------------------------------------------------------------------------
Transcriber’s Note:
This version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects.
Italics are delimited with the ‘_’ character as _italic_.
Footnotes have been moved to follow the paragraphs in which they are
referenced.
The alphabetic portion of the Glossary (pp. xviii–cxliii), which serves
as an Index, was printed in two columns, which cannot be duplicated in a
‘pageless’ medium. Nearly all entries reference the physical page in the
main section of the volume where it is discussed.
Footnotes have been collected at the end of each section.
Tables that fell within a paragraph are moved to the nearest paragraph
break.
Minor errors, attributable to the printer, have been corrected. Please
see the transcriber’s note at the end of this text for details regarding
the handling of any textual issues encountered during its preparation.
HISTORY
OF
CHRISTIAN NAMES
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Illustration]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
HISTORY
OF
CHRISTIAN NAMES
BY
CHARLOTTE M. YONGE,
AUTHOR OF “THE HEIR OF REDCLYFFE,” “UNKNOWN TO HISTORY,” ETC. ETC.
_NEW EDITION, REVISED._
=London=
MACMILLAN AND CO.
1884
[_All rights reserved._]
LONDON
R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS,
BREAD STREET HILL.
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
I cannot put forth this attempt without a few words of apology for
having undertaken it at all. The excuse is, chiefly, the attraction that
the subject has had for me for at least twenty years, from the time when
it was first taken up as matter of amusement. The difficulty of gaining
information, and the inconsistencies of such as I did acquire, convinced
me that the ground was almost untrodden; but the further I advanced on
it, the more I perceived that it required a perfect acquaintance with
language, philology, ethnology, hagiology, universal history, and
provincial antiquities; and to me these were so many dark alleys, up
which I only made brief excursions to knock my head against the wall of
my own ignorance.
But the interest of the subject carried me on—often far beyond my depth,
when the connection between names and words has lured me into the realms
of philology, or where I have ventured upon deductions of my own. And I
have ventured to lay the result of my collections before the public, in
the hope that they may at least show the capabilities of the study of
comparative nomenclature, and by classifying the subject, may lead to
its being more fully studied, as an illustration of language, national
character, religion, and taste.
Surnames and local names have been often discussed, but the Christian
name has been usually considered too fortuitous to be worthy of notice.
Camden did indeed review the current ones of his own day, and gave many
correct explanations, chiefly from the German author Luther Dasipodius.
Verstegen followed him up, but was more speculative and less correct;
and since that date (as far as I am aware) no English author has given
any real trustworthy information to the subject, as a subject. A few
lists of names and meanings now and then have appeared in magazines and
popular works, but they have generally been copies of Verstegen, with
childishly shallow and incorrect additions. One paper which long ago
appeared in _Chambers’ Journal_, was the only really correct information
on English names _en masse_ that I have met with.
The Anglo-Saxon names had been, however, treated of by Sharon Turner in
his history, and Mr. Kemble put forth a very interesting lecture on
_Names, Surnames, and Nicknames among the Anglo-Saxons_. Thierry,
moreover, gives several explanations, both of Saxon and Frank ones, in
the notes to his _Conquête d’Angleterre_ and _Récits des Rois
Mérovingiens_. These were groundwork. Neither Turner nor Thierry is
always right, for want of having studied the matter comparatively; but
they threw light on one another, and opened the way to the dissection of
other names, neglected by them, with the aid of an Anglo-Saxon
dictionary.
The Scriptural class of names was studied with less difficulty. Every
Hebrew one has been fully discussed and examined by the best scholars;
and the Greek, both biblical and classical, have received the same
attention, and are in fact the most easy of all, as a class. With regard
to Latin, much must be doubtful and inexplicable, but the best
information at present attained to was easily accessible.
The numerous race of German appellations has received full attention
from many ripe German philologists, and I have made much use of their
works. The Scandinavian class has been most ably treated by Professor
Munch of Christiania, in a series of contributions to the _Norsk
Maanedskrifts_, of which I have been kindly permitted to make free use,
and which has aided me more than any other treatise on Teutonic
nomenclature.
Our Keltic class of names has presented far greater difficulties. for
the Cymric department, I have gathered from many quarters, the safest
being Lady Charlotte Guest’s notes to the _Mabinogion_ and M. de
Villemarqué’s elucidations of King Arthur’s romances, Rees’s _Welsh
Saints_, Williams’s _Ecclesiastical Antiquities_, and Chalmers’s
_Caledonia_; the least safe, Davies’s various speculations on British
antiquities and the _Cambro-Briton_. These verified by Dr. Owen Pugh’s
_Welsh Dictionary_, and an occasional light from Diefenbach and Zeuss,
together with a list kindly extracted for me from the _Brut_, have been
my authorities in the Welsh and Breton departments. In the Erse and
Gaelic names I was assisted by a very kind letter from the lamented Dr.
O'Donovan, whose death deprived me of his promised revision of this
extremely difficult class, and left me to make it out to the best of my
ability from his contributions to the publications of the Archæological
Society, from the notes to those of the Ossianic Society, Chalmers’s
_Caledonia_, and the Highland Society’s _Gaelic Dictionary_.
From the first, however, I had perceived that the curiosity of the study
does not lie merely in the meanings of the sounds by which men in one
country are distinguished from one another. The changes through which
the word passes is one great interest, and for this I had been
collecting for years, from dictionaries, books of travels, histories,
and popular tales, whenever people were so good as to give the genuine
word, instead of translating it into English. Dr. G. Michaelis'
_Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Gebrauchlichsten Taufnamen_ left in me
little to desire in this respect, especially with regard to German
dialects, and I have used it copiously.
The history of names, however, seemed to have been but little examined,
nor why one should be popular and another forgotten—why one should
flourish throughout Europe, another in one country alone, another around
some petty district. Some of these questions were answered by history,
some by genealogy, many more by the tracing of patron saints and their
relics and legends. Here my great aid has been a French edition of Alban
Butler’s _Lives of the Saints_, where, in the notes, are many accounts
of the locality and translations of relics; also, Mrs. Jamieson’s
_Sacred and Legendary Art_, together with many a chance notice in
histories or books of travels. In each case I have tried to find out
whence the name came, whether it had a patron, and whether the patron
took it from the myths or heroes of his own country, or from the meaning
of the words. I have then tried to classify the names, having found that
to treat them merely alphabetically utterly destroyed all their interest
and connection. It has been a loose classification, first by language,
then by meaning or spirit, but always with the endeavour to make them
appear in their connection, and to bring out their interest.
In general I have only had recourse to original authorities where their
modern interpreters have failed me, secure that their conclusions are
more trustworthy than my own could be with my limited knowledge of the
subjects, which could never all be sufficiently studied by any one
person.
Where I have given a reference it has been at times to the book whence I
have _verified_ rather than originally obtained my information, and in
matters of universally known history or mythology, I have not always
given an authority, thinking it superfluous. Indeed, the scriptural and
classical portion is briefer and less detailed than the Teutonic and
Keltic, as being already better known.
I have many warm thanks to render for questions answered and books
consulted for me by able and distinguished scholars, and other thanks
equally warm and sincere to kind friends and strangers who have
collected materials that have been of essential service to me.
Lastly, let me again present my apologies for my presumption, when the
necessity of tracing out the source and connections of a word has led me
to wander beyond my proper ken; let me hope that apparent affectations
may be excused by the requirements of the subject, and express my wish
for such corrections as may in time render the work far more accurate
and complete. Let it be remembered, that it is the popular belief, not
the fact, that spreads the use of a name, and that if there is besides
matter that seems irrelevant, it has been rather in the spirit of
Marmion’s palmers,—
‘To charm a weary hill
With song, romance, or lay.
Some ancient tale, or glee, or jest,
Some lying legend at the least,
They bring to cheer the way.’
_March 9th, 1863._
------------------
After one-and-twenty years, I have been able to bring out the revised
edition for which I have long wished, having noted corrections as they
were kindly sent to me, and as I was able to make them. I am sensible
that the work is entirely incomplete, and as I have not studied
philology much in the interval, I fear the book has not gained by the
delay as much as it ought to have done. But at any rate, many errors
have been taken out, as well as much that was entirely useless and
irrelevant; and as no subsequent publication has taken quite the same
ground, I hope that the present form of the History of Christian Names
may occupy the niche all the better for the cutting off its
excrescences. With thanks to the many who have aided in the correction,
C. M. YONGE.
_July 25th, 1884._
CONTENTS.
PAGE
GLOSSARY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES xvii
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.
THE SPIRIT OF NOMENCLATURE 1
------------------
PART I.
CHAPTER I.
HEBREW NOMENCLATURE 7
CHAPTER II.
PATRIARCHAL NAMES 10
§ 1. Adam 10
2. Abi 11
3. Jacob 16
4. Simeon 19
5. Judah 20
6. Joseph 22
7. Benjamin 24
8. Job 26
CHAPTER III.
ISRAELITE NAMES 27
§ 1. Moses and Aaron 27
2. Elisheba, &c. 32
3. Joshua, &c. 36
4. Names from Chaanach 39
5. David 46
6. Salem 47
7. Later Israelite Names 48
8. Angelic Names 52
------------------
PART II.
NAMES FROM THE PERSIAN 56
§ 1. The Persian Language 56
2. Esther 57
------------------
PART III.
CHAPTER I.
NAMES FROM THE GREEK 59
CHAPTER II.
NAMES FROM GREEK MYTHOLOGY 61
§ 1. 61
2. Names from Zeus 61
3. Hera 63
4. Athene 64
5. Apollo and Artemis 64
6. Hele 66
7. Demeter 69
8. Dionysos 70
9. Hermes 71
10. Heroic Names 73
CHAPTER III.
NAMES FROM ANIMALS, &c. 76
§ 1. The Lion 76
2. The Horse 77
3. The Goat 79
4. The Bee 80
5. NAMES FROM FLOWERS 80
CHAPTER IV.
HISTORICAL GREEK NAMES CONSISTING OF EPITHETS 82
§ 1. Agathos 82
2. Alexander, &c. 83
3. Aner, Andros 85
4. Eu 86
5. Hieros 89
6. Pan 90
7. Polys 92
8. Phile, &c. 93
9. Names connected with the Constitution.—Laos, &c. 95
CHAPTER V.
CHRISTIAN GREEK NAMES 99
§ 1. 99
2. Names from Theos 99
3. Names from Christos 104
4. Sophia 106
5. Petros 107
6. Names of Immortality 109
7. Royal Names 111
8. Irene 112
9. Gregorios 113
10. Georgos 114
11. Barbara 116
12. Agnes 118
13. Margaret 119
14. Katharine 121
15. Harvest Names 123
16. Names from Jewels 124
17. Kosmos and Damianos 125
18. Alethea, &c. 126
------------------
PART IV.
CHAPTER I.
LATIN NOMENCLATURE 127
CHAPTER II.
LATIN PRÆNOMINA 131
§ 1. Aulus, Caius, Cnæus, Cæso 131
2. Lucius 132
3. Marcus 134
4. Posthumus, &c. 136
5. Numeral Names 137
CHAPTER III.
NOMINA 140
§ 1. Attius 140
2. Æmilius 140
3. Antonius 141
4. Cæcilius 143
5. Cœlius 145
6. Claudius 145
7. Cornelius, &c. 146
8. Julius 148
9. Lælius, &c. 151
10. Valerius 152
CHAPTER IV.
COGNOMINA 155
§ 1. 155
2. Augustus 157
3. Blasius 158
4. Cæsar, &c. 159
5. Constantius 161
6. Crispus, &c. 162
7. Galerius, &c. 163
8. Paullus and Magnus 165
9. Rufus, &c. 167
CHAPTER V.
NAMES FROM ROMAN DEITIES 169
§ 1. 169
2. Florentius 171
3. Laurentius 172
4. Sancus 175
5. Old Italian Deities 176
6. Quirinus 177
7. Sibylla 178
8. Saturn, &c. 179
CHAPTER VI.
MODERN NAMES FROM THE LATIN 181
§ 1. From Amo 181
2. ” Beo 182
3. ” Clarus 185
4. ” Columba 186
5. ” Durans 187
6. Names of Thankfulness 188
7. Crescens, &c. 189
8. Military Names 189
9. Names of Gladness 191
10. Jus 192
11. Names of Holiness 193
12. Ignatius 194
13. Pater 195
14. Grace, &c. 195
15. Vinco 197
16. Vita 197
17. Wolves and Bears 198
18. Names from Places and Nations 199
19. Town and Country 202
20. Flower Names 203
21. Roman Catholic Names 207
CHAPTER VII.
NAMES FROM HOLY DAYS 209
§ 1. 209
2. Christmas 209
3. The Epiphany 210
4. Easter Names 215
5. Sunday Names 216
------------------
PART V.
CHAPTER I.
§ 1. The Keltic Race 220
2. The Keltic Languages 221
3. Keltic Nomenclature 222
CHAPTER II
ANCIENT KELTIC NAMES 226
§ 1. Welsh Mythic Names 226
2. Lear and his Daughters 228
3. Bri 232
4. Fear, Gwr, Vir 237
CHAPTER III.
GAELIC NAMES 240
§ 1. Scottish Colonists 240
2. The Feen 242
3. Finn 243
4. Cu, Cun, Gal 245
5. Diarmaid and Graine 249
6. Cormac 250
7. Cath 251
8. Fiachra 252
9. Names of Complexion 253
10. Feidlim, &c. 256
11. Names of Majesty 257
12. Devotional Names 259
CHAPTER IV.
NAMES OF CYMRIC ROMANCE 264
§ 1. The Round Table 264
2. Arthur 266
3. Gwenever 268
4. Gwalchmai, Sir Gawain, and Sir Owen 272
5. Trystan and Ysolt 274
6. Hoel and Ryence 276
7. Percival 278
8. Llew 281
------------------
PART VI.
TEUTONIC NAMES 283
CHAPTER I.
THE TEUTON RACE 283
§ 1. Ground occupied by the Teutons 283
CHAPTER II.
NAMES FROM TEUTON MYTHOLOGY 285
§ 1. Guth 285
2. The Aasir 289
3. Odin, or Grîmr 292
4. Frey 294
5. Thor 300
6. Baldur and Hodur 303
7. Tyr 305
8. Heimdall 308
9. Will 311
10. Hilda 317
11. Ve 320
12. Gerda 321
13. Œgir 322
14. Ing—Seaxnot 324
15. Eormen 326
16. Erce 328
17. Amal 329
18. Forefathers 331
CHAPTER III.
NAMES FROM OBJECTS CONNECTED WITH MYTHOLOGY 334
§ 1. Day 334
2. The Wolf 335
3. Eber, the Boar 337
4. The Bear 338
5. The Horse 340
6. The Eagle 342
7. The Raven 344
8. The Swan 345
9. The Serpent 346
10. Kettle 347
11. Weapon Names 348
12. Thought 352
CHAPTER IV.
HEROIC NAMES OF THE NIBELUNG 355
§ 1. The Nibelung 355
2. Sigurd 356
3. Brynhild 359
4. Gunther 362
5. Hagen 364
6. Ghiseler 365
7. Ghernot 367
8. Folker 370
9. Dankwart 371
10. Theodoric 372
11. Uta, Ortwin 375
12. Sintram 379
13. Elberich 380
CHAPTER V.
THE KARLING ROMANCES 383
§ 1. The Paladins 383
2. Charles 384
3. Roland, &c. 387
4. Renaud 394
5. Richard 399
6. Astolfo 400
7. Ogier le Danois 402
8. Louis 403
CHAPTER VI.
DESCRIPTIVE NAMES 408
§ 1. Nobility 408
2. Command 413
3. Brightness 414
4. War 416
5. Protection 419
6. Power 421
7. Affection 426
8. Appearance 427
9. Locality 429
10. Life 433
------------------
PART VII.
NAMES FROM THE SLAVONIC 435
§ 1. Slavonic Races 435
2. Slavonian Mythology 438
3. Warlike Names 440
4. Names of Might 441
5. Names of Virtue 443
6. Names of Affection 444
7. Names from the Appearance 445
CONCLUSION.
MODERN NOMENCLATURE 446
§ 1. Greece 446
2. Russia 447
3. Italy 450
4. Spain 453
5. France 455
6. Great Britain 459
7. Germany 466
8. Scandinavia 469
9. Comparative Nomenclature 470
GLOSSARY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES.
The names here given are referred, as far as possible, first to the
language in which the form occurs, then to their root.
The original names, in their primary form, are in capitals, the shapes
they have since assumed are in Roman type, the contractions in italics.
A table is here given of the main stems and branches, with the
abbreviations used for them in the glossary.
HEBREW { Modern Jew (Jew.)
(Heb.) { Aramæan (Aram.)
ANCIENT PERSIAN { Persian (Pers.)
(Zend) {
GREEK { Modern Greek (Mod. Gr.)
(Gr.) { Russian (Russ.)
{ Italian (It.)
{ Venetian (Ven.)
{ Spanish (Span.)
LATIN { Portuguese (Port.)
(Lat.) { Provençal (Prov.)
{ Wallachian (Wall.)
{ French (Fr.)
{ Ancient British
{ (Brit.)
{ Welsh
{ Cymric { Breton
{ (Cym.) { (Bret.)
{ { Cornish
{ { (Corn.)
KELTIC {
(Kelt.) { { Ancient Irish
{ { (Erse)
{ { Modern Irish Dialect
{ { (Ir.)
{ Gadhaelic { Gaelic
{ (Gad.) { (Gael.)
{ Scottish
{ (Scot.)
{ Manx
{ Icelandic
{ (Ice.)
{ Norwegian
{ (Nor.)
{ Northern { Swedish
{ (Nor.) { (Swed.)
{ { Danish
{ { (Dan.)
{ { Norman
{ { (Norm.)
{
{ { English
{ { (Eng.)
{ { Scottish
{ { (Scot.)
{ Anglo-Saxon { Frisian
{ (A.S.) { (Fris.)
{ { Dutch
{ { Irish
{ { American
{ { (Am.)
TEUTONIC {
(Teu.) { { German
{ { (Ger.)
{ { Bavarian
{ { (Bav.)
{ Old German { Hamburgh
{ (O. G.) { (Ham.)
{ { Dantzig
{ { (Dan.)
{ { Swiss
{
{ Frank French
{
{ Gothic { Spanish
{ (Goth.) { (Span.)
{ { Portuguese
{ { (Port.)
{
{ Lombardic { Italian
{ (Lomb.) { (It.)
{ Russian (Russ.)
{ Slovak (Slov.)
{ Bohemian (Bohm.)
{ Polish (Pol.)
SLAVONIC { Hungarian (Hung.)
{ Lithuanian (Lith.)
{ Lettish (Lett.)
{ Illyrian (Ill.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
A
Aaron, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. mountain, 27
AASBJORN, _m._ _Nor._ Ten. divine bear, 290
AASIR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. the gods, 289.
AASOLFR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine wolf, 290
AASTA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. love, 401
AASVALDR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine power, 291
Abacuck, _m._ _Scot._ Heb. embracing, 51
_Abban_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. white, 157
Abel, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. breath, 11
Abelard, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble firmness.
Abellona, _f._ _Dan._ Gr. of Apollo, 65
Abigail, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. father of joy, 12
Abimelech, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. father of the king, 12
Abishalom, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. father of peace, 12
Abner, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. father of light.
_Abiud_, _m._ _Eng._ Dan. Heb. father of praise, 20
_Abra_, _f._ _Cambrai_, Heb. father of a multitude, 11
Abram, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. father of height, 11
Absalom, _m._ _Eng._ Dan. Heb. father of peace, 12
_Aby_, _m._ _Am._ Heb. father of multitudes, 12
Accepted, _m._ _Eng._ Accius, _m._ Lat. 140
Achaius, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt, horseman, 276
Achashverosh, _m._ _Heb._ Zend, venerable king, 57
Achill, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. without lips (?), 74
Achilla, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. without lips (?), 74
Achille, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. without lips (?), 74
Achillea, _f._ _It._ Gr. without lips (?), 74
Achilles, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. without lips (?), 74
ACHILLEUS, _Gr._(?) without lips, 74
Achim, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38
Achsah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. anklet, 38
_Acim_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38
_Actma_, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38
Ada, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. happy.
Adah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. ornament, 7
Adalard, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. nobly firm, 412
ADALBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly bright, 410
Adalfieri, _m._ _It._ Teu. noble pledge, 409
ADALGAR, _m._ _Lom._ Teu. noble spear, 412
ADALGISE, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. noble pledge, 409
ADALGISL, _m._ _Lom._ Teu. noble pledge, 409
ADALHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly stern, 412
ADALHEID, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble cheer, 412
ADALPOLT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly bold, 412
ADALRIK, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. noble king, 412
Adalrik, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble ruler, 412
ADALTAC, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble day, 413
Adam, _m._ _Eng._ Fr. Dutch, Ger. Dan. Heb. red earth, 10
Adamina, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. red earth, 10
_Adamk_, _m._ _Lus._ Heb. red earth, 10
_Adamnan_, _m._ _Scot._ Heb. Lat. dwarf Adam, 10
_Adamnanus_, _m._ _Lat._ Heb. dwarf Adam, 10
Adamo, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. red earth, 10
_Adams_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. red earth, 10
_Addala_, _f._ _Lett._ Teu. noble cheer, 412
_Addo_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. noble cheer, 412
_Addy_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble threatener, 411
_Ade_, _m._ _Flem._ Heb. red earth, 10
Adela, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble cheer, 411
Adelaïda, _f._ _Rom._ Russ. Teu. noble cheer, 411
Adelaide, _f._ _Fr._ Eng. Ger. Teu. noble cheer, 411
Adelaïs, _f._ _Old. Fr._ Teu. noble cheer, 411
Adelajda, _f._ _Slov._ Teu. noble cheer, 411
ADELAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble eagle, 412
ADELBERN, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble bear, 412
Adelbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly bright, 412
Adelberta, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly bright, 412
Adelbold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly bold, 412
Adelbrecht, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly bright, 412
Adelburg, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble protection, 412
Adelchis, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. noble pledge, 412
Adèle, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. Teu. noble cheer, 411
Adeleve, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble gift, 412
ADELFRID, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble peace, 412
ADELGAR, noble spear, 412
Adelgard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble guard, 412
Adelgis, noble pledge, 412
Adelgonda, _f._ _Rom._ Teu. noble war, 412
Adelgonde, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. noble war, 412
Adelgunde, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble war, 412
ADELHART, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly firm, 412
Adelhelm, noble helmet, 412
ADELHELM, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble helmet, 412
ADELHILD, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble battle maid, 413
Adelhold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly firm, 412
Adelicia, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. noble cheer, 412
Adelina, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble manner, 413
Adelinde, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble snake, 413
Adeline, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble snake, 413
Adelschalk, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble servant, 413
Adelswinde, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble strength, 413
Adeltrude, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble maid, 412
Adelulf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble wolf, 412
Adelwin, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble friend, 412
Ademaro, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. fierce greatness, 304
Adeodat, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. by God given, 188
ADEODATUS, _m._ _Lat._ by God given, 188
Adhémar, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. fierce greatness, 304
Adilo, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble, 412
_Ado_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. noble, 412
Adolf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble wolf, 409
Adolfine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble wolf, 409
Adolfo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. noble wolf, 409
Adolphe, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. noble wolf, 409
Adolphus, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble wolf, 409
Adoncia, _f._ _Span._ Lat. sweet, 196
Adosinda, _f._ _Span._ Teu. fierce strength, 305
Adriaan, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. from Adria, 156
Adrian, _m._ _Eng._ Ger. Lat. from Adria, 156
Adriana, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. from Adria, 156
Adriane, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. from Adria, 156
Adriano, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. from Adria, 156
ADRIANUS, _m._ _Lat._ N.L.D. Lat. from Adria, 157
Adrien, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. from Adria, 156
Adrienne, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. from Adria, 156
Aed, _m._ _Welsh_. Kelt. fire, 226
Aeddon, _m._ _Welsh_. Kelt. 226
AEDH, _m._ _Erse_. Kelt. fire, 226
Ægidius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. with the Ægis, 79
ÆLF, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. elf, 380
ÆLFGIFU, _f._ _A. S._ Teu. elf gift, 380
ÆLFHÆG, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. high as an elf, 381
ÆLFHELM, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. elf helmet, 381
ÆLFRED, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. elf council, 381
ÆLFRIC, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. elf ruler, 381
ÆLFTHRYTH, _f._ _A. S._ Teu. threatening elf, 382
ÆLFWINE, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. elf darling, 382
ÆLFWOLD, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. elf ruler, 382
ÆLIANUS, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. of the sun, 191
Ælla, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. elf friend, 382
Ælle, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. elf friend, 382
ÆMILIA, _f._ _Lat._ work (?), 141
Æmiliana, _f._ _Lat._ work (?), 141
Æmilianus, _m._ _Lat._ work (?), 141
ÆMILIUS, _m._ _Lat._ work (?), 141
Æneas, _m._ _Lat._ praise (?), 74
AENGHAS, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. excellent virtue, 242
ÆTHELBALD, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. noble prince, 349
ÆTHELBRYHT, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. nobly bright, 412
ÆTHELFLED, _f._ _A. S._ Teu. noble increase, 412
ÆTHELGIFU, _f._ _A. S._ Teu. noble gift, 409
ÆTHELHILD, _f._ _A. S._ Teu. noble battle maid, 412
ÆTHELRED, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. noble council, 410
ÆTHELRIC, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. noble ruler, 409
ÆTHELSTAN, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. noble stone, 412
ÆTHELTHRYTH, _f._ _A. S._ Teu. noble threatener, 411
ÆTHELWARD, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. noble guard, 412
ÆTHELWINE, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. noble friend, 412
ÆTHELWOLF, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. noble wolf, 409
_Aëtius_, _m._ _Lat._
Afanassij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. undying, 109
Affonso, _m._ _Port._ eagerness for war, 305
Affrica, _f._ _Manx_, Irish, Kelt. pleasant, 230
Afonso, _m._ _Port._ eagerness for war, 305
Agafia, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. good, 82
Agafon, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. good, 82
Agape, _f._ _Gr._ love, 113
Agapit, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. loved, 113
Agata, _f._ _It._ Span. Swed. Slov. Ger. good, 82
AGATHA, _f._ _Eng._ Hung. Gr. good, 82
_Agathe_, _f._ _Fr._ Ger. Gr. good, 82
AGATHIAS, _m._ _Gr._ good, 82
Agathocles, _m._ _Gr._ good fame, 82
Agathon, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. good, 82
Aggate, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. good, 82
Aggie, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pure, 119
Agilard, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. formidably bright, 328
Agilbert, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. formidably bright, 323
Agilo, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. formidable, 322
Agiltrude, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. formidable maiden, 323
Agilulf, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. formidable wolf, 323
Agilward, _m._ _Norm._ Teu. formidable guardian, 323
AGINHAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. formidable warrior, 323
Aglaé, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. brightness, 72
AGLAIA, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. brightness, 72
Aglaja, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. brightness, 72
_Agmund_, _m._ _Nor._ awful protection, 323
Agnar, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. formidable warrior, 323
_Agne_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. formidable warrior, 323
Agnello, _m._ _It._ Gr. pure, 119
AGNES, _f._ _Dan._ Eng. Ger. Fr. Gr. pure, 119
Agnesca, _f._ _It._ Gr. pure, 119
Agnese, _f._ _It._ Gr. pure, 119
Agnesija, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. pure, 119
Agnessa, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. pure, 119
Agneta, _f._ _Eng._ Swiss, Gr. pure, 119
Agnete, _f._ _Dan._ Gr. pure, 119
Agnies, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. pure, 119
Agnizka, _f._ _Pol._ Gr. pure, 119
Agnola, _f._ _It._ Gr. angel, 53
Agnolo, _m._ _It._ Gr. angel, 53
Agnyta, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. pure, 119
Agostina, _f._ _It._ Lat. venerable, 158
Agostinha, _f._ _Port._ Lat. venerable, 158
Agostinho, _f._ _Port._ Lat. venerable, 158
Agostino, _m._ _It._ Lat. venerable, 158
Agoston, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. venerable, 158
Agrafina, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. born with the feet foremost, 156
AGRICOLA, _m._ _Lat._ Lat. field tiller.
AGRIPPA, _m._ _Lat._ Lat. born with the feet foremost, 156
Agrippina, _f._ _Lat._ Lat. born with the feet foremost, 156
Agrippine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. born with the feet foremost, 156
Agueda, _f._ _Port._ Gr. pure, 57
Ahasuerus, _m._ _Eng._ Pers. venerable king.
_Ahrens_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. powerful eagle, 342
Ahrold, _m._ powerful eagle, 342
AIAS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. eagle, 342
Aidan, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. fire, 226
AIGIDIOS, _m._ _Gr._ with the Ægis, 79
Aileen, _f._ _Ir._ Gr. light, 67
Aileve, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. elf gift, 380
_Ailie_, _f._ _Scot._ Teu. famed war, 406
Aimable, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. lovable.
Aimée, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. loved.
_Aimerich_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. work ruler, 331
_Aimery_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. work ruler, 331
AINÈ, _f._ _Erse_. Kelt. joy, 230
Aineceallach, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. joyful war, 230
AINEIAS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. praise, 174
AISTULF, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. swift wolf, 335
Akilina, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. eagle, 156
_Akim_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38
Akulnia, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. eagle, 156
Ala, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. holy (?), 402
Alaf, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. forefather’s relic, 332
Alain, _m._ _Fr._ It. Lat. cheerful (?), Kelt. harmony, 279
Alan, _m._ _Scot._ Ger. Lat. cheerful (?), Kelt. harmony, 279
Alane, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. cheerful, Kelt. harmony, 279
_Alard_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly stern, 409
Alaric, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble ruler, 409
Alarich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble ruler, 409
Alaster, _m._ _Gael._ Ger. helper of men, 85
Alatea, _f._ _Span._ Gr. truth, 126
ALAWN, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. harmony, 279
Alban, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. white, 157
ALBANUS, _m._ _Lat._ white, 157
Albany, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. white, 157
Albar, _m._ _Lat._ Span. white, 157
Alberia, _f._ _Span._ Lat. white (?), 157
Alberic, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. elf king, 380
Alberich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. elf king, 380
Alberico, _m._ _It._ Teu. elf king, 380
Albert, _m._ _Eng._ Fr. Russ. Pol. Teu. nobly bright, 410
Alberta, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. nobly bright, 410
Albertine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly bright, 410
Albertino, _m._ _It._ Teu. nobly bright, 410
Alberto, _m._ _It._ Teu. nobly bright, 410
Albin, _f._ _Erse_. Kelt. white (?), 157
Albin, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. white, 157
Albina, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. white, 157
Albinia, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. white (?), 157
Albino, _m._ _Rom._ Lat. white, 157
Alboin, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. elf friend, 380
Alboino, _m._ _Lomb._ Teu. elf friend, 380
Albrecht, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly bright, 412
Albwin, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. elf friend, 380
_Alcuin_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. hall friend, 382
_Alcuinus_, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. hall friend, 382
Alda, _f._ It. _Lat._ Eng. Teu. rich, 376
Aldclatha, _f._ _Gael._ Kelt. decaying beauty.
Aldebert, _m._ _Eng._ Ger. Teu. nobly bright, 410
Aldegonde, _f._ _Flem._ Teu. noble war, 410
Alderich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble ruler, 412
Aldgitha, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble gift, 412
Aldhelm, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble helmet, 412
Aldobrando, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. battle sword, 318
Aldonça, _f._ _Span._ Lat. the sweet, 196
Aldrovando, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. battle sword, 318
Aléard, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. nobly stern, 412
Aléarda, _f._ _Prov._ Teu. nobly stern, 412
Aleardo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. nobly stern, 412
Aleixo, _m._ _Port._ God helper, 85
Alejandro, _m._ _Span._ Teu. helper of men, 85
Alejo, _m._ _Span._ Gr. helper, 85
Aleks, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. helper, 85
Aleksa, _m._ _Serv._ Gr. helper, 85
Aleksajeder, _m._ _Slav._ Gr. helper of men, 85
Aleksander, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. helper of men, 85
Aleksije, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. helper of men, 85
_Ales_, _m._ _Slav._ Gr. helper, 85
Alessandra, _f._ _Ital._ Gr. helper of men, 84
Alessandro, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. helper of man, 85
_Alessio_, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. helper, 85
Aletea, _f._ _Span._ Gr. truth, 126
ALETHEA, _f._ _Eng._ Ger. Gr. truth, 126
Alexander, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. helper of men, 85
Alexandr, _m._ _Bohm._ Gr. helper of men, 84
Alexandra, _Eng._ Gr. 84
Alexandre, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. helper of men, 85
Alexandrina, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. helper of men, 84
Alexandrine, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. helper of men, 84
ALEXANDROS, _m._ _Gr._ helper of men, 85
Alexe, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. helper, 85
Alexia, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. helper, 84
Alexis, _m._ _Eng._ Ger. Gr. helper, 85
ALEXIOS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. helper, 85
Alexius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. helper, 85
ALFDIS, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. household spirit, 380
ALFGEJR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. elf spear, 380
ALFGERDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. elf woman, 380
ALFHEIDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. elf cheerfulness, 380
_Alfhild_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. elf battle maid, 380
_Alfliotr_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. elf terror, 380
Alfonso, _m._ _Span._ Teu. eager for battle, 320
Alfred, _m._ _Eng._ Fr. Teu. elf council, 380
Alfreda, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. elf council, 380
Alfredo, _m._ _It._ Teu. elf council, 380
Alfried, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. elf council, 380
ALFR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. elf, 380
_Algar_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. hall spear, 380
ALGERNON, _m._ _Eng._ Fr. with whiskers, 427
Alice, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble cheer, 409
Alicia, _f._ _Ir._ Teu. noble cheer, 409
_Alick_, _m._ _Scot._ Gr. helper of men, 85
Alienor, _f._ _Prov._ Gr. light, 67
_Aline_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble, 409
Alison, _f._ _Scot._ Teu. famous war, 406
Alitea, _f._ _It._ Gr. truth, 126
Alix, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. noble cheer, 409
Allan, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. cheerful (?), 280
Allen, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. cheerful (?), 280
Allighiero, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. noble spear, 412
ALMA, _f._ _Lat._ fair, 224
ALMA, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. all good, 224
_Alma_, _f._ _Eng._ Russ. (from the river), 224
Almedha, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. shapely (?), 273
Almeric, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. work ruler, 331
Almerigo, _m._ _Sp._ Teu. work ruler, 331
Almund, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. hall protection, 382
Aloïs, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famous war, 405
Aloisia, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. famous war, 405
Aloïsio, _m._ _It._ Teu. famous war, 405
Aloizia, _f._ _Bohm._ Teu. famous war, 405
Alonso, _m._ _Span._ Teu. eager for battle, 320
Aloys, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. famous war, 405
Alphege, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. tall as an elf, 381
Alphonse, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. battle eager, 320
Alphonsine, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. battle eager, 320
Alphonso, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. battle eager, 320
_Alpin_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. elf, 380
_Alpinolo_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. elf friend, 380
_Alric_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. hall ruler, 380
Alswytha, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. hall strength, 380
ALTHEA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. wholesome, 126
_Alured_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. elf peace, 380
Alvar, _m._ _Span._ Port. Lat. white, 157
Alwine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. elf friend, 380
Alysander, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. helper of man, 85
Amabel, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. lovable, 182
AMABILIS, _m._ _Lat._ lovable, 182
Amable, _m._ _Fr._ lovable, 181
AMADAS, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. husbandman, 182
Amadé, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. love God, 182
Amadeo, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. love God, 182
AMADEUS, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. love God, 182
Amadigi, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. love God, 182
Amadis, _m._ _Span._ Lat. love God, 182
Amadore, _m._ _Flor._ Lat. lover, 182
AMAETHON, _m._ _Kymric._ Kelt. husbandman, 182
AMALA, _f._ _Lomb._ work, 330
Amalasontha, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. work strength, 330
AMALASWIND, _f._ _Lomb._ Teu. work strength, 330
AMALBERGA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. work protection, 330
AMALBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. work bright, 330
AMALBERTA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. work bright, 330
AMALFRIED, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. work peace, 330
AMALFRIDA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. fair work, 330
AMALGAID, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. work, or spotless (?), 330
_Amalgund_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. work war, 330
Amalia, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. work, 330
Amalie, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. work, 330
Amalija, _f._ _Russ._ Slov. Teu. work, 330
_Amalilda_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. work battle maid, 330
AMALINA, _f._ _Goth._ Teu. work serpent, 330
AMALRICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. work ruler, 330
_Amaltrude_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. work maiden, 330
Amand, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. worthy to be loved, 181
Amanda, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. worthy to be beloved, 181
Amandine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. worthy to be beloved, 181
Amando, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. worthy to be beloved, 181
AMANDUS, _m._ _Lat._ worthy to be loved, 182
AMATA, _f._ _Lat._ beloved, 181
AMATUS, _m._ _Lat._ Lat. beloved, 182
_Amaury_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. work ruler, 330
Amberkelleth, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. joyful war, 231
Ambrogio, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. immortal, 109
Ambroise, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. immortal, 109
Ambrose, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. immortal, 109
Ambrosio, _m._ _Span._ Gr. immortal, 109
AMBROSIOS, _m._ _Gr._ immortal, 109
Ambrosius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. 109
Ambroz, _m._ _Bohm._ Gr. immortal, 109
Ambrozij, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. immortal, 109
Ambrus, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. immortal, 109
Amé, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. loved, 182
Amedée, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. love God, 182
Amelia, _f._ _Eng._ Port. Teu. work, 330
Amélie, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. work, 330
Amelius, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. work, 330
_Amelot_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. work, 330
AMELUNG, _m._ _Teu._ work, 330
Americo, _m._ _Port._ Teu. work ruler, 331
Amerigo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. work ruler, 331
Amias, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. love God, 182
Amice, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. beloved, 182
Amicia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. beloved, 182
Amicie, _f._ _Cambrai._ Lat. beloved, 182
Amlaidh, _m._ _Erse_, Teu. forefather’s relic, 332
AMMA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. grandmother, 332
Amone, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. home, 311
AMOS, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. burthen, 50
Amund, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. awful protection, 323
_Amvrossij_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. immortal, 109
Amy, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. beloved, 182
Amyas, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. love God, 182
Amyot, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. love God, 182
Ana, _f._ _Span._ Bohm. Slov. Heb. grace, 42
Analo, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. ancestral, 332
ANANIAS, _m._ _Gr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 42
Anarawd, _f._ _Welsh_, free of shame, 279
Anastagio, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. who shall rise again, 110
Anastase, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. who shall rise again, 110
Anastasia, _f._ _Eng._ Ital. Russ. Gr. who shall rise again, 110
Anastasij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. who shall rise again, 110
ANASTASIOS, _m._ _Gr._ who shall rise again, 110
Anastasius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. who shall rise again, 110
Anastasl, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. who shall rise again, 110
Anastazy, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. who shall rise again, 110
Anatola, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. eastern, 200
Anatolia, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. eastern, 200
Anatolius, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. eastern, 200
_Anbiorn_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. eagle bear, 342
_Anca_, _f._ _Bohm._ Heb. grace, 42
_Ancela_, _f._ Pol. Gr. angel, 53
Ancelin, servant, 262
Ancelot, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. servant, 262
Ancelote, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. servant, 262
_Ancika_, _f._ _Bohm._ Gr. grace, 42
Ancilée, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. servant, 262
_Anders_, _m._ _Dan._ Gr. man, 86
ANDRAGATHIUS, _m._ _Gr._ good man, 86
_André_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. man, 86
Andrea, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. man, 86
Andreana, _f._ _Ital._ Gr. man, 86
Andréas, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. man, 86
Andrée, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. man, 86
Andreian, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. from Adria, 156
Andrej, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. man, 86
Andrejek, _m._ _Slav._ Gr. man, 86
Andres, _m._ _Span._ Gr. man, 86
Andrew, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. man, 86
_Andrezej_, _m._ _Pol._ man, 86
Andrien, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. man, 86
Andries, _m._ _N.L.D._ Gr. man, 86
Andrija, _m._ _Serv._ Gr. man, 86
Andronicus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. man’s victory, 86
_Andy_, _m._ _Ir._ Gr. man, 86
_Ane_, _f._ _Lith._ Heb. grace, 42
Anessil, 242
_Aneta_, _f._ _Serv._ Heb. grace, 42
Aneurin, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. man of excellence.
_Anezka_, _f._ _Bohm._ Gr. pure, 119
ANGANTYR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. favourite of Tyr, 306
Ange, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. angel, 53
Angel, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. angel, 53
Angela, _f._ _Eng._ Span. It. Gr. angel, 53
Angèle, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. angel, 53
Angelica, _f._ _Ital._ Ger. Gr. angelic, 53
Angelico, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. angelic, 53
Angelina, _f._ _Eng._ Ital. Gr. angel, 53
Angeline, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. angel, 53
Angelino, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. angel, 53
Angelique, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. angelic, 53
ANGELOS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. angel, 53
Angelot, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. angel, 53
Anges, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. angels, 53
Angharawd, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. free from shame, 279
ANGILBALD, Ing’s prince, 325
ANGILRICH, Ing’s king, 325
ANGILTRUD, Ing’s maid, 325
_Angiolo_, _m._ _It._ Gr. angel, 53
Angus, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. excellent virtue, 242
Anicet, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. unconquered, 90
Aniceto, _m._ _Rom._ Gr. unconquered, 90
_Anicsika_, _f._ _Serv._ Heb. grace, 42
_Aniello_, _m._ _Neap._ Gr. angel, 53
Anikita, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. unconquered, 90
_Anikke_, _f._ _Lith._ Heb. grace, 42
_Anisia_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. complete, 94
_Anita_, _f._ _Span._ Heb. grace, 42
Anjela, _f._ _Bohm._ Gr. angel, 53
Anjelika, _f._ _Bohm._ Gr. angelic, 53
Anjelina, _f._ _Bohm._ Gr. angel, 53
_Anjuska_, _f._ _Serv._ Heb. grace, 42
_Anjutoka_, _f._ _Serv._ Heb. grace, 42
Ankaret, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. Kelt. free from shame, 279
ANLAFF, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. ancestor’s relic, 332
ANMCHA, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. courageous, 224
Ann, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. grace, 42
Anna, _f._ _Gr._ It. Swed. Serv. Heb. grace, 42
Annabel, _f._ _Teu._ Heb. eagle heroine (?), 41
Annabella, _f._ _Teu._ Heb. eagle heroine (?), 41, 343
_Annali_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. grace, 42
_Annaple_, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. eagle heroine (?), 41, 343
Annas, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 41
_Annchen_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. grace, 42
_Annchet_, _f._ _Flem._ Heb. grace, 42
_Anne_, _f._ _Eng._ Fr. Heb. grace, 42
_Annerl_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. grace, 42
_Annes_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. complete, 94
_Annetta_, _f._ _Ital._ Heb. grace, 42
_Annette_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace, 42
Annibal, } _m._ 41
Annibale, } _f._ _Ital._ Phœn. grace of Baal, 40
_Annibas_, } 40
_Annice_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. grace, 42
_Annika_, _f._ _Dan._ Heb. grace, 42
_Anninka_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. grace, 42
_Annjuscha_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. grace, 42
Annonciada, _f._ _Span._ Lat. announced, 30
Annonciade, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. announced, 30
Annora, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. grace (?), 68, eagle of Thor, 343
Annot, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. Light, 42
Annunciata, _f._ _Lat._ announced, 30
Annunziata, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. announced, 30
_Annusche_, _f._ _Lett._ Heb. grace, 42
_Annuschka_, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. grace, 42
Annusia, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. complete, 94
Annys, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. complete (?), 94
_Annze_, _f._ _Lith._ Heb. grace, 42
Anquetil, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. divine kettle, 290
_Ans_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
ANSBRANDO, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. divine sword, 290
Anschar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. divine spear, 290
Anselm, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine helmet, 290
Anselme, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. divine helmet, 290
Anselmo, _m._ _Rom._ Teu. divine helmet, 290
Anselot, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. servant, 263
ANSGAR, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. divine war, 290
Ansgard, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. divine guard, 290
Ansgisil, _f._ _Lom._ Teu. divine pledge, 290
ANSHELM, _m._ _Lom._ Teu. divine helmet, 290
_Ansis_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
ANSKETIL, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. divine cauldron, 291
Ansmunt, divine protection, 291
Anso, _m._ _Gr._ Teu. divine helmet, 291
Anstace, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. resurrection, 110
Anstice, _m._ _Eng._ resurrection, 110
Anstys, _m._ _Eng._ resurrection, 110
ANSVALD, _Gr._ _Teu._ _m._ divine power, 292
_Anta_, _m._ _Lapp._ Gr. man, 86
_Antal_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. inestimable, 142
_Antek_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. inestimable, 142
Antelmo, _m._ _It._ Teu. divine helmet, 290
Anthiball, _m._ _Corn._ Gr. surrounding.
ANTHONIUS, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. inestimable, 142
Anthony, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. inestimable, 142
Antoine, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. inestimable, 142
Antoinette, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. inestimable, 142
Antolin, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. inestimable, 142
Anton, _m._ _Ger._ Russ. Lat. inestimable, 142
Antonetta, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. inestimable, 142
_Antonetta_, _f._ _Swiss_, Lat. inestimable, 142
_Antoni_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. inestimable, 142
Antonia, _f._ _Ital._ Span. Lat. inestimable, 142
Antonie, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. inestimable, 142
_Antoniea_, _f._ _Rom._ Lat. inestimable, 142
Antonietta, _f._ _Rom._ Lat. inestimable, 142
Antonina, _f._ _Ital._ Span. Eng. Lat. inestimable, 142
Antonino, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. inestimable, 142
Antonio, _m._ _Ital._ Span. Lat. inestimable, 142
ANTONIUS, _m._ _Lat._ inestimable, 142
_Antons_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. inestimable, 142
Antony, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. inestimable, 142
_Antoonje_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. inestimable, 142
_Antos_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. inestimable, 142
_Ants_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Anty_, _f._ _Ir._ Gr. resurrection, 110
_Anysia_, _f._ _Gr._ complete, 94
_Anzioleto_, _m._ _Ven._ Gr. angel, 53
_Anziolina_, _f._ _Ven._ Gr. angel, 53
_Anziolo_, _Ven._ Gr. angel, 53
AODH, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt, fire, 227
_Aodhfin_, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt, white fire, 227
Aogostino, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. venerable, 158
AOIBHIN, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt, pleasant, 227
AOIBHIR ALLUIN, _f._ _Gad._ pleasantly excellent, 227
AOIBHIR CAOMHA, _Gad._ pleasantly amiable, 227
AOIDHNE, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt, fire, 227
AOIFE, _f._ _Erse_, Heb. pleasant, 227
AONGHAS, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt, excellent virtue, 242
Aonio, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. inestimable, 142
APER, _Lat._ boar, 152
_Apolline_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. of Apollo, 65
APOLLODORUS, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. gift of Apollo, 65
APOLLONIA, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. of Apollo, 65
APOLLOS, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. of Apollo, 65
_Appo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wild boar, 337
AQUILA, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. eagle, 156
Aquilina, _f._ _Lat._ Lat. eagle, 156
Arabella, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. eagle heroine (?), 343
_Arbell_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. eagle heroine (?), 343
Archambault, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. holy prince, 328
Archangel, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. archangel, 73
Archibald, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. holy prince, 329
_Archie_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. holy prince, 329
Archimbald, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. holy prince, 329
Arcibaldo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. holy prince, 329
ARDH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, high, 266
_Ardisheer_, _m._ _Pers._ Zend, fire king, 224
AREGWYDD, _Cym._ Kelt.
