; another at the Council of Chalcedon, in 451. The last mentioned is
under Isaac Angelus, in 1195.
KARAMAN occupies the site of ancient Laranda. There is no account of
its foundation or early history. It probably yielded only a nominal
allegiance to the kings of Persia, for at the time of Alexander’s
invasion it was held by the Isaurians, and even during Alexander’s
lifetime it revolted, in company with Isaura, against the Macedonians.
Laranda, however, was stormed and captured by the troops of the regent
Perdiccas, all the adult males were slain, and the rest of the population
sold into slavery; the town was destroyed. Long afterwards it was held by
the Cilician and Isaurian pirates on account of the fertility of its soil.
From that time forwards there is a long blank in its history. It
reappears at the time of the third Crusade, when the great German Emperor
Frederic Barbarossa, after defeating, near Koniah, the Seljouk sultan,
Kilidj Arslan, made his triumphant entry into Laranda on May 30, 1190.
Michaud[58] says, “The army of the Cross only remained two days in the
capital of Lycaonia. It marched to Laranda—now Karaman.” Ansbert[59]
writes: “If I desired to describe all the miseries and persecutions which
the pilgrims endured for the name of Christ and for the honour of the
Cross, without murmurs, and even joyfully, my efforts, even though I
could speak the tongue of the Angels, could not attain to the truth. Near
Laranda the crusaders were aroused in the night by a sound like the clash
of arms. It was an earthquake. In this the wise saw a sinister presage
of what was to come.” The pilgrims had no more to fear the attacks and
surprises of the Turks, but the difficult passage through the Taurus was
a great trial of their patience and their courage. The army was marching
down the course of the Selef, called in Turkish Gieuk Sou, a river which
rises a few hours from Laranda, and enters the sea not far from the ruins
of Seleucia (now Selefke). The Emperor Frederic was marching with the van
of the army, and the catastrophe which occurred is thus described by the
chronicler who was a witness of it: “Whilst the rest of the pilgrims,”
says Ansbert, “rich and poor, was advancing through precipices scarcely
accessible to wild goats or to birds, the emperor, who wished to refresh
himself (it was then in the month of June), and to avoid also the
perils of the mountains, tried to cross the rapid stream of Seleucia by
swimming. This prince, who had escaped so many perils, entered the water
contrary to the advice of all his suite, and was piteously drowned. Let
us be resigned to the secret judgment of that God to whom none dare say,
‘Why hast Thou done this? Why hast Thou made so great a man die so soon?’
Several of the nobles who were present hastened to succour the emperor,
but they brought him back to the shore dead. His loss troubled the army
deeply, some expired of grief, others, in despair, were persuaded that
God did not protect their cause, and renouncing the Christian faith,
embraced the religion of the gentiles. Mourning and unbounded grief
filled all hearts.” The Crusaders might exclaim with the prophet, “The
crown is fallen from our head, woe unto us sinners.” All the chroniclers
of the time deplore the death of the Emperor Frederic, and express the
same sentiment. They do not venture to scrutinize this terrible mystery
of Providence. “God,” says the chronicler Godefroy, “did that which
pleased Him, and He did it with justice, according to His unchanging
and inflexible Will, but not with mercy (if it be permitted to say so)
considering the state of the Church and of the Land of Promise.”
On the contrary, the Muslim chroniclers thank Providence, and regard the
death of Frederic as one of the Almighty’s great mercies. “Frederic,”
says Boha-ed-deen, “was drowned in a place where the water was only as
deep as up to the waist—a proof that God willed to deliver us from him.”
What great results might have arisen from an expedition such as the third
Crusade—the reunion of the most warlike nations of the West, and of the
three most powerful monarchs of that age! “Unless the Almighty, as a
mark of His bounty towards us,” says Ibn Alatir, “had caused the German
emperor to perish at the moment he had crossed the Taurus, later on it
might have been said of Syria and of Egypt, ‘Formerly the Muslimin were
masters here!’”
When the great empire of the Seljouks of Iconium came to an end, in 1308,
ten emirates arose from its ruins. Laranda was already in possession of a
chief belonging to the Turkman tribe of Karaman, who increased his power
by encroachments upon all his neighbours.
It was during the reign of this prince that the celebrated traveller,
“Ibn Batuta,” visited Laranda, in 1332. He says the town was governed by
Sultan “Bedr-ed-Deen”—“Karaman Oglou”—who had seized upon it by force,
and built there a royal palace. The traveller was received with great
honour by the sultan—who was returning from the chase—and rode with the
prince into the town as his guest. Food, fruit, and sweetmeats in silver
dishes, with wax candles, were sent to him in abundance, and when he took
his leave he was presented with a dress of honour, riding-horses, and
other gifts. The dynasty of Karaman, at first powerful and enterprising,
gradually merged in the rising house of Othman. First Mourad, and then
his son, Bayazid Ilderim, established the supremacy of the Ottomans over
their Seljoukian cousins. Nor, although the royal houses were united
by marriage, did the Karamanian princes cease to intrigue and revolt
against the house of Othman, till, in 1466, Mohammed II., the conqueror
of Constantinople, extinguished the remains of their independence, and
caused the last prince of the house of Karaman to be put to death. The
result would have been the same even under Bayazid, had not his overthrow
by Timour Lenk (Tamerlane) at Angora checked for a while the rising
fortunes of the Osmanlis.
DERBE.—Serpek, the supposed site of ancient Derbe, is about 60 miles S.E.
of Koniah, about 30 N.W. of Laranda, about 5 miles distant from the lake
“Ak Göl”; thus agreeing with the description of Steph. Byz., ad vocem
“Derbe”; only in this passage λιμνη (lake) must be substituted for λιμην
(port). He calls the place Delbeia.
Derbe was the residence and seat of government of Antipater, the
friend of Cicero. He also possessed Laranda, but was deprived of his
possessions and slain by Amyntas Tetrarch of Galatia, to whom the Romans
had given Isaura. Derbe seems to have gradually fallen into decay.
LYSTRA.—The site of Lystra has not yet been exactly ascertained; but the
ruins at Maden Shehir, in Kara Dagh, probably mark the place. They are
very extensive, and prove that the city flourished for many centuries
after our era.
A bishop of Lystra sat in the Council of Chalcedon in 451.
MOUT.—On the site of Claudiopolis, which was a colony established by the
Emperor Claudius.
The valley of the Calycadnus, in which it is situated, is the only large
and fertile level in Cilicia Trachœa. From its remains, it must have been
a considerable city. Very few historical events are related as occurring
at this city. In the year 492, Claudiopolis, which had been recently
recovered from the Isaurians by Diogenes, the general of the Emperor
Anastasius, was suddenly besieged by them and reduced to the utmost
extremity, but was relieved by John Cyrtus and Conon, Bishop of Apamea,
who crossed the Taurus by the passes to the south of Laranda, and being
aided by a sortie of the garrison, completely defeated the Isaurians; but
the bishop received a wound in the battle, of which he died.
