FRENCH SPOLIATIONS BEFORE 1800.
These claims had acquired an imposing aspect by this time. They were
called "prior" to the year 1800; but how much prior was not shown,
and they might reach back to the establishment of our independence.
Their payment by the United States rested upon assumptions which
constituted the basis of the demand, and on which the bill was
framed. It assumed, _first_--That illegal seizures, detentions,
captures, condemnations, and confiscations were made of the vessels
and property of citizens of the United States before the period
mentioned. _Secondly_--That these acts were committed by such orders
and under such circumstances, as gave the sufferers a right to
indemnity from the French government. _Thirdly_--That these claims
had been annulled by the United States for public considerations.
_Fourthly_--That this annulment gave these sufferers a just claim
upon the United States for the amount of their losses. Upon these
four assumptions the bill rested--some of them disputable in
point of fact, and others in point of law. Of these latter was
the assumption of the liability of the United States to become
paymasters themselves in cases where failing, by war or negotiation,
to obtain redress they make a treaty settlement, surrendering or
abandoning claims. This is an assumption contrary to reason and law.
Every nation is bound to give protection to the persons and property
of their citizens; but the government is the judge of the measure
and degree of that protection; and is not bound to treat for ever,
or to fight for ever, to obtain such redress. After having done its
best for the indemnity of some individuals, it is bound to consider
what is due to the whole community--and to act accordingly; and the
unredressed citizens have to put up with their losses if abandoned
at the general settlement which, sooner or later, must terminate all
national controversies. All this was well stated by Mr. Bibb, of
Kentucky, in a speech on these French claims upon the bill of the
present year. He said:
"He was well aware that the interests of individuals ought to be
supported by their governments to a certain degree, but he did
not think that governments were bound to push such interest to
the extremity of war--he did not admit that the rights of the
whole were to be jeoparded by the claims of individuals--the
safety of the community was paramount to the claims of private
citizens. He would proceed to see if the interests of our
citizens had been neglected by this government. These claims
have been urged from year to year, with all the earnestness and
zeal due from the nation. But they went on from bad to worse,
till negotiations were in vain. We then assumed a hostile
position. During the year '98, more than twenty laws were
passed by Congress upon this very subject--some for raising
troops--some for providing arms and munitions of war--some for
fitting out a naval force, and so on. Was this neglecting the
claims of our citizens? We went as far as the interests of the
nation would permit. We prosecuted these claims to the very
verge of plunging into that dreadful war then desolating Europe.
The government then issued its proclamation of neutrality and
non-intercourse. Mr. B. next proceeded to show that France had
no just claims upon us, arising from the guaranty. This guaranty
against France was not considered binding, even by France
herself, any further than was consistent with our relations with
other nations; that it was so declared by her minister; and,
moreover, that she acknowledged the justice of our neutrality.
These treaties had been violated by France, and the United
States could not surely be bound by treaties which she had
herself violated; and consequently, we were under no obligation
on account of the guaranty. Mr. B. went on to show that, by the
terms of the treaty of 1800, the debts due to our citizens had
not been relinquished:--that as the guaranty did not exist, and
as the claims had not been abandoned, Mr. B. concluded that
these claims ought not to be paid by this government. He was
opposed to going back thirty-four years to sit in judgment on
the constituted authorities of that time. There should be a
stability in the government, and he was not disposed to question
the judgment of the man (Washington) who has justly been called
the first in war and the first in peace. We are sitting here to
rejudge the decisions of the government thirty-four years since."
