LAW AS TO REPAIRS.
After highways, town-ways, streets, causeways, and bridges have been
established, they are to be kept in such repair as to be reasonably
safe and convenient for travellers at all seasons of the year at the
expense of the town or city in which they are situated.
It is the duty of each town to grant and vote such sums of money as
are necessary for repairing the public ways within its borders; and
if it fails to do so, the highway surveyors, in their respective
districts, may employ persons, as directed in the statutes, to
repair the roads, and the persons so employed may collect pay for
their labor of the town. In order to make such repairs, city and
town authorities may select and lay out land within their respective
limits as gravel and clay pits from which may be taken earth and
gravel necessary for the construction and repairs of streets and
ways.[9] And they may turn the surface drainage of the roads upon
the land of the adjoining owners without liability.[10] But no
highway surveyor has a right, without the written approbation of the
selectmen, to cause a watercourse, occasioned by the wash of the
road, to be so conveyed by the roadside as to incommode a house, a
store, shop, or other building, or to obstruct a person in the
prosecution of his business.[11] Properly authorized city or town
officers may trim or lop off trees and bushes standing in the public
ways, or cut down and remove such trees; and may cause to be dug up
and removed whatever obstructs such ways, or endangers, hinders, or
incommodes persons travelling therein.[12] Even the boundaries of
public ways are so well guarded that when they are ascertainable no
length of time less than forty years justifies the continuance of a
fence or building within their limits; but the same may, upon the
presentment of a grand jury, be removed as a nuisance.[13]
[9] Pub. St. c. 49, Sec. 99.
[10] 13 Gray, 601.
[11] Pub. St. c. 52, Sec. 12.
[12] St. 1885, c. 123.
[13] Pub. St. c. 54.
It is so important that the public ways be kept free for travel,
that any person may take down and remove gates, rails, bars, or
fences upon or across highways, unless the same have been there
placed for the purpose of preventing the spreading of a disease
dangerous to the public health, or have been erected or continued by
the license of the selectmen or county commissioners.[14] A highway
surveyor acting within the scope of his authority may dig up and
remove the soil within the limits of the public ways for the purpose
of repairing the same, and may carry it from one part of the town to
another;[15] and he has a right to deposit the soil thus removed on
his own land, if that is the best way of clearing the road of
useless material.[16]
[14] Pub. St. c. 54.
[15] 125 Mass. 216.
[16] 128 Mass. 546.
Though the law is imperative that the roads must be kept in good
condition, and to this end gives municipal corporations great
powers, yet let no one who is not a highway surveyor or in his
employ imagine that he can repair a road not on his own land with
impunity; for it has been decided that if an unauthorized person
digs up the soil on the roadside by another person's land for the
purpose of repairing the road, he is a trespasser and liable for
damages, although he does only what a highway surveyor might
properly do.[17] It is also the duty of cities and towns to guard
with sufficient and suitable railings every road which passes over a
bank, bridge, or along a precipice, excavation, or deep water; and
it makes no difference whether these dangerous places are within or
without the limits of the road, if they are so imminent to the line
of public travel as to expose travellers to unusual hazard.[18] But
towns are not obliged to put up railings merely to prevent
travellers from straying out of the highway, where there is no
unsafe place immediately contiguous to the way.[19]
[17] 8 Allen, 473.
[18] 13 Allen, 429.
[19] 122 Mass. 389.
The roads are for the use of travellers, and a city or town is not
bound to keep up railings strong enough for idlers to lounge against
or children to play upon.[20]
[20] 3 Allen, 374; 8 Allen, 237.
The travelled parts of all roads ought to be wide enough to allow of
the ordinary shyings and frights of horses with safety, for shying
is one of the natural habits of the animal;[21] although it seems
that switching his tail over the reins is not a natural habit of the
animal, as it has been decided that if a horse throws his tail over
the reins and thereby a defect in the road is run against, no
damages can be recovered.[22]
[21] 100 Mass. 49.
[22] 98 Mass. 578.