Near Claudiopolis, also, the Isaurians, and all the brigand tribes of
Cilicia, who had revolted, were defeated with great slaughter by the
Imperial general, John the Scythian. The survivors, and their chiefs,
Ninilingis, Indes, and Conon, were besieged in Antioch of Cragus, and all
destroyed.
The castle of Mout was built by the sultans of Karaman, and in the mosque
are some tombs of the Karaman princes.
ISAURA.—Of the history of this city before the expedition of Alexander
the Great, nothing seems to be known. Probably its people, like the
Pisidians, a cognate race, maintained a virtual independence, and were
never reduced to subjection by the Persian Government. They seem to have
submitted without resistance to Alexander, but even before his death
Isaura and Laranda had revolted, and slain the Macedonian garrison and
their governor, Balacros, son of Nicanor. Perdiccas, who was regent for
the young king Alexander Ægos, speedily recovered Laranda, but Isaura,
which for a long period had been a rich and prosperous place, offered a
desperate resistance. After two days’ unsuccessful assault, the besiegers
had suffered severe loss, but the townspeople saw that they could hold
out no longer, and formed a dreadful resolution; they shut up their women
and children in the houses, set all on fire, and proceeded to throw into
the flames all their treasures and rich possessions. On seeing this the
troops of Perdiccas returned to the assault, but were again repulsed
with great loss, and retired to a distance. Then the Isaurians threw
themselves into the flames. When day came the troops of Perdiccas entered
the town and gathered from the ashes much molten gold and silver.[60]
For a period of nearly two and a half centuries there seems to be no
record of the history of Isaura. Then it reappears as one of the chief
towns of the Piratic Confederacy of Cilicia. The Roman Consul Servilius
(B.C. 75), in his campaign against this enemy, destroyed Isaura for
the second time. Later it was given by the Romans to Amyntas Tetrarch
of Galatia, who had long carried on war against the Isaurians, and
he determined to make it his capital. It was Amyntas who began the
splendid fortifications of the city, the ruins of which still remain. He
destroyed for this purpose the old Isaura, but did not live to finish
his undertaking, for he was killed by the Cilicians whilst attacking the
people of Homona.[61] Strabo says there were two towns, one called the
“old,” the other “euerkes” (the well-fortified), and subject to them many
other smaller towns, but all addicted to piracy.
About the year 258 A.D., Trebellianus, one of the many pretenders called
the Thirty Tyrants, during the reigns of Valerian and Gallienus, was
proclaimed emperor at Isaura, but he was slain, and the city probably
again destroyed, but[62] “this obscure rebellion was attended with
strange and memorable consequences.
“The pageant of royalty was soon destroyed ... but his followers,
despairing of mercy, resolved to shake off their allegiance, not only
to the emperor but to the empire, and suddenly returned to the savage
manners from which they had never perfectly been reclaimed.... In the
heart of the Roman monarchy, the Isaurians long continued a nation of
wild barbarians. Succeeding princes, unable to reduce them to obedience,
either by arms or policy, were compelled to acknowledge their weakness
by surrounding the hostile and independent spot with a strong chain of
fortresses, which often proved insufficient to restrain the incursions of
these domestic foes. The Isaurians, gradually extending their territory
to the sea-coast, subdued the western and mountainous part of Cilicia,
formerly the nest of those daring pirates, against whom the republic had
once been obliged to exert its utmost force, under the conduct of the
great Pompey.”
Ammian says that in his time Isaura retained but very few traces of its
ancient splendour.
Few further notices exist concerning it, but it continued to be the
capital of the Isaurian nation for many centuries more. In Byzantine
times, Ætius, Bishop of Isauropolis, was present at the Council
of Chalcedon, and Illuarius, of the same place, at the Council of
Constantinople. Its present state of utter solitude and desolation is
beyond description!
ISAURIA.—Of this rugged and mountainous district, only the north part
seems to have been well known to the ancient writers, and to have
contained towns and cultivated lands. The south part was almost unknown,
and so indeed it has remained even to the present day. Strabo names the
latter division Isaurike, the former Isauria.
Its people were of the same race as the Pisidians; they were ugly,
ill-grown, and barbarous, but very brave, and extremely skilful in
guerilla warfare and in the use of missile weapons. Their country though
mountainous was fertile, especially in grapes,[63] and this is one of
its characteristics now. Though at times reduced by the Roman arms, they
contrived to maintain their freedom and their savage, piratical habits.
So much annoyance did they cause to the neighbouring provinces, that
towards the beginning of the third century a circle of fortresses was
constructed around their country to keep them in check, but it proved
ineffectual to restrain them.
The Emperor Probus reduced many of their towns, and checked them for a
while by planting colonies among them, but soon these became as bad as
the natives.
After the third century, the Isaurians united with the people of Cilicia
Trachœa, and both countries took the name of Isauria. An account is
given of their plundering excursions by Ammian.[64] In A.D. 367 they cut
to pieces a Roman army under Musonianus; in 376 they overran Syria and
Pamphylia; and every year extended their ravages farther and farther.
S. Basil, in a letter addressed to Eusebius when in exile, mentions the
dangers of travel in the provinces. “Having heard,” he writes, “that
all the roads swarm with brigands and runaway slaves, we were afraid to
entrust anything into the hands of our brother [the messenger] lest we
should even cause his death thereby. But if the Almighty should vouchsafe
us a little tranquillity, if indeed we hear of the arrival of troops, we
will take care to send one of our people to visit you, and inform you of
all that concerns you.”
From A.D. 404-409, during the feeble reign of Arcadius, their ravages
were dreadful. The emperor issued the most severe edicts against them,
ordering that they should be slain whenever and wherever they could be
found—and even during Lent and Easter. A different policy was tried by
his successor, Theodosius II. A large number of Isaurians was brought to
Constantinople under one of their chiefs, Zeno, who was a pagan, and they
formed the garrison of Constantinople. Zeno died high in position and
honour under Marcian, successor of Theodosius II.
Leo I., the next emperor, brought a large number of Isaurians
to Constantinople, under a chief who bore the barbarous name of
Trascaliseus, or Taracondiseus. He had no merit to recommend him, is
even said to have been without courage, was vicious, ignorant, and rude.
Yet he gained the emperor’s favour; was made by him a patrician, Captain
of the Imperial Guard, General of the Armies of the Empire, and at last
was married to the emperor’s eldest daughter, Ariadne, upon which he
took the name Zeno. He was detested by the people, who revolted in 472,
and slew many of the Isaurians. The emperor made Leo the younger, the
son of Zeno and Ariadne, “Augustus;” and a few months before his own
death appointed the young prince his successor. But Leo the younger
only reigned six days alone after his grandfather’s death. Zeno became
guardian of his son, and joint emperor. The death of the young emperor
soon followed, it was supposed by poison. The reign of Zeno was one long
course of cruelty, avarice, and debauch, varied by fits of devotion. His
rapacity was extreme; yet at times, seized with a passing compunction,
he would distribute in alms the sums he had wrung from his subjects by
confiscations and heavy taxation.