_Arch_, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. ever king, 400
_Arend_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. eagle power, 343
_Areta_, _f._ _Corn._ Gr. virtuous rule, 64
ARETHUSA, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. virtuous, 83
Aretino, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. virtuous, 83
ARGYRO, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. silver, 125
_Ari_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle, 342
ARIANWEN, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt, silver, 125, 282
ARINBIORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. hearth bear, 342
Ariovistus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. host leader, 342
_Arisa_, _f._ _Russ._ Arab, 449
_Aristagoras_, _Gr._ Eng. best assembly, 83
Aristarchus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. best governor, 83
Aristide, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. son of the best, 83
ARISTIDES, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. son of the best, 83
_Aristippus_, _Gr._ Eng. best horse, 83
Aristobulus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. best council, 83
_Aristocles_, _Gr._ Eng. best fame, 83
_Arje_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. from Adria, 156
_Arkles_, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. noble fame (?), 63
Armand, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. public, 327
Armando, _m._ _Span._ Teu. public, 327
Armanno, _m._ _It._ Teu. public, 327
Armantine, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. public, 327
Armine, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. public, 327
Arminius, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. public, 327
Armyn, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. public, 327
Arnaldo, _m._ _Span._ Prov. Teu. eagle power, 342
Arnalldr, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle power, 342
Arnaud, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. eagle power, 342
_Arnaut_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. eagle power, 342
ARNBIORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle defence, 342
ARNBIORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle bear, 342
ARNDIS, _f._ _Nor._ eagle spirit, 342
_Arne_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. from Adria, 156
_Arneidur_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle haste, 342
ARNFINN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. white eagle, 342
ARNFRIDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. fair eagle, 342
ARNGEIR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle spear, 342
ARNGRIM, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle mask, 342
ARNGRIMER, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle mask, 342
Arnhold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. eagle power, 342
Arnkatla, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle cauldron, 342
Arnkjell, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle cauldron, 342
_Arnlaug_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. eagle liquor, 342
Arnleif, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle relic, 342
Arnliotor, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle terror, 342
Arnmodr, _Nor._ Teu. eagle wrath, 342
Arnold, _m._ _Ger._ Eng. Teu. eagle power, 342
Arnoldine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. eagle power, 342
Arnolf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. eagle wolf, 342
Arnost, _m._ _Bohm._ Teu. eagle stone (?), 342
_Arnostinrka_, _f._ _Bohm._ Teu. eagle stone, 342
Arnoud, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. eagle power, 342
_Arnoul_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. eagle wolf, 342
ARNRIDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle haste, 343
ARNSTEIN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle stone, 342
ARNTHONA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle maiden, 343
ARNTHOR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle of Thor, 343
Arnthora, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle of Thor, 343
Arnulf, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. eagle wolf, 343
ARNULV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle wolf, 343
ARNVALLDR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle power, 343
ARNVID, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle of the wood, 343
_Arri_, _f._ _Lith._ Lat. honourable, 191
_Arrian_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. of Adria, 156
_Arrighetta_, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. home ruler, 310
_Arrighetto_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. home ruler, 310
_Arrigo_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. home ruler, 310
_Arrigozo_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. home ruler, 310
_Arriguccio_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. home ruler, 310
Arsaces, _m._ _Gr._ Zend, venerable, 57
ARSHA, _m._ _Pers._ Zend, venerable, 57
ARSHK, _m._ _Pers._ Zend, venerable, 57
ARSINOE, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. venerable, 57
Artabanus, _Pers._ fire worshipper.
Artabanus, fire guardian.
Artamenes, _Pers._ great minded.
ARTAKSHATRA, _m._ _Zend_, fire king, 56
_Artaxerxes_, _m._ _Gr._ Zend, fire king, 56
Artemidore, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. gift of Artemis, 65
Artemidorus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. gift of Artemis, 65
Artemise, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. of Artemis, 65
Artemisia, _f._ _It._ Gr. of Artemis, 65
ARTH, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt, high, 266
Arthegal, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt, high courage, 266
ARTHGAL, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, high courage, 266
Arthmael, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, high chief, 266
ARTHUR, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt, high, 266
_Arthurine_, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt, high, 266
Arthwys, _m._ _Welsh_, 266
Arturo, _m._ _Ital._ Kelt, high, 266
Artus, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt, high, 266
_Arve_, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. eagle of the wood, 342
Arviragus, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt, high king, 267
Arwystli, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. best council, 83
ASBERA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu, divine bear, 291
ASBJORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine protection, 291
ARBJORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine bear, 291
ASBRAND, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. divine sword, 291
Ascelin, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. servant, 268
ASGARD, _f._ _Ice._ Teu. divine guard, 291
_Asgaut_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine good, 291
_Asgjer_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine spear, 291
_Asgrim_, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. divine wrath, 291
_Asher_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. blessed, 7
Askatla, divine cauldron, 290
_Askel_, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. divine cauldron, 290
ASKETYL, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. divine cauldron, 290
_Askjell_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine cauldron, 290
ASLAK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine sport, 290
ASLAVG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine liquor, 290
ASLEIF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine relic, 290
ASMUNDR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine hand, 290
_Asmus_, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. beloved, 113
ASPAMIRTAS, _m._ _Gr._ Pers. horse lover, 78
ASPASIA, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. welcome, 60
Assrenta, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. taken up into heaven, 30
_Assur_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. the gods, 289
_Asta_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. venerable, 158
Astolfo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. swift wolf, 335, 401
ASTRID, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. impulse of love, 401
Asuerues, _m._ _Fr._ Zend, venerable king, 57
ASVALD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine power, 290
ASVARD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine ward, 290
ASVOR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine prudence, 290
ASVORA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine prudence, 290
_Ata_, _m._ _Lapp._ Gr. man, 86
ATALIK, _m._ _Hung._ Tatar, father-like, 13
Atanacko, _m._ _Serv._ Gr. undying, 109
Atanagio, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. undying, 109
Atanasia, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. undying, 109
Atanasio, _m._ _It._ Gr. undying, 109
Athanase, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. undying, 109
ATHANASIOS, _m._ _Gr._ undying, 109
Athanasius, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. Ger. Gr. undying, 109
Athelstan, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble stone, 349
Athelwold, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble power, 349
ATHENAGORAS, _m._ _Gr._ Athene’s assembly, 64
ATHENAIOS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. of Athene, 64
ATHENAIS, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. of Athene, 64
Athenodorus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. Athene’s gift, 64
_Atli_, _m._ _Nor._ Tatar, father-like, 13
Atte, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. rich, 376
Attila, _m._ _Lat._ Tatar, father-like, 13
ATTILIUS, _m._ _Lat._ father-like (?), 13
_Attinsch_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. rich, 376
_Attok_, _m._ _Lapp._ Gr. man, 86
Atty, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt, high, or horseman, 266
Aubrey, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. elf ruler, 380
Aubri, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. elf ruler, 380
Aud, _f._ _Ice._ Teu. rich, 376
Auda, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. rich, 376
Audafrei, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich peace, 376
_Audard_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s firmness, 375
AUDGRIE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich helmet, 376
AUDGUNNR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. rich war, 376
_Audoacer_, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. treasure watcher, 376
AUDOENUS, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. rich friend, 376
Audofled, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. rich increase, 376
Audoin, _m._ _Lomb._ rich friend, 376
AUDOVARD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich guard, 376
AUDR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich, 376
Audrey, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble threatener, 410
_Audulf_, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. rich wolf, 335
AUDUR, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. rich, 376
AUDVAKR, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. treasure watcher, 376
AUDWINE, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. rich friend, 376
_Augen_, rich war, 376
AUGMUND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. awful protection, 323
August, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. venerable, 157
Augusta, _f._ _Eng._ Ger. Lat. venerable, 157
Auguste, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. venerable, 157
Augusteen, _f._ _Ir._ Lat. venerable, 158
Augustin, _m._ _Eng._ Ger. Lat. venerable, 158
Augustina, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. venerable, 158
Augustine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. venerable, 158
Augustino, _m._ _Span._ Lat. venerable, 158
Augustinus, _m._ _Lat._ Lat. venerable, 158
Augusts, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. venerable, 157
AUGUSTUS, _m._ _Lat._ Eng. Lat. venerable, 157
Augustyn, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. venerable, 158
_Auhy_, _Ir._ Kelt. horseman, 276
AUJUSTS, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. venerable, 157
AULUS, _m._ _Lat._ Lat. sustaining (?), or cockle (?), or hall, 131
Aurelia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. golden, 143
Aurélie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. golden, 143
AURELIUS, _m._ _Lat._ golden, 143
AURORA, _f._ _Eng._ Ger. Lat. dawn, 169
Aurore, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. dawn, 169
_Austin_, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. venerable, 158
Authaire, _m._ _Teu._ rich warrior, 378
_Avald_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. 323
AVARDDWY, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. 224
_Avel_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. breath, 11
Aveline, _f._ _Norman_, Heb. pleasant, 232
_Averil_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. wild boar battle maid, 337
_Averkie_, _m._ _Wall._ Teu. noble ruler, 412
Avgust, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. venerable, 157
Avgusta, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. venerable, 157
Avgusta, _f._ _Russ._ Slov. Lat. venerable, 157
Avgustin, _m._ _Russ._ Slov. Lat. venerable, 157
Avice, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. war refuge, 305
Avicia, _f._ Lat. Teu. war refuge, 305
Avis, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. war refuge, 305
_Avraam_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. father of multitudes, 12
_Avramij_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. father of multitudes, 12
Awdry, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble threatener, 310
_Awel_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. breath, 11
Awlay, _m._ _Scott._ Kelt. work, 330
_Awnan_, _m._ _Ir._ Heb. Lat. Adam, the dwarf, 10
Awst, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. venerable, 157
_Axel_, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. divine reward, 13
_Ayelt_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. formidable firmness, 323
_Ayldo_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. formidable firmness, 323
_Aylmer_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. formidable fame, 323
_Aylward_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. formidable guard, 323
_Aylwin_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. formidable friend, 323
_Aylwin_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. formidable fame, 323; elf friend, 266
Aymar, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. work ruler, 331
Aymon, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. home, 311
_Ayoub_, _m._ _Arab._ Heb. persecuted, 26
Azalaïs, _f._ _Prov._ Teu. noble cheer, 411
Azalbert, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. nobly bright, 411
_Azelin_, _m._ _Norman_, Tatar, fatherlike, 13
_Azemar_, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. fierce fame, 412
Azo, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. from Acca, 140
Azor, _m._ _Norman_, Teu. the gods, 289
Azzo, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. from Acca, 140
Azzolino, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. from Acca, 140
B
_Baaje_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bow, 351
_Bab_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. stranger, 117
_Baba_, _f._ _Lus._ _Swiss_, Gr. stranger, 117
_Babali_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. stranger, 117
_Babbe_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. stranger, 117
_Babeli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. stranger, 117
_Babet_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Babette_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Babiche_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. stranger, 117
_Babichon_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Babie_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. stranger, 117
_Babuscha_, _f._ _Lus._ Gr. stranger, 117
_Baccio_, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. babbler, 159
Badezom, _m._ _Bret._ Gr. baptizer, 44
Badilo, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. messenger, 413
Bado, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. messenger, 413
BAEZ, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. boar, 152
Bahee, _f._ _Manx_, life, 243
_Bal_, _m._ _Lus._ Pers. war council (?), 211
_Bal_, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. healthy, 152
_Balas_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. babbler, 159
_Balawn_, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. strong, 153
BALBUS, _m._ _Lat._ stammerer, 159
BALDAG, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. white day, 303
Baldassare, _m._ _Ital._ Pers. war council, 211
Baldbrecht, _m._ _Ger._ princely splendour, 303
BALDEFLEDE, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. princely increase, 303
BALDEGISEL, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. prince pledge, 303
BALDEMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. princely fame, 303
BALDEMUND, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. princely protection, 303
BALDERICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. prince ruler, 303
BALDERIK, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. prince ruler, 303
Balderik, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. prince ruler, 303
Balderyk, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. prince ruler, 303
BALDETRUD, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. princely maid, 303
BALDFRIED, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. prince peace, 303
_Baldie_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. sacred prince, 303
_Baldo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. prince, 303
Baldovino, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. prince friend, 303
BALDRAMM, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. prince raven, 303
BALDRED, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. prince council, 303
BALDRIC, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. prince ruler, 303
BALDUR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. white, 303
Baldwin, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. prince friend, 304
BALDWINE, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. prince friend, 304
_Balint_, _m._ _Lith._ Lat. strong, 153
_Balk_, _m._ _Lus._ Pers. war council (?), 211
_Balk_, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. healthy, 153
_Balsys_, _m._ _Lith._ Pers. war council (?), 211
_Balta_, _m._ _Ill._ Pers. war council (?), 211
Baltasar, _m._ _Span._ Pers. war council (?), 211
Baltasard, _m._ _Fr._ Pers. war council (?), 211
Baltassare, _m._ _Ital._ Pers. war council (?), 211
Baltazar, _m._ _Ill._ Pers. war council(?), 211
Balthasar, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Pers. war council (?), 211
_Balto_, _m._ _Ill._ Pers. war council (?), 211
_Baltramejus_, _m._ _Lith._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
_Baltras_, _m._ _Lith._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
_Baltyn_, _m._ _Lus._ Pers. war council (?), 211
_Bältzel_, _m._ _Swiss_, Pers. war council (?), 211
_Balz_, _m._ _Swiss_, Pers. war council (?), 211
BANAN, _Erse_, white, 244
_Banej_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. of the city, 202
_Bandi_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. man, 86
Banquo, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. white, 244
BAOTHGALACH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. youthful courage, 224
Baptist, _m._ _Russ._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Gr. baptizer, 44
Baptista, _m._ _Port._ Gr. baptizer, 44
Baptiste, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. baptizer, 44
Baptysta, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. baptizer, 44
Barak, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. lightning.
_Barba_, _f._ _Ill._ _Span._ _Eng._ Slav. Gr. stranger, 117
BARBARA, _f._ _Ger._ _It._ _Russ._ Gr. stranger, 117
Barbary, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. stranger, 117
Barbe, _f._ _Fr._ _Lett._ _Ger._ Gr. stranger, 117
_Barbeli_, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. stranger, 117
_Barbica_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. stranger, 117
Barbora, _f._ _Lus._ Gr. stranger, 117
_Barbota_, _f._ _Bohm._ Gr. stranger, 117
_Barbraa_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. stranger, 117
_Barbule_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. stranger, 117
_Barbutte_, _f._ _Lith._ Gr. stranger, 117
Barca, _m._ _Lat._ Phœn. lightning,
_Bardo_, _m._ _Dan._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
Bardolf, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bright wolf, 335
BARDR, _m._ _Nor._ Ice. beard, 427
_Barend_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. firm bear, 339
_Barna_, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. son of consolation, 24
Barnaba, _m._ _Ital._ _Ger._ Heb. son of consolation, 24
Barnabas, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. son of consolation, 24
Barnabé, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. son of consolation, 24
Barnaby, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. son of consolation, 24
Barnard, _m._ _Ir._ Teu. firm bear, 339
_Barney_, _m._ _Ir._ Teu. firm bear, 339
Barry, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. looking straight at the mark, 224
_Bart_, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. son of furrows, 25
_Bartek_, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
_Bartel_, _m._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
_Barteo_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
_Barthel_, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
Barthelemi, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
Bartholomœus, _Lat._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
Bartholomao, _m._ _Port._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
Bartholomew, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
Bartholomieu, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
Barthram, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. bright raven, 415
_Bartl_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
_Bartleme_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. son of furrows, 25
_Bartley_, _m._ _Ir._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
_Bartli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. son of furrows, 25
_Bartlme_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
_Bartlomiej_, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
_Barto_, _m._ _Lus._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
Bartold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright power, 415
_Bartolik_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
_Bartolo_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
Bartolomée, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
Bartolome, _m._ _Span._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
Bartolomeo, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
_Bartram_, _m._ _Litt._ Teu. bright raven, 345, 415
_Bartramusch_, _m._ _Litt._ Teu. bright raven, 345
BARTULF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright wolf, 345
_Bartuo_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
Barzillai, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. son of iron, 25
_Bascho_, _m._ _Swiss_, Gr. awful, 111
Basil, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Gr. kingly, 112
Basile, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. kingly, 112
Basilia, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. kingly, 112
Basilio, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. kingly, 112
Basine, _f._ _Prov._ Gr. kingly, 112
_Baste_, _m._ _Nor._ Ger. awful, 111
_Basti_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. awful, 111
_Bastia_, _m._ _Swiss_, Gr. awful, 111
_Bastiali_, _m._ _Swiss_, Gr. awful, 111
_Bastian_, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. awful, 111
_Bastiano_, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. awful, 111
_Bastiao_, _m._ _Port._ Gr. awful, 111
_Bastien_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. awful, 111
_Bat_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
BATHANAT, _m._ Kelt, son of the boar, 224
BATHILDA, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. commanding battle maid, 338, 413
Bathilde, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. commanding battle maid, 413
Bathsheba, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. daughter of the oath.
Bathshua, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. daughter of the oath.
Bâtiste, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. baptizer, 44
_Batiste_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. baptizer, 44
_Batram_, _m._ _Lus._ Teu. bright raven 345, 415
_Batramusch_, _m._ _Lus._ Teu. bright raven, 345, 415
Battista, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. baptizer, 44
_Baud_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. prince, 303
BAUDOUIN, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. princely friend, 303
_Baudoin_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. princely friend, 303
Baudri, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. bold ruler, 303
BAUDHILDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. commanding battle maid, 413
Baudrand, _m._ _Fr._ Teuton, prince raven, 303
Baudouin, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. prince friend, 303
BAUGE, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. bow, 351
BAUGISEL, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. bow pledge, 351
Bauista, _m._ _Span._ Gr. baptizer, 44
_Bazyli_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. kingly, 112
BEADWEIG, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. battle war.
Brearck, Lat. Ill. babbler, 158
Beat, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. blessed, 183
Beata, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. blessed, 183
Beate, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. blessed, 183
Beatrica, _f._ _Slov._ Lat. blesser, 183
Beatrice, _f._ _Ital._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Lat. blesser, 183
Beatriks, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. blesser, 183
BEATRIX, _f._ _French_, _Port._ Lat. blesser, 183
BEATUS, _m._ _Lat._ blessed, 183
_Bebba_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Bebbeli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. God’s oath, 35
BEBINN, _f._ _Gael._ Kelt. melodious, 224
_Becky_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. noosed cord, 14
BEDAWS, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. life, 254
Bede, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. life, Teu. prayer, 254
_Bedrich_, _m._ _Bohm._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
_Bedriska_, _f._ _Bohm._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
BEDWULF, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. commanding wolf, 335, 413
Bees, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. praying—Kelt. life, 253
_Beffana_, _f._ _It._ Gr. manifestation, 212
Bega, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. life—Teu. prayer, 253
Begga, _f._ _Nor._ Kelt. life—Teu. prayer, 253
_Beìeli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49
_Bejmia_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. fair fame, 88
_Bela_, _f._ _Span._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Bela_, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. nobly bright, 410
Belinda, _f._ _Eng._ Ital. (?) serpent, 464
Belisarius, _m._ _Lat._ Slav. white prince, 211
BELITZAR, _m._ Slav. white prince, 211
_Belle_, _f._ _Eng._ Phœn. oath of Baal, 35
BELLONA, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. warlike, 169
Bellovisus, _m._ _Lat._ beautiful to behold, 352
Belphœbe, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. far light, 65
Beltran, _m._ _Span._ Teu. bright raven, 415
_Bema_, _f._ _Lus._ Gr. fair speech, 88
_Ben_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. son of the right hand, 7
_Bendik_, _m. Nor._ Lat. blessed, 184
Bendikkas, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. blessed, 184
_Bendzus_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. blessed, 184
Benedek, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. blessed, 184
Benedetta, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. blessed, 184
Benedetto, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. blessed, 184
Benedict, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. blessed, 184
Benedicta, _f._ _Port._ _Eng._ Lat. blessed, 184
Benedictine, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. blessed, 184
Benedicto, _m._ _Port._ Lat. blessed, 184
BENEDICTUS, _m._ _Lat._ blessed, 184
Benedikt, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. blessed, 184
Benedickta, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. blessed, 184
_Benedit_, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. blessed, 184
_Benedix_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. blessed, 184
_Benedykt_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. blessed, 184
Bengt, _Swed._ Lat. blessed, 184
Benigna, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. kind, 183
Benigne, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. kind, 183
BENIGNUS, _m._ Lat. kind, 183
_Beniesch_, _Lus._ Lat. blessed, 184
_Benin_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. kind, 183
Benita, _f._ _Span._ Lat. blessed, 184
Benito, _m._ _Span._ Lat. blessed, 184
BENJAMIN, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. son of the right hand, 7
Benjamino, _m._ _It._ Heb. son of the right hand, 7
_Benjie_, _m._ _Scot._ Heb. son of the right hand, 7
_Bennéad_, _m._ _Bret._ Lat. blessed, 184
_Bennéged_, _m._ _Bret._ Lat. blessed, 184
Bennet, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. blessed, 183
_Benno_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm bear, 339
Benoit, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. blessed, 184
Benoite, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. blessed, 184
Benoni, _m. Eng._ Heb. son of sorrow, 7
_Bent_, _m._ _Dan._ Lat. blessed, 184
_Benvenuto_, _m._ _It._ welcome, 185
Benyna, _f._ _Lith._ Lat. kind, 183
_Benzel_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. blessed, 184
_Benzli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. blessed, 184
BEORN, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bear, 339
BEORNULF, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bear wolf, 339
BEORNWALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bear power, 339
BEORHTRIC, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bright ruler, 415
BEOWULF, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. harvest wolf, 335
_Beppo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. addition, 23
Bera, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. bear, 339
BERACH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. looking straight at the mark, 224
Béranger, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. bear spear, 339
Bérengère, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. bear spear, 339
_Berault_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. bear power, 340
BERCHTA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. bright, 415
BERCHTHILDA, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. bright battle maid, 415
BERCHTIRAMM, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. bright raven, 345, 415
BERCHTVOLD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bright power, 339, 415
_Berdrand_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright raven, 345, 415
_Berend_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm bear, 339
Berengar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bear spear, 339
Berengaria, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. bear spear, 339
Berenger, _m._ _Eng._ _Span._ Teu. bear spear, 339
Berenguela, _f._ _Span._ Teu. bear spear, 339
BERENICE, _f._ _Macedonian_, Gr. bringing victory, 90
_Berents_, _Lett._ Teu. bear firm, 339
Berghild, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. protecting battle maid, 419
BERGLIOT, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. mountain terror, 419
_Berge_, _f._ _Lett._ Kelt. 236
BERGSWAIN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. protecting youth, 419
BERGTHOR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. protecting Thor, 419
BERGTHORA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. protecting Thor, 419
Bernal, _m._ _Span._ Teu. firm bear, 339
_Bernaldo_, _m._ _Fr._ _It._ Teu. bear’s power, 339
Bernard, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. firm bear, 340
_Bernardek_, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. firm bear, 339
_Bernardin_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. firm bear, 339
Bernardina, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. firm bear, 339
Bernardine, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. firm bear, 339
_Bernardino_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. firm bear, 339
Bernardo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. firm bear, 339
Bernardu, _m._ _Wallach._ Teu. firm bear, 339
_Bernat_, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. firm bear, 339
Bernclo, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. bear’s claw, 339
_Bernd_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. bear firm, 339
Berner, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bear warrior, 339
Berngard, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. bear firm, 339
Bernhard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bear firm, 339
Berngard, _f._ _Dan._ Teu. bear spear, 339
Bernhardine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. bear firm, 339
_Bernice_, _Eng._ Gr. bringing victory, 90
Bernold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bear power, 339
_Berns_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. bear firm, 339
Bersi, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bear, 339
Berta, _f._ _Ital._ _Pol._ Teu. bright (Epiphany night), 212, 415
Bertalda, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. bright battle maid, 415
Bertaldo, _m._ _It._ Teu. bright firm, 415
Bertar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright warrior, 415
_Bertel_, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
_Bertel_, _Dan._ Teu. noble brightness, 415
_Bertelmes_, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. son of furrows, 25
BERTHA, _f._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Teu. bright (Epiphany night), 212, 415
Berthe, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. bright (Epiphany night), 212, 415
Berthilda, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. bright battle maid, 414
Berthold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright firm, 415
Bertille, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. bright battle maid, 414
Bertin, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. bright friend, 415
Berto, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright.
_Bertok_, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. bright raven, 414
Bertold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright power, 414
Bertoldo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. bright firm, 414
Bertolf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright wolf, 335
Bertoud, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. bright firm, 415
Bertrade, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. bright speech, 415
Bertram, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Teu. bright raven, 415
Bertran, _m._ _Prov._ _Span._ Teu. bright raven, 415
Bertrand, _m._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Teu. bright raven, or shield, 415
Bertrăo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. bright raven, 415
Bertrich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright rule, 415
Bertrud, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. bright maid, 415
_Bertuccio_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. bright friend, 415
Bertulf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright wolf, 335, 415
BERTWINE, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright friend, 415
_Berzske_, _f._ _Lett._ Kelt. strength, 236
_Bess_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
Besse, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bear, 339
_Bessie_, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Bessy_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Bet_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Beta_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
BETH, _f._ _Gael._ Kelt. life, 253
_Betha_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. God’s oath, 35
Bethia, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. life, 253
_Bethlem_, _m._ _Hung._ Heb. house of bread, 39
BETHOC, _f._ _Gael._ Kelt. life, 253
_Betsey_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Betta_, _f._ _It._ Lat. blessed, 183
_Bette_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Bettina_, _f._ _It._ Lat. blessed, 183
_Bettine_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Bettino_, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. blessed, 183
_Betto_, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. blessed, 183
Bettrys, _f._ _Welsh_, Lat. blesser, 183
_Betty_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
Bevis, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bow, 351
Biagio, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. babbler, 159
Bianca, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. white, 428
Biasio, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. babbler, 159
Bibiana, _f._ Lat. living, 197
Bibianus, _m._ Lat. living, 197
Biddulph, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. commanding wolf, 413
_Biddy_, _f._ _Ir._ Kelt. strength, 235
_Bice_, _f._ _It._ Lat. blesser, 183
_Bildaberta_, _f._ _Ger._ 212
Bilichilde, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. resolute battle maid, 314
_Bilippos_, _m._ _Macedonian_, Gr. loving horses, 79
_Bill_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 314
_Bille_, _f._ _Lith._ Lat. wise old woman, 313
_Bindus_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. blessed, 183
_Bine_, _f._ _Serv._ Lat. kind, 184
Binkentios, _m._ _Gr._ Lat. conquering, 197
BIORGULV, _m._ _Nor._ protecting wolf, 419
_Birge_, 419
Birger, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. protecting warrior, 419
_Birre_, _f._ _Esth._ Kelt. strength, 236
_Bisch_, _Swiss_, Gr. baptism, 44
_Bischeli_, _Swiss_, Gr. baptism, 44
_Bjorgulv_, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. mountain wolf, 419
BJORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bear, 339
BJORNAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bear warrior, 339
BJORNGJAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bear spear, 339
Bjorngjerd, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bear spear.
BJORNHARD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stern bear, 339
BJORNHEDINN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bear fury, 339
BJORNSTERN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bear star, 339
BJORNULV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bear wolf, 339
Blaas, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. babbler, 159
Blagodvoj, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. good war, 444
BLAGOGOST, _m._ _Slav._ good guest, 444
_Blagoje_, _Ill._ Slav. good war, 444
BLAGOROD, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. good birth, 444
BLAGOSLAV, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. good glory, 444
Blaise, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. babbler, 159
_Blaisot_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. babbler, 159
Blanca, _f._ _Ger._ _Span._ Teu. white, 429
Blanch, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. white, 428
BLANCHE, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. white, 429
Blanchefleur, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. white flower, 172, 428
Blanco, _m._ _Span._ Teu. white, 429
Blas, _m._ _Span._ Lat. babbler, 159
Blase, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. babbler, 159
_Blasek_, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. babbler, 159
_Blasi_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. babbler, 159
Blasia, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. babbler, 159
Blasio, _m._ _It._ Lat. babbler, 159
BLASIUS, _m._ _Ger._ _Lat._ Lat. babbler, 159
_Blasko_, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. babbler, 159
_Blasok_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. babbler, 159
Blaszej, _m._ _Pol._ _Bohm._ Lat. babbler, 159
Blathnaid, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt, white flower, 428
Blaz, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. babbler, 159
Blaze, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. babbler, 159
Blazek, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. babbler, 159
BLAZENA, _f._ _Slav._ Slav, happy, 444
_Blazko_, _m. Ill._ Lat. babbler, 159
BLENDA, _f. Swed._ Teu. dazzling, 429
Boadicea, _f._ _Lat._ Kelt, victory, 227
Boaventura, _m._ _Port._ Ital. well met, 185
_Bob_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bright fame, 392
_Bobbo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. father, 333
_Bobo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. father, 333
_Bodil_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. commanding battle maid, 413
_Bodild_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. commanding battle maid, 413
BODMOD, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. battle fury, 414
BODNAR, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. battle leader, 414
_Bodo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. commander, 413
Bodulf, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. commanding wolf, 413
BODVULF, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. commanding wolf, 413
BODVULF, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. battle wolf, 414
_Boel_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. commanding battle maid, 413
Boemondo, _m._ _It._ Slav. God’s love (?).
Boethius, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. youthful courage.
_Bogasav_, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. God’s glory, 438
BOGDAN, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. God’s gift, 438
BOGDANA, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. God’s gift, 438
BOGE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bow, 352
Bogislaus, _m._ _Eng._ Slav. God’s glory, 438
BOGO, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bow, 352
BOGOBOJ, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. God’s battle, 438
BOGOHVAL, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. God’s praise, 438
BOGOMIL, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. God’s love, 438
BOGOSLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slave, God’s glory, 438
_Bogue_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bow, 352
Bohdan, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. God’s gift, 438
Bohdana, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. God’s gift, 438
Bohemond, _m._ _Eng._ Slav. God’s love (?), 438
_Bohumil_, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. God’s love, 438
_Bohumir_, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. God’s peace, 438
BOIDH, _m._ _Gadhaelic_, Erse, yellow, 252
_Boldisar_, _m._ _Hung._ Pers. war council, 211
Boleslao, _m._ _Span._ Slav. stronger glory, 441
Boleslas, _m._ _Fr._ Slav. strong glory, 441
Boleslau, _m._ _Port._ Slav, strong-glory, 441
BOLESLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. strong glory, 441
_Bolta_, _m._ _Ill._ Pers. 211
Boltazar, _m._ _Slov._ Pers. 211
BONA, _f._ _It._ Ger. Lat. good, 185
BONAVENTURA, _m._ _It._ well met, 185
Bonaventure, _m._ _Fr._ It. well met, 185
BONDR, _m._ _Nor._ farmer, 332
Bonifac, _m._ _Bohm._ Lat. well doer, 185
Boniface, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Lat. well doer, 185
Bonifacij, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. well doer, 185
Bonifacio, _m._ _It._ Lat. well doer, 185
BONIFACIUS, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. well doer, 185
Bonifacy, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. well doer, 185
Bonifaz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. well doer, 185
Bonifazio, _m._ _It._ Lat. well doer, 185
Bonne, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. good, 185
_Bopp_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. supplanter, 17
_Boppi_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. addition, 23
BORIS, _m._ _Russ._ fight, 441
_Borka_, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. fight, 441
_Borinka_, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. fight, 441
Borivor, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. fight, 441
BORGNY, protecting freshness, 419
_Borny_, protecting freshness, 419
_Borbola_, _Hung._ stranger, 117
_Boris_, _Hung._ stranger, 117
Bors, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. boar, 152
_Bortolo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
Boso, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. commander, 413
_Bostej_, _m._ _Sl._ Gr. awful, 111
_Bostjan_, _m._ _Sl._ Gr. awful, 111
Botheric, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. commanding king, 413
Bothild, _f._ _Dan._ Teu. commanding heroine, 413
_Botho_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. commander, 413
Botolph, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. commanding wolf, 413
Botzhild, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. commanding heroine, 413
_Botzo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. commander, 413
Botzulf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. commanding wolf, 413
Boyd, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. yellow, 252
Bozena, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. Christmas child, 438
_Bozicko_, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. Christmas child, 438
BOZIDAR, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. God’s gift, 438
BOZIDARA, _m._ _Slov._ Slave, God’s gift, 438
BOZO, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. commander, 413
BOZO, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. Christmas child, 438
BRAGICAN, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. brother, 444
_Brajan_, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. brother, 444
_Bram_, _m._ _Dutch,_ Heb. father of nations, 12
BRAN, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. raven, 235
BRAN, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. raven, 235
_Branca_, _Port._ Teu. white, 429
Brancaleone, _m._ _Ital._ arm of a lion, 77
BRAND, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. sword, 351
_Brandolf_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sword wolf, 351
BRATOLJUB, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. brother’s love, 444
BRAVAC, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. wild boar, 441
Braz, _m._ _Port._ Lat. babbler, 159
Brazil, _m._ _Manx_, Kelt. strong, 235
BREASAL, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. 235
Brenda, _f._ _Scot._ Teu. sword (?), 351
Brengwain, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. white bosom, 230
Brenhilda, _f._ _Span._ Teu. breast-plate battle maid, 360
Brennus, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. strong, 232
_Brenzis_, _f._ _Esth._ Lat. laurel, 174
BRIAN, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. strong, 235
Brichteva, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. bright gift, 415
BRICHTFLED, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. bright increase, 415
BRICHTFRID, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bright peace, 415
BRICHTMAR, _A.S._ Teu. bright fame, 415
BRICHTRIC, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bright king, 415
BRICHTSEG, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bright warrior, 415
BRICHTSTAN, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bright stone, 415
Bride, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. strength, 236
Bridget, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. strength, 236
Brien, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. strength, 236
_Brietta_, _f._ _Ir._ Kelt. strength, 236
Brieuc, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. strength, 236
BRIGHID, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. strength, (goddess of smiths,) 236
Brigida, _f._ _It._ Kelt. strength, 236
Brigide, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. strength, 236
Brigitta, _f._ _Swed._ _Ger._ Kelt. strength, 236
Brigitte, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. strength, 236
_Brischia_, _f._ _Lus._ Kelt. strength, 236
_Brita_, _f._ _Swed._ Kelt. strength, 236
_Brites_, _f._ _Port._ strength, 236
_Brithomar_, _m._ _Kelt._ great Briton, 224
BRITHRIC, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bright ruler, 415
BRITOMARTIS, _f._ _Crete_, Gr. sweet maid, 236
_Britle_, _f._ _Lett._ Kelt. strength, 236
_Brockwell_, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. strong champion (?), 236
Brocmael, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. strong champion (?), 236
BRONISLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. weapon glory, 441
BRONISLAVA, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. weapon glory, 441
BRONWEN, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. white bosom, 229
_Bros_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. immortal, 109
_Brosk_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. immortal, 109
Brunehault, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. breast-plate battle maid, 360
_Brunilla_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. breast-plate battle maid, 360
BRUNO, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. brown, 428
_Brush_, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. immortal, 109
Bryan, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. strong, 235
_Bryney_, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. strong, 235
BRYNHILD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. breast-plate battle maid, 360
BRYNJAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. breast-plate warrior, 360
BRUNULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. breast-plate wolf, 360
BUADHACH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. victorious, 227
_Budhic_, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. victorious, 227
_Buddud_, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. victory, 227
BUDDUG, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. victory, 227
_Bugge_, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. bow, 352
Buovo, _It._ _Nor._ Teu. bow, 352
BURAC, _m._ _Serv._ Slav. storm, 439
BURGENHILD, _A.S._ Teu. protecting battle maid, 419
_Burja_, _m._ _Serv._ Slav. storm, 439
BURRHED, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. pledge of council, 419
Byrger, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. protecting warrior, 419
C
CACCIAGUIDO, _m._ _It._ conquering war, 451
CADELL, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. war defence, 251
CADFER, _m._ stout in battle, 251
Cadffrawd, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. brother’s war, 252
Cado, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. 251
Cadoc, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. 251
Cadogan, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. 251
Cados, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. war, 251
_Caduad_, _m._ _Brit._ Kelt. war, 251
Caduan, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. war horn, 251
CADVAN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. war horn, 252
CADWALADYR, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. battle arranger, 252
Cadwallader, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. battle arranger, 251
CADWALLON, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. war lord (?), 251
CADWGAN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. war, 252
CÆCILIA, _f._ _Lat._ blind, 144
_Cäcilie_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. blind, 144
CÆCILIUS, _m._ _Lat._ blind, 144
_Caemhan_, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. handsome, 256
CÆSAR, _m._ _Lat._ hairy (?), 159
Cäsar, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. hairy (?), 159
CAETANO, _m._ _Span._ Lat. of Caieta, 132
_Caharija_, _f._ _Slov._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Cahir, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. battle slaughter, 252
CAIA, _f._ _Lat._ rejoiced in, 131
Caieta, _f._ _Lat._ rejoiced in, 131
Cailein, _m._ dove, 261
CAILLEACH, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. handmaid, 261
CAILLEACH AONGHAS, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. handmaid of Angus, 261
CAILLEACH COEIMGHIN, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. handmaid of Kevin, 261
CAILLEACH DE, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. handmaid of God, 261
Cain, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. possession, 7
Cainan, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. gaining, 7
CAINNEACH, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. comely, 256
CAINTIGERN, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. fair lady, 258
Caio, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. rejoiced in, 131
CAIRBRE, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. strong man, 250
_Caislav_, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. honour glory, 442
CAIUS, _m._ _Lat._ rejoiced in, 131
Cajetano, _m._ _Span._ Lat. of Gaeta, 131
Caleb, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. dog, 38
Caligula, _m._ _Lat._ of the sandal, 131
CALIXTUS, _m._ _Lat._ of the chalice.
Callum, _m._ _Gael._ dove, 261
Calvandre, _m._ _Fr._ 57
CAMILLA, _f._ _Lat._ _Eng._ _It._ Lat. attendant at a sacrifice, 160
Camille, _m._ _f._ _Fr._ Lat. attendant at a sacrifice, 160
Camillo, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. attendant at a sacrifice, 160
CAMILLUS, _m._ _Lat._ attendant at a sacrifice, 160
Camilo, _m._ _Span._ Lat. attendant at a sacrifice, 160
CANDIDE, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. white, 270
Cane, _m._ _It._ Lat. dog, 247
Canute, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. hill, 433
Canutus, _Lat._ Teu. hill, 433
CAOIMGHIN, _m._ _Kelt._ comely, 256
_Caoimhghin_, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. handsome, 256
CAOIN, _Erse_, Kelt. comely, 256
CAOINEACH, _Gael._ comely, Kelt. 256
CAOINNACH, _Erse_, Kelt. comely, 256
CAOMH, _Erse_, Kelt. comely, 256
_Cara_, _f._ _Gr._ Kelt. friend, 234
Caractacus, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. beloved, 233
Caradoc, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. beloved, 234
CARADWG, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. beloved, 234
_Carel_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. man, 386
Carl, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. man, 386
Carlina, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. man, 386
Carlo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. man, 386
Carloman, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. strong man, 386
Carlos, _m._ _Span._ Teu. man, 386
Carlota, _f._ _Span._ Teu. man, 386
Carlotta, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. man, 386
Carmela, _f._ _Ital._ Heb. vineyard, 36
_Carmichael_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. friend of Michael, 260
Carmine, _f._ _Ital._ Heb. vineyard, 36
Carnation, _Gyp._ Lat. incarnation, 31
Carolina, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. man, 386
Caroline, _f._ _Eng._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Teu. man, 386
Carolus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. man, 386
_Carry_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. man, 386
Carvilius, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. friend of power, 224
Casimir, _m._ _Fr._ Slav. show forth peace, 443
Casimiro, _m._ _Ital._ Slav. show forth peace, 443
_Caslav_, _m._ _Slav._ honour glory, 443
Casparo, _m._ _Ital._ Pers. treasure master, 211
Cassandra, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. 75
Cassivellaunus, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. lord of great hate, 224
CASTIBOG, _m._ _Slav._ fear God, 444
CASTIMIR, _m._ _Slav._ honour peace, 442
CASTISLAV, _m._ _Slav._ honour glory, 444
Caswallon, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. lord of great hate (?), 224
Catalina, _f._ _Span._ Gr. purer, 123
_Cataut_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. pure, 123
Categern, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. head chief, 258
Caterina, _f._ _It._ Gr. pure, 123
Caterino, _m._ _It._ Gr. pure, 123
Cathal, _Irish_, eye of battle, 252
CATHAOIR, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. battle slaughter, 252
Catharina, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pure, 123
Catharine, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pure, 123
CATHBAR, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. battle chief, 252
CATHBAT, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. battle (?), 252
Catherine, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. pure, 123
Cathir, _m._ battle slaughter, 252
Cathmor, _m._ _Gael._ great in battle, 252
CATHUIL, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. eye of battle, 252
_Cathwg_, _f._ _Welsh_, Gr. pure, 123
_Catin_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. pure, 123
CATO, _m._ _Lat._ cautious, 164
Caton, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. cautious, 164
_Caton_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. pure, 123
CATTWG, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. war, 252
Ceadda, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. war, 252
Ceadwalla, _m._ _A.S._ Kelt. war lord, 252
CEARA, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. ruddy, 256
CEARAN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. black, 256
_Cecca_, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. free, 299
_Ceccarella_, _f._ _It._ Teu. free, 299
_Ceccina_, _f._ _It._ Teu. free, 299
_Cecco_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. free, 299
Cecil, _m._ _f._ _Eng._ Lat. blind, 144
Cecile, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. blind, 144
Cecilia, _f._ _It._ _Eng._ Lat. blind, 144
Cecilie, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. blind, 144
Cecilija, _f._ _Ill._ Lat. blind, 144
Cecilio, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. blind, 144
Cecily, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. blind, 144
Cedd, _m._ _A.S._ Kelt, war, 252
CEDOLJUB, _m._ _Sl._ child love, 444
CEDOMIL, _m._ _Sl._ child love, 444
CEILE PETAIR, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. vassal of Peter, 261
CEIN, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. jewel, 260
CEINWEN, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. jewel, the virgin, 260
Ceirin, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. black, 255
_Celamire_, _f._ _Fr._ 57
Celeste, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. heavenly, 193
Celestin, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. heavenly, 193
Celestine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. heavenly, 193
Celestino, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. heavenly, 193
Celia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. 145
Celie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. 145
Celine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. 145
CENBYRHT, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bold brightness, 424
CENFUS, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bold eagerness, 424
CENFUTH, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bold peace, 424
CENHELM, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bold helmet, 424
CENRED, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bold council, 423
CENVULF, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bold wolf, 423
CEOL, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. ship, 429
CEOLNOTH, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. ship compulsion, 429
CEOLRED, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. ship council, 429
CEOLWALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. ship power, 429
CEOLWULF, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. ship wolf, 429
CEORL, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. man, 386
CEPHAS, _m._ _Eng._ Aram. stone, 107
Cesar, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. hairy (?), 159
Cesare, _m._ _It._ Lat. hairy (?), 159
Cesarina, _f._ _It._ Lat. hairy (?), 159
_Ceslav_, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. honour glory, 443
_Cestislav_, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. honour glory, 443
Chad, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. war, 252
CHARALMPIOS, _m._ _Gr._ joy lamp, 216
CHARIBERT, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. bright warrior, 417
Charilaus, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. grace of the people, 73
CHARIMUND, _m._ _Teu._ 417
Charinus, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. grace, 73
Chariovalda, _Pat._ Teu. warrior power, 417
Charissa, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. love, 73
CHARITON, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. love, 73
Charity, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. love, 73
CHARIWULF, warrior wolf, 417
Charlemagne, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. Lat. Charles the Great, 386
Charles, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Teu. man, 386
Charlet, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. man, 386
_Charley_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. man, 386
_Charlie_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. man, 386
_Charlot_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. man, 386
Charlotte, _f._ _Eng._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Teu. man, 386
_Chatty_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. man, 386
_Chérie_, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. fair, 196
_Cherry_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. love, 73
Cherubino, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. little cherub, 53
Chiara, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. famous, 185
Childebert, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. battle bright, 318
Childeberte, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. battle bright, 318
Childebrand, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. battle brand, 318
Childerich, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. battle ruler, 318
Chilperic, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. helping ruler, 318
_Chim_, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38
_Chlaus_, _m._ _Swiss_, Gr. victory of the people, 92
CHLODHILDA, _f._ _Lat._ _Frank._ Teu. famous battle maid, 404
CHLODOALD, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. famous power, 404
CHLODOBERT, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. famously bright, 404
Chlodobeu, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. holy fame, 404
Chlodio, _m._ _Frank._ fame, 404
CHLODOMIR, _Frank._ Teu. loud fame, 404
CHLODOSIND, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. famous strength, 404
Chlodoswintha, _f._ _Goth._ Teu. famous strength, 404
Chlodoweh, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. holy fame, 404
CHLOE, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. blooming, 70
CHLOTER, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. famous warrior, 407
Chochilaicus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. sport of thought, 354
Chosroes, _m._ _Gr._ Zend. sun (?), 56
CHRAMNE, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. raven, 345
_Chresta_, _m._ _Swiss_, Gr. Christian, 105
_Chresteli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Gr. Christian, 105
Chrestien, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. Christian, 105
Chrestienne, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. Christian, 105
Chrestoffel, _m._ _Swiss_, Gr. Christ bearer, 106
Chrétien, _Fr._ Gr. Christian, 105
Chriemhild, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. helmeted battle maid, 360
_Chrissanth_, _m._ _Russ._ Fr. gold flower, 125
_Chris_, _Eng._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
_Chrissie_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. Christian, 105
Christabel, _f._ _Eng._ fair Christian, 104
_Christackr_, _m._ _M. Gr._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
_Christal_, _m._ _Scot._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
Christian, _f._ _Scot._ _Dan._ Gr. Christian, 105
Christiana, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. Christian, 105
Christiane, _f._ _Nor._ Gr. Christian, 105
Christiern, _m._ _Dan._ Gr. Christian, 105
Christina, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. Christian, 105
Christine, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. Christian, 105
Christinha, _f._ _Port._ Gr. Christian, 105
Christmas, _m._ _Eng._ 209
Christof, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
Christofer, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
Christoph, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
Christophe, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
Christopher, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
Christophera, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
CHRISTOPHOROS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
CHRISTOPHILON, _Ger._ Gr. Christ loved, 106
Christophine, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
Christovao, _m._ _Port._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
Chrodehilde, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. famous heroine, 404
CHRODO, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. fame, 404
Chrodogang, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. famed progress, 406
Chrodoswintha, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. famous strength, 407
Chrysanth, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. gold flower, 125
CHRYSANTHOS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. gold flower, 125
Chryseis, _f._ _Gr._ golden, 125
Chrysostom, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. gold mouth, 43
Chrysostome, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. gold mouth, 43
CHRYSOSTOMOS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. gold mouth, 43
CHRYSOUCHA, _f._ _M. Gr._ Gr. golden, 43
_Chuedi_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. bold council, 423
_Chuedli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. bold council, 423
_Chuered_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. bold council, 423
CHUONMUND, _m._ _Old Ger._ Teu. bold protection, 423
CHUONRATH, _m._ _Old Ger._ Teu. bold council, 423
CIAN, _m._ _Erse_, vast, 258
CICERO, _m._ _Lat._ vetch, 129
Cicily, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. blind, 144
_Cila_, _f._ _Ill._ Lat. blind, 144
_Cile_, _f._ _Hamb._ Lat. blind, 144
_Cilika_, _f._ _Ill._ Lat. blind, 144
Ciprian, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. of Cyprus, 199
Cipriano, _m._ _It._ Lat. of Cyprus, 199
Ciriaco, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. Sunday child, 217
Ciril, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. lordly, 217
Cirilo, _m._ _Span._ _Ital._ _Ill._ Gr. lordly, 217
Cirjar, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. Sunday child, 217
_Cirko_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. Sunday child, 217
_Ciro_, _m._ _Slov._ Ill. Gr. lordly, 217
_Cis_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. blind, 144
_Cislav_, _m._ Slav. pure glory, 444
_Cistislav_, _m._ Slav. pure glory, 444
Clair, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. famous, 185
Claire, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. famous, 185
CLARA, _f._ _Eng._ _Span._ Lat. famous, 185
Clare, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. famous, 185
Clarina, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. famous, 185
Claribel, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. brightly fair, 185
Clarice, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. rendering famous, 185
Clarimond, _Eng._ 185
Clarinda, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. brightly fair, 185
Clarissa, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. rendering famous, 185
Clarisse, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. rendering famous, 185
CLARUS, _m._ Lat. famous, 185
_Clas_, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. victory of the people, 92
Claud, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. lame, 146
Claude, _f._ _m._ _Fr._ Lat. lame, 146
CLAUDIA, _f._ _Ger._ _It._ Lat. lame, 146
Claudie, _f._ _Prov._ Lat. lame, 146
Claudina, _f._ _It._ Lat. lame, 146
Claudine, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Lat. lame, 146
Claudio, _m._ _It._ Lat. lame, 146
CLAUDIUS, _m._ _Lat._ lame, 146
_Claus_, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. victory of the people, 92
Cleanthe, _Fr._ Gr. famous bloom, 95
_Clem_, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. merciful, 160
Clémence, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. merciful, 160
Clemency, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. merciful, 160
CLEMENS, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. merciful, 160
Clement, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Lat. merciful, 160
Clemente, _m._ _It._ Lat. merciful, 160
Clementia, _f._ _Ger._ _It._ Lat. merciful, 160
Clementina, _f._ _Eng._ _It._ Lat. merciful, 160
Clementine, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Lat. merciful, 160
Clemenza, _f._ _It._ Lat. merciful, 160
Cleomachus, _m._ Gr. famous war, 407
Cleopatra, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. fame of her father, 95
_Clobes_, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
Clodoveo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. holy fame, 404
Clodius, _m._ Lat. lame, 146
Clotilda, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. famous battle maid, 404
Clotilde, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. famous battle maid, 404
_Cloud_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. famous power, 404
Clovis, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. holy fame, 404
CNÆUS, _m._ _Lat._ with a birth mark, 131
_Cnogher_, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. strong aid, 247
Cnud, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. hill, 433
CŒLIA, _f._ _Lat._ 145
CŒLINA, _f._ _Lat._ 145
_Coenrad_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. bold speech, 423
_Cohat_, _Prov._ Teu. bold speech, 423
_Cort_, _Dan._ Teu. bold speech, 423
_Col_, _Welsh_, Kelt.