This is well stated, and the conclusion just and logical, that we
ought not to go back thirty-four years to call in question the
judgment of Washington's administration. He was looking to the
latest date of the claims when he said thirty-four years, which
surely was enough; but Washington's decision in his proclamation
of neutrality was seven years before that time; and the claims
themselves have the year 1800 for their period of limitation--not
of commencement, which was many years before. This doctrine of
governmental liability when abandoning the claims of citizens
for which indemnity could not be obtained, is unknown in other
countries, and was unknown in ours in the earlier ages of the
government. There was a case of this abandonment in our early
history which rested upon no "assumption" of fact, but on the
fact itself; and in which no attempt was made to enforce the
novel doctrine. It was the case of the slaves carried off by the
British troops at the close of the Revolutionary War, and for which
indemnity was stipulated in the treaty of peace. Great Britain
refused that indemnity; and after vain efforts to obtain it by the
Congress of the confederation, and afterwards under Washington's
administration, this claim of indemnity, no longer resting upon
a claim of the sufferers, but upon a treaty stipulation--upon an
article in a treaty for their benefit--was abandoned to obtain a
general advantage for the whole community in the commercial treaty
with Great Britain. As these claims for French spoliations are still
continued (1850), I give some of the speeches for and against them
fifteen years ago, believing that they present the strength of the
argument on both sides. The opening speech of Mr. Webster presented
the case:
"He should content himself with stating very briefly an outline
of the grounds on which these claims are supposed to rest, and
then leave the subject to the consideration of the Senate. He,
however, should be happy, in the course of the debate, to make
such explanations as might be called for. It would be seen
that the bill proposed to make satisfaction, to an amount not
exceeding five millions of dollars, to such citizens of the
United States, or their legal representatives, as had valid
claims for indemnity on the French government, rising out
of illegal captures, detentions, and condemnations, made or
committed on their property prior to the 30th day of September,
1800. This bill supposed two or three leading propositions to be
true.
"It supposed, in the first place, that illegal seizures,
detentions, captures, condemnations, and confiscations, were
made, of the vessels and property of the citizens of the United
States, before the 30th September, 1800.
"It supposed, in the second place, that these acts of wrong were
committed by such orders and under such circumstances, as that
the sufferers had a just right and claim for indemnity from the
hands of the government of France.
"Going on these two propositions, the bill assumed one other,
and that was, that all such claims on France as came within
a prescribed period, or down to a prescribed period, had
been annulled by the United States, and that this gave them
a right to claim indemnity from this government. It supposed
a liability in justice, in fairness and equity, on the part
of this government, to make the indemnity. These were the
grounds on which the bill was framed. That there were many
such confiscations no one doubted, and many such acts of wrong
as were mentioned in the first section of the bill. That they
were committed by Frenchmen, and under such circumstances as
gave those who suffered wrong an unquestionable right to claim
indemnity from the French government, nobody, he supposed,
at this day, would question. There were two questions which
might be made the subject of discussion, and two only occurred
to him at that moment. The one was, 'On what ground was the
government of the United States answerable to any extent for
the injury done to these claimants?' The other, 'To what extent
was the government in justice bound?' And _first_--of the
first. 'Why was it that the government of the United States had
become responsible in law or equity to its citizens, for the
claims--for any indemnity for the wrongs committed on their
commerce by the subjects of France before 1800?'
"To this question there was an answer, which, whether
satisfactory or not, had at least the merit of being a very
short one. It was, that, by a treaty between France and the
United States, bearing date the 30th of September, 1800, in
a political capacity, the government of the United States
discharged and released the government of France from this
indemnity. It went upon the ground, which was sustained by
all the correspondence which had preceded the treaty of 1800,
that the disputes arising between the two countries should be
settled by a negotiation. And claims and pretensions having
been asserted on either side, commissioners on the part of the
United States were sent out to assert and maintain the claims of
indemnity which they demanded; while commissioners appointed on
the part of France asserted a claim to the full extent of the
stipulations made in '78, which they said the United States had
promised to fulfil, and in order to carry into effect the treaty
of alliance of the same date, viz.: February, 1778.
"The negotiation ultimately terminated, and a treaty was finally
ratified upon the terms and conditions of an offset of the
respective claims against each other, and for ever; so that the
United States government, by the surrender and discharge of
these claims of its citizens, had made this surrender to the
French government to obtain for itself a discharge from the
onerous liabilities imposed upon them by the treaty of 1778, and
in order to escape from fulfilling other stipulations proclaimed
in the treaty of commerce of that year, and which, if not
fulfilled, might have brought about a war with France. This was
the ground on which these claims rested.
"Heretofore, when the subject had been before Congress,
gentlemen had taken this view of the case; and he believed
there was a report presented to the Senate at the time, which
set forth that the claims of our citizens, being left open, the
United States had done these claimants no injury, and that it
did not exempt the government of France from liability."
Mr. Wright, of New-York, spoke fully against the bill, and upon
a close view of all the facts of the case and all the law of the
case as growing out of treaties or found in the law of nations.
His speech was not only a masterly argument, but an historical
monument, going back to the first treaty with France in 1778,
and coming down through our legislation and diplomacy on French
questions to the time of its delivery. A separate chapter is due to
this great speech; and it will be given entire in the next one.