He became at last so odious that a revolt broke out, headed by his
mother-in-law, Verina, and her brother, Basiliscus. The empress however
remained faithful, and fled with him into Isauria, taking with them all
the money that could be collected. The Isaurians in Constantinople were
cut to pieces, but the revolution was short lived. Illus, the general
sent to attack Zeno in Isauria, was won over, and brought him back to
Constantinople. Verina was reconciled to him, Basiliscus was forced to
surrender, and, though a promise had been given that his life should be
spared, he, with all his family, was sent to Cucusus in Cappadocia, the
place of exile of S. Chrysostom, and there, in the castle of Busama,
these unfortunate creatures were thrown naked into an empty cistern, and
so died of cold and hunger (A.D. 477).
Restored to the throne, the emperor seemed for a brief period inclined to
better courses, but soon gave himself up to fresh acts of cruelty and
debauch. In consequence, fresh disturbances broke out in 481. Marcianus,
brother-in-law to the empress, revolted; but after many vicissitudes,
the emperor prevailed. In 484 Leontius, also an Isaurian, conspired with
Verina and Illus, and proclaimed himself emperor at Tarsus; nearly all
Asia Minor was gained over by the rebels, but Zeno was saved by the Goths
in his service, who defeated Illus at Seleucia of Isauria. Leontius and
Illus were besieged in the fortress of Papyrium; after a siege of three
years the fortress was betrayed, and Illus and Leontius were beheaded.
Soon after this, the emperor, during one of his fits of excessive
drunkenness, was buried alive, by order of the Empress Ariadne. He was
succeeded, in 491, by Anastasius, who married Ariadne, and, to put an end
to the constant revolts which occurred in Constantinople, the emperor
ordered all the Isaurians to quit the capital, upon which a general
revolt of them and the other associated brigand communities broke out;
but the Goths, under John the Scythian, defeated them at Claudiopolis
(Mout).
The survivors and their chiefs were blockaded in Antioch of Cragus, the
place was stormed, and the Isaurian generals taken to Constantinople and
there tortured to death.
The Isaurian forts in the Taurus were all captured, many of the people
were transported to Thrace, the rest submitted, the emperor placed
Isauria under the government of a “comes” (military governor), Lycaonia
and Pisidia under “prætors,” with strong garrisons of troops to keep
order.
The Isaurian power was thus crushed, they were never again formed into
a separate corps d’armée, and were henceforward confined to their
mountains; but though their brigandage ceased, they always continued
barbarous and savage.
In A.D. 717, Leo, an Isaurian of low extraction, whose previous name
was Conon, became emperor. He is better known as Leo the Iconoclast.
In his reign occurred the famous schism between the Churches of Rome
and Constantinople, caused in great measure by the emperor’s hatred of
sacred images, and his persecution of those who venerated them. Although
Italy was lost to the Byzantine Empire in this reign, Leo seems to have
been an able, and, on the whole, a successful monarch. It is said that in
his youth his future greatness was foretold to him by some Jews, and that
he promised them, in case he came to the imperial power, he would put
an end to the worship of images in the Christian Church. From that time
forward Isauria and its people are not mentioned in history.
ITINERARY.
_Hours of riding; easy pace, and exclusive of halts._
Mersina to Pompeiopolis 1¼
Mersina to Tarsus 3
Tarsus to Asaab-el-Kef 1½
Tarsus to Adana 5
Adana to Giamli Keui 7
Giamli Keui to Osmanieh 4½
Osmanieh to Kizil Aghadj 11
Kizil Aghadj to Marash 7
Marash to Tchairlan Tchiftlik 7
Tchairlan Tchiftlik to bivouac 11½
Thence to Ajemli 10
Ajemli to ford on the Kayish and back 6
Ajemli to Kars 6½
Kars to Boudroum 5½
Boudroum to Hemita 1½
Hemita to Anazarba 8½
Anazarba to Sis 4
Sis to bivouac 9½
Thence to Adana 10
Adana to Kazouk Bash 7½
Kazouk Bash to Geuzlük Khan 7
Geuzlük Khan to Kulek Boghaz 7
Kulek Boghaz to Tchifteh Khan 6
Tchifteh Khan to Oloukishla 8
Oloukishla to Eregli 8
Eregli to Ibreez 3¼
Eregli to Devleh 8
Devleh to Serpek 6
Serpek to Karaman 8½
Karaman to Maden Shehir 7½
Karaman to Geuèzz 4
Geuèzz to Kestel 9½
Kestel to Mauga 6½
Mauga to Mout 5
Mout to Bejeh 7
Bejeh to Balabolu 7
Balabolu to Ermenek 8
Ermenek to Altoun Tash 6
Altoun Tash to Yenikishla 9
Yenikishla to Nounou 7
Yenikishla to Durgèller 4
Durgèller to Alata 6
Alata to Mernak 8½
Mernak to Khadem 2
Khadem to Ashikler 8
Ashikler to Isaura or Aijilar 1½
Aijilar to Elmasun 8
Elmasun to Karaman 8
Karaman to Ibrala 6
Ibrala to Kara Koyu 8½
Kara Koyu to Efrenk 9½
Efrenk to Geuzna 8¼
Geuzna to Mersina 5½
FOOTNOTES
[1] The myrtle along this coast is quite a large shrub, growing to twice
or more than twice the height of a man.
[2] Peasant cultivators.
[3] Ædif. lib. v. cap. 5.
[4] The name given to a tomb of any holy personage.
[5] Procopius, Ædif. lib. v. cap. 5.
[6] This was written before the Russian invasion and the fighting in
Bulgaria, &c.
[7] ‘Voyages,’ iv. 19.
[8] Resinous wood used for flambeaux, &c.
[9] Curdled milk, a very common article of food amongst the Turks.
[10] The reception room in a Turkish house for male visitors.
[11] It would appear, however, that _practically_ the Protestant
Armenians here enjoy complete religious freedom, as was evident from what
I saw on the following Sunday in their schools and churches, and their
fears of a Muslim outbreak against Christians, if not groundless, were
certainly exaggerated.
[12] Also called by the people of the country Saureen.
[13] Called in Kiepert’s map “Kermes Dagh,” but the Adaniots always
called it Kizil Dagh. Both words mean “red.”
[14] I was told at Adana that there is a colony of mining people at
Kursanti, a place N.E. from Kulek Boghaz, under Allah Dagh, said to be
descendants of the old Genoese. They speak Turkish, but among themselves
they use a language very like Latin, probably the Genoese dialect.
[15] The “zarf” is in shape like an egg-cup, and the “finjan,” a small
coffee-cup without handle, is placed in it when used, so as not to burn
the fingers. In a wealthy house the zarf is often of silver filigree
work, or of gold, and set with diamonds or other precious stones.
[16] In the immediate neighbourhood of the town are a number of stagnant
pools full of marsh vegetation, these alone would suffice to render
Eregli an unhealthy place.
[17] These men were the personal friends of Mohammed, and from them the
“Sunneh,” or “Traditions” of the Muslim Law, were derived.
[18] Compare Deuteronomy xxii. 12, and Numbers xv. 38; also the dress of
Aaron as it is described in Exodus xxviii.
[19] It may be interesting to compare some of the prices of times past
with those of the present day in Turkey.