_Cola_, _m._ _It._ Gr. victory of the people, 92
Colan, _m._ _Corn._ Lat. dove, 261
_Colas_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. victory of the people, 92
Colbert, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Teu. cool brightness, 429
Colbrand, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. cool sword, 429
Colborn, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. black bear, 429
_Colin_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. victory of the people, 92
Colin, _m._ _Scot._ Lat. dove, 261
_Colin_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. victor, 90, 388
Colinette, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. dove, 261
Colman, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. dove, 187
Colombina, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. dove, 187
Columb, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. dove, 187, 261
COLUMBA, _m._ _Lat._ dove, 187, 261
Columbanus, _m._ _Lat._ Lat. dove, 187, 261
COLUMBINE, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. dove, 261
Columbkill, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. dove of the cell, 261
Côme, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. order, 125
Como, _m._ _It._ Heb. supplanter, 17
CON, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. wisdom, 247
Conachar, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. strong help.
CONAN, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. wisdom, 247
_Concepcion_, _f._ _Span._ Lat. in honour of the immaculate conception,
30
_Concetta_, _f._ _It._ Lat. in honour of the immaculate conception, 30
_Conchita_, _f._ _Span._ Lat. in honour of the immaculate conception,
30
CONCHOBHAR, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. strong help, 248
CONCORDIA, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. concord.
CONGAL, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. chief courage, 247
Coniah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. appointed, 38
CONMOR, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. strength great, 247
CONN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. wisdom, 247
CONNAIRE, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. hound of slaughter, 250
Connal, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. chief’s courage, 247
Connel, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. chief’s courage, 247
Connor, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. hound of slaughter, 250
Connull, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. wise strength, 247
_Conquhare_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. strong help, 248
Conrad, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. able speech, 423
Conrade, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. able speech, 423
_Conradin_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. able speech, 423
Conrado, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. able speech, 423
Consalvo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. war wolf, 363
Constança, _f._ _Span._ Lat. firm, 161
Constance, _f._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Lat. firm, 161
Constancia, _f._ _Eng._ _Port._ Lat. firm, 161
Constancio, _m._ _Port._ Lat. firm, 161
CONSTANS, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. firm, 161
Constant, _m._ _Ir._ _Eng._ Lat. 161
Constantine, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. firm, 161
Constantino, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. firm, 161
CONSTANTINUS, _m._ Lat. firm, 161
CONSTANTIUS, _m._ Lat. firm, 161
Constanz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. firm, 161
Constanze, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. firm, 161
_Conwal_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. strength and valour, 247
_Cooey_, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. hound of the meadow, 250
_Coppo_, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Coralie, _f._ _Fr._ coral,
CORA, _f._ _Gr._ maiden, 60
CORCRAN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. rosy.
Cordelia, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. jewel of the sea, 230
Cordelie, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. jewel of the sea, 230
_Cordula_, _f._ _Ger._ Kelt. jewel of the sea, 220
_Corinna_, _f._ Gr. maiden, 60
_Corinne_, _f._ _Fr._ a maiden, 60
CORMAC, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. son of a chariot, 249
_Cormick_, _Irish_, Kelt. son of a chariot, 249
_Corneille_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. horn (?), 146
Cornelia, _f._ _Eng._ Ital. Lat. horn (?), 146
Cornelie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. horn (?), 146
Cornelio, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. horn (?), 146
CORNELIUS, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. horn (?), 146
_Corney_, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. horn (?), 146
_Corradino_, _m._ _It._ Teu. bold council, 423
Cosimo, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. order, 125
Cosmo, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. order, 125
Cospatrick, _m._ _Scot._ Gael. Lat. boy of Patrick, 260
Costanza, _f._ _Span._ Lat. firm, 161
Costanza, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. firm, 161
Cotahelm, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. divine helmet, 287
Cotahram, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. good raven, 287
Cotalint, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. divine serpent, 287
_Court_, _m._ _Neth._ Teu. bold council, 423
_Cradock_, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. beloved, 233
CREIRDYDDLYDD, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. jewel of the sea, 230
CREIRWY, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. token, 229
_Crepet_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. curly, 162
Crepin, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. curly, 162
Crescence, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. growing, 198
Crescencia, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. growing, 198
Crescencio, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. growing, 198
CRESCENS, _m._ Lat. growing, 198
Crescent, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. growing, 198
Crescentia, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. growing, 198
Crescenz, _f._ _Bav._ Lat. growing, 198
Crisostomo, _m._ _Span._ Gr. golden mouth, 125
Crispian, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. curly, 162
CRISPIANUS, _m._ _Lat._ curly, 162
Crispin, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Lat. curly, 162
Crispino, _m._ _It._ Lat. curly, 162
CRISPINUS, _m._ _Lat._ curly, 162
Cristiano, _m._ _Rom._ Gr. Christian, 105
Cristina, _f._ _It._ _Span._ Gr. Christian, 105
Cristinha, _f._ _Port._ Gr. Christian, 105
_Cristofano_, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
_Cristoforo_, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
_Cristoval_, _m._ _Span._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
_Crogher_, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. strong help, 248
_Crohoore_, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. strong help, 248
CUCHAISIL, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. hound of Cashel, 248
Cuchullin, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. hound of Ulster, 248
_Cuddie_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. noted brightness, 423
CUGAN-MATHAIR, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. hound without a mother, 248
Cuillean, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. whelp, 248
CUMHAIGHE, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. hound of the plain, 246
Cunibert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bold brightness, 423
Cunegonda, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. bold war, 423
_Cunegundis_, _Port._ Teu. bold war, 423
Cunegonde, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. bold war, 423
Cunobelinus, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. lord of the sun (?), war (?), 232
_Cunzo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bold council, 423
Currado, _m._ _It._ Teu. bold council, 423
CU-SIONNA, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. hound of the Shannon, 248
CUSLIEBNE, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. hound of the mountain, 248
Custance, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. firm, 162
Cutha, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. skilled, 422
Cuthbert, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. well known splendour, 422
CUTHBURH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. skilled pledge, 422
CUTHBRYHT, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. noted splendour, 422
CUTHWALD, _m._ _A.S._ skilled power, 422
CUTHWINE, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. skilled friend, 422
CU-ULADH, _m._ _Gadhael._ Kelt. hound of Ulster, 248
CWENBURH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. queen pledge.
Cwrig, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. Sunday child, 217
Cyaxares, _m._ _Eng._ Zend. beautiful eyed, 56
Cymbeline, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. lord of the sun, war (?), 232
Cyndeyrn, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. head chief, 258
CYNEBALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. prince lineage, 424
CYNEBRIGHT, _m._ _A.S._ lineage of splendour, 424
CYNEBURH, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. pledge of kindred, 424
CYNEFRYTH, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. able kindred of peace, 424
Cynegundis, _f._ _Port._ Teu. bold war (?), 423
CYNRIC, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. royal kin, 424
CYNETHRYTH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. threatening kindred, 424
CYNEWALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. kin of power, 424
Cynthia, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. of Cynthus, 65
Cynvelin, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. lord of war (?), 258
_Cyprian_, _m._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Gr. Lat. of Cyprus, 199
CYPRIANUS, _m._ Lat. of Cyprus, 199
Cyprien, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. Lat. of Cyprus, 199
Cyr, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. Sunday child, 217
Cyran, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. spear man, 177
Cyrenius, _m._ _Gal._ _Eng._ Lat. spear man, 177
Cyriac, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. the Sunday child, 217
Cyriacus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. Sunday child, 217
Cyriak, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. Sunday child, 217
Cyril, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. lordly, 217
Cyrill, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. lordly, 217
Cyrilla, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. lordly, 217
Cyrille, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. lordly, 217
Cyrillo, _m._ _Port._ Gr. lordly, 217
Cyrin, _m._ _Gr._ Lat. spear man, 177
Cyrus, _m._ _Eng._ Pers. the sun (?), 56
Cystenian, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. firm, 161
_Czenzi_, _f._ _Hung._ Lat. increasing, 198
D
_Daan_, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. the judging God, 49
_Daarte_, _f._ _Dan._ Gr. gift of God, 102
_Dabit_, _m._ _Lus._ Heb. beloved, 46
_Dabko_, _m._ _Lus._ Heb. beloved, 46
Dafod, _Welsh_, 46
DAG, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. day, 334
DAGFINN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. white as day, 46, 334
_Dageid_, cheerful as day, 334
DAGHEID, cheerful as day, 334
Dagmar, _f._ _Dan._ Teu. Dane’s joy, 335
DAGNY, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. fresh as day, 334
Dago, _m._ _Span._ Teu. day, 334
Dagobert, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. day bright, 334
DAGOBRECHT, _m._ _Frank_. Teu. day bright, 334
DAGOLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. day wolf, 334
DAGR, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. day, 334
DAGRAD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. day council.
_Dalphin_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. of Delphi, 66
DAMALIS, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. taming, 126
Damaris, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. taming, 126
DAMASPIA, _f._ _Pers._ Pers. horse tamer, 78
Damian, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ _Russ._ Gr. taming, 126
_Damiano_, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. taming, 126
DAMIANOS, _m._ _Gr._ taming, 126
Damianus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. taming, 126
Damiao, _m._ _Port._ Gr. taming, 126
Damien, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. taming, 126
DAMHNAIT, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. 271
DAN, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. judge, 7, 49
_Dandie_, _m._ _Scot._ Gr. man, 86
_Daneel_, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. the judging God, 49
DANICA, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. morning star, 441
DANIEL, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the judging God, 49
Danielle, _m._ _It._ Heb. the judging God, 49
Danihel, _m._ _N.L.D._ Heb. the judging God, 49
Danil, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. the judging God, 49
Danila, _m._ _Slov._ Heb. the judging God, 49
_Danjels_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. the judging God, 49
DANKHERI, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. thankful warrior, 372
DANKRAD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. thankful speech, 372
DANKMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. thankful fame, 372
DANKWART, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. thankful ward, 372
Dannel, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. the judging God, 49
_Dante_, _m._ _It._ Lat. lasting, 186
DAPHNE, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. bay tree.
Darby, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. freeman, 249
_Darcy_, _m._ _Eng._ Erse, dark, 225
_Darija_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. gift of God, 102
Darius, _m._ _Eng._ Pers. king, 57 ?
_Darte_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. gift of God, 102
_Dascha_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. gift of God, 102
_Daschenka_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. gift of God, 102
DATHI, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. far darting, 46
_Datsch_, _m._ _Danzig_, Heb. beloved, 46
_Daulf_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. day wolf, 334
_Daveed_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. beloved, 46
DAVID, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Heb. beloved, 46
_Davidas_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. beloved, 46
_Davidde_, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. beloved, 46
_Davidu_, _m._ _Wallach._ Heb. beloved, 46
_Davie_, _m._ _Scot._ Heb. beloved, 46
DAVORIN, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. of the war god, 445
DAVROSLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. Davor’s glory, 445
DAVROSLAVA, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. Davor’s glory, 445
_Davy_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. beloved, 46
_Dawfydd_, _m._ _Welsh_, Heb. beloved, 46
_Dé_, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. fire, 227
DEARBHFORGAIL, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. purely fair daughter, 255
DEARG, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. red, 253
_Deb_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. bee, 14
Deborah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. bee, 2, 14
DECIMA, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. tenth, 139
DECIMUS, _m._ _Lat._ tenth, 139
_Decius_, _m._ _Lat._ tenth, 139
_Dedo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
DEGEN, _Ger._ Teu. warrior, 351
DEGENHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm warrior, 351
DEICOLA, _m._ _Lat._ God’s worshipper, 188
_Deinhard_, _Ger._ Teu. firm warrior, 351
_Deiniol_, _m._ _Welsh_, Heb. the judging God, 49
Delia, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. of Delos, 65
Delicia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. delightful, 196
Delizia, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. delightful, 196
Delphine, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. of Delphi, 66
Delphinia, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. of Delphos, 66
Delphinus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. of Delphi, 66
Demeter, _m._ _Slov._ Gr. of Demeter, 69
Demetre, _m._ _Fr._ Ger. of Demeter, 69
Demetria, _m._ _It._ Gr. of Demeter, 69
DEMETRIOS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. of Demeter, 69
Demetrius, _m._ _Lat._ _Eng._ Gr. of Demeter, 69
Demjan, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. taming, 126
DEMODOKOS, _m._ Gr. people’s teacher, 95
DEMOLEON, _m._ Gr. people’s lion, 95
Denis, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
Denise, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
Dennet, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
Dennis, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
Denys, _m._ _O. Fr._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
Deodati, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. God given, 188
Deodatus, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. God given, 188
DEOGRATIAS, _m._ _Lat._ thanks to God, 188
_Derdre_, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. fear, 224
_Derede_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. gift of God, 102
DERGO, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. red, 253
Dermot, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. freeman, 249
_Derrick_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s wealth, 373
DESIDERATUS, _m._ _Lat._ beloved, 188
Desiderio, _m._ _It._ Lat. beloved, 188
Desiderius, _m._ Lat. beloved, 188
Desirata, _f._ _It._ Lat. beloved, 188
Desirée, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. beloved, 188
_Desse_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. God given, 102
_Detrich_, _Bohm._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
DEUSDEDIT, _m._ _Lat._ God gave, 188
DEUSVULT, _m._ _Lat._ God wills, 188
_Devnet_, _f._ _Ir._ Kelt. 271
Devorgil, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. purely fair daughter, 255
DEVOSLAV, _m._ _Slav._ maiden glory, 445
DEVOSLAVA, _f._ _Slav._ maiden glory, 445
DHUBODA, _Gael._ black, 255
DHUGAL, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. black stranger, 255
_Di_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. goddess, 170
_Diago_, _m._ _Port._ Heb. supplanter, 17
DIAMANTO, _f._ _M. Gr._ Gr. diamond, 125
DIANA, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. goddess, 170
Diane, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. goddess, 170
DIARMAID, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. freeman, 46, 225, 249
_Dibble_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
_Diccon_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. firm ruler, 399
_Dick_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. firm ruler, 399
_Didders_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. beloved, 46
Didhrikr, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
Didier, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. beloved, 49
Didière, beloved, 188
Diederike, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
_Didrik_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
_Didschis_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
Didymus, _m._ _Eng._ Ger. twin, 22
_Diego_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Diel_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. God’s worshipper, 188
_Dielle_, _f._ _Franche-comté_, Lat. God’s worshipper, 188
_Dienes_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
_Diephold_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
_Dierk_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. people’s ruler, 374
Dietberga, _m._ _f._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s protection, 375
Dietbèrt, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s brightness, 375
Dietbold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
Dietbrand, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s sword, 375
Dietfrid, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s peace, 375
Dietger, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s spear, 375
Diethard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s firmness, 375
Diethelm, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s helmet, 375
_Dietl_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
Dietleib, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s relic, 374
Dietlind, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s snake, 375
Dietman, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s man, 375
Dietmar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s fame, 375
Dieto, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. the people, 374
Dietolf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s wolf, 374
Dietram, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s raven, 374
Dieterico, _m._ _It._ Teu. people’s rule, 374
Dieterich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s rule, 374
_Dietrl_, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. people’s rule, 374
DIEUDONNÉ, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. God given, 188
_Diez_, _Ger._ Teu. supplanted, 17
Diggory, _m._ _Eng._ French, the almost lost, 462
Dimitar, _m._ _Slov._ Gr. of Demeter, 70
Dimitrij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. of Demeter, 70
Dimitrija, _m._ _Ill._ _Gr._ of Demeter, 70
Dimitrije, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. of Demeter, 70
Dinah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. judgment, 26
_Dinis_, _m._ _Port._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
_Ditlev_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s relic, 375
_Dinko_, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. Sunday child, 218
_Diodor_, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. God’s gift, 102
Dionetta, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
Dionigi, _m._ _It._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
Dionigio, _m._ _It._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
Dionis, _m._ _Span._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
Dionisia, _f._ _Rom._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
Dionisij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
Dionisio, _m._ _Rom._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
Dionys, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
Dionysia, _f._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
Dionysio, _m._ _Port._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
DIONYSIOS, _m._ _Gr._ of Dionysos, 70
Dionysius, _m._ _Eng._ _Lat._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
DIONYSOS, _m._ _Gr._ god of Nysos (?), 70
DIORO, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. dear, 426
_Diotisalvi_, _m._ _It._ Lat. God save thee, 188
_Diotrich_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
_Dippold_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
_Diriks_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
_Dirk_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. people’s ruler, 374
DISA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. active spirit, 307
_Dith_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. praise, 21
_Ditrik_, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
_Diura_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. dear, 426
Diuthilt, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s heroine, 375
Diutrat, people’s council, 375
_Diwis_, _m._ _Bohm._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
_Dix_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. blessed, 184
_Djoulija_, _m._ _Serv._ Gr. well born, 87
_Djuradj_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 116
_Djurdj_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 116
_Djurica_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 116
_Dmitar_, _m._ _Serv._ Gr. of Demeter, 70
_Dmitra_, _f._ _Slav._ Gr. of Demeter, 70
_Dmitri_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. of Demeter, 70
_Dmitrij_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. of Demeter, 70
Dobrana, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. good, 443
Dobrija, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. good, 443
DOBROGOST, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. good guest, 443
DOBROLJUB, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. good lover, 443
DOBROSLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. good glory, 443
DOBROVOJ, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. good warrior, 443
DOBROVUK, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. good wolf, 443
DOBROTIN, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. good doer, 443
DOBROTINA, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. good doer, 443
_Dodd_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. of the people, 374
_Dolfine_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble wolf, 66
Dolfino, _m._ _Ven._ Gr. of Delphi, 66
_Dolly_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. gift of God, 102
Dolores, _f._ _Span._ Lat. sorrows, 2, 30
_Dolph_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble wolf, 400
Dolphin, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. of Delphi, 66
_Domas_, _Lus._ Aram. twin, 22
_Domask_, _Lus._ Aram. twin, 22
DOMHNALL, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. great chief, 253
Domingo, _m._ _Span._ Lat. Sunday child, 218
Domingos, _m._ _Port._ Lat. Sunday child, 218
Dominic, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Lat. Sunday child, 218
Dominica, _f._ _It._ Lat. Sunday child, 218
_Dominichino_, _m._ _It._ Lat. Sunday child, 218
Dominico, _m._ _It._ Lat. Sunday child, 218
Dominicus, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. Sunday child, 218
Dominik, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. Sunday child, 218
Dominique, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. Sunday child, 218
Domnech, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. Sunday child, 218
Domogoj, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. Sunday child, 218
_Domokos_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. Sunday child, 218
DON, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. brown, 253
DONACHA, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. brown warrior, 50, 253
Donald, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. proud chief, 253
Donath, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. given, 188
Donato, _m._ _It._ Lat. given, 188
Donatus, _m._ _Lat._ given, 188
DONNAN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. brown, 50
_Donnet_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
_Donnet_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. gift of God, 188
Donoghue, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. brown chief, 50, 153
Donough, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. brown warrior, 50, 153
DONUMDEI, _m._ _Lat._ gift of God, 188
_Dora_, _f._ _Eng._ _Ger._ _Ill._ Gr. gift of God, 102
_Doralice_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. gift, 102
Dorcas, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. gazelle, 50
DORCHAIDE, _m._ _Erse_, dark, 225
_Dore_, _m._ _Florentine_, Lat. lover, 182
_Dore_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. gift of God, 102
DORENN, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. sullen, 2
_Dorette_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. gift of God, 102
_Dorfei_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. gift of God, 102
_Dorinda_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. gift, 102
_Dorka_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. gift of God, 102
_Dorlisa_, _f._ _Lus._ Gr. Heb. Dorothea Elizabeth, 102
_Dornadilla_, _f._ _Lat._ Kelt. purely fair daughter, 255
_Dorofei_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. gift of God, 102
_Doroltya_, _Hung._ Gr. gift of God, 102
_Dorosia_, _f._ _Pol._ _Bohm._ Gr. gift of God, 102
_Dorota_, _f._ _Pol._ _Bohm._ Gr. gift of God, 102
Dorotea, _f._ _It._ Gr. gift of God, 102
Doroteja, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. gift of God, 102
Dorothea, _f._ _Span._ _Eng._ _Gr._ Gr. gift of God, 102
Dorothée, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Gr. gift of God, 102
DOROTHEUS, _m._ _Lat._ _Ger._ Gr. gift of God, 102
Dorothy, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. gift of God, 102
Dorothya, _f._ _Hung._ Gr. gift of God, 102
_Dort_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. gift of God, 102
_Dortchen_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. gift of God, 102
Douce, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. sweet, 196
Dougal, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. black stranger, 253
Douglas, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. dark grey, 259
Dowsabel, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. sweet fair, 196
Dowsie, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. sweet, 196
Dragan, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. dear, 444
Dragana, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. dear, 444
_Draganka_, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. dear, 444
Dragija, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. dear, 444
_Dragilika_, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. dear, 444
Dragojila, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. dear, 444
Dragoslav, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. dear glory, 444
_Dragotinka_, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. dear, 444
_Drenka_, _f._ _Ill._ Lat. horn, 146
Drew, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. skilful (?), 451
_Dries_, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. manly, 86
DROGO, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. skilful, 451
Drogon, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. skilful, 451
_Drot_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. maiden, 318
Dru, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. skilful, 451
DRUST, _m._ _Pict._ Kelt. proclaimer, 464
DRUSILLA, _f._ _Lat._ strong, 162
DRUSUS, _m._ _Lat._ strong, 162
_Drutje_, _f._ _Neth._ Teu. spear maid, 368
Duarte, _m._ _Port._ Teu. rich guard, 378
DUBDAINTUATH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. black man of two lordships, 254
DUBDAINBER, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. black man of two rivers, 253
DUBDALETHE, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. black, 253
DUBHAN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. black, 254
DUBHCOHBLAITH, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. black victory, 254
DUCHOMAR, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. black well-shaped man, 253
DHUBDOTHRA, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. black man of the Dodder, 253
DUBADEASA, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. black beauty, 254
DUBHESSA, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. black nurse, 254
DUBISLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. oak glory, 438
Ducia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. sweet, 196
_Dudde_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
Dudon, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. God-given, 188
Dudone, _m._ _It._ Lat. God-given, 188
Duessa, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. black nurse, 254
Dugald, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. black stranger, 253
Duff, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. black, 253
Dulce, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. sweet, 196
Dulcia, _f._ _Span._ Lat. sweet, 196
Dulcibella, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. sweet fair, 196
Dulcinea, _f._ _Span._ Lat. sweet, 196
_Dummas_, _m._ _Lith._ Aram. twin, 22
Duncan, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. brown chief, 255
_Dunstan_, _m._ _A. G. S._ Teu. hill stone, 350
_Dunulf_, _m._ _A. G. S._ Teu. hill wolf, 350
_Dunko_, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. Sunday child, 218
_Dunwalton_, _Cym._ Kelt. 254
Durand, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. lasting, 187
Durante, _m._ _It._ Lat. lasting, 187
Durandarte, _m._ _Span._ Lat. lasting, 187
Durans, _m._ Lat. lasting, 187
_Duredel_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. gift of God, 102
_Durl_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. gift of God, 102
_Dusa_, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. happy, 444
DUSCHA, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. happy, 444
_Duschinka_, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. happy, 444
_Dusica_, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. happy, 444
DWYNWEN, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. white wave, 270
_Dye_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. goddess, 170
Dyfan, _m._ _Welsh_, Greek, taming, 125
Dymphna, _f._ _Irish_, Kelt. 271
Dynawd, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. given, 188
Dynval, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. of the weaned couch (?), 252
_Dyonizy_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
DYRE, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. dear, 426
_Dyterych_, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
E
EACH, _m._ _Kelt._ Norse, 276
EACHAID, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. horseman, 276
EACHAN, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. horseman, 276
EACHMARCHACH, _Erse_, Kelt. horse rider, 276
EACHMILIDH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. horse warrior, 276
EAD, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. rich, 378
EADBALD, _f._ _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich prince, 378
EADBRYHT, _f._ _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich splendour, 378
EADBURG, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. rich protection, 378
EADBURH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. rich pledge, 378
EADFLED, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. rich increase, 378
EADFRITH, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich peace, 378
EADGAR, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich spear, 378
EADGIFU, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. rich gift, 378
EADGYTH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. rich gift, 378.
EADHILD, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. rich battle maid, 378
EADMUND, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich protection, 378
EADRED, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich council, 378
EADRIC, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich ruler, 378
EADSWITH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. rich strength, 378
EADULF, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich wolf, 336
EADWALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich power, 378
EADWARD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich guard, 378
EADWIG, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich war, 378
EADWINE, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich friend, 378
EAL, _f._ _Bret._ Kelt. angel.
EALHFLED, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. hall increase, 382
EALHFRITH, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. hall peace, 382
EALHRED, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. hall speech, 382
EALHSWITH, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. hall strength, 382
EALHWINE, _f._ _m._ _A.S._ Teu. hall friend, 382
Easter, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. Easter child, 215
_Ebba_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337
_Ebbe_, _Fris._ _Fris._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337
_Ebbert_, _m._ _Fries._ Teu. formidably bright, 323
_Ebbo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337
EBERHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337
Eberhardine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337
EBERHILD, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. wild boar battle maid, 337
EBERNUND, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. wild boar protection, 337
EBERIK, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wild boar king, 337
_Ebert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337
EBERULF, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. wild boar wolf, 337
EBERWINE, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. wild boar friend, 337
_Ebilo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337
_Ebles_, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337
_Ebo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337
Eborico, _m._ _Span._ Teu. wild boar king, 337
EBRIMUTH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wild boar protection, 337
Ebroin, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. wild boar friend, 337
EBUR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wild boar, 337
EBURBERO, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wild boar bear, 337
_Eccelino_, _m._ _It._ Tartar, father-like, 13
ECGBERHT, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. formidable bright, 323
ECGFRITH, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. formidable peace, 323
_Eckart_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. formidable firmness, 323
Eckhardt, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. formidable firmness, 323
_Edan_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. fire, 226
_Edanus_, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. fire, 226
_Edburg_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. rich protection, 378
_Edde_, _f._ _Fris._ Teu. war refuge, 305
_Eddeve_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. rich gift, 378
_Ede_, _f._ _Fris._ Teu. war refuge, 305
_Ede_, _Neth._ Teu. rich guard, 378
_Eddo_, _f._ _Esth._ Teu. war refuge, 305
Edelberge, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble protection, 411
Edeline, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble cheer, 411
Edelmar, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble greatness, 413
Edeltrud, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble maid, 411
_Edeva_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. rich gift, 378
Edgar, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. rich spear, 378
Edgard, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich spear, 378
Edgardo, _m._ _It._ Teu. wealth spear, 378
_Edie_, _m._ _Scot._ Heb. red earth, 10
_Ediltrude_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble maid, 411
Edith, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. rich gift, 379
Edmond, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich protection. 377
Edmund, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. rich protection, 377
Edmondo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. rich protection, 377
_Edom_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. red, 10
Edouard, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich guard, 378
Eduard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich guard, 378
Eduardo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. rich guard, 378
Eduart, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. rich guard, 377
Eduige, _m._ _f._ _Ital._ Teu. war refuge, 305
Eduino, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. rich friend, 377
Edvald, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich power, 378
Edwald, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. rich power, 378
Edward, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. rich guard, 378
Edwin, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. rich friend, 377
Edwy, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. rich war, 377
_Eed_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. wealth, 377
Eegnatie, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. fiery, 194
Eelia, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. God the Lord, 36
Eereenia, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. peace, 113
Eernest, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. eagle stone (?), 344
_Eernst_, _Lett._ Teu. eagle stone (?), 344
Eesaia, _Russ._ salvation of the Lord, 48
_Eers_, _m._ _Esth._ Teu. eternal rule, 400
Eesidor, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. strong gift, 103
_Effie_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. fair speech, 231
EGA, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. formidable, 323
Egbert, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. formidably bright, 323
Egbertine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. formidably bright, 323
Eggerich, _m._ _Fries._ Teu. formidable king, 323
_Eggert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. formidable king, 323
_Eggo_, _m._ _Fries._ Teu. formidable king, 323
Egica, _m._ _Span._ Teu. formidable, 323
Egide, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. with an ægis, 79
Egidia, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. with the ægis, 79
Egidio, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. with the ægis, 79
Egidius, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. with the ægis, 79
EGIHERI, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. formidable warrior, 323
Egilbert, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. formidable brightness, 323
Egilhart, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. formidable firmness, 323
Egilolf, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. formidable wolf, 323
Egilmar, _Ger._ Teu. formidable fame, 323
Egilona, _f._ _Span._ Teu. formidable, 323
Egils, _Nor._ Teu. formidable, 323
Eginhard, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. formidable firmness, 323
Egmond, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. terrible protection, 323
_Egor_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. husbandman, 116, 325
_Egorka_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. husbandman, 116
Ehregott, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. honour God, 468
Ehrenbrecht, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. honour bright, 468
Ehrenpries, reward of honour, 468
Ehrenfried, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. honour peace.
Eigils, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. awful, 323
_Eilart_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. formidable firmness, 323
_Eilbert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. formidable brightness, 323
_Eileen_, _f._ _Ir._ Gr. light, 68
Eilif, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. ever living, 400
Eiliv, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. ever living, 400
Eimund, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. ever guarding, 400
_Eilo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. formidable firmness, 323
EINAR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. chief warrior, 323
EINDRIDE, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. chief rider, 323
EINIAWN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. just, 282
_Eino_, _m._ _Fries._ Teu. awful firmness, 323
EIRENAIOS, _m._ _Gr._ peaceful, 113
EIRENÈ, _f._ _Gr._ peace, 113
EIRIK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. ever king, 400
Eisaak, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. laughter, 14
Eisenbart, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. iron bright, 348
Eisenbolt, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. iron prince, 348
Eisenhardt, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. iron firm, 348
_Eivind_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island Wend, 431
_Ekard_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. formidably firm, 323
_Ekatrina_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. pure, 123
_Ekiel_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. strength of God, 48
Ela, _f._ _Eng._ Nor. holy (?), 403
Elaine, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. light, 68
Elayne, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. light, 68
Elberich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. elf king, 380
Eldred, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. battle counsel, 382
Eldrid, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. battle counsel, 382
Eleanor, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. light, 68
Eleazar, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord’s help, 33
_Elek_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. helper of men, 85
Elena, _f._ _Ital._ Gr. light, 68
_Elene_, _f._ _m._ _Gr._ Gr. light, 68
Eleonora, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. light, 68
Eléonore, _f._ _Eng._ Ger. Gr. light, 68
_Eleonorka_, _f._ _Slav._ Gr. light, 68
Elfleda, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. hall increase, 382
Elfrida, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. elf threatener, 380
Elgiva, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. elf gift, 380
Elia, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. God the Lord, 36
Eliakim, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 37
_Elian_, _m._ _W._ Lat. cheerful, 280
Elias, _m._ _Eng._ _Dutch_, Heb. God the Lord, 35
_Elie_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. God the Lord, 36
_Elidure_, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. sun’s gift.
_Elidi_, _m._ _W._ Gr. sun’s gift.
_Elidan_, _f._ _Welsh_, Lat. downy, 151
_Eliezer_, _m._ _Heb._ God will help, 33
Elihu, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. God the Lord, 35
Elija, _m._ _Slov._ Heb. God the Lord, 36
ELIJAH, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. God the Lord, 35
ELINED, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. shapely, 273
Elinor, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. light, 68
Elisa, _f._ _Ital._ Heb. oath of God, 35
Elisabet, _f._ _Gr._ Heb. oath of God, 35
Elisabetta, _f._ _Ital._ Heb. oath of God, 35
Elisabeth, _Ger._ _Fr._ Heb. oath of God, 35
Elisavetta, _f._ _Russ._ _Eng._ Heb. oath of God, 35
Elischeba, _f._ Heb. oath of God, 35
Elise, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. oath of God, 35
Eliseo, _m._ _It._ Heb. God my salvation, 36
Eliseus, _m._ _Lat._ Heb. God my salvation, 36
Elisha, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. God my salvation, 36
Elisif, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
Eliza, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
Elizabeth, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Ella_, _f._ _m._ _Eng._ Teu. elf friend, 382
ELLANHERI, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. battle warrior, 382
ELLANPERAHT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. battle splendour, 382
_Elle_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. battle, 382
Ellen, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. light, 68
_Ellend_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stranger, 432
_Ellin_, _f._ _Welsh_, Gr. light, 68
_Elling_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. 333
_Ellinor_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. light, 68
_Ellis_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. God the Lord, 36
_Ello_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. battle, 382
_Ello_, _f._ _Esth._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Elmark_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. helmed king, 351
_Elmo_, _m._ _It._ Gr. amiable, 113
Eloi, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. worthy of choice.
Eloïsa, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. famous holiness, 405
Eloïse, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. famous holiness, 405
Eloy, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. worthy of choice.
_Elsabet_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Elsbet_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Elsbeth_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Else_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble cheer, 411
_Elsebin_, _f._ _Dan._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Elshender_, _m._ _Scot._ helper of men, 85
_Elshic_, _m._ _Scot._ helper of men, 85
_Elsie_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble cheer, 411
_Elspeth_, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Elspie_, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Elts_, _f._ _Esth._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
ELVIRA, _f._ _Span._ Lat. white, 382
_Elzbieta_, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Elzbietka_, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Elzea_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. God will help, 33
Ema, _f._ _Span._ Teu. grandmother, 331
Emanuel, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. God with us, 36
Emerence, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. deserving, 190
Emerentia, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. deserving, 190
_Emerentiana_, _f._ _Dan._ Lat. deserving, 190
EMERENTIUS, _m._ Lat. deserving, 190
_Emeranz_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. deserving, 190
Emerick, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. work ruler, 330
_Emery_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. work rule, 141
Emelin, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. work ruler, 141
Emile, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. work (?), 141
EMILIA, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. work (?), 141
Emilie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. work, 141
Emilija, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. work (?), 141
Emilio, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. work (?), 141
EMILIUS, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. work (?), 141
Emily, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. work (?), 141
Emlyn, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. work serpent, 333
Emm, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. grandmother, 333
Emma, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. grandmother, 333
Emme, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. grandmother, 333
Emmeline, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. work serpent, 330
Emmerich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. work rule, 333
Emmery, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. work rule, 331
_Emmon_, _Erse_, Teu. rich protection, 378
Emmott, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. grandmother (?), 333
Emrys, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. immortal, 109
_Emund_, _m._ _Nor._ Dan. island protection, 431
ENCARNACION, _f._ _Span._ Lat. being made flesh, 30
_Endrede_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. superior rider, 323
_Endres_, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. manly, 86
_Endrikis_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. home ruler, 310
_Endruttis_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. home ruler, 310
Enea, _m._ _It._ Gr. praise, 74
Eneca, _f._ _Span._ Lat. fiery, 194
Eneco, _m._ _Span._ Lat. fiery, 194
Enée, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. praise, 74
ENGEL, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. angel, 325
ENGELBERGA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. angel of protection, 325
_Engelbert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright angel, 325
_Engelchen_, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. angel, 325
ENGLEFRID, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. Teu. angel peace, 325
ENGELHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. Ing’s firmness, 325
_Engelke_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s battle maid, 325
ENGELSCHALK, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. Teu. angel’s disciple, 325
_Engeltje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. angelic, 325
ENGELRAM, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. Teu. Ing’s raven, 325
Engerrand, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. Teu. Ing’s raven, 325
_Enghus_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. excellent virtue, 241
Engracia, _f._ _Span._ Lat. grace, 194
_Ennica_, _m._ _Sp._ _Lat._ Lat. fiery, 194
_Ennicus_, _m._ _Sp._ _Lat._ Lat. fiery, 194
_Ennan_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. Lat. Adam the dwarf, 10
Enoch, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. dedicated, 11
Enos, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. mortal man, 11, 241
Enrichetta, _f._ _It._ Teu. home ruler, 310
Enrico, _m._ _It._ Teu. home ruler, 310
Enrik, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. home ruler, 310
Enrika, _f._ _Slov._ Teu. home ruler, 310
Enrique, _m._ _Span._ Teu. home ruler, 310
Enriqueta, _f._ _Span._ Teu. home rule, 310
_Enselis_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Ensilo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. divine, 291
_Enskys_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Enz_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. laurel, 174
_Enzeli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. laurel, 174
_Enzio_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. home rule, 309
_Enzius_, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. home rule, 309
EOCHAID, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. horseman, 276
EOGHAN, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. young warrior, 273
Eoghania, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. young warrior, 273
_Eoin_, _m._ _Erse_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
EORCONBERHT, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. sacred brightness, 328
EORCONGOT, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. sacred goodness, 329
EORCONWALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. sacred power, 329
EORCONWINE, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. sacred friend, 328
EORMENBURG, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. public protection, 327
EORMENBURH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. public pledge, 327
EORMENGILD, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. public pledge, 327
EORMENGYTH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. public gift, 327
EORMENRIC, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. public rule, 327
Eostafie, _m._ _Slav._ Gr. healthy, 88
EPHRAIM, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. two-fold increase.
Ephrem, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. two-fold increase.
Epifania, _f._ _Ital._ Gr. manifestation, 212
Epifanio, _m._ _Rom._ Gr. of the manifestation, 212
_Epilo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wild boar, 337
EPIMETHEUS, _m._ Gr. after-thought.
Epiphanie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. manifestation, 212
EPIPHANIOS, _m._ Gr. of the manifestation, 212
Epiphanius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. manifestation, 212
_Eppie_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. fair fame, 88
_Eppo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337
_Epurhard_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337
EPURHELM, _m._ _Ger._ wild boar helm, 337
Equitius, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. horseman, 276
_Eraric_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warrior king, 400
_Erasme_, _m._ _Fr._ Ger. amiable, 113
_Erasmo_, _m._ _It._ Gr. amiable, 113
Erasmus, _m._ _Dutch_, _Lat._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Gr. amiable, 113
Erchenold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. sacred prince, 329
Erchimperto, _m._ _It._ Teu. sacred brightness, 328
Ercole, _m._ _It._ Gr. noble fame, 63
ERDMUTH, _Ger._ earth courage, 328, 468
_Erembert_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. public splendour, 327
_Eremburga_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. public protection, 328
Eric, _m._ _Ir._ _Eng._ Teu. ever king, 400
Erich, _m._ _Russ._ _Ger._ Teu. ever king, 400
Erik, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. ever king, 400
Erik, _m._ _Swed._ _Esth._ Teu. ever king, 400
Erika, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. ever king, 400
Eriks, _m._ _Lett._ Lett. ever king, 400
_Erivigio_, _m._ _Span._ Teu. warrior battle, 400
Erkenoald, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. sacred power, 328
ERL, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. earl, 333
ERLEBALD, _Ger._ Teu. earl prince, 333
ERLEBRYHT, _Ger._ Teu. bright earl, 333
ERLHER, _Nor._ Teu. earl warrior, 333
ERLHILD, _Nor._ Teu. earl maiden, 333
ERLING, earl’s son, 333
ERLEND, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stranger, 432
_Erling_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stranger, 432
Ermas, _m._ _Lith._ Teu. public, 327
_Erme_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. public, 327
Ermelinda, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. world serpent, 327
Ermengard, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. public guard, 327
Ermengarde, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. public guard, 327
ERMENIGILD, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. public pledge, 327
Ermentrud, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. maiden of the nation, 327
Ermesinda, _f._ _Span._ Teu. public strength, 327
_Ermin_, _f._ _Burg._ Teu. public, 327
Ermin, _f._ _Welsh_, Lat. lordly, 147
_Erminia_, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. lordly, 147
_Ermo_, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. amiable, 113
_Ermo_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. public, 327
_Ermolaj_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. people of Hermes, 71
Ernest, _m._ _Eng._ Pol. Teu. eagle stone, 344
Erneste, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. eagle stone (?), 344
Ernestine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. eagle stone (?), 344
Ernesto, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. eagle stone (?), 344
Erneszt, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. eagle stone (?), 344
_Ernijo_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. peaceful, 113
Ernst, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. eagle stone (?), 344
_Ernstine_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. eagle stone (?), 344
_Erszok_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Erulf_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. boar wolf, 337
_Ervigo_, _m._ _Span._ Teu. army war, 417
_Eryk_, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. ever king, 400
_Erzebet_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Erzok_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Esa_, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. the gods, 289
Esaia, _m._ _It._ Heb. salvation of the Lord, 48
Esaias, _m._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Heb. salvation of the Lord, 48
Esaie, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. salvation of the Lord, 48
ESAU, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. hairy.