The Baron de Tott, who wrote his ‘Mémoires sur la Turquie,’ about a
century back, informs us that the “asper,” of which there were three
to the “para,” was worth six deniers or one demi sol of France, equal
to 2½ centimes; but that a deduction of 20 per cent. must be made in
consequence of debasement.
The “asper,” therefore, was worth 2 centimes, and the piastre 2 francs 40
centimes. A hundred years earlier the piastre was worth nearly the double
of this. This we learn from a traveller named Poullet, who published an
account of his travels in 1668. “Thirty-five or forty ‘aspers’ made at
most from 25 to 30 French sols.” He says that at Van he expended for
himself and his horse one piastre per week.
The physician, Paul Lucas, who travelled in the Levant by command of
Louis XIV., in the years 1705-6-15, says that at Smyrna partridges were
sold at 1 sol each; woodcocks at 1½ sol. At the village of Kourou Kaidji,
not far from Baluk Hissar, the “katerji,” who accompanied the traveller,
bought a fine horse for 16 piastres.
The “seymens” (foot soldiers) who were stationed in the forests for the
protection of travellers, used to exact 4 paras from every Christian.
When Paul Lucas was leaving Cavalla, he met, at some 200 paces from the
town, a janissary, who attacked him, pistol in hand. “I drew out,” he
says, “one of my own pistols in order to obtain satisfaction for this
affront, but my valet, who was a sworn enemy of firearms, gave him 3
paras, with which the rascal was so well contented that he went off at
full gallop, firing his two pistols in the air.”
One may perceive what influence “paras” could exert in Turkey in those
days.
The same traveller writes, “At a village five hours from Ferré, six of us
dined for 4½ sols, and even filled our flasks. It may be imagined that we
did not fare luxuriously; but is it possible to obtain at less cost eggs,
butter, cheese, and above all good wine, of which we were not sparing?”
About the middle of last century, when the piastre was worth about 3
francs, the following were the prices of certain articles:—
At Trebizonde, wrought copper cost 30 paras the “oke” (2¾ lbs.
avoirdupois); walnuts, 7 or 8 paras per thousand.
At Rizeh, in the same province, Egyptian rice cost 60 paras per “kileh”
of 40 okes; the rice of Philippopoli, 40 paras; “Pastourma” (dried and
spiced beef) cost 10 paras per oke, sold by retail; black olives, 4 to
5 paras per oke; green olives, 13 to 14 paras; Crimean butter of first
quality, 20 to 22 paras per oke; filberts, 90 to 100 paras per “quintal.”
At Guerzeh, a place seven to eight hours from Sinope, planks of walnut
wood 8 feet long, 2½ feet wide, and 6 inches thick, cost 25 to 30 paras
each. Similar planks of plane wood cost 15 to 16 paras.
Joists of oak 8 feet long and 3 inches in diameter cost 3 to 4 paras
each. Planks of fir wood, narrow and thin, for constructing ceilings,
cost from 40 to 50 paras per hundred.
The authority for these prices is a book on the commerce of the Black
Sea, written by Peyssonel, a French traveller, in about 1750.
The same writer says that at Sinope a ship of war of two decks, pierced
for seventy cannons, and launched with her masts, but without rigging,
sails, or guns, cost only 15,000 to 16,000 piastres. A trading vessel of
three masts could be built for 1800 piastres.
In 1657 a Turkish galleon was wrecked in the harbour of Alexandria. It
was secured by fourteen anchors; the cables parted, as they had become
rotten from having been left nine months in the water. “The Turks,” says
Thevenot, “had never built so fine a galleon as this, not even that of
the Sultana, which was captured a few years ago by the Knights of Malta,
and which was so lofty that the cross-trees (?) of the Maltese galleys
did not come up to her deck.” She had been built at Constantinople,
and had cost about 38,000 piastres, but was already old. “She was
armed with 40 guns, and could carry 3000 men. On her first voyage from
Constantinople to Alexandria, this galleon had on board 2500 people.”
In 1820 a vessel built at Sinope cost 225,000 francs, without cannon or
rigging.
The same traveller, Thevenot, tells us what was the rent of rooms in the
khans at Constantinople.
“These khans,” he says, “are for lodging the merchants. If you wish
for any of the rooms in them you must speak to the porter of the khan
(the Oda Bashi), who keeps the keys of them; you must give him a ¼ or ½
piastre for the ‘opening,’ as they call it; and as long as you remain
you pay an asper, or two or three per day, according to the rent fixed.
Store-rooms for goods are let in the same way.” Thevenot died in 1667.
The freight of shipping seems also to have been very low. The Rev. Father
Doubdan, a canon of S. Denis, who made a journey to Jerusalem in 1651,
chartered a small vessel to convey him from Sidon to Jaffa, a distance of
some 120 miles, at a cost of 9 piastres!
[20] The Turks give the title of Sultan to princesses of the Imperial
family, but the title always follows the proper name. In the case of a
Sultan the title always precedes, e.g. Sultan Abd-el-Aziz. This princess,
daughter of Sultan Mourad I., was married to the Emir of Karaman.
But during Mourad’s absence from Brusa, on the campaign which added
Thrace and Adrianople to the Osmanli Empire, the Karamanians invaded
his dominions. The Sultan hastened to resist this aggression. On the
plain of Dorylæum the Karamanians were defeated, and their prince taken
prisoner. But the entreaties of his daughter whom Mourad loved, induced
him to spare his son-in-law, and even to restore to him his dominions,
an instance of generosity extremely rare in the history of the Osmanli
Sultans. Hammer Purgstall names this Princess Nefiseh, and the Prince
Ala-ed-deen.
[21] The point in the mosque towards which the Muslim turns in prayer. It
is in the direction of Mecca.
[22] But, on the contrary, I do not consider it at all difficult. It
seemed an open, easy road, and I am convinced that, excepting at one
or two spots, which might easily be rendered practicable, even heavy
artillery could be transported by this pass in its present state.
[23] The thunderstorms in Northern Europe are but slight in comparison
with them.
[24] Essaad Pasha married a niece of Sultan Abd-el-Aziz, was Grand Vizier
for a short period, and was then sent as Governor of Syria to Damascus.
He died there very suddenly in 1876, in the very council room. As usually
happens in such cases, there were suspicions, probably groundless, of
poison.
[25] Used instead of “Istighfar Allah” (استغفر ﷲ), “I beg pardon of
God,” a common form employed to express _surprise_ and, at the same time,
_expostulation_.
[26] The additional visitors had not been expected, and therefore no
extra provision had been made, but the rule of Turkish hospitality
demanded that they should be invited to partake.
[27] To prove that brigandage is at times rife in Asiatic Turkey, and
that the danger from it is really very great, I quote the following from
the ‘Levant Herald’:—
“Smyrna, March 9, 1877.—Owing to the exertions of his Excellency Sabri
Pasha, our Wali, the hydra-headed monster of our vilayet—brigandage—has
received a severe check, no less than twenty-eight brigands of different
bands having been recently either killed or captured. Sabri Pasha, tired
of the continual acts of rapine daily reported, resolved to finish with
these wretches, and for this purpose he divided the police into four
bodies, one of which was sent into the Saroukhan, the second took up its
position in the mountain gorges of Dalidja, in the sandjak of Aidin, the
third went to the Yundagh, while the fourth remained near Koula. In about
a week, they had captured or slain the greater part of the brigands. A
band that had been seen in the environs of Bournabat, having robbed a
zeybek of Kavali Dere, he with seven of his companions went after them,
and succeeded in shooting the chief and his ‘aide-de-camp.’ He wounded
another, took a fourth prisoner, but the remainder escaped. The head of
the chief, a Yourouk named Moussa, and the two prisoners, were brought
into Smyrna by their captors, who are to be rewarded for their victory.
“The following is a list of the brigands who have been killed:—The
Yourouk chief, Moussa, Keloglan, his ‘aide-de-camp’ (and five others, all
Muslim).
“The prisoners captured are Theodori, Costi, and Yiorghi, the receivers
of the different bands; Athanasi, Lambo, Christo Lako, all Christians;
Kanli Mehemet Ali, his ‘aide-de-camp,’ and eleven of their band; Ali, the
brother of Keloglan, and three others, all Muslim.
“Notwithstanding these important captures, the pursuit is still very hot,
and no doubt we shall hear of other captures. Nine zeybeks were seen a
few days ago near Sokia; they contented themselves with robbing a young
clerk belonging to one of the liquorice factories.”
At all events the Ottoman authorities do not favour and support
brigandage!
[28] ‘Handbuch der Alten Geographie,’ ii. 272.
[29] Vol. xix. 214.
[30] ii. 263.
[31] Arr. ii. 5.
[32] Arr. ii. 12.
[33] Ibid. ii. 20.
[34] Dion. Cassius, xxxvi. 20.
[35] Amm. Mar. xiv. 8.
[36] Strab. xiv. 668.
[37] Corn. Nep. in Datam. i.
[38] Dion Cassius, xlvii. 26.
[39] ‘Bell. Mithr.’ 96.
[40] ‘De Ædificiis,’ v. 5.
[41] ‘Travels,’ i. 81.
[42] i. 107.
[43] i. 347-9.
[44] i. 205-7.
[45] ‘Hist. de Tancred,’ 42.
[46] ‘Gesta Dei per Francos,’ 677.
[47] P. Lucas, pp. 345-49.
[48] Procop. ‘Ædif.’ v. 5.
[49] ‘Hist.’ iii. 21.
[50] Mai, ‘Collectio nova Vet. Script.’
[51] ‘Church Quarterly Review,’ Oct. 1875, “Theodore of M. and Modern
Thought.”
[52] ‘Erdkunde,’ xvii. p. 1809.
[53] ‘Histoire des Croisades.’
[54] ‘Lares et Penates.’
[55] ‘Ep. ad Atticum,’ v. ep. xx.
[56] Niceph. Phoc. 161.
[57] ‘Hist. Eccl.’ iii. 15.
[58] ‘Hist. des Croisades,’ ii., 86.
[59] ‘Bibliothèque des Croisades,’ iii.
[60] Diod. Sicul. xviii., 22.
[61] Strabo, xii., 6.
[62] Gibbon, cap. viii.
[63] Ammian, xiv., 8.
[64] xiv., 2.
GLOSSARY.
Ak, white.
Akshàm, evening.
Allaha issmarladuk, adieu, (lit.) “we have recommended you to God.”
Alma, an apple.
Arpa, barley.
Asr, late afternoon, (2) the prayer at that time.
Ayou or Ayi, a bear.
Bagh, a garden.
Bahmeah, the Hibiscus esculentus.
Bash, a head.
Bel, a mountain pass.
Billali, a whetstone.
Bin, a thousand.
Bir, one.
Boghaz, a strait, any narrow passage, the throat.
Bounar or Binar, a source.
Bouyourdi or Bouyurulti, a passport.
Bouz, ice.
Burghoul, pilled wheat.
Chèshmé, a fountain source.
Chibouk, long tobacco-pipe.
Dagh, a mountain.
Demir, iron.
Dere, a valley.
Dervish, monk, a poor person.
Dolma, anything stuffed, (2) stuffed vegetables.
Douloum, a measure of land.
Dourbin, a telescope.
Eiràn, buttermilk.
Fellahh, peasant cultivator.
Finjan, receptacle for a coffee-cup whilst in the hand.
Gedìk, a chamois.
Geuz, eye, (2) source.
Giaour, an infidel.
Gieuk, heaven, (2) light blue.
Göl, a lake.
Hànem, a lady.
Hareèm, portion of a house in which the females of the family reside,
(2) a wife, (3) the females of the family.
Harmàn, heap of grain.
Imām, chaplain of a mosque.
Irmàk, a river.
Jamaa, a mosque.
Kabak, vegetable marrow.
Kadi, Muslim judge.
Kaia, rock.
Kaimàk, thick cream.
Kalaat, a fort or castle.
Kapou, gate.
Kar, snow.
Kara, black.
Katerji, a muleteer.
Kawass, mounted police.
Kazouk, a stake.
Kedji, a goat, (2) goats’-hair cloth.
Ketràn, pitch pine.
Keui, a village.
Keul, ashes.
Keumeur, charcoal.
Keupri, a bridge.
Kibab, roast meat.
Kibleh, point towards Mecca, to which the Muslim turns in prayer.
Kilissé, a church.
Kizil, red.
Khayr, good.
Khoosh geldinez, (lit.) “you have come agreeably,” formula of welcome.
—— boulduk, formula of thanks, “we have found agreeably.”
Koufti, a kind of sausage.
Koyu, a well.
Kushàk, girdle, waist-shawl.
Maden, a mine.
Medjlis, a council.
Meidan, public place, piazza.
Moollah, equivalent to “rabbi,” “master.” Title of a learned person.
Mudir, an inferior governor.
Mufti, an expounder of the law of the Kuràn.
Mukhtar, the head man of the village.
Musaffir, a guest, a stranger.
Muslim, (lit.) “surrendered or resigned to God,” a Mohammedan.
Oda, a chamber.
Oghourlar ola, adieu! may you have a good journey!
Oglou, son.
Olou, grand, perfect.
Ova, a plain.
Pekmez (or petmez), inspissated grape juice, grape treacle.
Pilaff, rice boiled, and served with butter.
Pongar, vulgar for Bin(g)ar, springs, sources.
Redif, militia.
Sabàhh, morning.
Safa geldiniz, you are welcome!
Salaamlik, men’s apartment, reception-room.
Salyan, property tax.
Saman, straw.
Sara, yellow.
Sàrik, a turban.
Serai, government house.
Shehir, a town.
Sou, water, a stream.
Souriji, one who lets horses for hire.
Tahta, a plank, wooden.
Tahtaji, woodcutter.
Taktrovan, a litter.
Tash (vulg. Dash), a stone.
Tchai, a river.
Tcham, pine.
Tchatal, a pair of anything.
Tchelebi, a master, a gentleman.
Tchiftlik, a farm.
Ushirji, a collector or farmer of the dîme.
Vergui, property tax.
Wali, governor of a “vilayet,” or province.
Yaila, summer pasture in the mountains.