_Esay_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. salvation of the Lord, 48
Esbern, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. divine bear, 290
ESC, _f._ _m._ _A.S._ Teu. ash tree, 324
Esclairmonde, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. Teu. famous protection, 186
_Escwine_, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. ash friend, 324
Esdras, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. rising of light, 51
Esmeralda, _f._ _Span._ Gr. emerald, 125
Esperança, _f._ _Span._ Lat. hope, 196
Esperance, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. hope, 196
Esperanza, _f._ _Span._ Lat. hope, 196
ESSA, _f._ _Ir._ Kelt. nurse, 254
_Essie_, _f._ _Eng._ Pers. star, 57
Estanislau, _m._ _Port._ Slav. camp glory, 440
Esteban, _m._ _Span._ Gr. crown, 96
Estella, _f._ _Span._ Lat. star, 57
Estelle, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. star, 57
Ester, _f._ _It._ _Hung._ Pers. star, 57
Esterre, _f._ _It._ Pers. star, 57
Estephania, _f._ _Port._ Gr. crown, 96
Estevan, _m._ _Span._ Gr. crown, 96
Estevao, _m._ _Port._ Gr. crown, 96
Estevennes, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. crown, 96
Esther, _f._ _Eng._ Pers. star, 57
Estienne, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. crown, 96
Estolfo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. swift wolf, 401
Estrith, _f._ _Dan._ Teu. impulse of love, 401
ESYLT, _f._ _Cym._ Kelt. fair, 269, 275
Eth, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. fire, 227
_Ethel_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble, 410
Ethelburga, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble protection, 410
Etheldred, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble threatener, 410
Ethelind, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble snake, 410
Ethelmar, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. work ruler, 331
Ethelred, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble council, 410
_Ethered_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble council, 410
_Ethert_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble council, 410
_Ethfinn_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. white fire, 227
Etienne, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. crown, 96
Etiennette, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. crown, 97
_Etta_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. home ruler, 310
_Etto_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337
Ettore, _m._ _It._ Gr. defender, 74
Etzel, _m._ _Ger._ Tartar, father like, 13
Eubul, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. happy council, 88
Eucaria, _f._ _m._ _Ital._ Gr. happy hand, 87
Euchaire, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. happy hand, 87
Euchar, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. happy hand, 87
Euchario, _m._ _Port._ Gr. happy hand, 87
EUCHARIS, _f._ Gr. happy grace, 88
Euchary, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. happy hand, 87
EUCHEIR, _m._ Gr. happy hand, 87
Eucherius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. happy hand, 87
Eudbaird, _m._ _Erse_, Teu. rich guard, 376
EUDES, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich, 376
Eudocia, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. approval, 87
Eudocie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. approval, 87
Eudokhia, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. approval, 87
Eudon, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich, 376
EUDORA, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. happy gift, 87
Eudore, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. happy gift, 87
Eudossia, _f._ _It._ Gr. approval, 87
EUDOXIA, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. happy glory, 87
Eudoxie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. happy glory, 87
Eufemia, _f._ _It._ Gr. fair fame, 88
Eufrosina, _f._ _Rom._ Gr. mirth, 72
Eugen, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. well born, 87
Eugene, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Gr. well born, 87
EUGENES, _m._ Gr. well born, 87
Eugenia, _f._ _It._ _Span._ _Eng._ Gr. well born, 87, 273
Eugenie, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Gr. well born, 87
Eugenio, _m._ _Rom._ Gr. well born, 87
Eugenius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. well born, 87
Eugeniusz, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. well born, 88
Euginia, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. warrior, 273
EULALIA, _f._ _It._ _Span._ _Eng._ Gr. fair speech, 88
Eulalie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. fair speech, 88
EUNICE, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. happy victory, 88
Euphame, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. fair fame, 88
EUPHEMIA, _f._ _Eng._ _Scot._ _Dutch_, Gr. fair fame, 88
Euphemie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. fair fame, 88
EUPHRASIA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. mirth, 72
Euphrasie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. mirth, 72
Euphrosine, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. mirth, 72
EUPHROSYNE, _f._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Gr. mirth, 72
Eustace, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. happy in harvest, 88
Eustache, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. happy in harvest, 88
Eustachia, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. happy in harvest, 88
Eustachie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. happy in harvest, 88
EUSTACHYS, _m._ Gr. happy in harvest, 88
Eustachius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. happy in harvest, 88
EUSTATHIOS, _m._ Gr. healthy, 88
Eustazia, _f._ _It._ Gr. happy in harvest, 88
Eustazio, _m._ _It._ Gr. happy in harvest, 88
_Eustathius_, _m._ _Russ._ _Gr._ Gr. healthy, 88
Eustochium, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. good thought, 88
EVA, _f._ _Ger._ _Dan._ _Lat._ Heb. life, 11
_Evald_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. wild boar power, 337
Evan, _m._ _Scot._ _Welsh_, Kelt. young warrior, 273
Evangeline, _f._ _Am._ Gr. happy messenger, 87
Evangelista, _m._ _It._ Gr. happy messenger, 87
Eve, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. life, 11
Eveleen, _f._ _Ir._ Kelt. pleasant, 231
Evelina, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. pleasant, 231
Eveline, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. pleasant, 232
Evelyn, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. hazel nut, 232
_Even_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island Wend, 431
Everard, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337
Everardo, _m._ _It._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337
Everhard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337
Everhilda, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. wild boar battle maid, 337
Everilda, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. wild boar battle maid, 337
_Evers_, _m._ _L. Ger._ Teu. wild boar firm, 337
_Evert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wild boar firm, 337
_Evgen_, _m._ _Slov._ Gr. well born, 87
_Evgenij_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. well born, 87
_Evir_, _f._ _Scot._ pleasant, 231
Evirallin, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. pleasantly excellent, 231
Evircoma, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. pleasantly amiable, 231
Evlalija, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. fair speech, 88
Evrand, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337
Evre, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. wild boar, 337
Evremond, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. wild boar protection, 337
_Evrols_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. wild boar wolf, 337
_Evroud_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. wild boar power, 337
_Evva_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. life, 11
Ewa, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. life, 11
Ewan, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. warrior, 273
_Ewart_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337
_Ewarts_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337
_Ewe_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. life, 11
_Eweline_, _f._ _Ger._ Kelt. pleasant, 231
_Ewert_, _m._ _Esth._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337
_Ewerts_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337
_Ewusche_, _f._ _Lett._ Heb. life, 11
EYAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island warrior, 431
EYDIS, _f._ _Nor._ Ten. island sprite, 431
EYFREY, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island peace, 431
EYGERD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. island maid, 431
EYMUND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island protection, 431
EYSTEIN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island stone, 431
EYTHIOF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island thief, 431
EYNY, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. island freshness, 431
EYULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island wolf, 335
EYVAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island prudence, 431
EYVIND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island Wend, 431
Ezechiel, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. strength of God, 48
Ezekias, _m._ _Gr._ Heb. strength of the Lord, 48
Ezekiel, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. strength of God, 48
Ezra, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. rising of light, 51
F
FABIA, _It._ Lat. bean grower, 146
Fabian, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. bean grower, 146
Fabiano, _m._ _It._ Lat. bean grower, 146
Fabien, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. bean grower, 146
Fabio, _m._ _It._ Lat. bean grower, 146
Fabiola, _f._ _It._ Lat. bean grower, 146
FABIUS, _m._ Lat. bean grower, 146
Fabijan, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. bean grower, 146
Fabrice, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. mechanic, 147
FABRICIUS, _m._ Lat. mechanic, 147
Fabron, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. mechanic, 147
Fabronio, _m._ _It._ Lat. mechanic, 147
FACHTNA, _m._ _Erse_, 224
_Facio_, _m._ _It._ Lat. good worker, 185
Fadrique, _m._ _Span._ Teu. peace rule, 296
_Faik_, _f._ _Bret._ Kelt. white wave, 270
_Faith_, _f._ _Eng._
_Fanchette_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. free, 300
_Fanchon_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. free, 300
_Fanny_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. free, 300
_Fantik_, _f._ _Bret._ Teu. free, 330
FARABERT, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. travelled splendour, 432
FARAMOND, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. travelled protector, 432
Fardorougha, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. blind man, 238
_Farghy_, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. excellent valour, 238
FARGRIM, _Nor._ Teu. travelled Grim, 432
FAROLD, _m._ _Ger._ travelled power, 432
_Farquhar_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. manly, 238
FARTHEGN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. travelled servant, 432
FARULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. travelled wolf, 432
FASTBURG, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. firm protection, 421
FASTMANN, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. firm man, 421
FASTMUND, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. firm guard, 421
FASTOLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wolf, 421
FASTRADE, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. firm council, 421
FAUSTA, _f._ _It._ Lat. lucky, 163
Faustine, _f._ _m._ _Ger._ Lat. lucky, 163
Faustina, _f._ _It._ Lat. lucky, 163
Faustine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. lucky, 163
Fausto, _m._ _It._ Lat. lucky, 163
FAUSTUS, _m._ Lat. lucky, 163
_Favour_, _m._ _Eng._ 177
FAXABRANDR, _m._ _Ice._ white hair, 427
FAXI, _m._ _Ice._ hair, 427
_Fazio_, _m._ _It._ Lat. good worker, 185
FEARACHUR, _m._ _Gael._ manly, 237
FEARGHAL, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. man of valour, 237
FEARGHUS, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. man of strength, 237
Feargus, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. man of strength, 237
Febe, _f._ _It._ Gr. light, 65
Febo, _m._ _Span._ Gr. light, 65
FEBRONIA, _f._ _It._ Lat. 176
Federico, _m._ _It._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
Federiga, _f._ _It._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
Federigo, _m._ _It._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
FEDLEMI, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. ever good, 256
FEDLIM, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. good, 256
Fedor, _f._ _m._ _Russ._ Gr. God’s gift, 101
Feeleep, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. lover of horses, 78
FEIDLIM, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. ever good, 256
Feidrik, _Bret._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
FEITHFAILGE, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. honeysuckle ringlets, 224
Felice, _m._ _It._ Lat. happy, 163
Felicia, _f._ _Eng._ happy, 163
Felicidad, _f._ _Span._ Lat. happiness, 163
Felicidade, _f._ _Port._ Lat. happiness, 163
Felicie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. happy, 163
Felicità, _f._ _It._ Lat. happiness, 163
Felicité, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. happiness, 163
Feliks, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. happy, 163
Felim, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. ever good, 163, 257
Felimy, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. ever good, 163, 257
Felipa, _f._ _Port._ Gr. lover of horses, 79
Felipe, _f._ _m._ _Span._ Gr. lover of horses, 79
Felipinho, _m._ _Port._ Gr. lover of horses, 79
Felipo, _m._ _Span._ Gr. lover of horses, 79
Felippe, _m._ _Span._ Gr. lover of horses, 79
Felise, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. happy, 163
FELIX, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ _Span._ _Slov._ Lat. happy, 163, 257
Feliz, _m._ _Port._ Lat. happy, 163
Fenella, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. white shouldered, 245
_Feo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
Feodor, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. God’s gift, 101
Feodora, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. God’s gift, 101
Feodosia, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. God given, 103
Feoris, _m._ _Erse_, Gr. stone, 108
_Ferabras_, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. strong arm, 234
FERAHBALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. prince of life, 433
FERAHMUND, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. protection of life, 433
Ferdinand, _m._ _Ger._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Teu. adventuring life, 433
Ferdinanda, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. adventuring life, 433
Ferdinandine, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. adventuring life, 433
Ferdinando, _m._ _It._ Teu. adventuring life, 433
Ferdynand, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. adventuring life, 433
_Ferencz_, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. free, 300
Ferghal, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. man of strength, 237
FERHONANTHS, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. adventuring life, 433
Fergus, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. man’s strength, 237
Fergusiana, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. man’s strength, 237
_Feriga_, _f._ _It._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
_Ferko_, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. free, 300
Fernanda, _f._ _Span._ Teu. adventuring life, 433
Fernando, _m._ _It._ Teu. adventuring life, 433
Ferrand, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. adventuring life, 433
Ferrante, _m._ _It._ Teu. adventuring life, 433
_Ferry_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
FESTUS, _m._ _Lat._ 224
_Ffraid_, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. fiery dart, 236
FIACHRA, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. eagle, 252
Fiacre, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. eagle, 252
FIAMMA, _f._ _It._ Lat. 451
_Fieko_, _m._ _Fris_. Teu. peace rule, 296
_Fiddy_, _f._ _Ir._ Teu. peace strength, 296
_Fidrik_, _m._ _Lus._ Teu. peace rule, 296
_Fiechen_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. wisdom, 107
_Fieke_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. wisdom, 107
_Fifine_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. addition, 23
_Filep_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. horse lover, 79
Filibert, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. bright will, 316
Filiberto, _m._ _It._ Teu. bright will, 316
Filikitata, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. happiness, 163
Filip, _m._ _Swed._ _Slav._ _Wall._ Gr. lover of horses, 79
_Filippa_, _f._ _It._ Gr. lover of horses, 79
Filippino, _m._ _It._ Gr. lover of horses, 79
Filippo, _m._ _It._ Gr. lover of horses, 79
Filomena, _f._ _It._ daughter of light, 207
FINABHOR, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. fair eyelids, 172
FINBIL, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. white blossom, 172
_Finan_, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. fair offspring, 244
_Finbo_, _f._ _Nor._ Kelt. white bow, 244
FINDATH, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. fair colour, 245
FINDELVH, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. fair face, 245
_Fineen_, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. fair offspring, 245
_Finella_, _f._ _Irish_, Kelt. fair shoulders, 245
_Finette_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. addition, 23
Fingal, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. white stranger, 244
FINGHIN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. fair offspring, 244
_Finian_, _m._ _Irish_, _Erse_, Kelt. fair offspring, 244
FINN, _m._ _Nor._ Kelt. white, 244
FINNA, _f._ _Nor._ Kelt. white, 244
FINNBOGI, _m._ _Nor._ Kelt. white bow, 244
FINNGARD, _m._ _Nor._ Kelt. Nor. white defence, 244
FINNGEIR, _Nor._ Kelt. Nor. white spear, 244
_Finni_, _m._ _Ice._ Kelt. white, 245
_Finnkatla_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. white kettle, 245
FINNKETIL, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. white kettle, 245
_Finnkjell_, _m._ _Nor._ Kelt. Nor. white kettle, 245
FINNLEIK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Finn’s sport, 245
FINNVARDR, _m._ _Nor._ Kelt. Nor. Finn’s guard, 245
FINNVIDR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Finn’s wood, 245
FINSCOTH, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. white blossom, 245
_Fintan_, _Irish_, Kelt. white, 240
_Finvola_, _f._ _Irish_, Kelt. white shoulders, 245
FIONN, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. white, 244
FIONNAGAL, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. white, 245
FIONNGHAL, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. white stranger, 245
FIONNGHALA, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. white shouldered, 245
Fiore, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. flower, 171
Fiorentino, _m._ _It._ Lat. flourishing, 171
_Fithil_, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. 171
FJORLEIF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. relic of life, 434
FLAVIA, _f._ _It._ Lat. yellow, 147
Flavian, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. yellow, 147
Flavianus, _m._ Lat. yellow, 147
Flavilla, _f._ Lat. yellow, 147
Flavio, _m._ _It._ Lat. yellow, 147
FLAVIUS, _m._ Lat. yellow, 147
_Flidrik_, _m._ _Breton_, Teu. peace rule, 296
_Flipote_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. horse lover, 79
_Flobert_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. wise splendour, 425
_Floberte_, _f._ _Ir._ Teu. wise splendour, 425
FLORA, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. flowers, 171
Flore, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. flowers, 171
Florence, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. flourishing, 171
Florence, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. flourishing, 171
Florentin, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. flourishing, 171
Florentine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. flourishing, 171
FLORENTIUS, _m._ Lat. flourishing, 171
Florentz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. flourishing, 171
_Florette_, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. flowers, 171
Florian, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. flowery, 171
Florie, _f._ _Gael._ Lat. flowery, 171
_Flory_, _f._ _Scot._ Lat. flowers, 171
Foka, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. a Phocian, 200
Fokke, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s guard, 371
Folkart, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s guard, 371
FOLKER, _m._ _Ger._ Prov. people’s guard, 371
Folkwar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s greatness, 371
Folko, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s guard, 371
FOLKPERAHT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s brightness, 371
FOLKWART, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s guard, 371
FOLKWINE, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s friend, 371
FOLRAD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s council, 371
FOLKRICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s ruler, 371
_Foma_, _m._ _Russ._ Aram, twin, 22
_Fomida_, _f._ _Russ._ Aram, twin, 22
FORTUNATUS, _m._ _Lat._ fortune, 176
Fortune, _f._ _Eng._ 176
Fortunio, _m._ _Span._ Lat. fortunate, 176
Foulques, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s guard, 371
_Fouques_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s guard, 371
Franc, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. free, 299
Frances, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. free, 299
Francesca, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. free, 299
FRANCESCO, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. free, 299
_Francie_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. free, 299
_Francilo_, _m._ _Span._ Teu. free, 299
_Francina_, _f._ _Dutch_, Teu. free, 299
Francis, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. free, 299
Francisca, _f._ _Port._ _Span._ Teu. free, 300
Francisco, _m._ _Port._ _Span._ Teu. free, 299
Franciscus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. free, 299
_Francisek_, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. free, 299
Francisk, _m._ _Wall._ Teu. free, 299
_Franciska_, _f._ _Dan._ Teu. free, 300
_Franciske_, _f._ _Slov._ _Ger._ Teu. free, 300
_Franciskus_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. free, 300
_Francisque_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. free, 300
_Francisquinho_, _m._ _Port._ Teu. free, 300
Franciszek, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. free, 300
_Franck_, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. free, 300
_Franciszka_, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. free, 300
_Franco_, _m._ _It._ Teu. free, 300
François, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. free, 300
Françoise, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. free, 299
_Francyntje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Teu. free, 300
_Franek_, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. free, 300
_Franica_, _f._ _Slov._ Teu. free, 300
_Franja_, _f._ _Slov._ Teu. free, 300
_Franjo_, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. free, 300
_Frank_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. free, 300
_Frankel_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. free, 300
_Franko_, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. free, 300
_Frans_, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. free, 300
_Franse_, _m._ _Bret._ Teu. free, 300
_Franseza_, _f._ _Bret._ Teu. free, 300
_Fransje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Teu. free, 300
Franta, _m._ _Span._ Teu. free lord, 300
_Frantisek_, _f._ _Bohm._ Teu. free, 300
_Frantiska_, _f._ _Bohm._ Teu. free, 300
_Franulka_, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. free, 300
_Franusia_, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. free, 300
_Franz_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. free, 300
_Franzisk_, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. free, 300
_Franziska_, _f._ _Russ._ Teu. free, 300
Franziske, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. free, 300
FREAVINE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. free friend, 295
_Fred_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
_Freddy_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
Fredegonde, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. peace war, 295
FREDEGUNT, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. peace war, 295
Frederic, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
Frederica, _f._ _Eng._ _Span._ _Port._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
Frederick, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
Frederico, _m._ _Port._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
Frederigo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
_Frederik_, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
Frederigue, _f._ _m._ _Fr._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
Fredewolt, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. peace power, 295
_Fredi_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. peace power, 297
Frediswid, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. peace strength, 295
_Fredli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. peace ruler, 296
_Fredreg_, _m._ _Norm._ Ger. peace ruler, 296
Fredrik, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. peace rule, 296
Fredrika, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. peace rule, 296
_Freerik_, _m._ _Dutch_, Ger. peace ruler, 296
_Freidank_, _m._ _Ger._ Ger. free thought, 295
_Freimund_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. free protection, 295
_Freimuth_, _m._ _Ger._ Ger. free courage, 295
_Frek_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
Fremont, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. peace protection, 295
Frenz, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. free, 296
FREODHORIC, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
_Frerk_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. peace rule, 296
FRETHESANTHA, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. strength of peace, 295
Frewen, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. free friend, 295
_Frewissa_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. strength of peace, 295
FREYGERDUR, _Ice._ Teu. free home, 295
Fridbald, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace prince, 295
Fridbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace bright, 295
Fridburg, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. peace protection, 295
FRIDEGER, _f._ _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear of peace.
Frider, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace warrior, 297
Friderik, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
Fridgerda, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. peace guard, 297
Fridgund, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. peace war, 297
FRIDHELM, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace helmet, 297
FRIDHERI, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace warrior, 297
FRIDHREKR, _m._ _O. Nor._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
Fridiswid, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. peace strength, 295
FRIDLEIFR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. peace relic, 295
_Fridli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. peace rule, 295
_Fridlib_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace relic, 295
FRIDLINA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. peace snake, 295
_Fridman_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace man, 295
_Fridmar_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace fame, 295
FRIDMUND, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace protection, 295
_Frido_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace, 295
Fridold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace power, 295
FRIDOLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace wolf, 295
Fridolin, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace, 295
Fridrad, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace council, 295
Fridrada, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. peace councillor, 295
Fridrich, _m._ _Russ._ _Ger._ Teu. peace ruler, 295
Fridrik, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
Fridrike, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
FRIDRIKR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. peace ruler, 295
Fridrun, _f._ peace wisdom, 295
FRIDUHERI, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. peace warrior, 295
FRIDULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. peace wolf, 295
_Friedel_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace wolf, 295
Friedrich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace rule, 295
_Friko_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
FRITHIOF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. free thief, 295
Frithlaf, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. peace relic, 295
FRITHOGAR, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. peace spear, 295
FRITHSWITH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. peace strength, 295
FRITHWALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. peace power, 295
FRITHWOLF, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. peace wolf.
_Fritz_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
_Fritze_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
_Fritzinn_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
FRODA, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. wise, 425
Frodbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wise bright, 425
Frodberta, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. wise bright, 425
_Frodine_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. wise friend, 425
FRODHR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. wise, 425
FRODWIN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. wise friend, 425
Froila, _m._ _Span._ Teu. Lord, 295
Fromsais, _m._ _Erse_, Teu. free, 296
Frowin, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. free friend, 295
Fruela, _m._ _Span._ Teu. Lord, 295
_Fryc_, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
Fryderyk, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
Frydryka, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
Fulbert, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bright resolution, 316
_Fulcher_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s guard, 371
Fulberto, _m._ _Rom._ Teu. bright resolution, 316
_Fülip_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. horse lover, 79
Fulk, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s guard, 371
FULKO, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s guard, 371
Fulrad, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s councillor, 371
FULVIA, _f._ _It._ Lat. yellow, 147
Fulvio, _m._ _It._ Lat. yellow, 147
FULVIUS, _m._ Lat. yellow, 147
_Fynballa_, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. fair shouldered, 245
_Fynvola_, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. fair shouldered, 245
_Fynwald_, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. fair shouldered, 245
G
_Gab_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. hero of God, 55
_Gabe_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. hero of God, 55
_Gabela_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. hero of God, 55
_Gaberjels_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. hero of God, 55
_Gaberl_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. hero of God, 55
Gabilo, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. giver, 379
_Gabor_, _m._ _Hung._ Heb. hero of God, 55
Gabriel, _m._ _Span._ _Eng._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Heb. hero of God, 55
Gabriele, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. hero of God, 55
Gabriella, _f._ _Span._ _It._ _Eng._ Heb. hero of God, 55
Gabrielle, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. hero of God, 55
Gabriello, _m._ _It._ Heb. hero of God, 55
_Gabris_, _Lett._ hero of God, 55
_Gabryell_, _Pol._ hero of God, 55
_Gad_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. troop, 7
_Gaddo_, _m._ _It._ Pers. treasure master, 211
Gaetan, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. of Gaeta, 132
Gaetano, _m._ _It._ Lat. of Gaeta, 132
Gaius, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. rejoiced, 131
Gajo, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. of Gaeta, 131
GAL, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. valour, 246
Galahad, _Eng._ milky way (?), 263
GALATH, _Welsh_, milky way (?), 263
_Galdfridus_, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. good peace, 287
Galeas, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. helmeted, 163
Galeaz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. helmeted, 163
Galeazzo, _m._ _It._ Lat. helmeted, 163
Galeran, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. or Lat. healthy or slaughter rule, 317
Galerano, _m._ _It._ Teu. slaughter rule, 317
Galileo, _m._ _It._ Kelt. a cock (?) or Galilean, 163
GALL, _m._ _Gadhael._ Kelt. stranger, 246
Gallo, _m._ _It._ Lat. cock, 163
GALLUS, _m._ Lat. cock, 163
Gandolf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. progress of a wolf, 434
GANDOLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. progress of a wolf, 434
Gandolfo, _m._ _It._ Teu. progress of a wolf, 434
_Ganivre_, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. white wave, 269
_Ganore_, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. white wave (?), 269
_Gappe_, _m._ _Bav._ Pers. treasure master, 211
Garalt, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. firm spear, 369
Garcia, _m._ _Span._ Teu. spear, 369
_Garcilasso_, _m._ _Span._ Teu. spear, 369
GARD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. dwelling place, 322
GARDHAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. warrior of his country, 322
GARDBRAND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sword of his country, 322
GARDMUND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. protection of his country, 322
Garibaldo, _m._ _It._ Teu. war prince, 369
_Garnier_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. protecting warrior, 369
_Garratt_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. spear firm, 368
_Garret_, _m._ Teu. firm spear, 368
Garsendis, _f._ _Span._ Teu. spear strength, 368
_Garsias_, _m._ _Span._ Teu. spear, 368
_Gaso_, _m._ _Ill._ Pers. treasure master, 211
Gaspar, _m._ _Span._ _It._ _Pol._ Pers. treasure master, 211
Gaspard, _m._ _Fr._ Pers. treasure master, 211
Gasparde, _f._ _Fr._ Pers. treasure master, 211
_Gaspardo_, _m._ _It._ Pers. treasure master, 211
Gaspare, _m._ _It._ Pers. treasure master, 211
Gasparro, _m._ _It._ Pers. treasure master, 211
_Gaspe_, _m._ _Bav._ Pers. treasure master, 211
Gaspero, _m._ _It._ Pers. treasure master, 211
Gaston, _m._ _Span._ _Fr._ 453
Gastone, _m._ _Span._ 453
_Gaton_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. pure, 123
_Gattirsch_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. God’s firmness, 288
_Gatty_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. spear maid, 368
_Gaubert_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. slaughter bright, 316
_Gaucher_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. slaughter spear, 316
Gaud, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. power, 425
GAUDENTIUS, _m._ Lat. rejoicing, 191
Gaudenzio, _m._ _It._ Lat. rejoicing, 191
_Gaugl_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. supplanter, 17
GAUTA, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. Goth. 288
Gautrek, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. Goth’s king, 288
Gautulf, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. Goth wolf, 288
Gavin, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. hawk of battle, 272
_Gavra_, _f._ _Slav._ Heb. hero of God, 55
_Gavre_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. hero of God, 55
_Gavriil_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. hero of God, 55
_Gavril_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. hero of God, 55
_Gavrila_, _f._ _Slav._ Heb. hero of God, 55
_Gavrilo_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. hero of God, 55
Gawain, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. hawk of battle, 232
_Gayorgee_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. husbandman, 115
_Gebert_, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. strong giver, 378
_Gebhard_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. strong giver, 378
_Gebhardine_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. strong giver, 378
_Gedde_, _f._ _Lett._ Teu. spear maid, 368
_Gedderts_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. God’s firmness, 286
Gédéon, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. destroyer, 38
_Geert_, _m._ _Dan._ _Lus._ Teu. firm spear, 370
GEIR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. spear, 332, 370
GEIRMUND, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. spear protection, 370
GEIRNY, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. spear freshness, 370
GEIRRANDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. spear house, 370
GEIRRIDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. spear impulse, 370
GEIRTHIOF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. spear thief, 370
GEIRBJORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. spear protection, 370
GEIRFUSS, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. spear eagerness, 370
GEIRHILDA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. spear heroine, 370
GEIRLAUG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. spear drink, 370
GEIRTHRUD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. spear maid, 370
GEIRULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. spear wolf, 370
_Geitult_, goat heroine, 341
_Geitwald_, goat prince, 341
GELASIUS, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. laugher, 113
GELGES, _f._ _Gr._ swan white, 246
_Gellies_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. warring, 418
GELIMIR, _m._ _Vandal_, Teu. pledge of fame, 366
GELTFRID, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. pledge of peace, 366
_Geltruda_, _f._ _It._ Teu. spear maid, 368
GEMLORG, _f._ _Er._ gem like, 125
GEMMA, _f._ _It._ gem, 125
Genevieve, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. (?) white wave, 270
_Genevion_, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. (?) white wave, 270
Gennaro, _m._ _It._ Lat. of Janus, 170
Genovefa, _f._ _Ger._ Kelt. (?) white wave, 270
Genoveffa, _f._ _It._ Kelt. white wave, 270
Genovefica, _f._ _Ill._ Kelt. white wave (?), 270
Genoveva, _f._ _Port._ Kelt. white wave (?), 270
Genserich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear ruler, 369
Geoffrey, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. God’s peace, 288
Geoffroi, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. God’s peace, 288
_Geordie_, _m._ _Scot._ Gr. husbandman, 115
Georg, _m._ _Ger._ _Dan._ Gr. husbandman, 115
George, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. husbandman, 115
Georges, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. husbandman, 115
_Georget_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. husbandman, 115
_Georgeta_, _f._ _Port._ Gr. husbandman, 115
_Georgette_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. husbandman, 115
_Georgey_, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. husbandman, 115
Georgiana, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. husbandman, 115
_Georgie_, _m._ _Wall._ Gr. husbandman, 115
_Georgij_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. husbandman, 115
Georgina, _f._ _Eng._ _Ital._ Gr. husbandman, 115
Georgine, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Gr. husbandman, 115
Georgio, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. husbandman, 115
GEORGIOS, _m._ _Gr._ husbandman, 115
Georgius, _m._ _N.L.D._ Gr. husbandman, 115
_Georgy_, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. husbandman, 115
Gerald, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. spear power, 369
Geraldine, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. spear power, 369
Gerard, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Teu. spear firm, 369
_Gerardo_, _m._ _Rom._ Teu. spear firm, 369
_Gerart_, _m._ _O. Fr._ Teu. spear firm, 369
Gerasimus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. venerable, 113
_Gerand_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. spear firm, 369
Gerberge, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. spear protection, 369
Gerbert, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. spear bright, 369
GERBOLD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war prince, 369
GERDA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. enclosure, 322
_Gerde_, _f._ _Lett._ Teu. spear maid, 322, 368
GERDRUD, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. spear maid, 368
GERDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. enclosure, 322
_Gerel_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. spear power, 368
_Gerelt_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. spear power, 369
Geremia, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. exalted of the Lord, 49
_Gerga_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. watchman, 114
_Gergeli_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. watchman, 114
_Gergen_, _m._ _Slov._ Gr. watchman, 114
GERHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear firm, 369
_Gerhardine_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. firm spear, 369
GERHOLD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. firm spear, 369
_Gerkis_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. firm spear, 369
Gerlach, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear sport, 370
Gerlib, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear relic, 370
Germain, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Lat. German, 202
Germaine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. German, 202
Germana, _f._ _Span._ Lat. German, 203
Germann, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. German, 203
Germano, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. German, 203
GERMANUS, _m._ Lat. German, 203
GERMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear fame, 369
GERNOT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear compulsion, 370
_Gero_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. watchman, 114
_Gero_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine wisdom, 286
_Gerold_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear firm, 369
GEROLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear wolf, 370
Geronimo, _m._ _It._ Gr. holy name, 89
Gerontius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. old man.
GERRAMN, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear raven, 369
_Gerritt_, _m._ _Dutch_ Gr., Teu. firm spear, 370
_Gerte_, _f._ _Lett._ Teu. spear maid, 368
_Gerts_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. firm spear, 369
Gertraud, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. spear maid, 368
Gertrud, _f._ _Hung._ _Ger._ Teu. spear maid, 368
Gertruda, _f._ _It._ _Russ._ Teu. spear maid, 368
Gertrude, _f._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Teu. spear maid, 368
Gertrudes, _f._ _Port._ Teu. spear maid, 368
Gervais, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war eagerness, 370
GERWALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear power, 370
Gervas,[1] _m._ _Eng._ Teu. war eagerness, 370
Gervasio, _m._ _It._ Teu. war eagerness, 370
Gervazij, _m._ _Slav._ Teu. war eagerness, 370
Gerwart, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear ward, 370
Gerwas, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war eagerness, 370
GERWIN, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear friend, 370
Geta, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. Goth. 289
_Gevald_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. power giver, 379
Gherardo, _m._ _It._ Teu. spear firm, 370
_Ghita_, _f._ _It._ Teu. pearl, 121
Giacinta, _f._ _It._ Gr. purple, 81
Giacinto, _m._ _It._ Gr. purple, 81
Giacobba, _f._ _It._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Giacobbe, _m._ _It._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Giacomma, _f._ _It._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Giacomo, _m._ _It._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Giacopo, _m._ _It._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Gian_, _m._ _It._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Gianbattista_, _m._ _It._ Heb. John the Baptist, 108
_Giankos_, _m._ _M. Gr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Giannakes_, _m._ _M. Gr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Giannes_, _m._ _M. Gr._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Gianina_, _f._ _It._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46
_Giannino_, _m._ _It._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Gianozzo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Gib_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bright pledge, 366
_Gibichs_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. giver, 344
_Gibbon_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bright pledge, 366
_Gideon_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. destroyer, 38
Giertruda, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. spear maid, 368
_Gil_, _m._ _Span._ Lat. downy (?), 149
_Gilavij_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. cheerful, 191
Gilbert, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Teu. bright pledge, 366
Gilberto, _m._ _It._ Teu. bright pledge, 366
Gilbrid, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. servant of Bridget, 260
Gilchrist, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. servant of Christ, 260
Gilcolum, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. servant of Columba, 260
Gildas, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. servant of God, 260
_Gileber_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. bright pledge, 366
_Giles_, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. with the ægis, 79
Gilescop, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt, servant of the bishop, 261
_Gilfred_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. pledge of peace, 366
_Gill_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. downy, 150
Gilleneaomh, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt, servant of the saints, 260
Gilles, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. with the ægis, 79
Gillespie, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt, bishop’s servant, 260
Gillet, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. downy, 150
_Gilli_, _Flem._ Teu. bright pledge, 336
Gillian, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. downy, 149
_Gillies_, _m._ _Scot._ servant of Jesus, 261
Gilmichel, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt, servant of Michael, 261
_Gilmory_, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt, servant of Mary, 261
Gilmoir, _f._ _Gael._ Kelt, servant of Mary, 261
GILS, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. pledge, 224
_Gilpatrick_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt, servant of Patrick, 195, 261
Giodoco, _m._ _It._ _Lat._ joyful, 191
_Giofred_, _m._ _It._ Teu. God’s peace, 287
Ginevra, _f._ _Ital._ Kelt, white wave (?), 270
Giobbe, _m._ _It._ Heb. persecuted, 26
_Gioachimo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38
_Gioachino_, _m._ _It._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38
GIOLLA BRIGHDE, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, servant of Bridget, 261
GIOLLA CHRIST, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, servant of Christ, 261
GIOLLA CHEALLAICH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. servant of Ceallach, 261
GIOLLA CHOLUIN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, servant of Columba, 261
GIOLLA CHOMHGHAILL, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. servant of Congall, 261
GIOLLA DE, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, servant of God, 261
GIOLLA DUBDH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, servant of the black, 261
GIOLLA EARCH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, servant of Earc, 261
GIOLLA JOSA, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, servant of Jesus, 261
GIOLLA-NA-NAOMH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, servant of the saints, 261
GIOLLA PHADRIG, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, servant of Patrick, 195, 261
GIOLLA RHIOBACH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. servant of the swarthy, 260
Giordano, _m._ _It._ Heb. the Jordan, 39
Giorgio, _Gr._ _It._ husbandman, 115
Gioseffo, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. addition, 23
_Giotto_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. God’s peace, 288
_Giovachino_, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38
Giovanna, _f._ _Ital._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46
Giovanni, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Giovannina_, _f._ _Ital._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46
_Giovanino_, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Giovanetto_, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
Giovio, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. of Jupiter, 169
_Girairs_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. firm spear, 370
Giralda, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. spear power, 369
Giraldo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. spear power, 369
Giraldus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. spear power, 369
Girart, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. firm spear, 369
_Girault_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. spear power, 369
_Girioel_, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. lordly, 217
Girroald, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. spear power, 369
Girolamo, _m._ _It._ Lat. holy name, 89
_Girzie_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. Teu. golden battle maid, 291
_Gisbert_, _f._ _m._ _Ger._ Teu. pledge bright, 366
_Gisborn_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. pledge bear, 366
Gisala, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. pledge, 366
_Gisbert_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. bright pledge, 366
_Gisebryht_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. bright pledge, 366
GISEL, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. pledge, 366
_Giselbert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright pledge, 366
GISELBERGE, pledged protection, 366
Gisèle, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. pledge, 366
GISELFRID, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. pledge of peace, 366
GISELHART, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. pledge of firmness, 366
GISELHER, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. pledge warrior, 366
GISELHILDA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. pledged heroine, 366
GISELOF, pledged relic, 366
GISELRICO, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. pledged ruler, 366
Gisla, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. pledge, 366
GISLAUG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. pledge drink, 366
_Gismonda_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering protection, 366
_Gismondo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering protection, 366
_Gissur_, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. pledged warrior, 366
_Gith_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. happy gift, 379
Giubileo, _m._ _It._ Lat. of the jubilee, 191
_Giuda_, _m._ _It._ Heb. praise, 21
_Giuditta_, _f._ _It._ Heb. praise, 21
_Giuka_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 116
_Giuko_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 116
Giulia, _f._ _It._ Lat. downy bearded, 149
Giuliana, _f._ _It._ Lat. downy bearded, 149
Giuliano, _m._ _It._ Lat. downy bearded, 149
Giulietta, _f._ _It._ Lat. downy bearded, 150
Giulio, _m._ _It._ Lat. downy bearded, 149
_Giuro_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 259
Giuseppe, _m._ _It._ Heb. addition, 23
Giuseppina, _f._ _It._ Heb. addition, 23
Giusta, _f._ _It._ Lat. just, 192
Giustina, _f._ _It._ Lat. just, 192
Giustino, _m._ _It._ Lat. just, 192
Giusto, _m._ _It._ Lat. just, 192
GJAFLAUG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. liquor giver, 343
GJAVVALD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. liquor giver, 343
GJERD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bond, 240
GJERHILD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. spear battle maid, 370
GJERLEIV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. spear relic, 370
GJERMUND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. spear protection, 370
GJERULV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. spear wolf, 370
_Gjorghie_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 115
_Gjosta_, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. Goth’s staff, 289
_Gjuko_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. giver, 116, 379
_Gjuraj_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 116
_Gjurgjija_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 116
_Gjurginka_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 116
_Gjuro_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 259
_Gjutha_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. giver, 379
_Gladus_, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. lame, 146
Gladuse, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. lame, 146
Gladys, _f._ _Welsh_, Lat. lame, 146
GLASAN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. blue, 106
Glaud, _m._ _Scot._ Lat. lame, 146
GLEB, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. 460
GLOUKERA, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. sweet, 80
Glycère, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. sweet, 80
GLYKERA, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. sweet, 80
_Goçalak_, _m._ _Ill._ Teu. God’s servant, 286
Godafrei, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. God’s peace, 288
Godard, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. divine firmness, 287
Goddard, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine firmness, 287
Godebert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. divine brightness, 288
Godeberta, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. divine brightness, 288
GODEGISEL, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. divine pledge, 288
Godefroi, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. God’s peace, 287
GODEFRIED, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. God’s peace, 287
_Gödel_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. divine peace, 287
_Godeleva_, _f._ _m._ _Lat._ Teu. divine gift, 286
GODELIND, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. good serpent, 288
GODEMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. good fame, 288
Goderic, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. divine king, 286
Godescalco, _m._ _It._ Teu. God’s servant, 286
GODESKALK, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. God’s servant, 286
Godfrey, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. God’s peace, 287
Godfried, _m._ _Holl._ Teu. God’s peace, 287
GODGIFU, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. God’s gift, 286
Godine, _f._ _m._ _Cambrai_, Teu. divine friend, 286
Godinette, _f._ _Cambrai_, Teu. divine friend, 286
Godiva, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. divine gift, 286
_Godon_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. lame, 146
Godric, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine king, 286
Godwin, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine friend, 286
GODWINE, _m._ _A. G. S._ Teu. divine friend, 286
GODWULF, _m._ _A. G. S._ Teu. divine wolf, 286
_Goelen_, _f._ _Flemish_, Teu. war, 363
_Goetz_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. God’s peace, 287
Goffredo, _m._ _It._ Teu. God’s peace, 287
_Gogo_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Gollaa_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine sea, 286
GOLUBICA, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. dove, 187
_Gombert_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war prince, 363
Gonçalo, _m._ _Port._ Teu. 363
_Gondaberge_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war protection, 363
Gondebaldo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. war prince, 363
Gondebault, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war bold, 363
Gondebert, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war bright, 363
Gondemir, _m._ _Span._ Teu. war fame, 364
GONDERIC, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. war chief, 364
Gonderico, _m._ _Span._ Teu. war chief, 364
Gondesind, _f._ _Span._ Teu. war strength, 364
GÖNDOL, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. good, 364
Gondoline, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war serpent, 364
GONDOMAR, _m._ _Span._ Teu. war fame, 364
Gondomire, _m._ Span. war fame, 364
_Gonorij_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. honoured, 394
Gonsalve, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war wolf, 363
Gonsalvo, _m._ _It._ Teu. war wolf, 363
_Gonstan_, _m._ _Bret._ Teu. hill stone, 295
_Gonthery_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war rule, 363
Gonthier, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war army, 363
Gonthere, _m._ _It._ Teu. war army, 363
Gontrada, _f._ _Span._ Teu. war council, 364
Gontram, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war raven, 364
_Gönz_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war, 363
Gonzalo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. war wolf, 361
Gonzalve, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war wolf, 363
_Goratij_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. watchman, 114, 148
_Gorm_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war serpent, 363
_Gormfhlait_, _f._ _Erse_, Teu. blue lady, 253
Gospatrick, _m._ _Scot._ Gael. Lat. boy of Patrick, 195
_Gospava_, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. lady.
_Gosta_, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. Goth’s staff, 289
Gostanza, _f._ _Span._ Lat. firm, 162
GOSTOMIL, _m._ _Ill._ Slave, hospitality, 439
_Gotardo_, _m._ _It._ Lat. good firm, 287
Gotfryd, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. God’s peace, 288
_Goton_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. pearl, 121
GOTTFRIED, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. God’s peace, 288
Gottgabe, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. God’s gift, 288
Gottgetreu, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. faithful to God, 288
GOTTHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. divine firmness, 286
Gotthelf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. God’s help, 288
Gotthold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. God’s power, 288
GOTTLEIP, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. remains of divinity, 288
Gottlieb, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. God’s love, 288
Gottlob, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. God’s praise, 288
GOTTSCHALK, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. Gods servant, 286
Gottseimitdir, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. God be with thee, 288, 468
GOTTWALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. God’s power, 288
_Goule_, _f._ _Brabant_, Teu. war, 363
_Govert_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. God’s peace, 288
GOZSTAV, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. Goth’s staff, 289
GRACE, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. grace, 195
Gracie, _f._ _Scot._ Lat. grace, 195
Gradlon, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. love, 250
GRAIDHNE, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. love, 250
GRAINE, _f._ _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. love, 195, 249
Gratianus, _m._ _Lat._ thanks, 195
Graziella, _f._ _It._ Lat. thanks, 195
Grazian, _m._ _It._ Lat. thanks.
Greagair, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. watchman, 114
_Gredel_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Greg_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. fierce, 114
_Grega_, _m._ _Slov._ Gr. watchman, 114
Gregoire, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. watchman, 114
Gregor, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. watchman, 114
Gregori, _m._ _It._ Gr. watchman, 114
GREGORIOS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. watchman, 114
_Gregorius_, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. watchman, 114
Gregory, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. watchman, 114
_Gregos_, _m._ _Dan._ Gr. watchman, 114
Gregur, _m._ _Slov._ Gr. watchman, 114
_Gregus_, _m._ _Dan._ _Ger._ Gr. watchman, 256
_Greis_, _m._ _Swed._ Gr. watchman, 114
GREIS, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone, 349
_Grel_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Greszkus_, _m._ _Lith._ Gr. watchman, 114
_Greta_, _f._ _Lith._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Gretchen_, _f._ _Ger._ Eng. pearl, 121
_Grete_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Gretel_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Grethe_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Gretje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. pearl, 121
_Gretli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. pearl, 121
Gries, watchman, 114
Griffith, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. ruddy, 167
Grifone, _m._ _It._ Lat. ruddy, 167
_Grigge_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. watchman, 114
Grigorie, _m._ _Wall._ Gr. watchman, 114
Grigorij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. watchman, 114
Grigory, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. watchman, 114
GRIM, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. helmeted, 293
Grimaldo, _m._ _It._ Teu. fierce power, 293
Grimaltos, _m._ _Span._ Teu. fierce power, 293
_Grimaud_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. fierce power, 293
_Grimar_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. helmeted warrior, 293
GRIMBALD, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. fierce power, 293
GRIMBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. helmeted warrior, 293
GRIMHERI, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. helmeted warrior, 293
GRIMHILD, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. helmeted battle maid, 293
GRIMKETYL, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. hidden cauldron, 293
_Grimkjell_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. hidden cauldron, 293
GRIMWALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. helmeted power, 293
GRIMULF, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. helmeted wolf, 293
_Grischa_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. watchman, 114
GRIOTGARD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. stone maid, 349
_Grischha_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. watchman, 115
Griselda, _f._ _It._ _Eng._ Gr. Teu. stone heroine, 349
Grisostomo, _m._ _It._ Gr. golden mouth, 43
Grissel, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. Teu. stone heroine, 349
Gristovalo, _m._ _It._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
_Gritty_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pearl, 121
Grizel, _f._ _Scot._ _Gr._ Teu. stone heroine, 349
GROZDANA, _f._ _Serv._ Slav. rich in grapes, 438
GRUACH, _f._ _Gael._ Kelt. hairy.
Gruffin, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. ruddy, 167
Gruffydd, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. ruddy, 167
_Grunja_, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. born with feet foremost, 156
_Gruscha_, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. born with feet foremost, 156
_Grygallis_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. watchman, 113
_Gryta_, _f._ _Lith._ Gr. pearl, 121
Grzegorz, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. watchman, 114
Guadalupe, _f._ _m._ _Span._ 371
_Gualberto_, _m._ _It._ Teu. slaughter bright, 317
Gualter, _m._ _Port._ Teu. powerful army, 425
Gualthier, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. powerful army, 425
Gualtiero, _m._ _It._ Teu. powerful army, 425
Guarin, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. spear friend, 369
Guarino, _m._ _It._ Teu. spear friend, 369
Guarniero, _m._ _It._ Teu. protecting warrior, 369
Guérin, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. protecting warrior, 369
_Guccio_, _m._ _It._ Teu. home rule, 310
Guda, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine, 285
GUDBIORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine protection, 286
GUDBRAND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine sword, 286
GUDFINN, divine whiteness, 286
GUDFINNA, divine whiteness, 286
GUDHR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine, 286
Gudiskako, servant of God, 286
GUDLEIF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine relic, 286
GUDLEIFR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine relic, 286
GUDLEIK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine praise, 286
GUDMUND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine protection, 286
GUDNY, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine freshness, 286
GUDOLV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine wolf, 286
GUDRID, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine impulse, 286
GUDRIDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine impulse, 286
GUDRUNA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine wisdom, 286
Gudule, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war, 364
GUDVAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine prudence, 286
GUDVEIG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine liquor, 286
_Guelfo_, _m._ _It._ Teu. wolf, 335
Guendolen, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt, white browed, 268
GUENNEAN, _f._ _Bret._ Kelt, angel, 270
Guennever, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt, white lady, 268
Guennolé, _f._ _Bret._ Kelt, white, 268
Guennolà, _f._ _Bret._ Kelt, white, 268
_Guerin_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war friend, 369
Guglielma, _f._ _It._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Guglielmo, _m._ _It._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
_Gui_, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt, sense, 228
_Guides_, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt, sense,228
_Guido_, _m._ _It._ _Eng._ Kelt, sense, 228
_Guidon_, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. sense (?), 228
_Guidone_, _m._ _It._ Kelt. sense (?), 228
_Guiette_, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. sense (?), 228
Guilbaldo, _m._ _Port._ Teu. bold prince, 314
Guilhermo, _m._ _Port._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
_Guillarn_, _m._ _Bret._ Teu. will helmet, 315
_Guillerm_, _m._ _Bret._ Teu. will helmet, 315
_Guillym_, _m._ _Welsh_, Teu. will helmet, 315
Guillaume, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Guillaumette, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Guillaumine, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Guillene, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Guillena, _f._ _Prov._ Teu. will helmet, 315
Guillermo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
_Guillette_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Guillibaud, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. resolute prince, 315
_Guillot_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Guirauld, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. spear power, 369
Guiscard, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. wise war, 321
Guiscardo, _m._ _It._ Teu. wise war, 321
_Gulla_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine sea, 286
_Gullaug_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine liquor, 286
_Gullbrand_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war sword, 286
_Gulleik_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war sport, 286
_Gulleiv_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine relic, 286
_Gulmar_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war greatness, 364
_Gulmund_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine protection, 286
_Gumpert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war splendour, 364
GUNBJORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war protection, 364
GUNBJORN, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war bear, 364
Gunborg, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war protection, 364
GUNDAHARI, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. warrior, 364
GUNDEKAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war spear, 364
GUNDLIN, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war serpent, 364
Gundolf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war wolf, 364
_Gundrada_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war council, 364
Gundred, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. war council (?), 364
GUNDRIDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war impulse, 364
Gundula, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war, 364
GUNDULF, _m._ _Norm._ Teu. war wolf, 364
GUNDVAR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war prudence, 364
_Gunhild_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war heroine, 364
_Guni_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine freshness, 286
GUNLAUG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war liquor, 364
GUNLEIF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war love, 364
GUNLEIK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war sport, 364
Gunnar, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war, 364
GUNNDERICH, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war ruler, 364
GUNNHILDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war maid, 364
_Gunnilda_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. war battle maid, 364
GUNNOLFR, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. war wolf, 364
Gunnora, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. war protection, 364
Gunnrod, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war council, 364
GUNNSTEIN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war stone, 364
GUNNR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war, 364
GUNNULV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war wolf, 364
GUNNWALD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war power, 364
Gunthar, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. warrior, 362
_Gunthe_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war, 362
GUNTHRAM, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war raven, 363
GUNTRUD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war maid, 364
_Gunula_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war, 364
Guossalvo, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. war wolf, 264
_Gurn_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine wisdom, 286
Gurth, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bond, 322
_Guru_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine wisdom, 286
Gushtasp, _m._ _Pers._ Zend. possessing horses, 137
_Gussie_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. venerable, 158
_Gust_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. Goth’s staff, 289
_Gusta_, _f._ _Lus._ _Ger._ Lat. venerable, 158
_Guste_, _f._ _Lus._ _Ger._ Lat. venerable, 158
_Gustel_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. venerable, 158
GUSTAF, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. Goth’s staff, 289
Gustav, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. Goth’s staff, 289
Gustave, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. Goth’s staff, 289
Gustavo, _m._ _Rom._ Teu. Goth’s staff, 289
Gustavus, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Goth staff, 289
_Gusts_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. Goth’s staff, 289
_Gustylka_, _f._ _Lus._ Lat. venerable, 157
Gutha, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war, 286
Guthlac, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. war sport, 286
GUTHORM, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. war serpent, 286
Guthrum, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. war serpent, 286
_Gutmar_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war strength, 286
Guttiere, _m._ _Span._ Teu. powerful warrior, 286
_Guttorm_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. war serpent, 286
Guy, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. sense (?), 228
Guyon, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. sense, 228
Guzman, _m._ _Span._ Teu. good man, 288
GWALCHMAI, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. hawk of battle, 272
GWALLAWG, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. stammerer, or hawk, 272
_Gwirydd_, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. 281
GWEN, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. white, 268
GWENDOLEN, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. white browed, 265
Gwendolen, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. white browed, 268
GWENEAL, _f._ _Bret._ Kelt. white angel, 269
GWENHWYFAR, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. white wave, 269
GWENFREWI, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. white stream, 269
GWENWYNWYN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. thrice fair (?), 269
Gwethalyn, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. of life, 197
GWIAWN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. sense, 228
GWIAWN, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. sense (?), 228
Gwric, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. Sunday child, 217
Gwril, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. lordly, 217
GWRTHEYRN, _m._ _Welsh_, excelling king, 238
GWYDYR, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. wrathful, 363
_Gwynaeth_, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. bliss, 271
_Gyda_, _f._ _Nor._ gift, 379
_Gyllys_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. warring, 363
Gyneth, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. blessed, 271
GYRTHR, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. bond, 322
_Gytha_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. gift, 379
_Gysbert_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. bright pledge, 366
-----
Footnote 1:
Sts. Gervasius and Protasius were martyrs disinterred by St. Ambrose,
at Milan. The name is therefore probably from a classical source,
unless it was originally that of a Teutonic slave.