Yaourt, curdled milk.
Yeelan (vulg.), Ilan, a snake.
Yeni, new.
Yorghan, coverlet quilted with cotton.
Yourouk, wandering shepherds.
Zaptieh, mounted police.
Zarf, coffee-cup without any handle.
INDEX.
Abd-el-Kader, 202, 204, 205, 214
Abd-ul Aziz (Sultan), 43
Abeadæ, 305
Aboukir, 48
Abrinos, 257
Achyr Dagh, 104
Acre, 2, 213
Adalia, 351, 358
Adana, 10, 13, 17, 28, 29, 33, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58,
62, 64, 65, 67, 69, 78, 98, 101, 104, 122, 165, 168, 169, 170,
179, 180, 183, 185, 186, 187, 191, 193, 196, 197, 198, 199,
200, 201, 202, 205, 209, 215, 216, 217, 219, 231, 233, 235,
239, 268, 453, 459, 466, 470
Adrass Dagh, 337, 339, 341, 342, 343, 347
Adrian (Imp.), 50, 60, 65
Aghadj, 362, 372
Aijilar, 351, 406, 412, 420, 421
Aintab, 85, 86, 94, 100, 172
Aix-la-Chapelle, 219
Ajemi Kahve, 182
Ajemli, 105, 115, 117, 121, 122
Akar Jarun Sou, 122
Ak Dagh, 407
Ak Göl, 238, 278, 279, 297
Akkar (Mt.), 5
Ak Keupri, 216
Ak Monastir, 353
Ak Serai, 240
Ak Sou, 92, 93, 216, 217, 218, 219, 223
Aktcha Shehir, 286
Alata, 357, 378, 380, 382, 403, 407, 412
Alaya, 357, 387
Aleppo, 8, 9, 70, 85, 172, 223, 427
Alexandria, 1, 48
Alexandretta, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 80, 89, 103, 427, 473
Alexander (the Great), 39, 53
Ali Bey, 196, 197, 198, 209
Ali Zchartchi Keui, 420
Alhambra, 98
Allah Dagh, 214, 231, 265, 351, 357, 440, 456
—— Pongar, 146
Alma Dagh, 403, 407
Altoun Tash, 357, 359, 361
Alvanlö, 439, 442
Amanus (Mt.), 7, 30, 65, 69, 72, 73, 76, 84, 117, 123, 180
Anamas Dagh, 420
Anamour, 340, 449
Anatolia, 226
Anazarba, 91, 127, 138, 139, 142, 145, 147, 168
Anazi, 473
Ancketill (Mr.), 63
Andren Sou, 115
Angora, 226, 307
Ankart, 47
Antioch, 162, 172
Aradus, 4
Aratus, 21
Ardouste, 257
Armoodlu Dagh, 422, 423
Arra Sou, 28
Arslan, 140, 141, 142, 150, 168
Arwan Dagh, 420
Asaab-el-Kef, 41, 42, 43
Ashikler, 406, 422
Atchilan, 363, 368
Auchin, 46, 47
Auschar, 383
Avania (Mr.), 35
Ayash, 318
Ayass, 12, 53, 57
Azizlü, 76
Baalbec, 145
Baias, 70
Bagdad, 70, 473
Baghtche, 82, 85, 101, 102
Bahadurli, 119
Balabolu, 343, 347, 404
Bardat Dagh, 337, 339, 340
Basile, 46
Bassidius Lauricius, 366
Bazaar, 117, 121, 123, 124, 126, 127, 129, 139
Beaufort (Capt.), 22
Bejeh, 341, 356
Bektik, 239, 240, 279
Bel Amalik Dagh, 215
Berber Oglou, 225
Berlin, 7
Beshiktash, 227, 230
Beylan, 8, 9, 65, 103
Beyrout, 3, 4, 7, 10, 47, 167, 189, 453, 473
Bey Shehir, 400, 420
Bin Bir Kilissé, 301
Billali Bel, 82, 84, 86, 101
Boghosian (Mr.), 190
Bolat, 405
Boloukli, 457, 459, 463, 465, 466, 470
Bor, 267, 279
Bostànsu, 363, 366
Boudroum, 117, 121, 128, 143
Boujak, 139, 146
Bouzoglan, 257
Bozallah Dagh, 293, 297, 314, 317
Bozanti, 37, 215, 216
Bozoglou, 340
Bozboroun, 420
Bozkoyou Keui, 127, 139
Bulderoòhh Dagh, 214
Bulghar Dagh, 25, 60, 123, 205, 219, 223, 230, 236, 241, 257, 259,
265, 288, 437, 453, 473
Bulghar Maden, 221
Bussola, 425
Burrekli, 43
Caipha, 2
Cairo, 6, 157
Calycadnus (Riv.), 326, 327, 330, 335, 337, 342, 358
Capan, 157
Carmel (Mt.), 2
Caucasus (Mt.), 72, 207
Chelebi Effendi, 291, 294, 300, 433, 434
China, 196
Chomourlü, 30
Christian Keui, 463, 465
Cicero, 21
Cilicia, 18, 28, 31, 34, 179, 188, 213, 454, 455, 457, 471, 472, 474
Claudiopolis, 335
Commodus (Imp.), 126, 129
Constantius (Imp.), 36, 366
Constantin, 45, 46, 47
Constantine (Imp.), 118
Constantinople, 11, 56, 70, 79, 89, 173, 189, 472, 473
Cydnus (Riv.), 17, 31, 35, 37, 39, 40, 49, 61, 169
Cyprus, 18, 47, 116, 455, 459
Dalak Dere, 456
Damascus, 237, 453, 459
Damietta, 19, 20
Daoud Pasha, 79
Daoush Tepe, 340
Dedekoi, 245
Deirmen Deresi, 449
Deli Tchai, 29, 157
Delik Tash (Mt.), 105
Delta (the), 48, 76
Demetrius Theos, 89
Demir Kapou, 37, 323
Derbe, 273, 278
Dervish Pasha, 79
Devleh, 267, 268, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 286
Devrishli Bel, 82, 83, 101, 102, 128
Diana, 36
Diàrbekìr, 54, 172, 472
Di Dimitrio (Mr.), 36
Dingwall (Capt.), 454, 455
Dorak, 43, 203
Doudne, 257
Dourbin Dagh, 101, 107, 108, 117
Dourlaz, 245, 246
Duden, 238
Dumbelek Dagh, 210, 312, 318
Dŭngălă, 108
Dunuk Tash, 37, 104
Durgèller, 371, 373, 374, 377, 378, 379, 380, 382, 412
Durnebul, 358
Efrenk, 436, 445, 446, 449, 450, 451, 452
Egypt, 49, 57, 148, 166
Ellexi, 323
El Mamoun, 37
Elmasun, 423, 424, 429
El Oglou Tajirlis, 92
Endal, 139
Ephesus, 36, 42
Eregli, 197, 231, 235, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 246, 248,
257, 259, 260, 261, 264, 272, 279, 290, 300
Ermenek, 328, 337, 339, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356,
357, 358
Essaad Pasha, 3, 394
Eukeuz Pasha, 227
Euphrates (Riv.), 473
Eurymedon (Riv.), 314, 400
Evschenler Dagh, 422
Fishbach (Mr.), 52, 53, 54
Fischer (Major), 258
Frioul, 474
Geden Dagh, 337
Gelibel Dagh, 359, 361, 412
Geoffroi (Mr.), 468
Georgius, 118
Germanicia, 98
Geudètt, 320
Geueu Dagh, 357, 361, 417
Geuèzz, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320
Geumah, 323
Geunik, 422
Geuzlük Kalaat, 30
—— Khan, 203, 204, 205
Geuzna, 16, 449, 450, 451, 452, 457, 459, 462
Ghaibe Keui, 245, 246
Giaour Dagh, 10, 30, 78, 82, 84, 86, 92, 101, 102, 103, 108, 117,
123, 180
Giamli Keui, 68, 73, 75, 188
Gieuk Dagh, 400
—— Sou, 328, 337, 365, 366, 371
Gieurmeli, 352
Haberhauer (Mr.), 207, 208, 463, 471
Hadji, Emin, 389, 392
—— Hassan, 242
Hadjilar, 150, 151
Hadschilar, 351
Hadjin Dagh, 208, 209, 214
Haiwaabeh (Riv.), 214
Harpalik, 473
Hallam, Oglou, 269
Hamilton (Mr.), 307, 413
Hanna, 162, 165, 166, 167, 469, 470
Haroun er Rasheed, 30, 37
Hassan Dagh, 232, 236, 241, 264, 265
Hedjaz, 8
Hemita (Mt. and Ft.), 127, 134
Herzegovina, 209
Hethoum, 37, 45, 46, 47
Hissar, 279
Hodjilar, 387, 403
Ibrahim Pasha, 40, 57, 64, 65, 210, 211, 213, 214
Ibrahul, 335, 336
Ibrala, 434, 435, 441, 460
Ibreez, 240, 245, 247, 256, 257, 260, 286, 288
Ichma, 17, 450, 470
Ilamaz, 318
Ilan Kalesi, 69, 70, 73, 75
Iljibounar, 383
Imalu Sou, 92
Ipbrada, 387
Isaura, 314, 351, 400, 415, 453
Isauria, 314
Isauropolis, 416
Islahiyeh, 103
Ismail Pasha, 79
Jaffa, 2, 5
Jerusalem, 32, 42
Jeihaàn (Riv.), 76, 92, 104, 106, 107, 127, 137, 147, 157
Jevdet, Pasha, 79
Joannalius, 118
Joppa, 47
Julian (Imp.), 37, 366, 377
Justin (Imp.), 144
Justinian (Imp.), 37, 49, 50, 60, 65, 133, 144
Kadisha (Riv.), 4
Kaia Sholi, 108
Kaisariyeh, 27, 201, 226, 239, 240, 267, 292, 300, 332, 350, 358
Kalaat Keui, 29
Kallinal, 403
Kandji Kapou, 37
Kanlu Dagh, 101
Kapujan Dagh, 101
Kara Aghadj, 286
—— Bounar, 257, 264
—— Dagh, 232, 287, 293, 297, 301, 304, 305, 310, 417, 436, 440, 456
—— Dash, 56, 57, 180, 183
—— Khan, 96
—— Koyou, 436, 443
—— Osman Oglou, 363
—— Tash Yaila, 315, 318
—— Zengir, 423
Karajah Dagh, 101, 232, 236, 265, 272, 278, 417, 436
Karaman, 99, 194, 259, 276, 287, 290, 294, 295, 300, 303, 304, 311,
312, 314, 315, 317, 417, 428, 429, 434, 438, 440, 456
Karaman Oglou, 332, 344
Karanlik Dere, 456
Kara Pongar Tchai, 157
Kars, 117, 124
Kashab, 100
Kassaba, 426, 428
Kashgar, 196
Katbash, 42
Kayish (Riv.), 117, 120, 122
Kazan Ali, 102
Kazanji, 353
Kazanli, 29
Kazouk Bash, 198, 201, 204, 206
Keràn Yailasi, 326
Kereli, 127, 400, 420
Kertch, 285
Kesh, 123, 167
Kesik Tchai, 157
Kestel, 321, 322, 323, 326, 330, 334, 342, 350
Keulpongar Sou, 92
Keumerdli Keui, 159, 168
Keupèk Kalesi, 84
Keur Oglou, 182
Keurdts, 172, 197
Keurdt Dagh, 101
Keuteû Keui, 48
Khadem, 351, 352, 370, 380, 386, 387, 389, 391, 392, 394, 403, 407,
412
Khadj Bel, 105, 107, 109, 122
Khalil Aga, 225, 228, 231
—— Pasha, 28, 55, 56
—— Sultan, 295, 296, 344
Kharpout, 172
Khatouniat Jamasi, 295
Khedive (the), 1
Khunnet, 422
Kiepert (Mr.), 183, 231, 258, 400
Kilbassen, 302, 303, 304, 305, 308, 311
Kilik (Riv.), 53
Killim, 52, 151
Killis, 94, 100
Kirk Geuz Pongar Sou, 96
Kizil Aghadj Oldousou, 87
Kizil Dagh, 123, 180, 183
Kizilja, 362, 363, 368
Koniah, 186, 216, 229, 233, 235, 237, 239, 268, 269, 279, 297, 301,
302, 330, 400, 429, 471
Korou Dere, 348
Kotchy, 207
Koukerdt, 240
Koum Kalaat, 120
Kourt Kalesi, 70
Kremna, 417
Kulek Bazaar, 208, 209
Kulek Boghaz, 202, 210, 211, 213, 214, 217, 219, 236, 318, 321, 462,
463
Kursanti, 222
Kursoulou (Riv.), 106, 107
Kutchuk Ali, 70
Kuzeuran, 422
Kyriakos, 155
L’Anglois (Mr.), 30, 39, 47, 60
Laranda, 299
Larnaca, 459
Latakia, 89, 172
Leake (Col.), 365
Lebanon (Mt.), 5, 191, 214
Leo II., 37, 46
Leo VI., 157
Liparis, 21
Livy, 236
Lusignan, 157
Lycia, 314, 315, 341
Lystra, 308
Maden Shehir, 276, 301, 305, 307, 310, 311
Mahmoud Pasha, 28, 53, 54, 60, 187
Mako, 57
Mallus (Cape), 12
Malta, 55
Manchester, 189, 454
Marash, 84, 85, 86, 88, 92, 94, 97, 98, 101, 102, 103, 104, 108, 112,
128, 172, 178
Marash (Mt.), 340
Marseilles, 188, 189, 474
Mauga, 327, 328, 329, 330, 337, 342
Maurepas (Comte de), 257
Maurice (Imp.), 118
Mavromati (Mr.), 17, 27, 56, 291, 444, 459, 464
Maxentius, 118
Maximian Daza, 37
Mecca, 17, 37, 227, 395
Medina, 395
Mehemet Ali, 19, 20, 68, 213
Mekkeh Dagh, 264, 278
Melas (Riv.), 400
Melik el Ashraf, 157
Melemendji Keui, 201