H
Haagan, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. high kin, 365
HAAKATHA, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. 365
_Haake_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. high kin, 365
HAAKEN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. high kin, 365
HAAMUND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. high protection, 365
HAAVARD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. high protection, 365
Habbakuk, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. embracing, 5
_Habor_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. dexterous brightness, 365
Hacco, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. high kin, 365
Häcke, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. axe (?)
Hackel, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. axe (?)
Haco, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. high kin, 365
Hacon, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. high kin, 365
_Hada_, _f._ _Lus._ Teu. war refuge, 304
_Hadamk_, _m._ _Lus._ Heb. red earth, 10
Hadassah, _Eng._ _Pers._ Heb. myrtle, 57
HADRIANUS, _m._ _Lat._ from Adrian, 157
HADUFRID, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war peace, 305
HADUFUNS, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war eagerness, 305
HADULINT, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war spear, 305
Haduman, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. Hodur’s man, 304
HADUMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. fierce fame, 304
HADUPALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. fierce prince, 305
HADUPRACHT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war’s brightness, 305
HADUPARC, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war protection, 305
HADUSWINTH, _f._ _Goth._ Teu. war strength, 305
HADUWALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war prince, 305
HADUWIG, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war refuge, 305
HAFGRIM, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sea obscured, 432
HAFLIDE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sea wanderer, 432
HAFLOK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sea relic, 432
HAFTHOR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sea Thor, 432
HAGBART, _Nor._ Teu. dexterous brightness, 365
HAGBRAND, _Nor._ Teu. dexterous sword, 365
Haggai, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. festival of the Lord, 51
HAGAN, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. hook, 365
_Haggy_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. good, 82
HAGTHOR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. dexterous Thor, 365
HAIRUWULF, _m._ _Goth._ sword wolf, 351
_Hake_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. high kin, 365
_Hakona_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. high kin, 365
_Hal_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. home rule, 310
_Halbe_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. half, 431
Halbert, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. bright stone, 349
HALBJORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. stone protection, 349
Halbdan, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. half Dane, 431
HALBTURING, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. half Thuringian, 431
HALBWALAH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. stranger, half Wallachian, 431
Haldanus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. half Dane, 431
HALDIS, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. stone spirit, 349
_Halex_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. helper of men, 85
_Half_, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. half, 431
HALFDAN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. half Dane, 431
HALFRID, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. hall fair, 349
_Hali_, _m._ _Kaffir_, Teu. home rule, 310
Halldora, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. stone of Thor, 349
_Halgerd_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. stone fence, 319
HALGJER, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone spear, 319
HALLGRIM, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone helmet, 349
HALLGRIMA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. stone helmet, 349
Halkatla, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. stone kettle, 349
Hallkjell, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone kettle, 349
HALLRID, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. stone vehemence, 349
HALLTHORA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. stone of Thor, 349
HALLWARD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone guardian, 349
HALVAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone prudence, 349
_Hameline_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. home, 309
_Hamish_, _m._ _Gael._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Hamlyn, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. home, 309
Hamo, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. home, 309
_Han_, _m._ _Esth._ _Swiss_, Heb. grace of God, 45
Hananeel, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. grace of God, 46
Hanani, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. grace of God, 46
Hananiah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 40
_Hançhen_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 42
_Hancicka_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. grace, 42
_Handrej_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. man, 86
_Hanka_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
_Hanke_, _m._ _Netherlands_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Hanna_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. grace, 42
Hannah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. grace, 42
_Hanne_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
_Hanneken_, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Hannes_, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Hannibal_, _m._ _Eng._ Phœn. grace of Baal, 40
_Hanno_, _m._ _Lat._ _Corn._ Phœn. grace, 40
_Hannyball_, _m._ _Swiss,_ _Ger._ Phœn. grace of Baal, 40
_Hans_, _m._ _Ger._ _Dutch_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Hanschen_, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Hansel_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Hansli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Hanto_, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. inestimable, 142
_Hanusia_, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
_Hanza_, _f._ _Lus._ Gr. pure, 119
_Hanzyzka_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. grace, 42
_Happen-to-be_, _m._ _Eng._
Harald, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. warrior power, 417
Harding, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. firm, 421
Hardiknut, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. bold and able, 421
Hardouin, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. firm friend, 421
_Hardrada_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. hardy, 421
HARDWIG, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. hard war, 421
HARDWIN, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm friend, 421
_Harenc_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. army, 416
HARIBERT, bright warrior, 417
_Haring_, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. army, 416
HARIVALD, _m._ warrior power, 410
_Harm_, _m._ _Netherlands_, Gr. holy name, 89
Harold, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. warrior power, 417
_Haroun_, _m._ _Arab._ Heb. mountain, 27
Harriet, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. home rule, 310
Harry, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. home rule, 310
HARTHAGREPA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. hard grip, 420
HARTHAKNUT, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. firm hill, 420
Hartrich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm ruler, 421
Hartmod, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm spirit, 421
Hartmund, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm protection, 421
Hartwig, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm war, 421
Harvey, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. bitter, 281
_Hasli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
Hasting, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. swift, 402
_Hati_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. pure, 123
_Hatili_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. pure, 123
HATTO, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. Hessian, 432
_Hatty_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. home rule, 310
HAUK, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. hawk, 344
HAULEIK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sport of thought, 354
HAVISIA, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. war refuge, 305
HAVOYS, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. war refuge, 305
Hawoise, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. war refuge, 305
_Haymo_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. home, 311
_Haymon_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. home, 311
HAZZO, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. Hessian, 422
_Hazzy_, _m._ _Eng._ Zend. venerable king, 57
Hector, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. defender, 74
_Heddo_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. war, 305
HEDINN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. fury, 305
Hedviga, _f._ _Hung._ war refuge, 305
Hedviga, _f._ _Fr._ war refuge, 305
Hedwig, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war refuge, 305
HEERDEGEN, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warrior blade, 351, 417
_Heimbert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home bright, 311
HEIMIRICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home ruler, 309
_Heimrad_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home council, 309
_Heimrich_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home rule, 310
_Hein_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home rule, 310
_Heine_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home rule, 310
_Heinel_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home rule, 310
Heinrich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home rule, 310
_Heintje_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. home rule, 310
_Heintz_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home rule, 310
_Hejba_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. life, 11
HEKTOR, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. defender, 74
_Helbing_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. half, 431
Helaine, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. light, 68
Helen, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. light, 68
HELENA, _f._ _Port._ _Eng._ _Span._ Gr. light, 68
Hélène, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. light, 68
_Helenka_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. light, 68
Helewise, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. famous holiness, 405
Helfrich, _m._ _Ger._ helping ruler, 420
HELGA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. holy, 403
Helie, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. God the Lord, 36
Helier, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. cheerful, 280
HELGI, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. holy, 403
Heliodorus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. sun’s gift, 67
Heliogabalus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. sun’s gift, 67
_Helier_, _m._ _Jersey_, Lat. cheerful, 191, 280
HELMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. helmeted warrior, 351
HELMBOLD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. helmed prince, 351
HELMERICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. helmet king, 351
HELMICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. helmet, 351
Helmhart, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm helmet, 351
HELMTAC, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. helmet day, 351
Helmut, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. helmet rage, 351
_Helmine_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. will helmet, 351
_Helmold_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. helmet power, 351
HELOISE, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. famous holiness, 405
_Helsa_, _f._ _Dan._ _Ger._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
Hendrik, _m._ _Dan._ _Dutch_, Teu. home rule, 310
Hendrika, _f._ _Dutch_, Teu. home rule, 310
_Hendrijshka_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. man, 86
_Henghist_, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. horse, 340
_Hennike_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home ruler, 309
_Henning_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home ruler, 309
_Henny_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. home ruler, 310
Henri, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. home rule, 310
HENRIETTA, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. home rule, 310
Henriette, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Teu. home ruler, 310
_Henrika_, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. home ruler, 310
_Henriot_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. home ruler, 310
_Henrique_, _m._ _Port._ Teu. home ruler, 310
_Henriqueta_, _f._ _Port._ Teu. home ruler, 310
Henry, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. home ruler, 310
_Henryketa_, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. home ruler, 310
Henryk, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. home ruler, 310
HEORUWARD, _m._ _A.S._ sword guardian, 351
Hephzibah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. my delight is in her, 49
_Hepsy_, _f._ _Am._ Heb. my delight is in her, 49
Heraclius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. noble fame, 63
Heraclidas, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. noble fame, 63
Heracleonas, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. noble fame, 63
HERAKLES, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. lordly fame, 63
Heraric, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warrior king, 417
Herberge, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. warrior protection, 417
Herbert, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bright warrior, 417
Herbjorn, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. warrior bear, 417
Herbrand, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. warrior sword, 417
Herchenhold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. sacredly firm, 329
Hercule, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. lordly fame, 63
Hercules, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. lordly fame, 63
Herdegen, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warrior blade, 351, 417
_Hertag_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. army day, 351, 417
Heremon, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. 241
Hereward, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. sword guardian, 351
HERUWULF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. sword wolf, 351
Hergils, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warrior pledge, 417
Heribert, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. warrior bright, 417
Heribold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warrior prince, 417
Herimar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warrior fame, 417
HERIOLD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warrior power, 417
HERJOLF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. warrior wolf, 417
HERLAUG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. warrior drink, 417
HERLEIF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. warrior love relic, 417
HERLEIK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. warrior sport, 417
_Herluin_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. warrior friend (?), 417
_Hermagoras_, _m._ _Gr._ assembly of Hermes, 71
_Herma_, _Swiss_, Teu. public, 327
HERMAN, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. public army man, 327
HERMANGILD, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. public pledge, 327
HERMANFRIED, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. public peace, 327
Hermanfroy, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. public peace, 327
HERMANRICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. public rule, 327
HERMESIND, _f._ _Goth._ Teu. public strength, 328
HERMES, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. of the earth, 71
HERMIA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. of Hermes, 71
Hermine, _f._ _It._ Lat. lordly, 147, 327
HERMINIUS, _m._ _Lat._ lordly, 147, 327
HERMIONE, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. of Hermes, 71
Hermolaus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. Hermes' people, 71
_Hermocrates_, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. Hermes' judge, 71
_Hermogenes_, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. Hermes' descendant, 351
_Hermund_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. army protection, 351
_Hernan_, _m._ _Span._ Teu. adventuring life, 433
_Hernanda_, _f._ _Span._ Teu. adventuring life, 433
_Hernando_, _m._ _Span._ Teu. adventuring life, 433
Hero, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. lady, 63
Herod, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. of a hero, 63
Herodias, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. of a hero, 63
Herodotus, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. noble gift, 63
Herulf, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. army wolf, 351
Hervé, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. bitter, 281
_Herwin_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. army friend, 416
_Hery_, _m._ _Bret._ Teu. home ruler, 310
Hesekiel, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. strength of God, 48
_Hesje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Pers. star, 57
Hester, _f._ _Eng._ Pers. star, 57
Hesthera, _f._ Lat. Pers. star, 57
Hezekiah, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. strength of the Lord, 48
_Hetty_, _f._ _Eng._ Pers. star, 57
_Heva_, _f._ _Lat._ Heb. life, 11
_Hew_, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. mind, 353
HEZEKIAH, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. strength of the Lord, 48
HIALFREK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. helping ruler, 420
HIALPERIK, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. helping ruler, 420
Hierom, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. holy name, 89
Hieronim, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. holy name, 89
Hieronimo, _m._ _It._ Gr. holy name, 89
Hieronimus, _m._ _Lat._ _Ger._ Gr. holy name, 89
Hieronôme, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. holy name, 89
Hieronomette, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. holy name, 89
Hieronymus, _Lat._ Gr. holy name, 89
_Hies_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
_Hiesel_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
Hilaire, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. cheerful, 191
Hilaria, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. cheerful, 191
Hilariao, _m._ _Port._ Lat. cheerful, 191
Hilario, _m._ _Sp._ _Port._ Lat. cheerful, 191
Hilarion, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. cheerful, 191
HILARIUS, _m._ _Lat._ Lat. cheerful, 191
Hilary, _m._ _f._ _Eng._ Lat. cheerful, 191
HILDA, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. battle maid, 317
Hildebert, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. battle bright, 318
Hildaberta, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. battle bright,318
HILDEBJORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. battle maid protection, 318
HILDEBOLD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. battle prince, 318
Hildebrand, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. battle sword, 318
HILDEGAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. battle spear,318
Hildegarde, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. battle maid protection, 318
HILDEGUND, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. battle maid’s war, 318
HILDEGUNNA, _f._ _Ice._ Teu. battle maid’s war, 318
Hildelildis, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. battle maid, 318
Hildemand, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. battle man, 318
Hildemunda, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. battle maid’s protection, 318
Hilderich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. battle rule, 318
Hilderik, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. battle rule, 318
_Hildert_, _f._ _Fries._ Teu. battle council, 318
HILDEWARD, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. battle ward, 318
Hildewig, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. battle maid war, 318
Hildiridur, _f._ _Ice._ Teu. battle hastener, 318
_Hildrad_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. battle council, 318
Hilduara, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. battle prudence, 318
HILDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. battle maid, 318
_Hillert_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. battle bright, 318
HILPERIK, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. battle rule, 318
_Hilram_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. battle raven, 318
_Hilza_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Hilzbeta_, _Lus._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Hilzizka_, _Lus._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
Hiltrude, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. battle maiden, 319
_Hime_, _m._ _Fris._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38
_Himmeltrud_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. heavenly maid.
_Hinmarc_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. Ing’s fame, 325
_Hinko_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. Ing, 325
_Hinrik_, _m._ _Fris._ _Swed._ Teu. home rule, 310
_Hiob_, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. persecuted, 20
HIORDIS, _f._ sword spirit, 351
HIORGEIR, _m._ sword war, 351
HIORLEIF, _m._ sword relic, 351
HIORULF, _m._ sword wolf, 351
HIPPODAMUS, _m._ _Gr._ horse tamer, 78
HIPPODAMEIA, _f._ _Gr._ horse tamer, 78
Hippolyt, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. horse destruction, 78
Hippolyta, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. horse destruction, 78
_Hippolyte_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. horse destruction, 78
HIPPOLYTOS, _m._ Gr. horse destruction, 78
Hippolytus, _m._ _Eng._ _Lat._ Gr. horse destruction, 78
_Hirsch_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. stag.
_Hirus_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. with a holy name, 89
HJALMAR, _m._ _Nor._ helmed warrior, 351
Hjarrande, _Nor._ Teu. sword horse, 351
HLOD, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. famous, 405
HLODIO, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. famous, 405
HLODHERI, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. famous army, 405
HLODHILD, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. famous battle maid, 405
HLODMAR, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. loud fame, 405
HLODWIG, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. famous war, 405
_Hob_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bright fame, 405
_Hobbie_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. bright stone, 417
_Hocke_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. mind, 353
Hodaiah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. praise, 21
_Hodge_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. spear of fame, 390
Hoel, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. lordly, 276
HOGNI, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. deft (?), 364
HOLDA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. gentle, 214
_Holex_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. helper of men, 85
Holger, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. holy, 403
Holla, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. faithful, 214
_Homfroi_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. support of peace, 350
Honor, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. honour, 190
Honora, _f._ _Ir._ Lat. honour, 190
Honoratus, _m._ _Lat._ honoured, 190
Honoré, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. honoured, 190
Honoria, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. honourable, 190
Honorine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. honour, 190
HONORIUS, _m._ _Lat._ honourable, 190
Horace, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Lat. 148
Horacio, _m._ _Span._ Lat. 148
Horatia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. 148
Horatio, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. 148
HORATIUS, _m._ _Lat._ 148
Horatz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. 148
_Hordaknut_, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. firm hill, 420
_Horsa_, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. horse, 340
_Horta_, _f._ _Lus._ Gr. gift of God, 102
Hortense, _f._ _Fr._ _Lat._ gardener, 147
Hortensia, _f._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Lat. gardener, 147
HORTENSIUS, _m._ Lat. gardener, 147
_Hortija_, _f._ _Lus._ Gr. gift of God, 102
_Hosch_, _m._ _Walloon_, thought, 353
_Hoscha_, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. bear, 411
HOSHEA, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. salvation, 36
HOUERV, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. bitter, 282
Hovleik, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sport of thought, 354
HRAFEN, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. raven, 344
HRAFENHILDUR, _f._ _Ice._ Teu. raven battle maid, 344
HRAFENKJELL, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. raven kettle, 344
_Hrista_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. Christian, 105
HRODBERN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous bear, 341
HRODHILD, _f._ _Ger._ _Nor._ Teu. famous heroine, 393
HRODFRID, _f._ _Ger._ _Nor._ Teu. famous peace, 393
_Hroi_, _m._ _Teu._ Nor. famous, 393
HRODNY, _f._ _Teu._ Nor. famous freshness, 393
_Hrollaug_, famous liquor, 393
_Hrollaf_, _m._ _Teu._ Nor. relic of fame, 393
HRODSIND, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. famous strength, 393
HRODSTEIN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous stone, 393
HRUDO, _Nor._ Teu. fame, 393
_Hroar_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous spear, 393
_Hrolf_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. wolf of fame, 393
HROSBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright horse, 341
Hroshelm, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. horse helmet, 341
HROSMUND, _f._ _m._ Teu. famed protection, 341
HROSWITH, _f._ _Lomb._ Teu. horse strength, 341
HROSSWALD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. horse power, 341
HROTHULF, _m._ _Nor._ famous wolf, 393
HROTHGAR, _A.S._, spear of fame, 393
HROTHMUND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous protection, 393
HROTHREKR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous king, 393
HROREKR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous king,393
HROTHULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous wolf, 393
HRUODGAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famed spear, 393
HRUODGJER, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famed spear, 393
HRUODLAND, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. fame of land, 393
Hruodmar, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famed renown, 393
HRUODPERACHT, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bright fame, 393
HRUODERICH, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famed rule, 393
HRUDROLF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. wolf of fame, 393
HU, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. mind, 226, 353
Huard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm in mind, 353
_Hubbard_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. mind bright, 354
Hubert, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Teu. mind bright, 354
Huberto, _m._ _It._ Teu. mind bright, 354
Hucpraht, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. 354
Hues, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. mind, 226, 353
Huet, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. Kelt. (?) mind, 226, 353
_Huette_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. Kelt. mind, 226, 353
Hugh, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. mind, 226, 353
Hugi, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. mind, 226, 353
HUGIBALD, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. mind prince, 353
HUGIBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mind bright, 353
HUGIHARDT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm mind, 353
HUGLEIK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sport of the mind, 353
Hugo, _m._ _Span._ _Lat._ _Port._ Teu. mind, 226, 353
HUGOLEIK, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. sport of the mind, 353
Hugolin, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. mind, 352
Hugr, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. mind, 353
Hugues, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. mind, 353
_Huguenin_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. mind, 353
HUGUR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. mind, 353
Huig, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. thought, 353
Huldr, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. muffled, 214
Hulla, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. muffled, 214
Humbert, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. support of brightness, 350
Humfrey, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. support of peace, 350
Humfreid, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. support of peace, 350
Humphrey, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. support of peace, 350
_Humps_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. support of peace, 350
_Hunaud_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. support of power, 350
HUND, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. dog, 336
_Hundolf_, dog wolf, 336
HUNGERDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. supporting maiden, 351
_Hungus_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. excellent virtue, 242
_Hunibert_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. support of brightness, 350
Hunnerich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. support ruler, 350
Hunold, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. support of power, 350
_Huon_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. mind, 226, 352
_Huprecht_, _m._ _Lus._ Teu. bright fame, 354
Hutcheon, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. mind, 226, 353
Hyacinth, _m._ _Ir._ Gr. purple, 81
Hyacinthe, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. purple, 81
_Hyacinthie_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. purple, 81
HYGELAC, _m._ _A.G.S._ Teu. sport of thought, 353
_Hynek_, _m._ _Bohm._ Lat. fiery, 194
_Hystaspes_, _m._ _Gr._ Zend. possessing horses.
HYWEL, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. lordly, 276
HYWGI, _m._ _Welsh_, Teu. mind, 226
I
_Iachimo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Iago_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Ian_, _m._ _Scot._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
IARNGARD, _m._ _Nor._ iron defence, 348
_Ib_, _f._ _Eng._ Phœn. oath of Baal, 35
_Ibald_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bow prince, 326
_Ibbot_, _f._ _Scot._ Teu. oath of Baal, 35
_Ibert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright bow, 326
Ibraheem, _m._ _Arab._ Heb. father of nations, 12
_Ichabod_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the glory is departed, 2
Ida, _f._ _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Teu. happy, 411
IDA, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. thirsty, 224
Ide, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich, 376
_Idette_, _f._ _Flem._ Teu. rich, 376
Idonea, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. she who ever works, 307
_Iduberge_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. happy protection, 378
IDUNE, _f._ _Ger._ _Nor._ Teu. she who works, 307
_Iggerich_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. awful king, 323
Ignace, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. fiery, 194
Ignacij, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. fiery, 194
Ignacio, _m._ _Rom._ Lat. fiery, 194
Ignacy, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. fiery, 194
_Ignascha_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. fiery, 194
Ignatie, _m._ _Wallach._ Lat. fiery, 194
Ignatij, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. fiery, 194
IGNATIUS, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. fiery, 194
Ignaz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. fiery, 194
Ignazia, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. fiery, 194
Ignazio, _m._ _It._ Lat. fiery, 194
Ignes, _f._ _Span._ Gr. pure, 119
_Igor_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. husbandman, 115
_Ike_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. awful firmness, 323
_Ikey_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. laughter, 41
Ilar, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. cheerful, 191
Ilaria, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. cheerful, 191
Ilareeij, _Russ._ Lat. cheerful, 191
Ilario, _m._ _It._ Lat. cheerful, 191
Ilarion, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. cheerful, 191
Ildefonso, _m._ _Span._ Teu. eager for battle, 320
Ildefonsus, _m._ _Span._ Teu. eager for battle, 320
_Ilderico_, _m._ _It._ Teu. battle rule, 320
_Iliska_, _f._ _Slov._ Lat. downy bearded, 149
_Ilja_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. God, the Lord, 36
_Ilona_, _Hung._ Gr. light, 68
_Ilse_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Ilse_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble cheer, 411
_Imagina_, _f._ _Ger._
IMMANUEL, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. God with us, 36
_Imogen_, _f._ _Eng._ 233
Incarnaçion, _f._ _Span._ Lat. incarnation, 30
_Indes_, _Lett._ home ruler, 310
_Indrikis_, _Lett._ home ruler, 310
_Indus_, _Lett._ home ruler, 310
_Indride_, _m._ _Nor._ chief rider, 323
Iñes, _f._ _Span._ Gr. pure, 119
_Inesila_, _f._ _Span._ Gr. pure, 119
Iñaz, _Port._ Gr. pure, 119
_Ing_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing, 324
Ingebera, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s bear, 325
Ingeberge, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s protection, 325
INGEBJERG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s protection, 325
INGEBRAND, _m._ A. S. Teu. Ing’s sword, 325
INGEGJERD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s guard, 325
Ingeltram, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Ing’s raven, 325
INGELIEF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s relic, 325
INGEMUND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s protection, 325
INGERIDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s eagerness, 325
INGHILD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s battle maid, 325
Ingjard, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s spear, 325
Ingoberga, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. Ing’s protection, 325
INGRIMR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. helmeted Ing, 325
_Ingram_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Ing’s raven, 325
INGULF, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Ing’s wolf, 325
Ingulphus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. Ing’s wolf, 325
INGUNNA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s maiden, 325
INGVE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s consecration, 325
Ingvaldr, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s power, 325
Ingvar, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s warrior, 325
INGVECHILD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s battle maid, 325
Iñiga, _f._ _m._ _Span._ Gr. fiery, 194
Iñigo, _m._ _Span._ Gr. fiery, 194
Innocent, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. harmless, 193
INNOCENTIUS, _m._ Lat. harmless, 193
Innocenz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. harmless, 193
Innocenzie, _f._ _Ger._ _Lat._ harmless, 193
Innocenzio, _m._ _It._ Lat. harmless, 193
Innokentij, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. harmless, 193
_Iola_, _m._ _Bret._ Lat. downy bearded, 149
_Iolo_, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. downy bearded, 149
Ippolita, _f._ _It._ Gr. horse destruction, 78
Ippolito, _m._ _It._ Gr. horse destruction, 78
Irene, _f._ _Eng._ _It._ _Fr._ Gr. peace, 113
Irenæus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. peaceful, 113
IRING, _m._ _Thuringian_, Teu. 327
Irmanfrit, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. public peace, 327
_Irnvrit_, _m._ _Thu._ Teu. public peace, 327
IRUNG, _m._ bright, 416
_Isa_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. iron, 348
Isaac, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Heb. laughter, 14
Isaak, _m._ _Russ._ _Ger._ Heb. laughter, 14
Isabeau, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. oath of Baal, 35
Isabel, _f._ _Span._ _Eng._ _Port._ Heb. oath of Baal, 35
_Isabelinha_, _f._ _Port._ Heb. oath of Baal, 35
Isabella, _f._ _It._ Heb. oath of Baal, 35
Isabelle, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. oath of Baal, 35
Isaiah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. salvation of the Lord, 48
ISAMBART, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. iron bright, 348
Isambaus, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. iron prince, 348
_Isbel_, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Isbrand_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. iron sword, 348
_Isebald_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. iron prince, 348
_Isenbrand_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. iron sword, 348
ISENGARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. iron defence, 348
ISENGRIM, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. iron mask, 348
Isenhard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. iron firm, 348
_Iseulte_, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. fair, 275
ISFUNDEAR, _m._ _Pers._ Zend.
_Isgar_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. iron spear, 348
ISGIER, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. iron spear, 348
Ishmael, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. heard of God, 2
Isidor, _m._ _Span._ _Ger._ Gr. strong gift, 103
Isadora, _f._ _Span._ Gr. strong gift, 103
Isidore, _f._ _m._ _Fr._ Gr. strong gift, 103
Isidoro, _m._ _It._ Gr. strong gift, 103
ISIDORUS, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. strong gift, 103
Ising, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. son of iron, 348
Iskender, _m._ _Turk._ Gr. helper of men, 85
Isobel, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. oath of God, 35
Isolda, _f._ _It._ Kelt. fair, 275
Isolde, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. fair, 275
Isolt, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. fair, 275
ISRID, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. iron vehemence, 348
Issachar, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. hire, 7
Issaak, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. laughter, 14
Istvan, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. crown, 96
ISULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. iron wolf, 348
Ita, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. thirsty, 224
_Itzig_, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. laughter, 14
Ivan, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. grace of God, 45
_Ivancica_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. Teu. grace of the Lord, 46
_Ivanjuscha_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Ivanku_, _f._ _Bulg._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
_Ivanna_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
IVAR, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. archer, 325
IVBALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bow prince, 325
IVBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright bow, 325
Iver, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. archer, 325
Ives, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. archer, 325
_Ivka_, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
Ivo, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. archer, 325
Ivon, _m._ _Bret._ Teu. bow bearer, 325
Ivor, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. bow bearer, 325
Ivory, _m._ _Irish_, 325
Izaak, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. laughter, 15
_Izabela_, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. oath of Baal, 35
_Izabella_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. oath of Baal, 35
Izod, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. fair, 275
Izoldo, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. fair, 275
_Izydor_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. strong gift, 103
J
_Jaak_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jaap_, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jaapje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. supplanter, 17
Jabez, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. sorrow, 2
_Jachym_, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. the Lord’s judgment, 37
_Jacim_, _Slov_. _Ill._ the Lord’s judgment, 37
Jacinta, _f._ _Span._ purple, 81
Jacintha, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. purple, 81
Jacinthe, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. purple, 81
Jack, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. grace of God, 45
_Jackel_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Jacob, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Heb. supplanter, 1, 17
_Jacobéa_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jacobello_, _m._ _It._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Jacobina, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Jacobine _f._ _Ger._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Jacobo, _m._ _It._ Span. Heb. supplanter, 17
Jacobus, _m._ _Lat._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Jacopo, _m._ _It._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jacot_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jacov_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jacovina_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Jacques, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Jacqueline, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jacqueminot_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jacquetta_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jacquette_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Jaddæus, _m._ _Lat._ Heb. known of God, 8
Jaddua, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. known of God, 8
Jadwiga, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. war refuge, 305
_Jaga_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jaggeli_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. supplanter, 17
JAGODA, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. strawberry, 438
Jahus, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Jaime_, _m._ _Aram._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jaka_, _m._ _Slov._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jakab_, _m._ _Hung._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jako_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Jakob, _m._ _Esth._ _Dutch_, _Ger._ _Pol._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Jakoba, _f._ _Dutch_, _Ger._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Jakobos, _m._ _Gr._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Jakobine, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jakov_, _m._ _Russ._ _Ill._ _Wall._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jakova_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jakobika_, _f._ _m._ _Ill._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Jaffrez, _m._ _Bret._ Teu. God’s peace, 287
James, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Jamesina, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jamie_, _m._ _Scot._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jan_, _m._ _Nor._ _Dutch_, _Eng._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Jannik_, _m._ _Bret._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Janas_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Janak_, _Pol._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Janckzi_, _m._ _Hung._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
Jane, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
_Janek_, _m._ _Scot._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Janesika_, _f._ _Slov._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
_Janet_, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
_Janez_, _m._ _Slov._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Janja_, _f._ _Serv._ Gr. pure, 119
_Janke_, _m._ _Lus._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Janne_, _m._ _Dan._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Jannedik_, _f._ _Bret._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Janos_, _m._ _Hung._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Janotje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
_Jantina_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
_Jantje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
JANUARIUS, _m._ _Lat._ January born, 171
_Janus_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. from Adria, 156
Jaques, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Jaquette, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. supplanter, 17
JARLAR, _m._ _Swed._ Heb. earl warrior, 333
JAROMIR, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. firm peace, 333
JAROPOLK, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. firm peace, 333
JAROSLAV, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. firm peace.
Jarratt, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. spear firm, 369
Jartrud, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. spear truth, 368
_Jascha_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jaschenka_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jaschis_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. addition, 23
Jaseps, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. addition, 23
Jasper, _m._ _Eng._ Pers. treasure master, 211
Jatmund, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. rich protection, 377
_Jaubert_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. good bright, 288
_Jauffré_, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. God’s peace, 287
_Jantje_, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Javotte_, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. white stream, 270
Jaward, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich guardian, 378
Jayme, _m._ _Sp._ _Port._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jeames_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Jean, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
Jean, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
Jeanne, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
_Jeannette_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
_Jeannetton_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
_Jeannot_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Jebbe_, _f._ _Fris._ Teu. wild boar battle maid, 337
_Jeconiah_, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. appointed of the Lord, 38
_Jedert_, _f._ _Slov._ Teu. war maid, 368
_Jedrzej_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. manly, 86
Jeffrey, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. good peace, 287
_Jefronissa_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. mirth, 72
Jehan, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
Jehanne, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
Jehoash, given by the Lord, 37
Jehoram, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord is exalted, 37
Jehoiachin, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. appointed of the Lord, 37
Jehoiada, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. known of God, 37
Jehoiakim, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38
Jehu, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord is He, 38
_Jeka_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jekups_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jela_, _f._ _Serv._ Gr. light, 68
_Jelena_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. light, 68
_Jelica_, _f._ _Russ._ _Slov._ Gr. light, 68
_Jelisavka_, _f._ _Serv._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Jelissaveta_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Jellon_, _m._ _Scot._ Lat. downy bearded, 150
_Jemmy_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. supplanter, 17
Jemima, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. dove, 26
_Jendriska_, _f._ _Bohm._ Teu. home ruler, 310
_Jenkin_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
Jennifer, _f._ _Corn._ Kelt. white wave, 270
_Jenny_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
Jenovefa, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. white stream, 270
_Jens_, _m._ _Dan._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
Jeoffroi, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. divine peace, 288
_Jeps_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. addition, 23
_Jerassim_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. beloved, 113
_Jerast_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. amiable, 113
_Jera_, _f._ _Slov._ Teu. war maid, 368
Jeremej, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. exalted of the Lord, 49
Jeremiah, _m._ _Ger._ _Slov._ Heb. exalted of the Lord, 49
_Jeremiah_, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Heb. exalted of the Lord, 49
Jeremias, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Heb. exalted of the Lord, 49
Jeremie, _m._ _Fr._ _Wall._ Heb. exalted of the Lord, 49
Jeremija, _m._ _Russ._ _Serv._ Heb. exalted of the Lord, 49
Jeremy, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. exalted of the Lord, 49
_Jerica_, _f._ _Slov._ Teu. war maid, 368
_Jerko_, _m._ _Serv._ Gr. with a holy name, 89
Jermyn, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. German, 416
_Jernej_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
_Jerolim_, _m._ _Serv._ Gr. with holy name, 89
Jerom, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. holy name, 89
Jeromette, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. holy name, 89
Jerome, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Gr. holy name, 89
_Jeronimo_, _m._ _Port._ Gr. with a holy name, 89
Jerram, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. war raven, 370
_Jerry_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. exalted of the Lord, 49
Jervis, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. spear war, 369
_Jervoise_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. spear war, 369
_Jerzy_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. husbandman, 115
Jesaia, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. help of God, 49
Jesekijel, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. strength of God, 49
Jespers, _m._ _Lett._ Pers. treasure master, 211
Jeshua, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord my salvation, 37
_Jessica_, _f._ _Eng._ 46
_Jesse_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord is, 46
_Jessie_, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
_Jettchen_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. home ruler, 310
_Jette_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. home ruler, 310
_Jettje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Teu. home ruler, 310
_Jeva_, _f._ _Serv._ Gr. fair speech, 88
Jeva, _f._ _Lett._ _Serv._ Heb. life, 11
Jevan, _Welsh_, young warrior, 273
Jevva, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. life, 11
Jevchariz, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. happy hand, 87
Jevdoksia, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. happy glory, 88
Jevginnia, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. well born, 88
Jevginij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. well born, 88
Jevfimija, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. fair fame, 88
Jevlalija, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. fair speech, 88
Jevstachij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. fair harvest, 88
_Jewa_, _f._ _Lith._ Heb. life, 11
_Jewele_, _f._ _Lett._ Heb. life, 11
_Jezis_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jill_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. downy beard, 150
_Jillet_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. downy beard, 150
_Jillian_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. downy beard, 150
_Jitka_, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. praise, 20
_Jim_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jiri_, _m._ _Bohm._ Gr. husbandman, 115
_Jjewa_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. life, 11
_Joa_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 37
Joachim, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 37
Joachim, _m._ _Russ._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Heb. God will judge, 38
_Joachime_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. God will judge, 37
Joahim, _m._ _Slov._ Heb. God will judge, 38
Joakim, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. God will judge, 38
Joan, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46
Joanna, _f._ _Eng._ _Pol._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46
Joannes, _m._ _Gr._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Joanico_, _m._ _Port._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Joaniniha_, _f._ _Port._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46
_Joao_, _m. Port._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Joaozinho_, _m. Port._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
Joaquim, _m. Span._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 37
Joaquin, _m. Span._ _Port._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 37
Joaquima, _f. Port._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 37
Joash, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. given by the Lord, 38
Job, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. persecuted, 26
_Jobs_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. sportive, 191
_Jobst_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. sportive, 191
_Jocelin_, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Lat. sportive, 191
Jochebed, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. person of merit, 27
_Jocheli_, _m._ _Swiss_, the Lord will judge, 37
_Johann_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 37
_Jock_, _m._ _Scot._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Jock_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jockel_, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Jockey_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
Jocosa, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. merry, 191
JOCOSUS, _m._ _Lat._ merry, 191
_Jodel_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. sportive, 191
_Jodetel_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. sportive, 191
Jodoca, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. sportive, 191
JODOCUS, _m._ _Lat._ sportive, 191
Jodoke, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. sportive, 191
Jodokus, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. sportive, 191
JOAR, horse warrior, 341
JODIS, horse sprite, 441
Jofan, the Lord’s grace, 45
JOFRED, horse peace, 341
JOFRID, fair horse, 341
JOGEIR, horse spear, 341
JOGRIM, horse mask, 341
_Jokell_, horse kettle, 341
JOKETYL, horse kettle, 341
JOREID, horse eagerness, 341
JOSTEIN, horse stone, 341
JORUNNA, horse lady, 341
Jornandes, Jordan, 39
_Jøren_, _Nor._ Teu. glittering man, 416
JØRUND, _Nor._ Teu. glittering man, 416
JOEL, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. strong willed, 50
_Joe_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. addition, 23
_Joeran_, _m._ _Dan._ Gr. husbandman, 115
_Jofa_, _m._ _Lapp._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Jofan_, _m._ _Lapp._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Jogg_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. supplanter, 17
_Joggeli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. supplanter, 17
Johan, _m._ _Swiss_, _Esth._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
Johanan, _Eng._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
Johanna, _f._ _Ger._ _Esth._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46
Johanna, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46
Johanne, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46
JOHANNES, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
John, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Johnnie_, _Scot._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Johnny_, _Eng._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Johum_, _Dan._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 37
Joletta, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. violet, 206
_Joliette_, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. downy bearded, 150
_Jompert_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war splendour, 363
Jonah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. dove, 26
Jonas, _m._ _Lat._ Heb. dove, 26
Jonaszus, _m._ _Lith._ Heb. dove, 26
Jonathan, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord’s gift, 25
_Jonelis_, _m._ _Lith._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Jonka_, _m._ _Lapp._ Heb. dove, 26
_Jonkus_, _m._ _Lith._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Jonkuttelis_, _m._ _Lith._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Jonuttis_, _m._ _Lith._ Heb. the Lord’s grace.
_Joram_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord is exalted, 37
JORDAN, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. descender, 39
_Jorens_, _m._ _Norse_, _Lat._ laurel, 174
Jorge, _Port._ husbandman, 115
_Joris_, _Dutch_, Gr. husbandman, 115
Jortz, _Gr._ _Prov._ husbandman, 115
Jorwarth, _m._ _Welsh_, Teu. rich guard, 378
_Jos_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord is salvation, 37
Joscelin, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. just, 192
_Joscelind_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. just, 192
Jose, _m._ _Span._ _Port._ Heb. addition, 23
Josef, _m._ _Span._ _Swed._ Heb. addition, 23
Josefa, _f._ _Span._ Heb. addition, 23
Josefina, _f._ _Swed._ Heb. addition, 23
Josep, _m._ _Prov._ _Fr._ Heb. addition, 23
Joseph, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Heb. addition, 17
Josepha, _f._ _Port._ Heb. addition, 23
Josephe, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Heb. addition, 23
Josephina, _f._ _Port._ Heb. addition, 23
Josephine, _f._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Heb. addition, 23
Joses, _m._ _Gr._ Heb. addition, 23
Joshua, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord is salvation, 37
Josiah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. yielded to the Lord, 37
Jossif, _m._ _Wall._ Heb. addition, 23
Josipe, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. addition, 23
Josip, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. addition, 23
_Josipa_, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. addition, 23
_Josipac_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. addition, 23
_Josipica_, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. addition, 23
_Joska_, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. addition, 23
_Josko_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. addition, 23
_Josh_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. addition, 23
_Josse_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. sportive, 191
_Josselin_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. sportive, 191
_Jossif_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. addition, 23
Jossué, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. the Lord is salvation, 37
_Jost_, _m._ _L. Ger._ Lat. just, 192
_Jost_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. sportive, 23
_Jost_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. sportive, 191
_Jostli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. sportive, 191
_Josts_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. just, 192
_Jourdain_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. descender, 39
_Jov_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. persecuted, 26
_Jovan_, _m._ _Ill._ _Swiss_, Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Jovana_, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46
_Jovanna_, _f._ _Port._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46
_Jovica_, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. the Lords grace, 46
_Joy_, _f._ _Eng._ 191
Joyce, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. sportive, 191
Joycelin, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. just, 192
_Joza_, _m._ _Slov._ Heb. addition, 23
Joze, _m._ _Port._ Heb. addition, 23
Jozef, _m._ _Pol._ _Slav._ Heb. addition, 23
_Jozefa_, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. addition, 23
_Jozo_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. addition, 23
Jozefa, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. addition, 23
_Jra_, _f._ _Slov._ Teu. spear maid, 368
Juan, _m._ _Span._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
Juana, _f._ _Span._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46
_Juanito_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
Juczi, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. praise, 21
Judah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. praise, 20
Judas, _m._ _Scot._ Heb. praise, 20
Jude, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. praise, 20
Judical, _m._ _Bret._ Lat. sportive, 191
Judit, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. praise, 21
JUDITH, _f._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Heb. praise, 21
Juditha, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. praise, 21
Judithe, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. praise, 21
_Judy_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. praise, 21
_Jugge_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. praise, 21
_Jukums_, _m._ _Lith._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38
_Jukkinum_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38
_Jules_, _m._ _Lith._ Lat. downy bearded, 149
Jules, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. downy bearded, 149
Juli, _f._ _Hung._ Lat. downy bearded, 149
Julia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. downy bearded, 149
Juliaantje, _f._ _Dutch_, Lat. downy bearded, 150
Julian, _m._ _f._ _Eng._ _Span._ Lat. downy bearded, 150
Juliana, _f._ _Eng._ _Span._ _Port._ _Wall._ Lat. downy bearded, 150
Juliane, _f._ _Ger._ Lat downy bearded, 150
Juliano, _m._ _Span._ Lat. downy bearded, 150
Julianus, _m._ Lat. downy bearded, 150
_Juanito_, _f._ _Span._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
Juliao, _m._ _Port._ Lat. downy bearded, 150
Julie, _f._ _Ill._ _Fr._ _Wall._ Lat. downy bearded, 150
Julien, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. downy bearded, 150
Julienne, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. downy bearded, 150
Juliet, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. downy bearded, 151
Julietta, _f._ _Span._ Lat. downy bearded, 151
Juliette, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Lat. downy bearded, 151
Julij, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. downy bearded, 149
Julija, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. downy bearded, 149
Julijan, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. downy bearded, 150
Julijana, _f._ _Slov._ Lat. downy bearded, 149
Julio, _m._ _Span._ Lat. downy bearded, 149
Julis, _f._ _Hung._ Lat. downy bearded, 149
Juliska, _f._ _Hung._ Lat. downy bearded, 149
JULIUS, _m._ _Lat._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Lat. downy bearded, 149
Julka, _f._ _Pol._ Lat. downy bearded, 149
Julyan, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. downy bearded, 150
JUNIUS, _m._ Lat. of Juno, 151
_Jurck_, _m._ _Slav._ Gr. husbandman, 115
_Jurgan_, _m._ _Fris. Neth._ Gr. husbandman, 115
_Jurgis_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. husbandman, 115
_Jurguttis_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. husbandman, 115
_Jurica_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 115
JURISA, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. storm.
_Jurn_, _m._ _Fris._ _Esth._ Gr. husbandman, 115
_Juro_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 115
_Jurriaan_, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. husbandman, 115
_Jurric_, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. husbandman, 115
_Jurrusch_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. husbandman, 115
Just, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. just, 193
Justa, _f._ Lat. just, 193
Juste, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. just, 193
Juste, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. just, 193
Justin, _m._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Lat. just, 193
Justina, _f._ _Eng._ _Span._ Lat. just, 193
Justine, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Lat. just, 193
Justinian, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Lat. just, 193
Justinien, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. just, 193
Justino, _m._ _Span._ Lat. just, 193
JUSTINUS, _m._ Lat. just, 193
Justs, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. just, 193
Justyn, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. just, 193
Juthe, _f._ _Hung._ _Ger._ Heb. praise, 21
_Jutka_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. praise, 21
_Jutta_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. praise, 21
_Juzeth_, _f._ _Bret._ Heb. praise, 21
_Juzzis_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. God will judge, 38
_Jvan_, _m._ _Bulg._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Jvic_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
_Jvica_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
K
_Kaat_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. pure, 123
KAARI, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. god of the winds, 322
_Kaatje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. pure, 123
_Kaddo_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. pure, 123
_Kadl_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. pure, 123
KAJETAN, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. of Gaeta, 132
_Kajsa_, _f._ _Swed._ Gr. pure, 123
_Kalle_, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. man, 386
_Kaaurentina_, _f._ _Bret._
_Kapo_, _m._ _Lus._ Pers. treasure master (?), 211
_Kapp_, _m._ _Bav._ Pers. treasure master (?), 211
_Karel_, _m._ _Esth._ _Dutch_, _Bohm._ _Dan._ Teu. strong man, 386
_Karen_, _f._ _Dan._ Gr. pure, 123
_Kalle_, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. man, 386
_Kantemir_, _m._ _Russ._ _Turk._ happy iron.
_Karadek_, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. beloved, 233
Karl, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. god of the winds, 386
_Karin_, _f._ _Dan._ Teu. pure, 123
_Karl_, _m._ _Swed._ _Ger._ Teu. man, 386
_Karla_, _f._ _Slov._ Teu. man, 386
_Karlic_, _m._ _Ill._ 386
_Karlica_, _m._ _Ill._ 386
Karlo, _m._ _Russ._ _Ill._ Teu. man, 386
Karlmann, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. strong man, 386
_Karlko_, _m._ _Lus._ Teu. man, 386
Karls, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. man, 386
Karol, _m._ _Pol._ _Slov._ Teu. man, 386
_Karolek_, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. man, 386
_Karolina_, _f._ _Slav._ Teu. man, 386
_Karolinka_, _f._ _Slov._ Teu. man, 386
Karoly, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. man, 386
_Karsten_, _m._ _Slav._ L. Ger. Teu. Christian, 105
_Karstin_, _f._ _Dan._ Gr. Christian, 105
_Kasche_, _f._ _Dantzig_, Gr. pure, 123
_Kasch_, _m._ _Dantzig_, Teu. man, 386
_Kaschis_, _m._ _Lett._ Slav. showing peace, 443
_Kasen_, _f._ _Dan._ Gr. pure, 123
_Kashuk_, _m._ _Lett._ Slav. show forth peace, 442
_Kasia_, _f._ _Pol._ Gr. pure, 123
Kasimir, _m._ _Ger._ Slav. show forth peace, 443
Kasimira, _f._ _Ger._ Slav. show forth peace, 443
Kasimirs, _m._ _Lett._ Slav. show forth peace, 443
Kaspar, _m._ _Ger._ _Russ._ _Bohm._ Pers. treasure master (?), 211
Kaspe, _m._ _Bav._ Pers. treasure master (?), 211
Kasper, _m._ _Swed._ Pers. treasure master (?), 211
_Kasperl_, _m._ _Bav._ Pers. treasure master (?), 211
Kaspers, _m._ _Lett._ Pers. treasure master (?), 211
Kaspor, _m._ _Lus._ Pers. treasure master (?), 211
_Kass_, _m._ _Bav._ Pers. treasure master (?), 211
_Kata_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. pure, 123
_Katalin_, _f._ _Hung._ Gr. pure, 123
Katarina, _f._ _Swed._ _Ill._ _Russ._ Gr. pure, 123
_Katarzina_, _f._ _Pol._ Gr. pure, 123
_Kate_, _f._ _Eng._ _Ill._ Gr. pure, 123
_Katel_, _f._ _Bret._ Gr. pure, 123
_Katelik_, _f._ _Bret._ Gr. pure, 123
_Katerina_, _f._ _Bohm._ Gr. pure, 123
Katharine, _f._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Gr. pure, 123
_Kätchen_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. pure, 123
_Kathe_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. pure, 123
_Katherine_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pure, 123
_Kathleen_, _f._ _Ir._ Gr. pure, 123
_Kathri_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. pure, 123
_Kathrili_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. pure, 123
_Kathrina_, _f._ _Dan._ Gr. pure, 123
_Kati_, _f._ _Hung._ Gr. pure, 123
_Katica_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. pure, 123
_Katicza_, _f._ _Hung._ Gr. pure, 123
_Katie_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. pure, 123
_Katinka_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. pure, 123
_Katya_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. pure, 123
KATLA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. cauldron, 346
_Katra_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. pure, 123
_Katreij_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. pure, 123
_Katrin_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. pure, 123
_Katrina_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. pure, 123
_Katrine_, _f._ _Eng._ _Bav._ _Lett._ Gr. pure, 123
_Kats_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. pure, 123
_Katsche_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. pure, 123
_Kattel_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. pure, 123
_Katty_, _f._ _Ir._ Gr. pure, 123
_Kavzma_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. order, 125
Kay, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. rejoicing, 131
KAZIMIR, _m._ _Ill._ _Pol._ _Slov._ _Bohm._ Slav. show forth peace, 211
_Kazimierz_, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. show forth peace, 211
Kean, _m._ _Irish_, vast, 258
_Kee_, _f._ _Dutch_, Lat. horn (?), 146
_Kees_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. horn (?), 146
_Keetje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Lat. horn (?), 146
_Keeldar_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. battle army.