Merdiballi Koyou, 48
Mernak, 385
Mersina, 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31,
37, 48, 52, 53, 57, 65, 66, 165, 169, 185, 188, 202, 203, 234,
291, 312, 356, 400, 431, 439, 442, 444, 447, 449, 450, 452,
453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 460, 463, 465, 466, 467, 468,
469, 471, 472, 474
Mesopotamia, 472
Messina, 472, 474
Messis, 56, 57, 65, 66, 67, 68, 75, 157, 180, 188
Metdesis, 473
Mohammad, 251, 395
Moltke, 258
Montgomery (Mrs.), 95, 102, 103
Mout, 318, 321, 322, 326, 330, 331, 332, 334, 335, 342, 347, 356
Muharram Bel, 359, 361, 362, 363
Mukhmel (Mt.), 5
Murad III., 70
Muscat, 472
Mustak Bey, 70
Nadjar Dagh, 101
Nahli, 165, 177, 198, 210, 225, 228, 321, 324, 338, 355, 370, 440,
441, 442, 443, 453, 456, 462, 467, 468, 469, 470
Nasheeb Pasha, 28
Nawàhi, 337, 359
Nazianzus, 232
Nazli, 127
Nemroun, 449
Nerva (Imp.), 144
Nigdeh, 94, 101, 201, 265, 267
Nile (Riv.), 49, 60
Nounou, 366, 380
Nour Dagh, 65, 69
Nusairi, 7, 439, 467
Nusairiyeh, 7, 14, 33, 467, 468
Oloubounar, 411
Oloukischla, 224, 228, 229, 231, 238, 239
Olou Jamaa, 62, 63, 98, 231
Oongoot, 104
Oroanda, 314, 400
Orta (Dr.), 64
Orta Oglou Keui, 139
Osmanieh, 78, 80, 81, 82, 101, 102, 128
Otter, 66, 257
Palermo, 474
Parascevopoulo (Dr.), 167, 168, 177
Parlais, 232
Paul Lucas, 37, 60, 262
Paul (Saint), 40, 41, 46
Pednelissus, 314
Pera, 472
Persia, 207
Peyronnet, 355, 356
Peyssonel, 263
Phaselis, 341
Philip (of Macedon), 53
Phocas (Imp.), 119
Pierides, 49
Pococke, 60, 65
Podandus, 216
Pompeiopolis, 16, 20, 21, 25, 26, 27, 129, 130, 143, 450, 473
Port Said, 2
Poullet, 262
Procopius, 39
Ptolemy Philadelphus, 21
Pylæ Amanides, 102
—— Ciliciæ, 37, 206, 209, 210, 211, 212, 216
Pyramus (Riv.), 56, 60, 66, 68, 69, 105, 128, 132, 134
Ramazan Zadeh, 62, 63
Ramleh, 36
Ritter, 257
Rhodes, 474
Roupen, 45, 149
Russia, 62, 196, 207
Sadik Pasha, 195
Safvet Pasha, 51
Saida, 2, 3, 68
Sakar Dagh, 101
Saleh Effendi, 240, 262
Salonika, 53
Samsoun, 80
Sarahaji, 377
Sara Toprak Sou, 110
Sarchizàlana, 340
Sardanapalus, 37
Sarichek Khan, 205, 206, 208, 211, 212
Sarimazi, 353
Sarinj, 385
Sari Ibrahimlü, 30
Sarijah, 245
Saroglan, 397, 422, 423
Sarus (Riv.), 17, 50, 56, 58, 60, 61, 69, 92, 169, 179, 183, 197, 216
Savroon (Riv.), 126, 138, 139, 147
Sazak, 383
Schalfoun (Mrs.), 167
Schiffmann (Mr.), 52, 163, 164, 168
Schultze (Col.), 213
Seidi Shehir, 419
Seiff (Mr.), 4
Selefke, 449
Selge, 314
Selim I., 63
—— II., 227, 261
Selinti, 340, 358
Sempad, 45, 46
Serpek, 271, 273, 274, 275, 285, 286, 288, 305, 436
Seur̀r̀ Dagh, 101
Shah-en-Nour Dagh, 358
Sheikh Ali Keui, 236
—— Meran, 73, 74
Siberia, 207
Sibilian (Père), 43, 44, 46, 47
Sidevre, 273, 287, 288, 290, 436
Sidon, 4
Sindal, 339
Sis, 112, 132, 149, 152, 154, 157
Skene (Mr.), 223
Smyrna, 167, 189, 313, 315, 400, 453, 459, 462, 463
Soli, 21
Sombaz (Riv.), 139, 146, 153
Sooranji Oushara, 113, 114
Soundrass, 450
Soushati, 338
Stamboul, 51, 79
Strabo, 39
Suleiman (Sultan), 63, 155
Sunnin (Mt.), 5
Tahta Keupri, 218
Taki-ed-Deen (Pasha), 28, 216
Tarsus, 17, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 47,
48, 50, 66, 163, 169, 174, 199, 201, 209, 453, 466, 467
Tattarachi (Mr.), 16, 17, 165, 457, 459, 464
Taurus (Mt.), 13, 39, 40, 66, 96, 170, 196, 238
Tchaian, 233, 235, 236
Tchairlan Tchiftlik, 106
Tchakàller, 377
Tchakallu, 92
Tchal Dagh, 347
Tchali, 52
Tchandeer Kalesi, 43, 44
Tchapan Oglou, 365
Tchardak, 82
Tchatak Bagh, 342
Tchatal Tchesmasi, 205, 326
Tchifteh Khan, 219, 221, 223, 231
Tchihatcheff, 278, 337
Tchili Dagh, 422
Tchivi, 323
Tchukour Bagh, 207, 209, 210, 211, 463
Tchukour, 363, 364, 412
Teghenkar, 47
Tejli Ova, 101
Tekerlèk (Mustafa), 436, 437, 438, 439, 445, 447, 459
Texier, 413, 414
Tiflis, 2, 363
Thaddæus (Saint), 47
Theodosius, 118
—— (Imp.), 42
Thevenot, 263
Tomashatlu, 404
Tont, 245
Toomlu Kalaat, 69, 157
Toussoun Ali, 223
Toprak Kalesi, 77, 78, 128
Toros Chakrian, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92
Tott, de (Baron), 261
Trajan Decius (Imp.), 42
Trebizonde, 51, 52
Tripoli, 4, 6, 7, 14, 172, 240
Tyana, 237
Tyre, 4
Upton (Capt.), 473
Vienna, 43, 207
Vourla, 474
Waiwai, 127
Xanapa, 247
Yàghjiler, 377
Yaka Keui, 30
Yakoob Beg, 196, 324
Yalinuztcha, 342
Yaramish, 48
Yaramiz Chèshmé, 202, 203
Yatar Tash, 334
Yazdama, 411
Yelboughi, 405
Yemasoon, 290
Yeni Kischla, 364, 370, 371
Yerkooblü, 371, 372, 403, 407
Yout Dagh, 358, 417
LONDON: PRINTED BY EDWARD STANFORD, 55, CHARING CROSS, S.W.