Keereel, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. lordly, 217
_Keira_, _Lapp._ Teu. ever king, 56
Kenneth, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. comely, 256
Kenny, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. vast, 256
_Kentigern_, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. head chief, 258
Kentigerna, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. head chief, 258
Kephas, _m._ _Gr._ Aram. stone, 107
_Kerenhappuch_, _f._ _Heb._ box of paint, 26
_Kerestel_, _m._ _Hung._ Christian, 105
_Keresteli_, _m._ _Hung._ Christian, 105
Keriadek, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. beloved, 233
_Kerstan_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. Christian, 105
_Kerste_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. Christian, 105
_Kersti_, _m._ _Est._ Gr. Christian, 105
_Kerstiteli_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. baptizer, 106
_Kersto_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. Christian, 105
_Kester_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Christ bearer, 106
_Kert_, _Esth._ Teu. spear maid, 268
KETELBIORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. cauldron bear, 347
KETELRIDIR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. cauldron fury, 347
_Ketterle_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. pure, 123
KETYL, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. cauldron, 347
Kevin, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. comely, 256
_Keyne_, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. jewel, 271
Kezia, _f._ _Eng._ Bret. cassia, 26
Khaoos, _m._ _Pers._ Zend. beautiful eyed.
Kharalamm, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. joy of Easter, 216
Kharalample, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. joy of Easter, 216
_Kharitoun_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. love, 73
_Khevronia_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. purifying, 176
_Khoosroo_, _m._ _Pers._ Zend. sun (?), 56
_Khur_, _m._ _Pers._ Zend. sun (?), 56
_Khshayarsha_, Zend. venerable king, 56
_Kissey_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. cassia, 26
Kieren, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. black, 256
Kilian, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. blind, 144
_Kina_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. Christian, 105
_Kirin_, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. spearman, 177
_Kit_, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
_Kiogeir_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s spear, 375
_Kitto_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
_Kitty_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pure, 123
_Kiodvala_, _Nor._ people’s power, 375
_Kjogjer_, _Nor._ people’s spear, 375
_Kjol_, _Nor._ people’s wolf, 375
_Kjold_, _Nor._ people’s wolf, 375
_Kjoille_, _Nor._ people’s heroine, 375
_Kjoval_, _Nor._ people’s power, 375
_Kjostol_, _m._ _Nor._ harsh wolf, 419
_Kjartan_, _m._ _Nor._ Kelt. sea warrior, 146
_Kjelbjorg_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. kettle protection, 346
_Kjell_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. kettle, 346
_Klaatje_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. famous, 186
_Klaas_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. victory of the people, 90
_Klaasji_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. victory of the people, 90
_Klaada_, _m._ _Bret._ Lat. lame, 146
_Klara_, _f._ _Sl._ Lat. famous, 185
_Klas_, _m._ _Bav._ _Dan._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
_Klasel_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
_Klassis_, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
Klaudij, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. lame, 146
_Klaus_, _m._ _Ger._ _Esth._ Lat. victory of the people, 90
_Klavde_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. lame, 146
Klavdij, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. lame, 146
_Klavinsh_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
_Klavs_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
KLEANTHES, _m._ Gr. famous bloom, 95
_Klemen_, _m._ _Slov._ _Hung._ Lat. merciful, 160
Klemente, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. merciful, 160
Klemet, _m._ _Esth._ Lat. merciful, 160
_Klemin_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. merciful, 160
_Klunans_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. merciful, 160
KLEOPATRA, _f._ Gr. fame of her father, 95
_Klothilde_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. famous battle maid, 404
_Knelis_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. horn (?), 146
_Knel_, _m._ _Dantzig_, Lat. horn (?), 146
KNUD, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. hill, 433
Knut, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. hill, 433
_Koadou_, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. wood liver.
_Kodders_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. divine gift, 101, 282
Koenraed, _m._ _Netherlands_, Teu. bold council, 423
KOL, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. cool, 429
KOLBEIN, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. cold iron bone, 429
KOLBJORN, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. black bear, 429
_Kolina_, _f._ _Swed._ Gr. pure, 123
KOLBIORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. black bear, 429
KOLFINN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. cool white, 429
KOLFINNA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. cool white, 429
KOLGRIM, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. cool mask, 429
KOLGRIMA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. cool mask, 427
_Kolinka_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
_Kolja_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
KOLOMAN, _m._ _Hung._ slave council man, 443
KOLSKEGG, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. black beard, 427
_Kondratij_, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. bold council, 423
Konrad, _m._ _Hung._ _Swed._ _Ger._ _Russ._ Teu. bold council, 423
_Konradin_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bold council, 423
_Konradine_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. bold council, 423
Konstantia, _f._ _Ill._ _Slav._ Lat. firm, 161
_Konstanij_, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. firm, 161
Konstanczia, _f._ _Hung._ Lat. firm, 161
Konstantin, _m._ _Teu._ _Slav._ _Russ._ Lat. firm, 161
_Konstanz_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. firm, 161
KORE, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. maiden, 60
_Kored_, bold council, 423
_Koredli_, bold council, 423
_Kordel_, _f._ _Bav._ Kelt. jewel of the sea, 230
Kordule, _f._ _Gr._ Kelt. jewel of the sea, 230
Kormak, _m._ _Ice._ Kelt. son of a chariot, 249
_Koreish_, _m._ _Heb._ Zend. sun (?), 56
_Kornel_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. horn (?), 146
_Kornelie_, _f._ _Wall._ _Dutch_, Lat. horn (?), 146
_Kornelij_, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. horn (?), 146
Korstiaan, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. Christian, 105
KOSMOS, _m._ Gr. order, 125
_Kostadin_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. firm, 161
_Kostancia_, _f._ _Slav._ Lat. firm, 161
_Koste_, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. firm, 161
_Kostja_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. firm, 161
_Kostusin_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. firm, 161
_Kotka_, _Ill._ _Slov._ Lat. firm, 161
_Koulma_, _m._ Bret. Lat. dove, 186
_Koulum_, _m._ Bret. Lat. dove, 186
_Kowzma_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. order, 125
KRASISLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. fair glory, 443
KRASIMIR, _m._ _Slav._ fair peace, 443,445
KRASOMIL, _m._ _Slav._ fair love, 443
_Kret_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Krikshte_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. Christian, 105
_Kriemhild_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. helmet battle maid, 361
_Krispin_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. curly, 162
_Krista_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. Christian, 105
_Kristal_, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
_Kristagis_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
_Kristoppis_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
_Kriste_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. Christian, 105
_Kristel_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. Christian, 105
_Kristi_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. Christian, 105
Kristian, _m._ _Swed._ _Ill._ Gr. Christian, 105
Kristiane, _f._ _Slav._ Gr. Christian, 105
_Kristijan_, _f._ _Slav._ Gr. Christian 105
Kristina, _f._ _Slav._ Gr. Christian, 105
_Kristinsch_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. Christian, 105
Kristof, _m._ _Ill._ _Slav._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
Kristofer, _m._ _Swed._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
_Kristoffel_, _m._ _Swiss_, Gr. Christ bearer, 106
_Kristofor_, _m._ _Slov._ _Ill._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
_Kristscho_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. Christian, 105
_Kristuppas_, _m._ _Lith._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
_Kroet_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Kruschan_, _m._ Gr. Christian, 105
_Krustinn_, _f._ _Bulg._ Gr. Christian, 105
_Krustjo_, _m._ _Bulg._ Gr. Christian, 105
_Kryspyn_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. curly, 162
_Kryslof_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
_Krystyan_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. Christian, 105
_Ksersas_, _m._ _Ill._ Zend. venerable king, 56
_Kub_, _m._ _Lus._ _Pol._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Kuba_, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Kubischu_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Kunel_, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. bold speech, 424
_Kuhnhardt_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bold and firm, 424
_Kuhnrat_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bold speech, 423
_Kunat_, _m._ _Lus._ Teu. bold speech, 423
_Kundel_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. bold war, 424
_Kunds_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bold speech, 423
_Kunigunde_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. bold war, 423
_Kunimund_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bold protection, 423
_Kuno_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bold, 424
_Kunrad_, _m._ _Bohm._ Teu. bold speech 423
_Kunrat_, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. bold speech, 423
_Kunsch_, _m._ _Slav._ Teu. bold speech, 423
_Kunz_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bold speech, 423
Kupina, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. gooseberry, 438
KUPJENA, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. gooseberry, 438
_Kurt_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bold speech, 423
_Kustas_, _m._ _Esth._ Teu. Goth’s staff, 289
_Kustav_, _m._ _Esth._ Teu. Goth’s staff, 289
_Kwedders_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. divine gift, 182
KUREISH, _m._ Zend. sun (?), 56
Kusteninn, _m._ _Bret._ Lat. firm, 161
_Kymbelin_, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. lord of the lion, 232
_Kygeir_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s spear, 374
_Kythe._
_Kyer_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s spear, 374
KYNAN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. chief, 247
KYRIAKOS, _m._ _Gr._ Sunday child, 217
KYRILLOS, _m._ _Gr._ lordly, 217
L
_Labrenzis_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. laurel, 174
Lachlan, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. warlike, 255
LACHTNA, _m._ _Erse._ Kelt. green, 256
_Lacko_, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. ruling with fame, 442
_Laco_, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. ruling with fame, 442
_Laczko_, _m._ _Hung._ Slav. ruling with fame, 442
Ladislao, _m._ _Span._ _It._ Slav. ruling with fame, 442
Ladislas, _m._ _Fr._ Slav. ruling with fame, 442
Ladislao, _m._ _Port._ Slav. ruling with fame, 442
Ladislaus, _m._ _Lat._ Slav. ruling with fame, 442
LAIDRAD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. fierce speech, 418
LAIDWALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. fierce power, 418
LAIDWIG, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. fierce war, 418
Lælia, _f._ _Lat._ 151
LÆLIUS, _m._ _Lat._ 151
LÆTITIA, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. gladness, 192
_Lajos_, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. famous war, 405
LALA, _f._ _Serv._ Slav. tulip, 438
LALAGE, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. prattler, 463
Lambert, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ _Dutch_, _Ger._ Teu. country’s brightness,
431
Lambertine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. country’s brightness, 431
Lamberto, _m._ _It._ Teu. country’s brightness, 431
Lambrecht, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. country’s brightness, 431
Lamech, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. smitten.
_Lammert_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. country’s brightness, 431
_Lance_, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. servant, 263
Lancelot, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Lat. servant, 263
Lancilotto, _m._ _It._ Lat. servant, 263
LANDERICH, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. land ruler, 431
Landerico, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. land ruler, 431
Landfranc, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. land free, 431
LANDFRANG, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. land free, 431
LANDFRIED, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. land peace, 431
Landinn, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Teu. country, 431
Lando, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. country, 431
LANDOLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. country wolf, 431
LANDRAD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. country’s council, 431
LANDWIN, _m._ _Gr._ Teu. country friend, 431
Landfranco, _m._ _It._ Teu. country free, 431
LANN, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. sword.
LANTPERAHT, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. country’s brightness, 430
_Lanty_, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. laurel, 174
LAODAMAS, _Gr._ people’s tamer, 95
LAODAMIA, _f._ _It._ Gr. people’s tamer, 95
LAODIKE, _f._ Gr. people’s justice, 95
_Lapo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Lara_, _f._ _Finn._ Lat. famous, 185
_Laris_, _m._ _Fris._ Lat. cheerful, 191
_Larkin_, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. laurel, 174
_Larry_, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. laurel, 174
_Lars_, _m._ _Dan._ 174
_Larse_, _m._ _Swed._ Lat. laurel, 174
_Lasar_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. God will help, 33
_Lasche_, _f._ _Lett._ Teu. famous war, 405
LASSAIR, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. flame, 224
LASSARFHINA, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. flame of wine, 224
_Lassla_, _m._ _Hung._ ruling with fame, 442
_Latte_, _f._ _Lett._ Teu. man, 386
_Launart_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. lion strong, 77
_Laur_, _m._ _Lapp._ _Esth._ Lat. laurel, 174
Laura, _f._ _Eng._ _Ital._ _Ger._ Lat. laurel, 174
Laure, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. laurel, 174
Laurenza, _f._ _Eng._ _Port._ Lat. laurel, 174
Laurence, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. laurel, 174
Laurencho, _m._ _Port._ Lat. laurel, 174
Laurençya, _f._ _Port._ Lat. laurel, 174
Laurens, _m._ _Nor._ Lat. laurel, 174
Laurent, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. laurel, 174
Laurentia, _f._ _Lat._ laurel, 174
LAURENTIUS, _m._ _Lat._ laurel, 174
Laures, _m._ _Lap._ Lat. laurel, 174
_Lauretta_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. laurel, 174
_Laurette_, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. laurel, 174
_Laurie_, _m._ _Scot._ Lat. laurel, 174
Lauris, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. laurel, 174
_Lauritz_, _m._ _Dan._ Lat. laurel, 174
_Laurus_, _m._ _Esth._ Lat. laurel, 174
_Laus_, _m._ _Esth._ Gr. people’s victory, 90
Lav, _m._ _Slov._ Gr. lion, 77
LAVINIA, _f._ _Eng._ of Latium, 176
LAVOSLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. lion glory, 77
Lavrentic, _m._ _Wall._ Lat. laurel, 174
Lavrentij, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. laurel, 174
Lavrentija, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. laurel, 174
Lavrenzis, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. laurel, 174
_Lawise_, _f._ _Lett._ Teu. famous war, 405
Lawrence, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. laurel, 174
_Lazar_, _m._ _Ill._ _Hung._ Heb. God will help, 33
Lazare, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. God will help, 33
_Lazarillo_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. God will help, 33
LAZARO, _m._ _Span._ _It._ Heb. God will help, 33
Lazarus, _m._ _Lat._ Heb. God will help, 33
Lazarro, _m._ _It._ Heb. God will help, 33
_Lazarz_, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. God will help, 33
_Laze_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. God will help, 33
_Lazo_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. God will help, 33
Lazzaro, _m._ _It._ Heb. God will help, 33
Leah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. weary, 7, 15
Leander, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. lion man, 77
Leandre, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. lion man, 77
Leandro, _m._ _It._ _Span._ Gr. lion man, 77
LEANDROS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. lion man, 77
_Leăo_, _m._ _Port._ Gr. lion, 77
Lear, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. sea, 229
Lebbœus, _m._ _Eng._ Aram. praise, 20
LEBRECHT, _m._ _Ger._ live right, 468
Lebwin, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. beloved friend, 426
LECH, _m._ _Pol._ Slav, a woodland spirit.
Lechsinska, _f._ _Pol._ Slav. a woodland spirit.
Leger, _m._ _Teu._ people’s spear, 430
_Leen_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. lion strong, 77
_Leendert_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. lion strong, 77
_Left shoulder forward_, _m._ _Eng._ 10, 463
_Leentje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. of Magdala, 31
Leifr, _m._ _Nor._ relic, 332
_Leila_, _f._ _Moorish_.
LEIKNY, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. fresh sport, 354
_Leiul_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. fierce wolf, 418
_Leisje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Leks_, _m._ _Slav._ helper of men, 85
_Leli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. of Magdala, 30
_Lelia_, _f._ _It._ Lat. 151
_Lelie_, _f._ _It._ Lat. 151
_Lelio_, _m._ _It._ Lat. 151
_Lelika_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. fair speech, 308
_Lena_, _f._ _Alb._ _Lett._ Gr. light, 68
_Lemet_, _m._ _Esth._ Lat. merciful, 161
_Lenardo_, _m._ _It._ Teu. lion strong, 77
_Lenort_, _m._ _Teu._ lion strong, 77
_Lenchen_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. of Magdala, 31, 68
_Lencica_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. light, 68
_Lendrts_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. lion strong, 77
_Lene_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
_Lenhart_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. lion strong, 77
_Lenia_, _f._ _Alb._ Gr. light, 68
_Lenka_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. light, 68
_Lenny_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. lion strong, 77
Lenore, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. light, 68
_Leno_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. light, 68
_Lenz_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. laurel, 174
LEO, _m._ _Ger._ _Span._ Gr. lion, 76
LEOBGYTHA, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. love gift, 426
LEOBHARD, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. love strength, 426
Leocadia, _f._ _Span._ Gr. 77
Leocadie, _f._ _Span._ Gr. 77
Leodegarius, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. people’s spear, 430
Leodowald, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. people’s power, 430
LEOFRIC, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. beloved rule, 426
LEOFISTAN, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. beloved stone, 426
LEOFWINE, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. beloved friend, 426
Leoline, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. Lat. 280, 426
Leon, _m._ _It._ _Russ._ Gr. lion, 76
Leonard, _m._ _Eng._ _It._ Teu. lion strong, 77
Leonarda, _f._ _Span._ _Ger._ Teu. lion strong, 77
Leonarde, _f._ _It._ _Ger._ Teu. lion strong, 77
Leonardine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. lion strong, 77
Leonardo, _m._ _Rom._ Teu. lion strong, 77
Léonce, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. lion like, 77
Leoncie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. lion like, 77
Leoncio, _m._ _It._ Gr. lion like, 77
Leone, _m._ _It._ Gr. lion, 76
Leongard, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. lion strong, 77
_Leonhard_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. lion strong, 77
Leonhardine, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. lion strong, 77
LEONIDAS, _m._ Gr. lion like, 77
Leonie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. lion, 77
Leonor, _f._ _Span._ Gr. light, 68
Leonora, _f._ _It. Eng._ Gr. light, 68
Leonore, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. light, 68
Leontia, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. lion like, 77
Leontij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. lion like, 77
Leontin, _m._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Gr. lion like, 77
Leontine, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ lion like, 77
LEONTIUS, _m._ Lat. lion like, 77
Leonz, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. lion strong, 77
_Leopo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s prince, 430
Leopold, _m._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s prince, 430
Leopoldine, _f._ _Ger._ people’s prince, 430
Leopoldo, _m._ _Slav._ _It._ Teu. people’s prince, 430
Leovigildo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. love pledge, 426
_Leszek_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. helper of men, 85
Letitia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. gladness, 192
Lettice, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. gladness, 192
Lethard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. fierce firmness, 418
Lethild, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. fierce battle maid, 418
Letizia, _f._ _It._ Lat. gladness, 192
Leto, 64
Let’y, _f._ _Ir._ Gr. truth, 126
Letty, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. gladness, 192
Leudomir, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s fame, 430
Leufroi, _m._ _Gr._ Teu. people’s peace, 430
_Leunairs_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. lion strong, 77
Leupold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s prince, 430
LEUTGAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s spear, 429
LEUTGARDE, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s guard, 430
LEUTPOLD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s prince, 429
_Lev_, _m._ _Pol._ _Slov._ Gr. lion, 77
Levi, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. joining, 7, 15
_Lew_, _m._ _Slav._ Gr. lion, 77
_Levor_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. gate ward, 421
Lewis, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. famous war, 405
Lia, _f._ _It._ Heb. dependence, 15
_Libby_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
LIBUSA, _f._ _Bohm._ Slav. darling, 443
_Lida_, _f._ _Bohm._ Slav. people’s love, 432, 443
LIDVARD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. gate ward, 421
LIDWINA, _f._ _Bohm._ Slav. people of Vina, 443
LIEBE, _f._ _Flem._ Ger. love, 426
Liebhard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. love strength, 426
Liebtrud, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. love maiden, 426
Liedulf, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. fierce wolf, 418
_Lienhardt_, _m._ _Bav._ lion strength, 77
_Lienl_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. lion strong, 77
_Lienzel_, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. lion strong, 77
_Liert_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. lion strength, 77
_Lieschen_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. famous, 405
_Lievina_, _f._ _Flem._ Teu. love, 426
_Ligach_, _f._ _Gael._ Kelt. pearly, 224
_Ligaire_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s spear, 430
_Likelas_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
Lilian, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. lily, 145
Lilias, _f._ _Scot._ Lat. lily, 145
_Liliola_, _f._ _It._ Lat. blind, 144
_Lilla_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. oath of God, 35
Lilly, _f._ _Eng._ lily, 145
_Lina_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. man, 386
_Line_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. man, 386
_Linet_, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. shapely (?), 145
Linnea, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. lime tree, 470
LINTRUDE, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. serpent maid, 347
_Linuscha_, _f._ _Dant._ Teu. man, 386
Lionardo, _m._ _It._ Teu. lion strong, 77
Lionel, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. lion, 77
Lionello, _m._ _It._ Lat. little lion, 77
Liovigotona, _f._ _Span._ Teu. love Goth, 426
_Lipo_, _m._ _Lus._ Teu. remains of divinity, 288
_Lipp_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. loving horses, 79
_Lipp_, _m._ _Dant._ Teu. relic of divinity, 288
_Lippa_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. loving horses, 79
_Lippo_, _m._ _It._ Gr. loving horses, 79
_Lipsts_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. loving horses, 79
_Lisa_, _f._ _Dan._ _Lus._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Lisbet_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Lisbeta_, _f._ _Lett._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Lise_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Liserli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Lisette_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. famous war, 405
_Lisilka_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Lisi_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Liska_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Liso_, _f._ _Esth._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Lisrl_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Liuba_, _f._ _Flem._ Teu. love, 426
LIUTBERGA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s protection, 430
LIUTBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s brightness, 430
LIUTFRED, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s peace, 430
LIUTHOLD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s firmness, 430
LIUTMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s fame, 430
LIUTPOLD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s valour, 430
LIUTPRAND, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s sword, 430
Liuva, _m._ _Span._ Teu. love, 426
_Liza_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Lizbeta_, _f._ _Slov._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Lizbetha_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Lizika_, _f._ _Slov._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Lizzie_, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Ljena_, _f._ _Albanian_, Gr. light, 68
LJODOLD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s firmness, 430
LJOT, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people, 430
_Ljubica_, _f._ _Serv._ Slav. love, 443
_Ljubima_, _f._ _Serv._ Slav. love, 443
_Ljubka_, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. love, 443
LJUBMILA, _f._ _Slav._ Slave, loving, 443
LJUBOMIR, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. love peace, 443
LJUBOSLAV, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. love glory, 443
LJUBOV, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. love, 443
_Ljudevit_, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. famous war, 405
LJUDOMILA, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. people’s love, 430
LJUDOMIR, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. people’s peace, 430
Lles, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. light, 132
Lleulu, _f._ _Welsh_, light, 132
LLEURWG, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. light, 281
LLEW, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. lion.
LLEW, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. light, 281
Llewellyn, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. lightning, 281
_Llewfer_, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. light, 281
LLEWRWG, _f._ _Welsh_, Lat. light, 76
LLYR, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. sea, 230
_Lloyd_, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. grey, 230
LLWYD, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. grey, 230
LLYWELWYN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. lightning, 281
Lobo, _m._ _Port._ Lat. wolf, 198
Lodewick, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. famous war, 405
Lodoiska, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. famous war, 405
Lodovico, _m._ _It._ Teu. famous war, 405
Lodowick, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. famous war, 405
Lodowig, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famous war, 405
_Lodve_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous war, 405
Lodward, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous guard, 405
Loïs, _m._ _Br._ Teu. famous war, 405
_Loiseach_, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. 133
Loïz, _m._ _Bret._ Teu. famous war, 405
_Lola_, _f._ _Span._ Teu. man, 386
_Lolotte_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. man, 386
_Lood_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. famous war, 405
Looys, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. famous war, 405
Lope, _m._ _Span._ Lat. wolf, 198
_Lopko_, _m._ _Lus._ Teu. God’s praise, 288
_Lopo_, _m._ _Lus._ Teu. God’s praise, 288
Lora, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. laurel, 174
Lorenço, _m._ _It._ Lat. laurel, 174
Lorenz, _m._ _Ger._ _Dan._ Lat. laurel, 174
Lorenzo, _m._ _It._ Lat. laurel, 174
_Lori_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. laurel, 174
_Lorinez_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. laurel, 174
_Loritz_, _m._ _Esth._ Lat. laurel, 174
_Lorl_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. light, 174
_Lorus_, _m._ _Lith._ Lat. laurel, 174
_Lot_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb.
_Lot_, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. lion, 281
Lotario, _m._ _Span._ _It._ Teu. famous warrior, 407
Lothaire, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. famous warrior, 407
Lothar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famous warrior, 407
Lothario, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. famous warrior, 407
_Lotta_, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. man, 386
_Lotte_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. man, 386
_Lotty_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. man, 386
_Lotze_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famous war, 407
LOUARN, _m._ Kelt. fox, 224, 242
Louis, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. famous war, 405
Louisa, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. famous war, 405
Louise, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Teu. famous war, 405
_Louison_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. famous war, 405
_Lova_, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. famous war, 405
LOVE, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. love, 464
LOVEDAY, _f._ _Corn._ Teu. love (?), 464
Lovisa, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. famous war, 405
Lovisje, _f._ _Dutch_, Teu. famous war, 405
_Lovra_, _f._ _m._ _Serv._ Lat. laurel, 174
_Lovre_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. laurel, 174
_Lovrenika_, _f._ _Ill._ Lat. laurel, 174
LOWENHARD, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. stern lion, 281
LOWENCLO, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. lion claw, 281
Loys, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. famous holiness, 405
Lozoik, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. famous holiness, 405
Lubin, _m._ _Ir._ _Eng._ Teu. love friend, 426
LUBOMIRSKI, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. loving peace, 443
Luca, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. light, 133
Luca, _m._ _It._ Lat. light, 133
LUCANUS, _m._ _Gr._ Lat. light, 133
Lucas, _m._ _Span._ Lat. light, 133
Luce, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. light, 133
LUCIA, _f._ _It._ Lat. light, 132
Lucian, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. light, 133
Luciana, _f._ _It._ Lat. light, 132
Luciano, _m._ _It._ Lat. light, 133
Lucianus, _m._ Lat. light, 133
Lucie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. light, 132
Lucien, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. light, 133
Lucienne, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. light, 132
Lucifer, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. light bringer, 133
LUCIFERUS, _m._ _Lat._ Lat. light bringer, 133
Lucile, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. light, 132
Lucilla, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. light, 132
LUCINDA, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. light, 132
Lucio, _m._ _It._ Lat. light, 133
LUCIUS, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. light, 133
Lucrece, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. gain (?), 134
Lucretia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. gain (?), 134
LUCRETIUS, _m._ Lat. gain (?), 134
Lucrezia, _f._ _It._ Lat. gain (?), 134
LUCY, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. light, 132
Lucya, _f._ _Pol._ Lat. light, 132
Lucza, _f._ _Hung._ Lat. light, 132
Ludevic, _m._ _Wall._ Teu. famous holiness, 405
_Ludgar_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s spear, 430
_Ludi_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. famous holiness, 405
Ludmila, _f._ _Ger._ _Slav._ people’s love, 430, 442
_Ludolf_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s wolf, 430
LUDOMILLA, _f._ _Ger._ Slav. people’s love, 430
LUDOMIR, _m._ _Ger._ Slav. people’s peace, 430
Ludomir, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famous greatness, 405
Ludovic, _m._ _Wall._ Teu. famous holiness, 405
Ludovica, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. famous holiness, 405
Ludovick, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. famous holiness, 405
Ludovico, _m._ _It._ Teu. famous holiness, 406
Ludovicus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. famous war, 405
Ludovike, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. famous war, 405
Ludvig, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. famous war, 405
Ludvik, _m._ _Pol._ _Bohm._ _Slov._ Teu. famous war, 405
Ludvika, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. famous war, 405
Ludvis, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. famous war, 405
Ludvisia, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. famous war, 405
LUANMAISI, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. fair as the moon, 224
LUGHAID, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. light (?), 133
Luigi, _m._ _It._ Teu. famous war, 405
Luis, _m._ _Port._ _Span._ Teu. famous war, 405
Luisa, _f._ _Span._ _Port._ Teu. famous war, 405
Luise, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. famous war, 405
_Luitbert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s brightness, 430
Luitberga, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s guard, 430
Luitbrand, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s sword, 430
Luitger, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s spear, 430
Luitgarde, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s guard, 430
Luithard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s firmness, 430
Luitmar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s fame, 430
Luitpold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s valour, 430
_Luiza_, _f._ _Port._ Teu. famous war, 405
_Luizinha_, _f._ _Port._ Teu. famous war, 405
_Luka_, _m._ _Russ._ _Wall._ Lat. light, 133
_Lukacz_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. light, 134
LUKAS, _m._ _Ger._ _Bohm._ Lat. light, 133
_Lukasch_, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. light, 134
_Lukaschk_, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. light, 134
_Lukasz_, _m._ _Slav._ _Pol._ Lat. light, 134
Luke, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. light, 133
_Lukez_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. light, 134
Luned, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. shapely (?), 273
Lunette, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. shapely (?), 273
Lupo, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. wolf, 198
LUPUS, _m._ Lat. wolf, 198
_Lusche_, _f._ _m._ _Lett._ Teu. famous holiness, 405
Luther, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famous warrior, 405
_Lutters_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. famous warrior, 405
_Luzia_, _f._ _Rom._ Lat. light, 132
_Luzian_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. light, 133
_Luziano_, _m._ _It._ Lat. light, 133
_Luzija_, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. light, 133
_Luzio_, _m._ _It._ Lat. light, 133
LYCOS, _m._ Gr. wolf.
Lycurgus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. wolf driver.
LYDIA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. of Lydia, 200
_Lyntje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. light, 132
_Lys_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Lysje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Lyulf_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. fierce wolf, 418
M
Maatfred, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty peace, 422
Maatulf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty wolf, 422
Mab, _f._ _Ir._ Kelt. mirth (?), 258
Mabel, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. beloved, 258
Mabelle, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. beloved, 258
Macaire, _m._ _Ir._ Gr. happy, 447
Macario, _m._ _It._ Gr. happy, 447
MACBEATH, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. son of life, 253
Macbeth, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. son of life, 253
_Mace_, _m._ _Fr._ Aram. gift of the Lord, 15
_Machtild_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty heroine, 422
MAKARIOS, blessed, Gr. 447
_Macias_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
_Maciej_, _m._ _Pol._ Aram. gift of the Lord, 15
Macsen, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. greatest, 167
Madawc, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. beneficent, 227
Maddalena, _f._ _Ital._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
Maddalene, _f._ _Lett._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
_Madde_, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
Madeleine, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
Madelena, _f._ _Span._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
Madeline, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
Madelina, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
_Madelon_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
_Maddis_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
_Madge_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Madlen_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
_Madlena_, _f._ _Slov._ _Lus._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
_Madlenka_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
_Madli_, _f._ _Esth._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
_Madlyna_, _f._ _Lith._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
Madoc, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. beneficent, 227
Madoc, _f._ _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. beneficent, 227
_Mads_, _m._ _Dan._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
_Madsche_, _f._ _Lett._ Ger. pearl, 121
MADWG, _m._ _Welsh_, _Kelt._ beneficent, 227
MAEL, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. disciple, 259
MAELBRIDH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. disciple of St. Bridget, 259
MAELCLULTH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. youth of the game, 261
MAELCOLUIN, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. disciple of Columba, 261
MAELDEARG, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. red chief, 261
MAELDOG, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. servant of the star, 261
MAELDUBH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. black chief, 261
MAELDUINE, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. brown chief, 261
MAELEOIN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. servant of John, 261
MAELFHIONN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. servant of Finn, 261
MAELGWAS, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. chief, 261
MAELGWN, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. chief, 261
MAELIOSA, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. servant of JESUS, 261
MAELMORDNA, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. majestic chief, 261
MAELPATRAIC, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. servant of Patrick, 261
MAELRUADH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. 261
MAELSEACHLAIN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. servant of Secundus, 261
_Maffea_, _f._ _Ital._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
_Maffeo_, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
_Mag_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Maga_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. bitter, 29
Magan, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. power, 422
Magdalen, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
Magdalena, _f._ _Russ._ _Span._ _Port._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
Magdalene, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
Magdeleine, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
Magdelina, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
_Magdolna_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
_Magdosia_, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
_Magge_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Maggie_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. pearl, 121
Maginbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty brightness, 422
MAGINFRIED, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty peace, 422
MAGINHILD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422
Magmild, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422
MAGNUS, _m._ _Nor._ Lat. great, 166
_Magsheesh_, _m._ _Erse_, Heb. drawn out, 27
Mahault, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422
_Mahe_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
Mahon, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. bear, 257
MAHTHILD, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422
_Mai_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. pearl, 121
Maida, 464
Maidoc, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. beneficent, 227
_Maie_, _f._ _Esth._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
_Maie_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. bitter, 29
_Maieli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. bitter, 29
_Maije_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. pearl, 122
_Maika_, _f._ _Russ._ bitter, 29
_Maillard_, _f._ _Cambrai._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Mainfroi_, _m._ _Fr._ mighty peace, 321
_Mainfroy_, _m._ _Eng._ mighty peace, 321
_Maion_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. bitter, 29
Mair, _f._ _Welsh_, Heb. 29
Mairgreg, _Erse_, Gr. pearl, 121
_Maisie_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Maja_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. bitter, 29
_Majken_, _f._ _Swed._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Maksa_, _f._ _m._ _Ill._ Lat. greatest, 166
_Maksica_, _f._ _Ill._ Lat. greatest, 166
Maksimilian, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. greatest Æmilian, 166
Maksymilian, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. greatest Æmilian, 166
_Mal_, _f._ _Dutch_, Teu. work, 330
_Mal_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Mal_, _f._ _Esth._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
Malachi, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. angel of the Lord, 52
_Malaleel_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. shining of God.
Malberg, _f._ _Nor._ work protection, 331
_Malchen_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. work, 330
Malcolm, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. servant of Columba, 261
_Male_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. work, 330
_Malfrid_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. fair work, 330
Malgherita, _f._ _It._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Malgorzata_, _f._ _Pol._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Malgosia_, _f._ _Pol._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Mali_, _f._ _Kaffir_, Heb. bitter, 29
Malise, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. disciple of Jesus, 260
_Malk_, _m._ _Esth._ Pers. king, 211
_Malkin_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Maltrud_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. workmaid, 330
Malvina, _f._ _Gael._ Kelt. handmaid (?), 250
Malvine, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. handmaid (?), 250
Manasseh, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. forgetting, 24
Manasses, _m._ _Lat._ Heb. forgetting, 24
_Manda_, _f._ _Lat._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
_Mandelina_, _f._ _Serv._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
MANDURRATH, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. man of black treason, 224
Manfred, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. mighty peace, 421
Manfredi, _m._ _It._ Teu. mighty peace, 421
_Manna_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. bitter grace, 29
_Manna_, _m._ _Lapp._ Lat. great, 327
_Mannas_, _m._ _Lapp._ Lat. great, 327
Manoel, _m._ _Port._ Heb. God with us, 36
_Manon_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. bitter, 29
Manovello, _m._ _It._ Heb. God with us, 36
Manuel, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ _Span._ Heb. God with us, 36
_Manuelita_, _f._ _Span._ Heb. God with us, 36
_Manuelito_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. God with us, 36
_Manus_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. public, 327
Manus, _m._ _Irish_, Lat. great, 327
MAEL EOIN, _m._ _Er._ Heb. disciple of John, 260
_Mara_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. bitter, 29
Marc, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Marca, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Marcel, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Marcella, _f._ _Ir._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Marcelli, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Marcellianus, _m._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Marcellin, _m._ _It._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Marcellino, _m._ _It._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Marcello, _m._ _It._ Lat. of Mars, 135
MARCELLUS, _Lat._ of Mars, 135
MARCH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. horse, 275
Marchell, _Welsh_, Lat. horse, 275
Marcia, _f._ _Ir._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Marcian, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Marciano, _m._ _It._ Lat. of Mars, 135
MARCIANUS, _m._ Lat. of Mars, 135
_Marcie_, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. of Mars, 135
_Marcin_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. of Mars, 135
MARCIUS, _m._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Marco, _m._ _It._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Marcos, _m._ _Span._ Lat. of Mars, 135
MARCUS, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. of Mars, 135
_Mare_, _Lith._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Mareiel_, _Bav._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Mareili_, _Swiss_, Heb. bitter, 29
_Marek_, _Pol._ Lat. of Mars, 135
_Maret_, _f._ _Dan._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Marete_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Marenze_, _f._ _Lett._ Lat. deserving, 190
_Marczi_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Marfa, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. becoming bitter, 32
Margaret, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pearl, 121
Margareta, _f._ _Hung._ _Ger._ _Pol._ Gr. pearl, 121
Margarete, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. pearl, 121
Margarethe, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. pearl, 121
Margarida, _f._ _Port._ Gr. pearl, 121
Margarita, _f._ _Span._ _Russ._ Gr. pearl, 121
MARGARITE, _f._ Gr. pearl, 121
Margarith, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. pearl, 121
Margery, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Marget_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pearl, 121
Margherita, _f._ _It._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Marghet_, _Ger._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Margit_, _f._ _Hung._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Margot_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Margoton_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. pearl, 121
Margrete, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. pearl, 121
Margryta, _f._ _Lith._ Gr. pearl, 121
Marguerite, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. pearl, 121
Mari, _f._ _Hung._ _Irish_, Heb. bitter, 29
Maria, _f._ (_Universal_) Heb. bitter, 29
_Marialit_, _f._ _Jew._ Gr. pearl, 121
Mariam, _f._ _Gr._ Heb. bitter, 29
Mariamna, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. bitter grace, 29
MARIAMNE, _f._ Heb. bitter, 29
Mariana, _f._ _Port._ _Span._ Heb. bitter, 29
Mariane, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. bitter, 29
Marica, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. bitter, 29
Marie, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ _Bav._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Mariedel_, _f._ _Slav._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Marieke_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. bitter, 29
_Mariel_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Marietta_, _f._ _It._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Mariette_, _f._ _It._ Heb. bitter, 29
Marija, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Marike_, _f._ _L. Ger._ Heb. bitter, 29
Marina, _f._ _It._ Lat. marine, 203
_Marinha_, _f._ _Span._ Heb. bitter, 29
Marino, _f._ _It._ Lat. marine, 203
_Mario_, _f._ _m._ _It._ Lat. of Mars, 135
_Marion_, _f._ _Fr._ _Scot._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Mariquinhas_, _f._ _Port._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Mariquita_, _f._ _Port._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Maritornes_, _f._ _Span._ Heb. bitter, 29
Marius, _m._ _Lat._ of Mars, 135
_Marl_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. bitter, 29
Marja, _f._ _Lapp._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Marjarita_, _Slav._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Marjeta_, _Slav._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Marjeta_, _f._ _Slov._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Marjorie_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. pearl, 121
Mark, _m._ _Eng._ _Russ._ _Esth._ Lat. of Mars, 135
_Marka_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. bitter, 121
_Markell_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Markellin, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Marko, _m._ _Wall._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Markos, _m._ _Gr._ Lat. of Mars, 135
_Markota_, _f._ _Bohm._ Gr. pearl, 131
Markulf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. border wolf, 426
Markus, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Markusch, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. of Mars, 135
_Markward_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. border ward, 426
_Markwin_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. border friend, 426
_Marl_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Marlena_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
Marmaduke, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. sea leader (?), 281
_Marquard_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. border ward, 425
_Marret_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Marri_, _f._ _Esth._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Marrije_, _f._ _Lett._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Marsali_, _f._ _Gael._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Mart_, _m._ _Esth._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Marta, _f._ _It._ _Boh._ Heb. becoming bitter, 31
Marten, _m._ _Swed._ _Dutch_, Lat. of Mars, 135
MARTHA, _f._ _Hung._ _Eng._ _Port._ Heb, becoming bitter, 31
Marthe, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. becoming bitter, 31
Marthon, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. becoming bitter, 31
_Martia_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. of Mars, 135
Martijn, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. of Mars, 135
_Martili_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. of Mars, 135
Martin, _m._ _Fr._ _Russ._ _Eng._ _Port._ _Slov._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Martina, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Martine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Martinho, _m._ _Port._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Martino, _m._ _Span._ _It._ Lat. of Mars, 135
MARTINUS, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Martius, _m._ Lat. of Mars, 135
_Martoni_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. of Mars, 135
_Martschis_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. of Mars, 135
Martyn, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. of Mars, 135
_Maruscha_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Marusche_, _f._ _Lett._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Marute_, _f._ _Lett._ Heb. bitter, 29
Mary, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. bitter, 29
Marya, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Maryke_, _f._ _Lith._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Marynia_, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Marysia_, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. bitter, 29
Marzellin, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. of Mars, 135
_Marzia_, _f._ _It._ Lat. of Mars, 135
_Marzocco_, _m._ _Ven._ Lat. of Mars, 135
_Masaccio_, _m._ _Ital._ Aram. twin, 22
_Masaniello_, _m._ _Ital._ Aram. Ger. twin, 22
_Mascha_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Masche_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Maschinka_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Maso_, _m._ _It._ Aram. twin, 22
Massimiliano, _m._ _It._ Lat. greatest Æmilianus, 166
Massimo, _m._ _It._ Lat. greatest, 166
_Massuccio_, _m._ _It._ Aram. twin, 22
_Mat_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
Mateo, _Span._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
_Mate_, _Hung._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
_Mataus_, _m._ _Bohm._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
_Mateusz_, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
_Matfei_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
_Matevz_, _m._ _Slov._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
_Mathe_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
MATH-GHAMHAIN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. bear, 257
_Mathia_, _m._ _Wall._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
_Mathias_, _m._ _Swed. Fr._ _Swiss_, Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
_Mathieu_, _m._ _Prov._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15, 257
Mathilda, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422
Mathilde, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422
_Matija_, _m._ _Serv._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
Matilda, _f._ _Eng._ _It._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422
Matilde, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422
MATTANIAH, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
_Mats_, _m._ _Swed._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
Mattea, _f._ _It._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
_Matteo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
Matthäus, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
Matthes, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
Matthew, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
Matthia, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
Matthies, _m._ _Fr._ Bav. gift of the Lord, 15
Matthieu, _m._ _Port._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
Matthias, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
_Matthis_, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
_Matthys_, _m._ _Dutch_, _Lett._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
Mattia, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
Mattija, _m._ _Slov._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
_Matty_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. becoming bitter, 15
_Matty_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422
Matvei, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
Matyas, _m._ _Pol._ _Hung._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15
_Maude_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422
_Maudlin_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
_Maun_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
_Mauna_, _m._ _Lapp._ Lat. great, 166
_Maunes_, _m._ _Lapp._ Lat. great, 166
Maur, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. dark, 200
Maura, _f._ _It._ _Ger._ Lat. dark, 200
Maure, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. dark, 200
Maurice, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Lat. Moorish, 201
Mauricio, _m._ _Port._ _Span._ Lat. Moorish, 201
Maurids, _m._ _Dan._ Lat. Moorish, 201
MAURITIUS, _m._ Lat. Moor, 201
Maurits, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. Moor, 201
Maurizio, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. Moor, 201
Mauro, _m._ _Rom._ Lat. Moor, 201
MAURUS, _m._ Lat. Moor, 201
Maurycij, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. Moor, 201
Mave, _f._ _Irish_, Kelt. mirth (?), 258
Mavia, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. dark, 201
Mavritij, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. dark, 201
_Mavruscha_, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. dark, 201
_Mawkin_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Max_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. greatest, 166
_Maxa_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. greatest, 166
Maxime, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. greatest, 166
Maximien, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. greatest, 166
Maximilian, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. greatest Æmilianus, 166
MAXIMILIANE, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. greatest Æmilianus, 166
Maximiliao, _m._ _Port._ Lat. greatest Æmilianus, 166
Maximilien, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. greatest Æmilianus, 166
MAXIMUS, _m._ Lat. greatest, 166
_Maxl_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. greatest Æmilianus, 166
MAWDWEN, _f._ _Cym._ Kelt. mannerly, 271
_May_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. bitter, 29
_May_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Maynard_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. mighty firmness, 421
_Mayne_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. mighty, 421
_Mazalein_, _f._ _Pro._ Heb. of Magdala, 32
MEADHBH, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. mirth, 258
MEAGHAR, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. merry, 259
Meara, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. merry, 259
Meave, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. mirth (?), 259
_Mechel_, _f._ _Bav._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422
Mechtild, _f._ _Bav._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422
_Medal_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Médé_, _f._ _Fr._ my delight, 196
_Meews_, _m._ _L.G._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
_Meg_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pearl, 121
MEGINHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty firmness, 421
MEGINHERI, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty warrior, 421
_Mehaut_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 421
Mehetabel, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. beneficent, 26
_Meinbern_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty bear, 421
Meinbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty brightness, 421
_Meinbot_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty commander, 421
Meinfred, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty peace, 421
Meinhard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty firmness, 421
Meino, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty, 421
Meinolf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty wolf, 421
Meinrad, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty council, 421
Meinward, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty guard, 421
Meirchawn, _m._ _Pict._ Kelt.
MEIRIADWG, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. sea protector, 280
_Mekel_, _m._ _L. Ger._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Melanell_, _f._ _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. honey (?), 282
MELANIA, _f._ _Eng._ _It._ Gr. black, 70
Melanie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. black, 70
Melany, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. black, 70
Melchior, _m._ _Span._ _Ger._ Pers. king, 211
Melchiore, _m._ _It._ Pers. king, 211
Melchiorre, _m._ _It._ Pers. king, 211
MELCHISEDEC, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. king of righteousness, 15
MELETIUS, _m._ _Lat._ honied, 282
Melicent, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. work strength, 330
Melicerte, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. work strength, 330
MELIOR, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. better, 193
Melisenda, _f._ _Span._ Teu. work strength, 330
MELISSA, _f._ _It._ _Eng._ Lat. bee, 80
Melisse, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. bee, 80
Melite, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. bee, 80
Melitus, _m._ Lat. honied, 80
Melony, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. dark, 70
Melusina, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. work strength, 80, 330
Melusine, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Teu. work strength, 80, 330
Melva, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. chief, 262
_Memba_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. mighty bear, 421
_Memmo_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. mighty bear, 421
_Mencia_, _f._ _Span._ Lat. Sunday child (?), or adviser (?), 218
_Mendez_, _m._ _Span._ Lat. Sunday child, 218
_Menica_, _f._ _It._ Lat. Sunday child, 218
_Menico_, _m._ _It._ Lat. Sunday child, 218
_Menie_, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Menno_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty strength, 421
_Meno_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty strength, 421
_Mens_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. merciful, 160
_Mente_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. merciful, 160
_Mentzel_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. merciful, 160
_Menz_, _m._ Dan. Lat. merciful, 160
_Menz_, _Serv._ Lat. Sunday child, 218
_Menzel_, _Serv._ Lat. Sunday child, 218
_Meo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
Meraud, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. emerald, 125
Mercede, _f._ _It._ Lat. favours, 30
MERCEDES, _f._ _Span._ Lat. favours, 30
MERCY, _f._ _Eng._
MERDDHIN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. sea hill, 280
Meredith, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. sea protector, 280
MEREWINE, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. famed friend, 425
Meriadoc, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. sea protector, 280
_Merica_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. work rule, 330
_Merich_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. work ruler, 330
_Merrik_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. work ruler, 330
Merlin, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Kelt. sea hill, 280
Merlino, _m._ _It._ Kelt. sea hill, 280
MEROHELM, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. famed helm, 425
Merovée, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. famed war, 425
Meroveus, _m._ Lat. Teu. famed war, 425
MEROWALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. famed power, 425
_Mertil_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. of Mars, 135
_Mertin_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. of Mars, 135
_Meriel_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. myrrh, 125
MEROVEH, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. famed holiness, 425
MEROVINE, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. famed, 425
Mervyn, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. sea hill, 280
Mesdélices, _f._ _Fr._ my delight, 196
_Meta_, _f._ _Ger._ Ger. pearl, 121
_Mete_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Metelill_, _f._ _Dan._ pearl, 121
Methusalem, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. man of the dart.
_Metje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. pearl, 121
Metrophanes, _m._ _Ger._ Slav. fire glory (?), 440
_Mette_, _f._ _Dan._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Meurisse_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. Moor, 201
Meuriz, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. Moor, 201
_Mewes_, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
_Meyrick_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. work ruler, 330
Micah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. who is like the Lord, 54
Micha, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
Michael, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
Michaella, _f._ _It._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
Michaele, _f._ _m._ _It._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
Michaeline, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
Michaelis, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
Michaïl, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
Michaila, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
Michal, _m._ _Bohm._ _Pol._ _Lus._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Michau_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Michée_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Michej_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
Michel, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
Michele, _m._ _It._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
Michelle, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Micheltje_, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. who is like to God, 54
Michiel, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Michon_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Mick_, _m._ _Ir._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Mickel_, _m._ _Swed._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Miedal_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Mieke_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. bitter, 29
_Miel_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Mieli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. 29
_Mieral_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Mies_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. exalted of the Lord, 49
_Mietje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. bitter, 29
Miguel, _m._ _Span._ _Port._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
Miguela, _f._ _Port._ _Span._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Miha_, _m._ _Slov._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
Mihail, _m._ _Wall._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Mihal_, _m._ _Slov._ _Hung._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Mihaly_, _m._ _Hung._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Miho_, _m._ _Serv._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Mija_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. bitter, 29
_Mijailo_, _m._ _Serv._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Mik_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
Mikael, _m._ _Swed._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Mikas_, _m._ _Swed._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Mike_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. bitter, 29
_Mikel_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Mikelina_, _f._ _Russ._ _Lett._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Mikkas_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Mikke_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Mikkeles_, _m._ _Lith._ _Lett._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Miklaoz_, _m._ _Slav._ Gr. people’s victory, 90
_Miklaos_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. people’s victory, 90
_Mikli_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Miklos_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. people’s victory, 90
_Mikolaj_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. people’s victory, 90
_Mikulas_, _m._ _Bohm._ Gr. people’s victory, 90
_Mila_, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. lovely, 444
_Mila_, _f._ _Lus._ Lat. work (?), 141
_Milan_, _m._ _Bret._ Gr. crusher, 97
_Milan_, _f._ _m._ _Slov._ Lat. lovely, 97
_Milari_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. cheerful, 191
Milborough, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. mild pledge, 427
MILBURGA, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. mild pledge, 427
Milcah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. queen.
MILDBURH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. mild pledge, 427
MILDGYTH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. mild gift, 427
Mildred, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. mild threatener, 427
Mildreda, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. mild threatener, 427
Mildrid, _f._ _Dan._ Teu. mild threatener, 427
MILDTHRYTH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. mild threatener, 427
Miles, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. crusher, 97
_Milhan_, _m._ _Span._ Lat. affable, 141
_Milica_, _f._ _Slov._ Slav. love, 444
Milicent, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. work strength.
MILIDH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. warrior, 97
_Milivo_, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. love war, 444
_Miljo_, _m._ _Serv._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Milka_, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. work or affable, 141
Millicent, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. work strength, 330
_Millica_, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. bitter, 29, 444
_Milly_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. work strength, 330
Milo, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. crusher, 97
Milon, _m._ _Fr. & Gr._ Gr. crusher, 97
Milone, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. crusher, 97
MILOSLAV, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. love glory, 441
_Mimi_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
_Mimmeli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
_Mine_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
_Minella_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
MINERVINA, _f._ Lat. of Minerva, 171
_Minette_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Minka, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
_Minne_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Minna, _f._ _Scot._ Teu. memory.
MINNE, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. memory.
Minnehaha, _f._ _Red Indian_, laughing water.
Miranda, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. to be admired.
Miriam, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Mirko_, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. work rule, 331
MIROSLAV, _f._ Slav. peace glory, 442
_Misa_, _m._ _Serv._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Mischa_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
_Mischenka_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. who is like God, 54
_Miska_, _m._ _Serv._ _Hung._ Heb. who is like to God, 54
Mistislaus, _m._ _Lat._ Slav. avenging glory, 441
_Mitar_, _m._ _Serv._ _Ill._ Gr. of Demeter, 69
Mithridates, _m._ _Gr._ Pers. given to the sun.
_Mitra_, _f._ _Slav._ Gr. of Demeter, 69
MITROFAN, _m._ _Russ._ fire glory (?), 440
MLADEN, _m._ _Serv._ Slav. young, 445
Modestine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. modest, 193
MODESTUS, _m._ _Lat._ modest, 193
Modesty, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. 193
Medwenna, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. 271
MOEDOG, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. servant of the star, 227
_Moggy_, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. pearl, 121
Mogue, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. amiable, 227
Moina, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. soft.
Moise, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. drawn out, 27
Moises, _m._ _Port._ Heb. drawn out, 27
Moisi, _m._ _Wall._ Heb. drawn out, 27
Moissej, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. drawn out, 27
Moissey, _f._ _Manx_, Heb. bitter, 29
Mojsia, _m._ _Serv._ Heb. drawn out, 27
_Mojsilo_, _m._ _Serv._ Heb. drawn out, 27
Mojzesz, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. drawn out, 27
_Mojzisch_, _m._ _Boh._ Heb. drawn out, 27
_Mojzija_, _m._ _Slov._ Heb. drawn out, 27
_Molde_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422
_Molly_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. bitter, 29
Monacella, _f._ _Lat._ little nun, 282
Moncha, _f._ _Erse_, Lat. adviser, 218
_Monegonde_, _f._ _Flem._ Heb. thoughtful war.
MONGFINN, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. fair haired.
Moni, _f._ _Swab._ Lat. adviser, 218
MONICA, _f._ _It._ _Eng._ Lat. adviser (?), 218
Monike, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. adviser, 218
Monique, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. adviser, 218
Moore, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. great, 258
MOR, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. great, 258
_Morag_, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. great, 258
Morets, _m._ _Dan._ Lat. moor, 280
_Morgance_, _f._ _m._ _French_, Kelt. sea dweller, 280
Morgan, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. sea dweller, 280
_Morgana_, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. sea dweller, 280
_Morgue_, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. sea dweller, 280
MORGWEN, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. sea lady, 280
MORGWN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. sea dweller, 280
Moric, _m._ _Bohm._ _Slov._ Lat. Moor, 201
Moricz, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. Moor, 201
Moritz, _m._ _Dan._ Lat. Moor, 201
Moritz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. Moor, 201
Moriz, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. Moor, 201
MORMAN, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. sea man, 201
_Morna_, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. beloved (?), 251
_Morolt_, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. sea protection, 280
Morough, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. sea protection, 280
Morris, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. Moor, 201
Mortough, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. sea warrior, 280
_Morty_, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. sea warrior, 280
MORVEN, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. sea man, 280
MORVREN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. sea raven, 280
MORVRYN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. sea hill, 280
Mose, _m._ _It._ Heb. drawn out, 27
Moses, _m._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Heb. drawn out, 27
Mote Mahal, _f._ Arab. pearl of the harem, 2
Mousa, _m._ _Arab._ Heb. drawn out, 27
Mozes, _m._ _Dutch_, _Slov._ Heb. drawn out, 27
Mozses, _m._ _Hung._ Heb. drawn out, 27
MRENA, _f._ _Serv._ Slav. white in the eyes, 445
_Mros_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. immortal, 109
_Mrosk_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. immortal, 109
MSTISLAV, _m._ _Slav._ avenging glory, 441
MUIRCHEARTACH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. sea warrior, 280
MUIRERADHACH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. sea protector, 280
MUIRGIS, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. sea, 280.
_Mukkel_, _m._ _Bav._ Slov. helpless, 43
_Mukki_, _m._ _Bav._ Slov. helpless, 43
_Mun_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. rich protection, 378
Muna, _f._ _Span._ Basque, 460
MUNGHU, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. loveable, 258
Mungo, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. loveable, 258
_Munila_, _f._ _Span._ Basque, 460
MUNO, _m._ _Span._ Basque, 460
Murdoch, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. sea protector, 280
Muriel, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. myrrh, 125
_Murphy_, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. sea warrior, 280
MURRIN, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. long haired, 100
Murtagh, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. sea warrior, 280
Murtough, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. sea warrior, 280
_Musidora_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. gift of the Muses, 72
Myles, _m._ _Ir._ Gr. crusher, 77
_Myne_, _Lith._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
_Mynette_, _Lith._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
_Myra_, _f._ _Eng._
_Mysic_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. pearl, 121
MYVANWY, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. 279
N
_Naatje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. grace, 42
_Nace_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. fiery, 194
Nada, _f._ _Serv._ Slav. hope, 439
_Nadan_, _f._ _Serv._ Slav. hope, 439
NADEZNA, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. hope, 439
Nadine, _f._ _Fr._ Slav. hope, 439
Nafaniel, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. gift of God, 25
Nahum, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. comfort, 51
_Nan_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. grace, 42
_Nancy_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. grace, 42
_Nandel_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. adventuring life, 433
_Nanette_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace, 42
_Nani_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. grace, 42
NANNA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. bold, 304
_Nanna_, _f._ _It._ Heb. grace, 42
_Nanneli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. grace, 42
_Nannerl_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. grace, 42
_Nanni_, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45
NANNO, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. bold, 304
_Nannon_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace, 42
_Nannos_, _m._ _Gr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
_Nanny_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. grace, 42
_Nanon_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace, 42
_Nanty_, _m._ _Scot._ Lat. inestimable, 142
Naomi, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. pleasant, 28
_Nap_, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. of the new city, 200
Naphthali, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. wrestling, 7
_Napo_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. of the new city, 200
Napoleon, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. of the new city, 200
Napoleone, _m._ _It._ Gr. of the new city, 200
Napolio, _m._ _It._ Gr. of the new city, 200
_Narcisse_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. daffodil, 81
_Narcissus_, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. daffodil, 81
_Narkiss_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. daffodil, 81
_Nastagio_, _f._ _m._ _It._ Gr. of the resurrection, 110
_Nastassja_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. of the resurrection, 110
_Naste_, _f._ _m._ _Lett._ Lat. Christmas child, 210
_Nastenka_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. of the resurrection, 110
_Nat_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. gift of God, 25
Natale, _m._ _It._ Lat. Christmas child, 209
Natalia, _f._ _It._ _Span._ Lat. Christmas child, 209
Natalie, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Lat. Christmas child, 209
Natalija, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. Christmas child, 209
Natalita, _f._ _Span._ Lat. Christmas child, 209
_Natanaelle_, _m._ _It._ Heb. gift of God, 25
_Natascha_, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. Christmas child, 209
_Nataschenka_, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. Christmas child, 210
NATHAN, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. gift, 25
NATHANAEL, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. gift of God, 25
Nathanial, _m._ _Wall._ Heb. gift of God, 25
Nathaniel, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. gift of God, 25
Natividad, _f._ _Span._ Lat. birth, 209
Navarino, _m._ _Eng._
_Nazji_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. fiery, 194
_Nazarene_, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. of Nazareth, 39
_Naze_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. fiery, 194
_Nazel_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. fiery, 194
_Neal_, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. chief, 240
Neapolio, _m._ _It._ Gr. of the new city, 200
Neapoleon, _m._ _It._ Gr. of the new city, 200
_Necek_, _m._ _Slov._ Gr. man, 86
_Ned_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. rich guard, 378
NEDA, _f._ _Bulg._ Slav. Sunday, 218
Nedan, _m._ _Bulg._ Slav. Sunday, 218
Nedelko, _m._ _Bulg._ Slav. Sunday, 218
Nedeljka, _f._ _Bulg._ Slav. Sunday, 218
_Nedelschko_, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. Sunday, 218
Nedo, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. Sunday, 218
_Neeldje_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. horn (?), 314
Nehemiah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. comfort of the Lord, 51
NEIDHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm compulsion, 418
NEILL, _m._ _Gadhael._ Kelt. champion, 240
_Nelle_, _f._ _Dutch_, Lat. horn (?), 146
_Nelle_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. stone, 108
_Nelly_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. light, 68
NEOT, _m._ _A.S._ compulsion, 418
Nepomucen, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. helpless, 43
NEPOMUK, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. helpless, 43
_Nese_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. pure, 119
Nesle, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. black, 168
_Nessie_, _f._ _Manx_, Gr. pure, 119
_Nest_, _f._ _Welsh_, Gr. pure, 119
_Neto_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. pure, 119
_Neza_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. pure, 119
_Nezica_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. pure, 119
Nial, _m._ _Nor._ Kelt. champion, 240
_Nib_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
Nicholas, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
_Nichon_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace, 42
_Nick_, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
_Nickel_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
Nicodème, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
Nicodemus, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
_Nicol_, _m._ _Scot._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
Nicola, _m._ _It._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
Nicolaas, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. victory of the people, 90
Nicolas, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
Nicolau, _m._ _Port._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
Nicole, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
Nicolette, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
Nicolina, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
Nicolo, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
Nidbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright compelling, 418
Nidhert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm compelling, 418
Niels, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. champion, 240
_Niel_, _m._ _Dan._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
Nigel, _m._ _Scot._ Lat. black, 168, 241
NIGELLUS, _m._ _Lat._ black, 168
NIGER, _m._ _Lat._ black, 168
NIKIAS, _m._ _Gr._ conquering, 90
_Nikka_, _m._ _Lapp._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
Nikkelis, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
_Nikki_, _m._ _Finn._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
_Nikla_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
Niklaas, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. victory of the people, 90
_Niklas_, _m._ _Ger._ _Swed._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
_Niklau_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
Nikodem, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
NIKODEMOS, _m._ _Gr._ _Slov._ Bulg. victory of the people, 90
Nikola, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
Nikolaj, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
Nikolas, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. victory of the people, 90
_Nikolascha_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
NIKOLAUS, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
NIKON, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. victory, 90
_Niku_, _m._ _Finn._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
_Niles_, _m._ _Finn._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
_Nille_, _Nor._ Gr. stone, 108
_Nillon_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace, 42
_Nilo_, _m._ _Finn._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
_Nils_, _m._ _Swed._ Gr. victory of the people, 90
_Ninetta_, _f._ _Ital._ Heb. grace, 42
_Ninette_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace, 42
Ninian, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. 240
NINIDH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. 240
_Ninon_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace, 42
NIORD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sea god, 306
Nithard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm compulsion, 418
_Nitz_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm compulsion, 418
Njal, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. champion, 240
Noa, _m._ _It._ Heb. rest, 9
Noah, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. rest, 9
NOACHAS, _m._ _Gr._ Heb. rest, 9
Noah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. rest, 9
Noe, _m._ _Fr._ _Russ._ Heb. rest, 9
Noël, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. Christmas, 209
_Noll_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. olive, 208
_Nöll_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. horn, 314
Nona, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. ninth, 138
Nonna, _f._ _Lat._ ninth, 138
Nonne, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. bold, 304
_Nora_, _f._ _Ir._ Lat. honour, 190
_Norah_, _f._ _Ir._ Lat. honour, 190
NORBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. Niord’s brightness, 306
NORDHILDA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. Niord’s battle maid, 306
Norman, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. Niord’s man, 306
Notberg, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. compelling protection, 418
Notger, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. compelling spear, 418
_Notto_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. compelling wolf, 418
NOTTULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. compelling wolf, 418
Novak, _m._ _Ill._ Slov. new.
Novia, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. Lat. new.
_Nozzo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
_Nuala_, _f._ _Ir._ Kelt. fair shoulders, 245
_Numps_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. staff of peace, 350
Nuño, _f._ _Span._
Nuno, _m._ _Span._
_Nunziata_, _f._ _It._ Lat. announced, 30
O
_Oado_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. red earth, 10
Obadiah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. servant of the Lord, 50
_Obramas_, _m._ _Lith._ Heb. father of nations, 11
Octave, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. eighth, 138
Octavia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. eighth, 138
Octaviano, _m._ _Rom._ Lat. eighth, 138
OCTAVIANUS, _m._ _Lat._ eighth, 138
Octavien, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. eighth, 138
Octavie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. eighth, 138
OCTAVIUS, _m._ _Lat._ eighth, 138
_Ocko_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. noble rich, 409
ODA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. rich, 376
ODBJORG, _f._ _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich protection, 378
ODDE, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich, 376
ODDGRIM, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich helmet, 378
ODDLAUG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. rich liquor, 378
ODDLEIF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich relic, 378
ODDMUND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich protection, 378
ODDNY, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich freshness, 378
Oddo, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich, 378
ODDR, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich, 378
ODDVEIG, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich liquor, 378
ODDWARD, _m._ _Ger._ rich guard, 378
_Ode_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. rich, 376
Odes, _m._ _It._ Teu. rich, 376
ODELBURGA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble guard, 411
Odelbrecht, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble brightness, 411
ODELGIS, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble pledge, 411
ODELIND, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble snake, 411
Odelric, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble rule, 411
_Odgisl_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich pledge, 411
ODGJER, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich spear, 411
ODGUND, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. rich war, 411
ODILA, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Teu. rich, 411
ODILE, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. rich, 411
Odilo, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich, 378
Odilon, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich, 378
Odkatla, _f._ _Nor._ rich kettle, 376
_Odkel_, _m._ _Nor._ rich kettle, 376
_Odli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. red earth, 10
Odmar, _Nor._ Teu. rich fame, 378
Odo, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Teu. rich, 378
Odoacer, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. treasure watcher, 377
Odoardo, _m._ _It._ Teu. rich guard, 378
_Odolf_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich wolf, 378
Odon, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich, 378
Odorico, _m._ _It._ Teu. rich ruler, 378
Odulf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble wolf, 378
Odvald, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich power, 378
ODVIN, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich friend, 378
_Ody_, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. lamb, 140
ODYSSEUS, _m._ _Gr._ hater, 75
ŒGILIV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Œgir’s relic, 323
ŒGILS, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. awful, 323
ŒGULV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. awful wolf, 323
ŒGUNN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. awful maiden, 323
ŒGWIND, _m._ _Nor._ awful Wend, 323
Oëlrich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble ruler, 409
Offa, _m._ _A.G.S._ Teu. wild boar (?), 334
_Ofura_, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. island prudence, 431
_Offy_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. divine love, 100
Oggiero, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. holy, 402
OGMUND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. awful protection, 323
_Ogier_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. holy, 402
OGNOSLAV, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. fire glory.
OGVALLD, _m._ _Nor._ awful power, 323
_Oieif_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island wolf, 431
_Oiel_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island wolf, 431
Oighrigh, _f._ _Gael._ Gr. fair speech, 88
OISEAN, _m._ _Gadhael._ Kelt. 243
OLAF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. ancestor’s relic, 332
Olaüs, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. ancestor’s relic, 332
Olav, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. ancestor’s relic, 332
Olave, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. ancestor’s relic, 332
Olbracht, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. noble brightness, 411
_Oldrich_, _m._ _Bohm._ Teu. nobler ruler, 409
_Ole_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. ancestor’s relic, 332
Oleg, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. holy, 68
_Olery_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. noble ruler, 409
_Olfert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble peace, 411
Olga, _f._ _Russ._ Teu. holy, 68
Olger, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. holy, 68
Olier, _m._ _Bret._ Lat. olive, 203
Olimpia, _f._ _Ital._ Gr. Olympian, 97
_Olinka_, _f._ _Russ._ Teu. holy, 448
Olive, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. 203
Oliviëros, _m._ _Port. S._ Lat. olive, 203
Oliver, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. olive, 203
Oliverio, _m._ _Port._ Lat. olive, 203
Oliveros, _m._ _Span._ Lat. olive, 203
Olivia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. olive, 203
Olivier, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. olive, 203
Oliviero, _m._ _It._ Lat. olive, 203
_Olop_, _m._ _Esth._ Teu. ancestor’s relic, 332
Olve, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. ale, 432
OLVER, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. ale, 432
Olympe, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. Olympian, 97
Olympia, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. Olympian, 97
OLYMPIAS, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. Olympian, 97
Olympie, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. Olympian, 97
_Onan_, _m._ _Ir._ Heb. Lat. dwarf Adam, 10
_Ondrej_, _m._ _Bohm._ Gr. man, 86
Onfroi, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. support of peace, 350
Onofredo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. support of peace, 350
Onofrio, _m._ _It._ Teu. support of peace, 350
_Onora_, _m._ _Erse_, Lat. honour, 190
_Onoré_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. honoured, 190
_Onorij_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. honoured, 190
Onuphrius, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. support of peace, 350
Onufrio, _m._ _It._ Teu. support of peace, 350
Ophelia, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. serpent, 346
Orac, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. 148
Orazia, _f._ _It._ Lat. 148
Orazio, _m._ _It._ Lat. 148
Orban, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. citizen, 202
Ordoño, _m._ _Span._ Teu. rich friend (?), 376
ORFLATH, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. golden lady, 125
Orlando, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. fame of the land, 389
ORM, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. serpent, 346
ORMAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. serpent warrior, 346
ORMILDA, _f._ _Ice._ Teu. serpent battle maid, 346
Orsch, _f._ _Swiss_, Lat. bear, 199
_Orscheli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Lat. bear, 199
Orse, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. oath of God, 35
Orseline, _f._ _Dutch_, Lat. bear, 199
_Orsike_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. oath of God, 35
Orsola, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. bear, 199
Orsolya, _f._ _Hung._ Lat. bear, 199
Orson, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. bear, 199
Ortensia, _f._ _It._ Lat. gardener, 147
Ortensio, _m._ _It._ Lat. gardener, 147
Ortleip, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich relic, 378
Ortgrim, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich helm, 378
ORTGAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich spear, 378
Orto, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich, 378
ORTWIN, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich friend, 378
Ortwulf, _Ger._ Teu. rich wolf, 378
_Orzil_, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. rich, 378
Osbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. divinely bright, 290
Osberta, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. divinely bright, 290
OSBORN, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine bear, 290
Osberga, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. divine pledge, 290
Oscar, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. bounding warrior, 251, 291
OSCETYL, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. divine kettle, 291
_Oseep_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. addition, 23
_Osfred_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine peace, 290
OSGAR, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. bounding warrior, 251
OSGIFU, _f._ _m. A.S._ Teu. Asagod’s gift, 290
OSGOD, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. Asagod, 290
_Oska_, _f._ _Lus._ Lat. bear, 199, 291
_Oskar_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. divine spear, 290
OSKETYL, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. divine cauldron, 291
OSLAC, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine sport, 291
Oslaf, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine legacy, 291
Osmod, _Ger._ Teu. divine wrath, 291
Osmond, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine protection, 291
Osmont, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. divine protection, 291
Osred, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine council, 291
Osric, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine rule, 291
_Ossian_, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. 66.
OSTHRYTH, _f._ _Eng._ divine threatener, 291
OSULF, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine wolf, 291
OSWALD, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine power, 291
OSWINE, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. divine friend, 291
_Oswy_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine holiness, 291
Osyth, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. divine strength, 291
_Otemar_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich fame, 378
Otfried, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich peace, 376
Othao, _m._ _Port._ Teu. rich, 376
Othello, _m._ _It._ Teu. rich, 376
OTHER, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. happy warrior, 376
Othes, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich, 376
Othilia, _f._ _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich battle maid, 341
OTHO, _m._ Lat. Teu. happy (?), 376
_Otpald_, _m._ _Ger._ happy bold, 376
_Otpraht_, _m._ _Ger._ happy bright, 376
Ottavia, _f._ _m._ _It._ Lat. eighth, 138
Ottavio, _m._ _It._ Lat. eighth, 138
Otte, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. happy, 376
OTTHILD, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. happy battle maid, 376
Ottilia, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. happy battle maid, 376
_Ottmar_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. happy fame, 376
Otto, _m._ _It._ _Ger._ Teu. rich, 376
OTTOKAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. happy spear, 376
Ottone, _m._ _It._ Teu. happy, 376
_Ottorino_, _m._ _It._ Teu. happy, 376
OTTUR, _m._ _Nor._ Ger. awful, 356
_Ouen_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich friend, 376
Ougunna, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. rich war, 376
_Oulf_, _Nor._ Teu. rich wolf, 376
Ours, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. bear, 199
_Ovind_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island Wend, 431
OWAIN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. lamb, or warrior, 273
Owen, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. lamb, or young warrior, 273
P
Pablo, _m._ _Span._ Lat. little, 165
Pacifico, _m._ _It._ Lat. pacific, 190
_Paddy_, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. noble, 195
Padrig, _m._ _Erse_, Lat. noble, 195
Pagano, _m._ _It._ Lat. countryman, 202
PAGANUS, _m._ Lat. countryman, 202
Pain, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. countryman, 202
_Pal_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. little, 165
_Palko_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. little, 165
Palladius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. of Pallas, 64
Pallig, _m._ _Dan._ 419
PALNE, _m._ _Dan._ 419
Pamela, _f._ _Eng._ 464
Pancrace, _m._ _Ir._ Gr. all ruler, 90
Pancracio, _m._ _Rom._ Gr. all ruler, 90
Pancracy, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. all ruler, 90
Pancras, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. all ruler, 90
Pancrazio, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. all ruler, 90
Pankratios, _m._ _Gr._ all ruling, 90
_Panna_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. grace, 42
_Panni_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. grace, 42
Pantaleon, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. all a lion, 90
Pantaleone, _m._ _It._ Gr. all a lion, 90
Paola, _f._ _It._ Lat. little, 165
Paolina, _f._ _It._ Lat. little, 165
Paolino, _m._ _It._ Lat. little, 165
Paolo, _m._ _It._ Lat. little, 165
_Pappo_, _m._ _Ger._ Ten, father, 333
_Parascha_, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. Good Friday child, 216
Parysatis, _f._ _Gr._ Zend. fairy born (?).
Paraskeva, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. Good Friday child, 216
_Pari_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. fatherly, 195
_Parnel_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. stone, 108
PARTHENOIS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. of the virgin, 64
PARTHENOPE, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. the virgin’s city, 64
_Pas_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. little, 165
_Pascal_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. passover child, 215
_Pascha_, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. Good Friday child, 215
Pascha, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. Good Friday child, 215
Paschal, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. Easter child, 215
Paschina, _f._ _It._ Heb. Easter child, 215
Paschino, _m._ _It._ Heb. Easter child, 215
Pascoal, _m._ _Port._ Heb. Easter child, 215
Pascoe, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. Easter child, 215
Pascual, _m._ _Span._ Heb. Easter child, 215
_Pasinek_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. little, 165
Pasquale, _m._ _It._ Heb. Easter child, 215
Passion, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. suffering, 215
_Pat_, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. noble, 195
_Pate_, _m._ _Scot._ Lat. noble, 195
PATERNUS, _m. Lat._ fatherly, 195
_Patie_, _m._ _Scot._ Lat. noble, 195
Patience, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. bearing up, 193
PATIENS, _m._ _Lat._ patient, 193
Patrice, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. noble, 195
Patricia, _f._ _Scot._ Lat. noble, 195
Patricio, _m._ _Rom._ Lat. noble, 195
PATRICIUS, _m._ Lat. noble, 195
_Patrick_, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. noble, 195
Patrikij, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. noble, 195
Patriz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. noble, 195
Patrizia, _f._ _It._ Lat. noble, 195
Patrizio, _m._ _It._ Lat. noble, 195
_Patty_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. becoming bitter, 29
Paul, _m._ _Fr._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Lat. little, 165
Paula, _f._ _Span._ _Port._ Lat. little, 165
Paule, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. little, 165
_Paulette_, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. little, 165
Paulin, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. little, 165
Paulina, _f._ _Rom._ _Eng._ _Span._ Lat. little, 165
Pauline, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Lat. little, 165
Paulino, _m._ _It._ Lat. little, 165
Paulinus, _m._ Lat. little, 165
_Paulisca_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. little, 165
Paulo, _m._ _Rom._ _Port._ Lat. little, 165
_Paulot_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. little, 165
Paultje, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. little, 165
PAULUS, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. little, 165
_Pav_, _m._ _Lapp._ Lat. little, 165
_Pava_, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. little, 165
_Paval_, _m._ _Lapp._ Lat. little, 165
_Pavek_, _m._ _Esth._ _Lapp._ Lat. little, 165
_Pavel_, _m._ _Russ._ _Wall._ _Pol._ _Bohm._ Lat. little, 165
_Pavelek_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. little, 165
_Pavils_, _m._ _Lett._ Lap. little, 165
_Pavko_, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. little, 165
Pavl, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. little, 165
_Pavla_, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. little, 165
_Pavli_, _m._ _Esth._ Lat. little, 165
_Pavlenka_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. little, 165
_Pavlika_, _f._ _m._ _Slav._ Lat. little, 165
_Pavlija_, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. little, 165
Pavlin, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. little, 165
Pavlina, _f._ _Slav._ Lat. little, 165
_Pavluscha_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. little, 165
Pavol, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. little, 165
Pawel, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. little, 165
Payen, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. countryman, 202
Payne, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. countryman, 202
Peace, _f._ _Eng._
Peder, _m._ _Nor._ Gr. stone, 108
_Pedo_, _m._ _Esth._ Gr. stone, 108
_Pedrinho_, _m._ _Port._ Gr. stone, 108
Pedro, _m._ _Port._ _Span._ Gr. stone, 108
_Peggy_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Peira_, _m._ _Prov._ Gr. stone, 108
_Pejo_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. stone, 108
Pelage, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. of the sea, 203
Pelagia, _f._ _m._ _Gr._ of the sea, 203
Pelagio, _m._ _Rom._ Gr. of the sea, 203
Pelagius, _m._ Lat. Gr. of the sea, 203
Pelayo, _m._ _Span._ Gr. of the sea, 203
PELEG, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. dispersion, 15
_Pelei_, _m._ _Swiss_, Gr. of the sea, 203
Pelgrim, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. stranger, 203
Pellegrino, _m._ _It._ Lat. pilgrim, 203
_Pen_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. weaver, 75
PENELOPE, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. weaver, 75
_Penny_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. weaver, 75
_Pent_, _m._ _Lapp._ Lat. blessed, 184
_Penta_, _m._ _Lapp._ Lat. blessed, 184
Pentecost, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. Whitsuntide, 216
Pentecoste, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. Whitsuntide, 216
_Pepa_, _f._ _Span._ Heb. addition, 23
_Pepe_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. addition, 23
Pepin, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. father, 333
Pepino, _m._ _Rom._ Teu. father, 333
_Pepita_, _f._ _Span._ Heb. addition, 23
_Pepito_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. addition, 23
_Peppo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. addition, 23
_Pepsa_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. addition, 23
_Per_, _m._ _Swiss._ Gr. stone, 108
PERAHTHERI, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. bright army, 415
PERAHTHILD, _f._ _O. Ger._ Teu. bright battle maid, 415
PERAHTMAR, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. bright fame, 415
PERAHTOLF, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. bright wolf, 415
PERAHTRAM, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. bright raven, 415
Percival, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. companion of the chalice, 278
PEREDUR, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. companion of the chalice, 278
Pérégrin, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. traveller, 203
Peregrine, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. traveller, 203
PEREGRINUS, _m._ Lat. traveller, 203
_Peregrino_, _m._ _It._ Lat. stranger, 203
_Perent_, _m._ _Esth._ Teu. bear firm, 340
_Perette_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. stone, 108
_Perino_, _m._ _It._ Gr. stone, 108
PERIZADA, _f._ _Pers._ Pers. fairy born.
_Pernel_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. stone, 108
_Pero_, _m._ _It._ Gr. stone, 108
_Pero_, _m._ _Esth._ Teu. bear firm, 340
PERPETUA, _f._ _It._ Lat. lasting, 197
_Perrin_, _m._ _Fr._ Ger. stone, 108
_Perrine_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. stone, 108
_Perronik_, _Bret._ 108
_Pert_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
_Pet_, _m._ _Esth._ Gr. stone, 108
Petar, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. stone, 108
Peter, _m._ _Eng._ Ger. Gr. stone, 108
_Peteris_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. stone, 108
Peters, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. stone, 108
_Petko_, _m._ _Lus._ Bulg. Gr. stone, 108
_Peto_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. stone, 108
_Petr_, _m._ _Bohm._ Russ. Gr. stone, 108
_Petra_, _m._ _Esth._ Gr. stone, 108
_Petra_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. stone, 108
_Petraca_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. stone, 108
_Petrarca_, _m._ _It._ Gr. stone, 108
_Petras_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. stone, 108
_Petrica_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. stone, 108
_Petrija_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. stone, 108
_Petrik_, _m._ _Bret._ Gr. stone, 108
Petrina, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. stone, 108
Petrine, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. stone, 108
_Petrinka_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. stone, 108
Petrisse, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. stone, 108
Petronella, _f._ _Ger._ _Eng._ _It._ Gr. stone, 108
Petronelle, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. stone, 108
Petronilha, _f._ _Port._ Gr. stone, 108
PETROS, _m._ _Gr._ stone, 108
_Petru_, _m._ _Wall._ Gr. stone, 108
Petrus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. stone, 108
Petrusa, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. stone, 108
_Petruscha_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. stone, 108
_Petsch_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. stone, 108
Petur, _m._ _Bulg._ Gr. stone, 108
Pewlin, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. little, 165
Phaddei, _m._ _Russ._ Aram. praise, 20
Phadrig, _m._ _Erse_, Lat. noble, 195
Pharamond, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. travelled protector, 432
Phelim, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. Erse, good, 257
_Phemie_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. fair fame, 88
Pheodor, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. divine gift, 101
Pheodora, _f._ _m._ _Russ._ Gr. divine gift, 101
Pheodosij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. divine gift, 103
Pheodosia, _f._ _m._ _Russ._ Gr. divine gift, 103
PHERENIKE, _f._ _Gr._ bringing victory, 90
_Phil_, _m._ _Eng._ _Ger._ love horses, 79
PHILADELPHIA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. love of brethren, 93
PHILALETHES, _m._ Gr. love of truth, 94
PHILANDER, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. love man, 94
Philaret, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. love virtue, 94
PHILARETOS, _m._ Gr. love virtue, 94
PHILE, _f._ Gr. love, 93
PHILEMON, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. loving thought, 94
Philetus, _m._ _Am._ Gr. love, 94
Philibert, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. will bright, 315
Philine, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. love, 94
Philip, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. love horses, 79
Philipp, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. love horses, 79
Philippa, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. love horses, 79
Philippe, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. love hores, 79
Philippine, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Gr. love horses, 79
PHILIPPOS, _m._ Gr. loving horses, 79
_Philippot_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. love horses, 79
_Philippote_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. love horses, 79
Philippus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. love horses, 79
Philologus, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. love the word, 94
Philothée, _f._ _m._ _Fr._ Gr. love God, 94
Philotheus, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. love God, 94
Philumena, _f._ Lat. daughter of light, 208
Philumène, _f._ Lat. daughter of light, 208
Phillis, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. foliage, 81
Philon, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. love, 94
Philoxène, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. loving the stranger, 93
Phocas, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. Phocian, 200
Phœbe, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. shining, 65
Phœbus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. shining, 65
PHOKAS, _m._ _Gr._ Phocian, 200
Photinee, _f._ _Gr._ light, 65
Photius, _m._ _Gr._ light, 65
_Phrankiskos_, _m._ _M. Gr._ Teu. free, 300
_Phroso_, _f._ _M. Gr._ Gr. mirth, 72
PHYLLIS, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. green bough, 81
Pia, _f._ _It._ _Lat._ pious, 193
Pico, _m._ _It._ _Lat._ woodpecker, 176
PICUS, _m._ _Lat._ woodpecker, 176
Pie, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. pious, 193
_Pier_, _m._ _It._ Gr. stone, 108
Pieran, _m._ _Corn._ Kelt. black, 255
Pierce, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. stone, 108
_Piere_, _m._ _O. Fr._ Gr. stone, 108
Piero, _m._ _It._ Gr. stone, 108
_Pieron_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. stone, 108
_Pierot_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. stone, 108
Pierre, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. stone, 108
_Pierrot_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. stone, 108
Piers, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. stone, 108
_Pies_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. stone, 108
_Piet_, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. stone, 108
Pieter, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. stone, 108
_Pieti_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. stone, 108
Pietro, _m._ _It._ Gr. stone, 108
_Pietruccio_, _m._ _It._ Gr. stone, 108
Piety, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. piety, 193
_Pij_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. pious, 193
_Pikka_, _f._ _Lapp._ Kelt. strength, 236
_Pikke_, _f._ _Lapp._ Kelt. strength, 236
_Pil_, _m._ _Esth._ Lat. wise old woman, 179
PILAR, _f._ _Span._ Lat. pillar, 30
Pilgrim, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. traveller, 203
_Pimme_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. fair fame, 88
_Pine_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. loving horses, 79
_Pinna_, _m._ _Lapp._ Lat. blessed, 184
_Pint_, _m._ _Lapp._ Lat. blessed, 184
_Pinus_, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. loving horses, 79
_Pio_, _m._ _It._ Lat. pious, 193
_Piotr_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. stone, 108
Pipin, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. father, 333
_Pippa_, _f._ _It._ Gr. loving horses, 79
_Pippin_, _m._ _Dutch_, _Eng._ Teu. father, 333
_Pippo_, _m._ _It._ Gr. loving horses, 79
_Pirket_, _f._ _Lapp._ Kelt. strength, 236
_Pirimona_, _m._ _Maori_, Gr. loving thought.
_Pirrit_, _f._ _Esth._ Kelt. strength, 236
PIUS, _m._ _It._ Lat. pious, 193
Pjetr, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. stone, 108
Pjetrik, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. stone, 108
_Plaxy_, _f._ _Corn._ Gr. active.
Plectrude, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. lightning battle maid.
_Pobjus_, _m._ _Lith._ Lat. of a bean, 146
_Poldo_, _m._ _Slav._ Teu. people’s prince, 430
_Polei_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. of the sea, 203
Polidoro, _m._ _It._ Gr. many gifted, 93
Polieukt, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. much desired, 93
Poliksenija, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. much hospitality, 93
_Polly_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. bitter, 29
_Polonia_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. of Apollo, 65
_Polonija_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. of Apollo, 65
Polycarp, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. much fruit, 93
Polydore, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. much gifted, 93
POLYDORUS, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. much gifted, 93
POLYEUKTOS, _m._ _Gr._ much longed for, 93
POLYHYMNIA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. of many hymns, 72
POLYKARPOS, _m._ Gr. much fruit, 93
Polyksenija, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. much hospitality, 93
POLYXENA, _f._ Gr. much hospitality, 93
Polyxène, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. much hospitality, 93
Pompée, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. of Pompeii, 151
Pompeio, _m._ _It._ Lat. of Pompeii, 151
POMPEIUS, _m._ Lat. of Pompeii, 151
Pompey, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. of Pompeii 151
Ponce, _m._ _Span._ Lat. fifth, 138
Poncio, _m._ _Rom._ Lat. fifth, 138
Pons, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. fifth, 138
PONTIUS, _m._ _Lat._ fifth, 138
Ponzio, _m._ _It._ Lat. fifth, 138
Poppo, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. father, 333
PORCIA, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. of the pigs, 151
PORCIUS, _m._ _Lat._ of the pigs, 151
Portia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. of the pigs, 151
Porzia, _f._ _It._ Lat. of the pigs, 151
POSTHUMUS, _m._ Lat. the last, 136
_Poto_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. commander, 414
_Prancas_, _m._ _Lith._ Teu. free, 209
Prascovie, _f._ _Fr._ Slav. Good Friday child, 215
Prassede, _f._ _Ital._ Gr. active, 94
PRAVDOSLAV, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. upright glory, 444
PRAVDOSLAVA, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. upright glory, 444
_Pravoje_, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. upright glory.
PRAXEDES, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. active, 94
_Prechtl_, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. bright fame, 213
Premislaus, _m._ _Eng._ Slav. thoughtful glory, 444
Preban, _m._ _Dan._ Slav. 444
Predbiorn, _m._ _Dan._ Slav. 444
Pribislav, _m._ _Slav._ 444
Pribislava, _f._ _Slav._ 439
_Priczus_, _m._ _Lith._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
_Pridrik_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. peace rule, 296
PRIMUS, _m._ Lat. first, 137
PRISCILLA, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. ancient, 163
PRISCUS, _m._ _Lat._ ancient, 163
Priske, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. ancient, 163
_Prissie_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. ancient, 163
_Prizzis_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
PROCHOROS, _m._ _Gr._ leader of the dance, 126
Prochorus, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. leader of the dance, 126
PROCOPIUS, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. progressive, 126
Prokhor, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. leader of the dance, 126
Prokop, _m._ _Bohm._ Gr. progressive, 126
Prokopij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. progressive, 126
Prokupek, _m._ _Bohm._ Gr. progressive, 126
PROMETHEUS, _m._ _Gr._ love thought.
Prospero, _m._ _It._ Lat. prosperous, 192
Prudence, _f._ _Eng._ 193
PRUDENTIUS, _m._ _Lat._ prudent, 193
_Prydas_, _m._ _Litt._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
_Prydikis_, _m._ _Litt._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
PRZEMYSL, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. thoughtful, 439
PRZEMYSLAVA, _f._ _Pol._ Slav. thoughtful glory, 439
PSYCHE, _f._ _m._ _Gr._ soul, 447
PULCHERIA, _f._ _Ger._ _It._ Lat. fair, 196
Pulcherie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. fair, 196
PURVAN, _m._ _Bulg._ Slav. first, 442
PURVANCE, _m._ _Bulg._ Slav. first, 442
Q
QUADRATUS, _m._ _Lat._ fourth, 137
QUARTINUS, _m._ _Lat._ fourth, 137
QUARTUS, _m._ _Lat._ fourth, 137
Quenburga, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. queen pledge, 319
Quendrida, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. queen threatener, 319
_Quenes_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. bold speech, 423
Quentin, _m._ _Scot._ Lat. fifth, 138
_Queran_, _m._ _Flem._ _Scot._ Kelt. black, 255
Quintianus, _m._ Lat. fifth, 138
QUINTILIANUS, _m._ _Lat._ fifth, 138
QUINTUS, _m._ _Lat._ fifth, 138
_Quiric_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. Sunday child, 217
QUIRINUS, _m._ _Lat._ spearman, 177
QUOD-VULT-DEUS, _m._ _Lat._ what God wills, 188
R
RAADGJER, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. spear of fame, 394
Raadgjerd, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. council guard, 394
_Raamund_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. council protection, 394
_Rab_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. bright fame, 392
_Rabba_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. council commander, 394
_Rabbe_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. council commander, 394
_Rabbo_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. council commander, 394
Rachel, _f._ _Fr._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Heb. ewe, 14
Rachele, _f._ _It._ Heb. ewe, 14
Radagaisus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. council pledge, 394
Radak, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. joy, 439
Radan, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. joy, 439
RADBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. council bright, 394
RADBOD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. council commander, 394
RADEGAR, _m._ _Lom._ Teu. council spear, 394
RADEGISL, _m._ _Lom._ Teu. council pledge, 394
RADEGONDE, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. council war, 394
RADEGONDA, _f._ _Span._ Teu. council war, 394
Radelchis, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. council pledge, 394
Radfried, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. council peace, 394
Radgund, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. council war, 394
RADINKA, _m._ Slav. joyful peace, 439
_Radinko_, _m._ Slav. joy, 439
_Radko_, _m._ Slav. joy, 439
Radman, _m._ Slav. joy, 439
RADMIL, _m._ Slav. joyful love, 439
RADIVOJ, _m._ Slav. joyful war, 439
_Radoje_, _m._ Slav. joyful war, 439
Radolf, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. house wolf, 421
RADULFUS, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. house wolf, 421
RADOSLAV, _m._ Slav, joyful glory, 439
Rafael, _m._ _Span._ _Hung._ Heb. healing of God, 55
Rafe, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. house wolf, 421
Raffaelle, _m._ _It._ Heb. healing of God, 55
Raffaello, _m._ _It._ Heb. healing of God, 55
Rafn, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. raven, 345
Rafnulf, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. raven wolf, 345
RAGANO, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. judgment, 396
RAGINBALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. prince of judgment, 398
RAGINFRED, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. judgment of peace, 398
Raginfrida, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. judgment of peace, 398
RAGINHARD, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. firm judge, 396
RAGINHEID, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. impulse of justice, 398
RAGINHERI, _m._ _A.S._ _Frank._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 396
RAGINHILD, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. battle maid of judgment, 398
RAGINHOLD, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. judging firmly, 396
RAGINLEIF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. relic of judgment, 396
RAGINMUND, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. judge’s protection, 396
RAGINHAR, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. great judgment, 396
RAGINWALD, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. judge ruler, 396
RAGINWARD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. guardian of judgment, 396
RAGNAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 397
RAGNFRID, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. wise fair one, 398
Ragnold, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. wise judge ruler, powerful judge, 395
_Ragnrid_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. wise fair one, 398
Rahel, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. ewe, 15
Raimond, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. judge’s protection, 396
Raimondo, _m._ _It._ Teu. judge’s protection, 395
Raimons, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. council strengthening protection, 397
Rainiald, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. power of judgment, 395
Rainardo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. firm judgment, 396
Rainart, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. firm judgment, 396
Rainhard, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. firm judgment, 396
_Rainer_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 396
_Rainulf_, _m._ _O. Fr._ Teu. wolf of judgment, 335
_Rajnold_, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. power of judgment, 396
Ralf, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. house wolf, 421
Ralph, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. house wolf, 421
Rambert, _Ger._ raven bright, 345
Ramiro, _m._ _Span._ Teu. great judge, 396
Ramon, _m._ _Span._ Teu. judge’s protection, 397
Rampold, _m._ raven prince, 345
Ranald, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. power of judgment, 397
Ramusio, _m._ _Span._ Teu. raven, 345
Randal, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. house wolf, 421
_Randi_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. wise fair one, 396
_Randid_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. wise fair one, 396
Randle, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. house wolf, 335
Randolph, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. house wolf, 335, 421
Randve, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. house consecration, 321
_Randver_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. house consecration, 321
RANDVID, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. house consecration, 321
_Rane_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 396
Ranieri, _m._ _It._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 396
_Ranmod_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. house courage, 421
_Ranna_, _f._ _Lapp._ Teu. battle maid of judgment, 396
_Rannmod_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. house courage, 421
_Rannog_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. house liquor, 421
_Ranssu_, _m._ _Finn._ Teu. free, 300
Ranulf, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. house wolf, 421
RANVEIG, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. house liquor, 421
Raonmill, _m._ _Erse_, Teu. power of judgment, 396
Raoul, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. wolf of fame, 335
Raphael, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Heb. healing of God, 55
_Rasche_, _f._ _Pol._ Lat. rose, 204
_Rasia_, _f._ _Pol._ Lat. queen, 31
_Rasine_, _f._ _Lith._ Lat. rose, 204
_Rasine_, _f._ _Pol._ Lat. queen, 31
_Rasl_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. amiable, 113
_Rasmus_, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. amiable, 113
Ratulf, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. council bright, 394
_Raul_, _m._ _Rom._ Teu. house wolf, 421
_Raulus_, _m._ _Lith._ Lat. laurel, 174
_Ravelina_, _f._ _Mentone_, Heb. medicine of God, 55
_Ravelin_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. council wolf, 335
Ravengar, _Eng._ Teu. raven spear, 345
Ravenswar, _Eng._ Teu. raven spear, 345
Raymond, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. wise protection, 397
Raynard, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. firm judgment, 396
Rayner, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 396
RAZOOMNIK, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. wise man, 449
Rebecca, _f._ _Lat._ Heb. noosed cord, 14
Rebekah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. noosed cord, 14
Recaredo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. ruling by council, 399
Rechiarius, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. ruling an army, 399
Rechilda, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. ruling battle maid, 399
Rechimiro, _m._ _Span._ Teu. ruling fame, 399
Recimir, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. ruling fame, 399
Redmond, _m._ _Ir._ Teu. council protection, 31
Redwald, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. council power, 31
REGINA, _f._ _It._ _Ger._ Lat. queen, 31
Reginald, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. powerful judgment, 396
Reginard, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. firm judge, 396
Reginand, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. powerful judgment, 396
Reginbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. splendour of judgment, 396
REGINTAG, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. judgment day, 396
Reginwart, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. guardian of judgment, 396
_Regl_, _f._ _Bav._ Lat. queen, 398
_Regnard_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. firm judge, 396
Regnault, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. power of judgment, 396
Regnier, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 396
REGULUS, _m._ _Lat._ king, 355
Rehur, watchman.
_Reichart_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. ruling firmness, 399
_Reigl_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. queen, 398
_Rein_, _m._ _Esth._ Teu. power of judgment, 396
Reinaldo, _m._ _Span._ power of judgment, 396
Reinbold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. prince of judgment, 396
Reine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. queen, 36
Reiner, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 398
_Reinette_, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. queen, 31
Reinfrid, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace of judgment, 396
Reingard, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. protection of judgment, 398
Reinger, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear of judgment, 398
Reinhard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm judge, 398
Reinhild, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. battle maid of judgment, 398
Reinmer, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. great judgment, 398
Reinhold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firmness of judgment, 398
_Reinis_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. power of judgment, 398
_Reino_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. power of judgment, 398
Reinolf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf of judgment, 398
Reinward, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. guard of judgment, 398
_Rekkerts_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. spear of fame, 399
_Remarkable_, _f._ _American_.
Rembald, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. prince of judgment, 398
Rembert, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. splendour of judgment, 396
_Remi_, _m._ _Fr._
_Remma_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. guardian of judgment, 396
_Remward_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. guardian of judgment, 396
Renard, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. firm judge, 396
Renart, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. firm judge, 396
Renata, _f._ _m._ _It._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 396
Renato, _m._ _It._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 396
_Renaud_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. power of judgment, 396
_Renauld_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. power of judgment, 396
_Renbold_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. prince of judgment, 396
René, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 396
Renée, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 396
_Renfred_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. judgment of peace, 396
_Rennert_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. firm judge, 396
_Rennold_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. power of judgment, 396
_Renz_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm judge, 396
_Renzo_, _m._ _It._ Lat. laurel, 174
_Res’l_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124
RESTITUTUS, _m._ Lat. restored, 193
Restyn, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. restored, 193
REUBEN, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. behold a son, 7
_Reta_, _f._ _Finn._ Gr. pearl, 121
Reynard, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. firm judge, 396
Reynold, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. power of judgment, 396
_Rhesa_, _m._ _Eng._ Chal. prince, 277
Rhoda, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. rose, 31
RHODE, _f._ Gr. rose, 31
RHODEIA, _f._ rosy cheeked, 31, 204
RHODOPIS, _f._ rosy cheeked, 31, 204
RHONWEN, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. white skirt, 239
RHYDDERCH, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. 255
RHYS, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. warrior, 277
Ricardo, _m._ _Port._ Teu. stern king, 399
Riccardo, _m._ _It._ Teu. stern king, 399
Ricbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright king, 399
_Ricciardetto_, _m._ _It._ Teu. stern king, 399
Ricciardo, _m._ _It._ Teu. stern king, 399
_Rice_, _m._ _Eng._ Welsh, warrior, 277, 399
RICEHARD, _m._ _A.S._ stern king, 399
Richard, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Teu. stern king, 399
_Richenza_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. ruling firmness, 400
Richer, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. ruling warrior, 399
Richila, _f._ _Span._ Teu. ruling battle maid, 399
Richilde, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. ruling battle maid, 399
Richiza, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. ruling firmness, 399
RICKOLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. king wolf, 400
Riciberga, _f._ _Span._ Teu. ruling guard, 400
Ricimir, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. great king, 399
_Rickel_, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. noble ruler, 399
Rictrude, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. ruling maid, 400
_Ridolfo_, _m._ _It._ Teu. fame ruler, 391
_Rietu_, _m._ _Finn._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
_Rieuk_, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. warrior, 277
_Right-about-face_, _m._ _Eng._ 10
_Rigonthe_, _f._ _O. Fr._ Teu. ruling war, 400
_Riik_, _m._ _Neth._ Teu. ruling firmness, 400
_Riikert_, _m._ _Neth._ Teu. ruling firmness, 399
_Rikchen_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
_Rike_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
Rikheri, _m._ _O. Fr._ Teu. ruling warrior, 399
Rikomar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. ruling fame, 399
Rikulf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. ruling wolf, 399
Rikwald, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. ruling power, 400
Rinaldo, _m._ _It._ Teu. power of judgment, 396
_Rinnert_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. firmness of judgment, 396
Riok, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. warrior, 277
Riowal, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. lordly, 277
_Rita_, _f._ _It._ Gr. pearl, 121
_Ritchie_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. ruling firmness, 399
_Roald_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous power, 392
_Roar_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. spear of fame, 392
_Rob_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. bright fame, 392
_Robbie_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. bright fame, 392
_Robers_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. bright fame, 392
Robert, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Teu. bright fame, 392
Roberto, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. bright fame, 392
_Robin_, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Teu. bright fame, 392
_Robina_, _f._ _Scot._ Teu. bright fame, 392
_Robinet_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. fame bright, 392
Roderic, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. famous king, 255, 393
Roderich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famous king, 255, 393
Roderick, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. famous king, 255, 393
Rodolf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391
Rodolfo, _m._ _It._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391
Rodolph, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391
Rodolphe, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391
_Rodri_, _m._ _Welsh_, Teu. famous king, 255, 393
Rodrigo, _m._ _Span._ _Port._ Teu. famous king, 255, 393
Rodrigue, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. famous king, 255, 393
Rodulfo, _Span._ wolf of fame, 391
Roese, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. fame, 204
Roesia, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. fame, 204
Roger, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. spear of fame, 390
Rogero, _m._ _It._ Teu. spear of fame, 390
Rogier, _m._ _Neth._ Teu. spear of fame, 390
Rognwald, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. power of judgment, 396
_Rohais_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. fame, 204
_Rohlops_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. wolf of fame, 390
_Roibin_, _m._ _Erse_, Teu. bright fame, 392
Roeland, _m._ _Neth._ Teu. fame of the land, 389
Roland, _m._ _Ir._ _Eng._ Teu. fame of the land, 389
Rolando, _m._ _Port._ Teu. fame of the land, 389
Roldan, _m._ _Span._ Teu. fame of the land, 389
Roldao, _m._ _Port._ Teu. fame of the land, 389
_Rolf_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391
Rollaug, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous liquor, 393
Rolleik, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous sport, 389
Rolph, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391
Rollo, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391
Rolv, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391
Romain, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. Roman, 178
Romano, _m._ _It._ Lat. Roman, 178
Roman, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. Roman, 178
ROMANUS, _m._ _Lat._ Roman, 178
Romao, _m._ _Port._ Lat. Roman, 178
Romeo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. fame, 393
Romola, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. fame (?), 178
Romolo, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. fame (?), 178
ROMUALD, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. famed power, 390
ROMUALDO, _m._ _It._ Teu. famed power, 390
ROMULUS, _m._ _Lat._ fame (?), 178
Ronald, _m._ _Scot._ judge power, 390
Ronan, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. seal (?), 253
Ronat, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. seal (?), 253
RONDOLFR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. house wolf, 421
_Ronnan_, _f._ house liquor, 393
Rory, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. red, 255
ROSA, _f._ _It._ _Span._ Lat. rose, 204
Rosabel, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. rose fair, 204
Rosaclara, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. rose clear, 204
Rosalba, _f._ _It._ Lat. rose white, 204
Rosalbe, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. rose white, 204
Rosalia, _f._ _It._ Lat. rose, 204
Rosalie, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Lat. rose, 204
Rosalija, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. rose, 204
Rosalind, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. fame serpent, 204
Rosaline, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. famed serpent, 204
Rosamond, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. famed protection, 204
Rosamunda, _f._ _It._ _Span._ Teu. famed protection, 204
Rosamunde, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. famed protection, 204
Rosanne, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. rose, 204
Rosaura, _f._ _It._ Lat. rose, 204
_Roschana_, _f._ _Pers._ Zend. dawn of day, 58
Roschen, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. rose, 204
ROSCRANA, _f._ _Gael._ Kelt. rose bush.
Rose, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. rose, 204
Rosel, _f._ _Swiss_, Teu. rose, 204
Roseli, _f._ _Swiss_, Teu. rose, 204
Rosemonde, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. famed protection, 204
Roseta, _f._ _Port._ Lat. rose, 204
Rosetta, _f._ _It._ Lat. rose, 204
Rosette, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. rose, 204
ROSHILDA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. famed battle maid, 206
Rosi, _f._ _Swiss_, Lat. rose, 204
Rosia, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. fame, 204, 398
Rosilde, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. horse battle maid, 341
Rosimonda, _f._ _It._ Teu. horse protection, 341
Rosina, _f._ _Eng._ _It._ Lat. rose, 204
Rosine, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Lat. rose, 204
Rosita, _f._ _Span._ Lat. rose, 204
ROSSKETYL, horse kettle, 341
Rosskjell, horse kettle, 341
Rosmer, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. sea horse, 341
Rosmund, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. horse protection, 341
Rospert, bright horse, 341
Rostiophus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. horse thief, 341
ROSTISLAV, _m._ _Slav._ increasing fame, 441
Roswald, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. horse power, 341
Roswald, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. horse power, 341
Roswida, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. horse strength, 341
ROSWITH, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. horse strength, 341
_Rota_, _m._ _Maori_, Heb.
_Rotholf_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. famed wolf, 391
_Rotija_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. gift of God, 102
_Rottgers_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famed spear, 392
Rotlandus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. fame of the country, 389
_Rou_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. wolf of fame, 390
_Roul_, _m. Fr._ Teu. wolf of fame, 390
Rowena, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. white skirt, 239
Rowland, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. fame of the land, 389
Roxana, _f._ _Pers._ Fr. dawn of day, 58
_Roy_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. red, 255
Roza, _f._ _Pol._ Lat. rose, 204
Rozalia, _f._ _Pol._ Lat. rose, 204
Rozalija, _f._ _Slov._ Lat. rose, 204
Rozer, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. famed spear, 390
Rozia, _f._ _Pol._ Lat. rose, 204
Rozina, _f._ _Slov._ _Bohm._ Lat. rose, 204
_Rozsi_, _f._ _Hung._ Lat. rose, 204
Rozyna, _f._ _Pol._ Lat. rose, 204
Ruadh, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. red, 167, 255
Ruadri, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. red, 255
RUADRIGH, _m._ _Gadhael._ Kelt. red, 255
Ruaridh, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. 255
Rudbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright fame, 392
Ruben, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. behold a son, 7
Rubert, _m._ _It._ Teu. bright fame, 392
Rudhard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famed firmness, 392
Rudiger, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famed spear, 392
Rudland, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. fame of the land, 392
Rudolf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391
RUDOLPHE, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391
Rudolphine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391
_Ruedi_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. wolf of fame, 391
_Ruedli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. wolf of fame, 391
RUEDOLF, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. wolf of fame, 390
Ruffo, _m._ _It._ Lat. red, 167
Ruffin, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. red, 167
RUFINA, _f._ _It._ Lat. red, 167
Rufine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. red, 167
Rufino, _m._ _It._ Lat. red, 167
RUFINUS, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. red, 167
RUFUS, _m._ _Am._ Lat. red, 167
Ruggero, _m._ _It._ Teu. famed spear, 390
Ruggiero, _m._ _It._ Teu. famed spear, 390
_Rule_, _m._ _Scot._ Lat. king.
Ruland, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. fame of the land, 389
_Rulef_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. wolf of fame, 390
_Rulf_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf of fame, 390
_Rulves_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. wolf of fame, 390
_Rumilde_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. famed battle maid, 398
Rupert, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Teu. bright fame, 392
Ruperto, _m._ _It._ Teu. bright fame, 392
Ruprat, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. bright fame, 392
Ruprecht, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright fame, 392
Rurik, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. famed rule, 392
Rutger, _m._ _Neth._ Teu. spear of fame, 390
Ruth, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. beauty, 39
_Ruy_, _m._ _Span._ Teu. famed rule, 398
Ruzalia, _f._ _Ill._ Lat. rose, 204
Rycolf, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. ruling wolf, 392
Rydygier, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. spear of fame, 390
Rykert, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. stern king, 399
Ryklof, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. ruling wolf, 390
_Ryszard_, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. stern king, 399
S
SABAS, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. rest (?), 216
Sabea, _f._ 216
Sabee, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. rest (?), 216
Sabina, _f._ _It._ _Eng._ Lat. Sabine, 164
Sabine, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Lat. Sabine, 164
SABINUS, _m._ Lat. Sabine, 164
Sabrina, _f._ _Eng._ the Severn, 164
Sabra, 216
_Sacha_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. helper of men, 85
_Sachar_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Sacharija, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Sadof, _m._ _Russ._ Pers. (?), 49
SADOVIT, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. fruitful.
Sadwrn, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. of Saturn, 179
_Sæbert_, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. conquering brightness, 356
_Sæmund_, _m._ _A.S._ conquering protection, 359
_Sæwald_, conquering power, 359
_Sæward_, conquering protection, 359
_Saffi_, _f._ _Dan._ Gr. wisdom, 107
_Saher_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. conquering army, 359
_Sahlke_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. rose, 204
Sakaria, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Sakchej, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
_Sakerl_, _m._ _Dan._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Sakkarias, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
SAKSE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rock, 51
_Sal_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. princess, 13
Salamans, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. peaceful, 47
Salamao, _f._ _Port._ Heb. peaceful, 47
Salamon, _m._ _Fr._ _Hung._ Heb. peaceful, 47
Salaun, _m._ _Bret._ Heb. peaceful, 47
_Sally_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. princess, 13
Salomao, _f._ _m._ _Fr._ _Port_. Heb. peaceful, 47
Salomaun, _m._ _Bohm._ Heb. peaceful, 47
Salome, _f._ _Eng._ _Russ._ _Ger._ Heb. peaceful, 47
Salomea, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. peaceful, 47
Salomée, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. peaceful, 47
_Salomeli_, _f._ _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. peaceful, 47
Salomo, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. peaceful, 47
Salomone, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. peaceful, 47
Salvador, _m._ _Span._ Lat. saviour, 193
Salvatore, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. saviour, 193
Salvestro, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. woody, 179
_Sam_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. asked of God, 20
_Samel_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. asked of God, 20
_Sameli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. asked of God, 20
Sammel, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. asked of God, 20
Sampson, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. splendid sun, 39
Samsao, _m._ _Port._ Heb. splendid sun, 39
Samson, _m._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Heb. splendid sun, 39
Samuel, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Heb. asked of God, 20
_Samuele_, _m._ _It._ Heb. asked of God, 20
_Samuil_, _m._ _Wall._ Heb. asked of God, 20
_Samuls_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. asked of God, 20
Sancha, _f._ _Span._ Lat. holy, 175
_Sanchica_, _f._ _m._ _Span._ Lat. holy, 175
Sanche, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. holy, 175
Sancho, _m._ _Span._ Lat. holy, 175
Sancia, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. holy, 175
Sancie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. holy, 175
Sancto, _m._ _It._ Lat. holy, 175
SANCTUS, _m._ _Lat._ holy, 175
_Sanders_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. helper of men, 85
_Sandor_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. helper of men, 85
_Sandrl_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. lily, 50
_Sandro_, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. helper of men, 85
_Sandy_, _m._ _Scot._ Gr. helper of men, 85
_Sanerl_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. lily, 50
_Sanne_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. lily, 50
_Sanson_, _Fr._ Heb. splendid sun, 39
_Sansone_, _It._ Heb. splendid sun, 39
_Santerl_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. gold flower, 125
_Santiago_, _m._ _Span._ Lat. Heb. holy James, 17
_Santje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. lily, 50
Santo, _m._ _Rom._ Lat. holy, 175
Santos, _m._ _Span._ Lat. the saints, 175
Sanzio, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. holy, 175
Sapor, _m._ Gr. Zend, venerable king, 57
SAPPHERO, _f._ _M. Gr._ Gr. sapphire, 125
_Sappi_, _f._ _Lith._ Gr. wisdom, 107
Sara, _f._ _Fr._ _Hung._ _Ill._ _Ger._ _Ill._ Heb. princess, 13
Sarah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. princess, 13
Sarai, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. quarrelsome, 13
SARAID, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. excellent, 13
_Sarica_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. princess, 13
_Sarotte_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. princess, 13
SASAN, _m._ Zend. venerable king, 57
_Sasze_, _m._ _Fris._ Gr. Christian, 105
Sativola, _f._ _Lat._ Kelt. 282
SATURNINUS, _m._ _Lat._ of Saturn, 179
Saul, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. longed for.
_Saunders_, _m._ _Scot._ Gr. helper of men, 85
Sava, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. rest, 216
Saverij, _m._ _Ill._ Arabic, bright, 299
Savero, _m._ _It._ Arab, bright, 299
_Sawney_, _m._ _Scot._ Gr. helper of men, 85
Saxo, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. rock, 324
_Sayer_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. conquering army, 359
_Scezpan_, _Lus._ Gr. crown, 96
_Scezepan_, _Pol._ Gr. crown, 96
Schelluf, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. shield wolf, 35
_Schmul_, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. asked of God, 20
SCHOLASTICA, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. scholar, 184
Scholastike, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. scholar, 184
Scholastique, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. scholar, 184
_Schombel_, _m._ _Lus._ Heb. asked of God, 20
SCHWANHILDE, _Ger._ Teu. swan maid, 346
SCHWANBERGE, _Ger._ Teu. swan protection, 346
_Schymank_, _m._ _Lus._ Heb. obedient, 19
_Schymanz_, _m._ _Lus._ Heb. obedient, 19
Science, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. science, 175
SCIENTIA, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. science, 175
SCIPIO, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. staff, 164
Scipion, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. staff, 164
Scipione, _m._ _It._ Lat. staff, 164
SCROFA, _m._ Lat. pig, 152
Seachnall, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. second, 52
Seabert, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. conquering brightness, 359
Seaforth, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. conquering peace, 359
SEALBFLAITH, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. lady of possessions, 259
SEALBHACH, _m._ rich, 359
Searlus, _m._ _Erse_, Teu. man.
SEAXBALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rock bold, 324
SEAXBERT, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rock bright, 324
SEAXBURH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. rock pledge, 324
Seaward, _f._ _m._ _Eng._ Teu. conquering guardian, 359
Sebald, _m._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Teu. conquering valour, 359
Sebastian, _f._ _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ _Span._ Gr. venerable, 111
Sebastiana, _f._ _It._ Gr. venerable, 111
Sebastiane, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. venerable, 111
Sebastiano, _m._ _It._ Gr. venerable, 111
SEBASTIANUS, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. venerable, 111
Sebastiao, _m._ _Port._ Gr. venerable, 111
Sebastien, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. venerable, 111
Sebastienne, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. venerable, 111
Sebastyan, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. venerable, 111
_Sebesta_, _f._ _Bohm._ Gr. venerable, 111
Sebestyen, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. venerable, 111
Sebila, _f._ _Span._ Lat. wise old woman, 178
SECUNDUS, _m._ _Lat._ second, 137
Sedecias, _m._ _Lat._ Heb. justice of the Lord, 49
Seemeon, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. obedient, 19
_Sefa_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. addition, 23
Seifred, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering peace, 356
Selbflaith, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. lady of possessions, 259
Selima, _f._ _Arab._ Heb. peace, 47
Selina, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. moon, 67
Selinde, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering snake, 358
Selma, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. fair (?).
_Selvach_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. rich in cattle, 259
Selvaggia, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. wild, 179
Selvaggio, _m._ _It._ Lat. wild, 179
Seoin, _m._ _Erse_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
_Seorgi_, _m._ _Erse_, Gr. husbandman, 116
_Seph_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. addition, 23
_Sepherl_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. addition, 23
_Sepp_, _m._ _Swiss_, _Bav._ Heb. addition, 23
_Seppeli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. addition, 23
_Seppi_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. addition, 23
_Seppli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. addition, 23
Septime, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. seventh, 138
Septimia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. seventh, 138
SEPTIMUS, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. seventh, 138
Serafina, _f._ _Span._ _It._ Heb. seraph, 53
Serafino, _m._ _Span._ _It._ Heb. seraph, 53
Seraphine, _Fr._ Heb. seraph, 53
SERENA, _Dan._ _Eng._ Lat. serene, 164
Serene, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Lat. serene, 164
Serge, _m._ _Fr._ 152
Sergio, _m._ _Lom._ 152
SERGIUS, _m._ Lat. 152
Serlo, _m._ _Norseman_, Teu. armour, 352
Sersa, _m._ _Ill._ Zend. venerable king, 57
Sessylt, _Welsh_, Lat. blind, 144
Seth, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. appointed, 11
Seumuis, _m._ _Erse_, Heb. supplanted, 17
Sevilla, _f._ _Span._ Lat. wise old woman, 178
SEXTUS, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. sixth, 138
SHAPOOR, _m._ _Pers._ Zend. venerable king, 57
_Shawanie-Jassan_, _Red Indian_, fierce wolf, 182
Shawn, _m._ _Ir._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45
Sheelah, _f._ _Ir._ Lat. blind, 144
Sholto, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. sower (?), 254
_Siade_, _m._ _Fris._ conquering firmness, 357
_Siard_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. conquering firmness, 311
_Sib_, _f._ _Ir._ Lat. wise old woman, 178
_Sibbald_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. conquering prince, 359
_Sibbaldo_, _m._ _It._ Teu. conquering prince, 359
_Sibbe_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering commander, 359
Sibbel, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. wise old woman, 178
_Sibbern_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. conquering bear, 359
_Sibbie_, _f._ _Scot._ Lat. wise old woman, 178
Sibel, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. conquering prince, 359
Sibella, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. wise old woman, 178
_Siber_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering protection, 359
_Sibert_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. conquering brightness, 359
_Sibila_, _f._ _It._ Lat. wise old woman, 178
_Sibilla_, _f._ _It._ Lat. wise old woman, 178
_Sibille_, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. wise old woman, 178
_Sibo_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. conquering messenger, 359
_Sibod_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. conquering messenger, 359
_Sibold_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. conquering prince, 359
_Siborg_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering protection, 359
_Sibrand_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. conquering sword, 359
Sibyl, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. wise old woman, 178
SIBYLLA, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. wise old woman, 178
Sibylle, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Lat. wise old woman, 178
_Siccard_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. conquering firmness, 359
_Sicco_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering peace, 357
Sichelgaita, _f._ _It._ Teu. Sicilian goat, 341
_Sidbolt_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. conquering prince, 357
_Sidde_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. conquering brightness, 357
_Sidders_, _m._ _Lith._ Lat. beloved, 188
Sidoine, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. of Sidon, 200
SIDONIA, _f._ _m._ _It._ Lat. of Sidon, 200
Sidonie, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Lat. of Sidon, 200
Sidwell, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. 282
SIDONIUS, _m._ _Lat._ of Sidon, 200
SIEGFRIED, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering peace, 357
_Siegmund_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering protection, 359
_Siem_, _m._ _S. Ger._ Heb. obedient, 19
_Siewars_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering peace, 359
_Siffredo_, _m._ _It._ Teu. conquering peace, 359
_Siffroi_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. conquering peace, 359
SIGBALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering prince, 359
SIGBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering brightness, 359
SIGBOD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering commander, 359
SIGBIORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering protection, 357
SIGBRAND, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering sword, 357
SIGEBALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. conquering prince, 357
SIGEBERG, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. conquering brightness, 357
SIGEBURGE, _f._ _Ger._ conquering protection, 357
SIGEFRED, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. conquering peace, 357
Sigefredo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. conquering peace, 357
Sigfreda, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering peace, 357
Sigefroi, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. conquering peace, 357
SIGEHARD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. conquering firmness, 357
SIGEHELM, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering helmet, 357
SIGEHERI, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. conquering warrior, 357
SIGELIND, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering snake, 357
SIGEWOLF, _m._ _A.S._ conquering wolf, 357
Sigfrid, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering peace, 357
Sigfrida, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering peace, 358
SIGFUS, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering zeal, 358
Sighar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering warrior, 359
Sighard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering firmness, 359
SIGHELM, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering helmet, 359
Sigher, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering warrior, 358
Sigismond, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. conquering protection, 358
Sigismonda, _f._ _Span._ _It._ Teu. conquering protection, 358
Sigismondo, _m._ _It._ Teu. conquering protection, 358
Sigismund, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. conquering protection, 358
Sigismunda, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. conquering protection, 358
Sigismundo, _m._ _Port._ Teu. conquering protection, 358
_Sikko_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering peace, 356
_Sigl_, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. conquering peace, 356
_Siglind_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering snake, 356
_Sigmar_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering fame, 356
Sigmund, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering protection, 356
_Sigmunda_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering protection, 359
SIGMUNDR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering protection, 359
_Sigo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering, 359
_Sigrad_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering council, 359
SIGRIDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering impulse, 359
_Sigrada_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering council, 359
_Sigri_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering impulse, 359
Sigrich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering rule, 357
Sigrid, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering council, 357
Sigtrud, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering maid, 359
SIGTRYGGE, _m._ _Nor._ conquering security, 359
Sigufrit, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering peace, 359
_Sigulf_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering wolf, 359
Sigurd, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering guard, 359
SIGVALLDR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering power, 359
_Sigvor_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering prudence, 359
Sigwald, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering power, 359
SIGWARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering guard, 359
Silas, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. living in a wood, 179
_Sile_, _f._ _Erse_, Lat. 179
Silvain, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. living in a wood, 179
Silvano, _m._ _It._ Lat. living in a wood, 179
SILVESTER, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. living in a wood, 179
Silvestre, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. living in a wood, 179
Silvia, _f._ _It._ Lat. living in a wood, 179
Silvie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. living in a wood, 179
Silvio, _m._ _It._ Lat. living in a wood, 179
_Sim_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. obedient, 19
SIMAITH, _m._ Kelt. peaceful, 47
Simanas, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. obedient, 19
Simao, _m._ _Port._ Heb. obedient, 19
Simej, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. obedient, 19
SIMEON, _m._ _Eng._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Heb. obedient, 7, 19
_Simmas_, _m._ _Lith._ Heb. obedient, 19
_Simo_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. obedient, 19
Simon, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ _Ger._ _Span._ Heb. obedient, 19
Simonas, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. obedient, 19
Simone, _m._ _It._ Heb. obedient, 19
_Simonette_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. obedient, 19
Simson, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. splendid sun, 39
_Simo_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. obedient, 19
SINDBALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. sparkling prince (?), 379
SINDBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. sparkling bright, 379
SINDOLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. sparkling wolf, 379
SINDRAM, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. sparkling raven, 379
_Sinibaldo_, _m._ _It._ Teu. sparkling prince, 379
_Sinovij_, _m._ _Russ._ Arab. father’s ornament, 62
_Sinovija_, _f._ _Russ._ Arab. father’s ornament, 62
Sintram, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. sparkling raven, 379
SIOLTIACH, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. sower, 254
_Sipp_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. addition, 23
_Sired_, _f._ _Norman_, Teu. conquering impulse, 359
_Siri_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering impulse, 359
SIROSLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. far famed, 435
Siseberto, _m._ _Span._ Teu. conquering brightness, 359
Sisebuto, _m._ _Span._ Teu. conquering commander, 359
_Sis_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. blind, 144
_Sisley_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. blind, 144
_Sisman_, _m._ _Ill._ Teu. conquering protection, 359
_Sismonde_, _m._ _It._ Teu. conquering protection, 359
Sisto, _m._ _It._ Lat. sixth, 138
_Sitto_, _m._ _Fries._ Teu. conquering brightness, 359
_Siurd_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering guard, 359
_Siulf_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering wolf, 359
Siward, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. conquering guardian, 359
Sixte, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. sixth, 138
SIXTUS, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. sixth, 138
_Sizo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering brightness, 359
_Sjovald_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering power, 359
_Sjovar_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering prudence, 359
_Sjul_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering guard, 359
_Sjurd_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering guard, 359
_Skak_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. servant.
SKARPHEDINN, _Nor._ Teu. sharp attack, 304
SKEGG, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. beard, 427
_Skender_, _m._ _Slav._ helper of man, 85
_Skerste_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. Christian, 105
_Skersts_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. Christian, 105
SKIALDE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. shield, 352
SKIOLDE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. shield, 352
SKIOLDBIORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. shield bear, 352
SKIOLDULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. shield wolf, 352
SKIOLDVAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. shield caution, 352
Sklear, _m._ _Bret._ Lat. famous, 185
Skleara, _f._ _Bret._ Lat. famous, 185
SKULDR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. shall, 306
_Skule_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. shield, 352
_Slavoje_, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. glorious love, 435
SLAVOFJUB, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. glorious love, 435
SLAVOMIL, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. glorious friend, 435
SLAVOMIR, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. glorious peace, 435
SMARAGDA, _f._ _M. Gr._ Gr. emerald, 124
SMARAGDOS, _m._ _M. Ger._ Gr. emerald, 125
_Smil_, _m._ _Slav._ Slave, beloved, 439
SMILJAN, _m._ _Slav._ Slave, everlasting flower, 438
SMILJANA, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. everlasting flower, 438
SMOLJAN, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. long-nosed, 446
SMOLJANA, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. long-nosed, 445
SNÆBIORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. snow bear, 348, 339
SNÆFRID, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. snow fair, 348
SNÆLAUG, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. snow ocean, 348
SNÆULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. snow wolf, 348
SNORRE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. striving, 418
Snorro, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. striving, 418
_Sodomina_, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. good lady, 258
_Sofia_, _f._ _Hung._ _It._ Gr. wisdom, 107
SOL, _f._ _Span._ _Nor._ Teu. sun.
_Solle_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. armour, 352
Soloma, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. peace, 48
Sölmund, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. healing protection, 352
Solomon, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. peaceful, 48
Solva, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. healing drink, 352
_Solvar_, healthy warrior, 352
SOLVE, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. healthy warrior, 352
SOLVEIG, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. healing drink, 352
Somerled, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. summer wanderer, 432
Somhle, _m._ _Gael._ Teu. summer wanderer, 432
SOPHIA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. wisdom, 107
Sophie, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Gr. wisdom, 107
Sophocles, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. wise fame, 107
Sophonisba, _f._ _Eng._ Phœn.
SOPHRON, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. of sound mind.
SOPHRONIA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. of sound mind.
_Sophy_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. wisdom, 107
SORCHA, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. bright, 13
_Sorle_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. armour, 352
_Sosana_, _f._ _Wall._ Heb. lily, 50
Speranza, _f._ _It._ Lat. hope, 196
Sperata, _f._ _It._ Lat. hoped for, 196
_Spira_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. round basket, 124
Spiridion, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. round basket, 124
Spiridione, _m._ _It._ Gr. round basket, 124
_Spranzis_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. free, 299
_Sprinzchen_, _f._ _N. Lands_, Teu. free, 299
_Sprizzis_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
_Spyridōn_, _m._ _M. Gr._ Gr. round basket, 124
_Spyro_, _m._ _M. Gr._ Gr. round basket, 124
_Ssachka_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. helper of men, 85
_Ssachnika_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. helper of men, 85
Ssava, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. rest (?), 216
_Ssemar_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. obedient, 19
_Ssenka_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. obedient, 19
_Sserezeca_, _Russ._ Lat. 152
Ssergii, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. 152
Ssevastjan, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. awful, 111
Ssevastjana, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. awful, 111
Ssevilla, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. wise old woman, 178
Ssimeon, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. obedient, 19
Ssimon, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. obedient, 19
Ssofija, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. wisdom, 107
_Ssonia_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. wisdom, 107
_Ssoninska_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. wisdom, 107
Ssusanna, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. lily, 50
STAALE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. steel, 349
_Stach_, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. camp glory, 44
_Stacherl_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. happy harvest, 89
_Staches_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. happy harvest, 89
_Stachis_, _m._ _Lett._ Slav. camp glory, 440
_Stachus_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. happy harvest, 89
_Stacy_, _f._ _Ir._ Gr. resurrection, 110
_Stanca_, _f._ _Ill._ Lat. firm, 162
_Stanel_, _m._ _Bav._ Slav. camp glory, 440
_Stanerl_, _m._ _Bav._ Slav. camp glory, 440
_Stanes_, _m._ _Bav._ Slav. camp glory, 440
Stanisav, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. camp glory, 440
_Stanisl_, _m._ _Bav._ Slav. camp glory, 440
Stanislao, _m._ _Port._ Slav. camp glory, 440
Stanislaus, _m._ _Ger._ Slav. camp glory, 440
STANISLAV, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. camp glory, 440
Stanislaos, _m._ _Lett._ Slav. camp glory, 440
_Stanko_, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. camp glory, 440
_Stanze_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. firm, 161
_Stas_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. of the resurrection, 110
_Stas_, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. camp glory, 440
_Stasi_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. of the resurrection, 110
_Stasrl_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. of the resurrection, 110
STASTNY, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. happy, 441
Statire, _f._ _Fr._ Zend. 58
Stefan, _m._ _Slov._ _Swiss_, _Pol._ Gr. crown, 96
_Stefanida_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. crown, 96
Stefanie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. crown, 96
Stefano, _m._ _It._ _Gr._ crown, 96
Steffano, _m._ _It._ Gr. crown, 96
_Steffel_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. crown, 96
STEIN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone, 349
STEINARNA, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone eagle, 349
STEINAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone warrior, 349
STEINBJORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone bear, 349
_Steindor_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone of Thor, 349
STEINFINN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone white, 349
STEINGRIM, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone helmet, 349
STEINHAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. stone warrior, 349
STEINTHOR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone of Thor, 349
STEINULV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone wolf, 349
STEINVOR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone prudence, 349
Stella, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. star, 57
Sten, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. stone, 349
_Stenka_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. crown, 96
_Stenzel_, _m._ _Schleswig._ _Slav._ camp glory, 440
Stepan, _m._ _Russ._ _Bohm._ Gr. crown, 96
Stepania, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. crown, 96
Stepanida, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. crown, 97
Stephan, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. crown, 96
Stephana, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. crown, 96
Stephanie, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Gr. crown, 96
Stephanine, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. crown, 96
STEPHANOS, _m._ Gr. crown, 96
Stephen, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. crown, 96
Stepica, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. crown, 96
_Stepka_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. crown, 96
_Stepko_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. crown, 96
_Stepo_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. crown, 96
STERKULV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. strong wolf, 336
Steven, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. crown, 96
STIGAND, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. mounting, 434
Stilicho, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. steel, 349
_Stine_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. Christian, 105
_Stoffel_, _m._ _Bav._ _Swiss_, Gr. Christ bearer, 106
_Stoppel_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
_Strachota_, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. terror.
STRASIMIR, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. terrible peace, 440
STRASISLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. terrible glory, 440
Stratonice, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. army victory, 212
STYGE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rising, 434
STYGGE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rising, 434
_Styntje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. Christian, 105
Styrk, _f._ _Dan._ Teu. strong, 424
Styrker, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. strong, 424
_Sue_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. lily, 50
Sueno, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. strong, 424
Suintila, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. strength, 424
_Sukey_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. lily, 50
_Sulia_, _m._ _Bret._ Lat. downy beard, 150
_Suliana_, _f._ _Bret._ Lat. downy beard, 150
Suleiman, _m._ _Arab._ Heb. peaceful, 47
Sulpice, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. red spotted face, 152
SULPICIUS, _m._ Lat. red spotted face, 152
Sulpoy, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. red spotted face, 152
SUMALIDE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. summer wanderer, 432
Susan, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. lily, 50
Susana, _f._ _Span._ Heb. lily, 50
Susanna, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. lily, 50
Susannah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. lily, 50
Susechen, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. lily, 50
_Suse_, _f._ _Lett._ Heb. lily, 50
_Susette_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. lily, 50
_Susie_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. lily, 50
_Suska_, _f._ _Slav._ Heb. lily, 50
_Suson_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. lily, 50
_Suzanne_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. lily, 50
_Suzette_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. lily, 50
_Suzan_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. lily, 50
_Suzsi_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. lily, 50
SVEIN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. youth, 424
_Sven_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. youth, 424
Svewke, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. youth, 424
Svenbjorn, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. young bear, 424
SVERKE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. swarthy, 428
Sverkir, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. swarthy, 428
SVEVLAD, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. all ruler, 442
SVJATOPOLK, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. holy government, 441
SVJATOSLAV, _m._ _Ruaa._ Slav, holy glory, 441
Swain, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. youth, 424
SWANA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. swan, 346
Swanbrecht, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. swan bright, 346
SWANHILD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. swan battle maid, 346
SWANHOLD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. swan firm, 346
SWANLAUG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. swan water, 346
SAWNHVIT, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. swan white, 346
SWEND, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. strong youth, 424
_Swenike_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. strong, 424
SWETLANA, _f._ _Russ._ Teu. star, 439
Swibert, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. brightness, 424
SWIDBIORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. strong protection, 424
SWIDGER, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. strong spear, 424
SWINTFRIED, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. strong peace, 424
SWITHBEORHT, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. strong brightness, 424
SWITHELM, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. strong helmet, 424
SWITHUN, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. strong friend, 424
Sylvanus, _m._ _Lat._ living in a wood, 179
_Sylvester_, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. living in a wood, 179
Sylvia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. living in a wood, 179
Sylvius, _m._ _Lat._ living in a wood, 179
SYGFRYD, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. conquering peace, 357
_Syver_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering guard, 357
_Syvert_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering guard, 357
Szymon, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. obedient, 18
T
_Tabby_, _f._ _Eng._ Aram. gazelle, 50
_Tabeia_, _f._ _Ger._ Aram. gazelle, 50
_Tabbern_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s sword, 375
TABITHA, _f._ _Eng._ Aram. gazelle, 50
Taddeo, _m._ _Ill._ Aram. praise, 20
_Tade_, _m._ _Ill._ Aram. praise, 20
_Tade_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 375
Tadeiv, _m._ _Nor._ Thor’s relic, 302
Tadeo, _m._ _Span._ Aram. praise, 20
TADGH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. poet, 257
_Tadia_, _m._ _Ill._ Aram. praise, 20
_Taedlef_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s relic, 374
_Taffy_, _m._ _Welsh_, Heb. beloved, 46
_Tafline_, _f._ _Welsh_, Heb. beloved, 46
Taganwart, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. day guard, 334
Tago, _m._ _Span._ Teu. day, 334
Tajo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. day, 344
TAKAPERAHT, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. day bright, 334
_Talitha Cumi_, _f._ _Eng._ Aram. damsel arise.
TALLWCH, _Cym._ Kelt. torrent, 275
_Tam_, _m._ _Scot._ Aram. twin, 22
Tamar, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. palm, 26
_Tamas_, _m._ _Hung._ Aram. twin, 22
_Tamassa_, _m._ _Lat._ Aram. twin, 22
Tamasine, _f._ _Eng._ Aram. twin, 22
_Tamkus_, _m._ _Lett._ Aram. twin, 22
_Tamlane_, _m._ _Scot._ Aram. twin, 22
_Tammy_, _f._ _Eng._ Aram. twin, 22
_Tamoszus_, _m._ _Lett._ Aram. twin, 22
_Tamzin_, _f._ _Eng._ Aram. twin, 22
Tancar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. grateful warrior, 371
Tancard, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. grateful guard, 371
Tancred, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. grateful speech, 371
Tancredi, _m._ _It._ Teu. grateful speech, 371
_Taniel_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. judgment of God, 50
Tankred, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. thankful speech, 371
_Tanne_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. inestimable, 142
Tanneguy, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. 252
_Tanni_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. judgment of God, 50
TATE, _f._ _A.S.S._ cheerful, 429
_Tavid_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. beloved, 46
Teague, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. poet, 257
Tearlach, _m._ _Gael._ Teu. man, 386
Tebaldo, _m._ _It._ Teu. people’s valour, 374
_Tebes_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49
Tecla, _f._ _It._ Ger. divine fame, 100
_Ted_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. rich guard.
_Tedor_, _m._ _Hamburgh_, Gr. divine gift, 101
_Tedric_, _m._ _Norman_, Teu. people’s rule, 374
Tegan Euvron, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. golden beauty, 234
TEITR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. cheerful, 429
Telemachus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. distant battle, 75
Telemaque, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. distant battle, 75
Temperance, _f._ _Eng._ Lat.
_Tennis_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
_Tennis_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. inestimable, 142
_Tents_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70
_Teobald_, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. people’s valour, 374
Teobaldo, _m._ _It._ Teu. people’s valour, 374
_Teodor_, _m._ _Pol._ _Slov._ Gr. divine gift, 101
Teodora, _f._ _It._ Gr. divine gift, 101
Teodorico, _m._ _It._ Teu. people’s ruler, 373
Teodoro, _f._ _It._ Gr. divine gift, 101
Teodosia, _f._ _It._ _Russ._ Gr. divine gift, 101.
Teodosio, _m._ _It._ Gr. divine gift, 101
Teodorico, _m._ _It._ Teu. people’s rule, 373
Teofil, _m._ _Slav._ Gr. divinely loved, 100
Teofila, _f._ _It._ Gr. divinely loved, 100
Teofilo, _m._ _It._ Gr. divinely loved, 100
Terence, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. tender, 152
Terentia, _f._ Lat. tender, 152
Terentilla, _f._ Lat. tender, 152
TERENTIUS, _m._ Lat. tender, 152
Terenz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. tender, 152
Teresa, _f._ _It._ _Span._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124
_Teresina_, _f._ _Pol._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124
_Teresita_, _f._ _It._ _Span._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124
Terezia, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124
_Terezia_, _f._ _Hung._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124
Terezie, _f._ _Bohm._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124
Terezyga, _f._ _Pol._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124
_Terry_, _m._ _Eng._ people’s rule, 375
_Terza_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124
TERTIA, _m._ Lat. third, 137
TERTIUS, _m._ Lat. third, 137
TERTULLA, third, 137
TERTULLIANUS, 137
_Tetje_, _m._ _Hamb._ Gr. divine gift, 101
_Teunis_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. inestimable, 142
_Teuntje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Lat. inestimable, 142
_Tewa_, _m._ _Esth._ Gr. crown, 96
Tewdur, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. divine gift, 101
Tewdews, _f._ _Welsh_, divinely given, 101
_Tewes_, _m._ _Hamburgh_, Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49
_Thaddä_, _m._ _Ger._ Aram. praise, 20
THADDÆUS, _m._ _Eng._ Aram. praise, 20, 257
Thaddej, _m._ _Russ._ Aram. praise, 20
Thaddea, _m._ _Port._ Aram. praise, 20
_Thady_, _m._ _Ir._ Aram. praise, 20
_Thaiter_, _Erse_, Teu. powerful warrior, 425
Thakkraad, _Nor._ Teu. thankful speech, 371
Thalia, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. bloom, 72
Thangbrand, _Nor._ Teu. thankful sword, 371
_Thean_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s rule, 375
Thecla, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. divine fame, 100
Thecle, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. divine fame, 100
_Thedo_, _m._ _West Fris._ Gr. divine gift, 100
THEKLA, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. divine fame, 100
Theobald, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
Theobalda, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
Theobaldo, _m._ _Port._ Teu. people’s valour, 374
Theobul, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. divine council, 100
Theobulaire, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. divine council, 100
THEOBOULUS, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. divine council, 100
THEODEBALD, _A.S.S._ 373
THEODOMAIR, 373
_Theodemaro_, 374
_Theodisclo_, _Span._ Teu. people’s pledge, 374
_Theodolf_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s wolf, 374
THEODHARD, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s firmness, 375
Theodofredo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. people’s peace, 375
Theodor, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. divine gift, 101
THEODOKAR, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s spear, 375
THEODORA, _f._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Gr. divine gift, 101
Theodorada, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s council, 373
Theodore, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Gr. divine gift, 101
Theodoric, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s rule, 373
THEODORICO, _m._ _Port._ Teu. people’s rule, 373
Theodoro, _m._ _Port._ Gr. divine gift, 101
THEODOROS, _m._ _Gr._ divine gift, 101
Theodorus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. divine gift, 103
Theodose, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. divine gift, 103
Theodosia, _f._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Gr. divine gift, 103
Theodosio, _m._ _Port._ Gr. divine gift, 103
Theodosius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. divinely given, 103
Theodotos, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. divinely given, 103
_Theodric_, _Eng._ Teu. people’s ruler, 373
Theodrekr, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s rule, 373
Theodule, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. God’s servant, 103
Theone, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. godly, 103
Theophanes, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. divine manifestation, 212
THEOPHANIA, _f._ _Ger._ _Lat._ Gr. divine manifestation, 212
Theophanie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. divine manifestation, 212
Theophano, _f._ _N. Ger._ Gr. divine manifestation, 212
Theophil, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. divinely loved, 100
Theophila, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. divinely loved, 100
Theophile, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. divinely loved, 100
Theophilo, _m._ _Port._ Gr. God loved, 100
THEOPHILOS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. divinely loved, 100
Theophilus, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. God beloved, 100
_Theotari_, _m._ _Finn._ Gr. divine gift, 103
THERESA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124
Therèse, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124
Theresia, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. harvester, 124
Theresie, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. harvester, 124
Theudebaldo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. people’s prince, 375
THEUDEBOLD, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
Theudebert, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s brightness, 374
Theudebrand, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s sword, 375
Theudefred, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. people’s peace, 375
Theudegisle, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s pledge, 375
Theudis, _m._ _Span._ Teu. the people, 375
THEUDHILDA, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s heroine, 375
THEUDOLIND, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s snake, 375
THEUDOMIR, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s fame, 375
THEUDOWIN, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s friend, 375
_Theunis_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. inestimable, 142
_Thiadmar_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s fame, 375
_Thiadelef_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s love, 375
_Thias_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. gift of God, 15
_Thieu_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
_Thebald_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
Thiebault, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
Thibaud, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
Thibault, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
_Thierry_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
_Thiesli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. gift of God, 15, 103
_Thiess_, _m._ _L. Ger._ Heb. gift of God, 15
THIEDOLF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s wolf, 375
THIOSTAN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. harsh warrior, 419
THIOSTOLF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. harsh wolf, 419
THIOSTWALD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. harsh power, 419
_Thiou_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s wolf, 375
Thirza, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. pleasantness, 38
THJODGEIR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s spear, 375
THJODHILDR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s heroine, 375
THJODHJALM, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s helmet, 375
THJODLEIF, _m._ _Dan._ people’s relic, 375
THJODULV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s wolf, 375
THJODVALD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. peoples power, 375
THJODVAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s prudence, 375
_Thoddeiv_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s relic, 302, 332
_Tholliev_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s relic, 302, 332
Thoma, _m._ _Wall._ Aram. twin, 21
Thomas, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Aram. twin, 21
Thomasia, _f._ _Ger._ Aram. twin, 22
Thomasin, _f._ _Ger._ Aram. twin, 22
Thomasine, _f._ _Eng._ Aram. twin, 22
THOR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. the thunder god, 301
THORA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. thunder, 302
Thorald, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s power, 302
THORALFR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s elf, 302
THORARIN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s eagle, 302
THORARNA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s eagle, 302
THORBERA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s she bear, 302
Thorberg, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. Thor’s protection, 302
Thorbert, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s splendour, 302
THORBJORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s protection, 302
THORBJORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s bear, 302
THORBRAND, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. Thor’s sword, 302
Thord, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. thunder, 302
Thorer, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s warrior, 302
THORDIS, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s household spirit, 302, 308
THORFINN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s white man, 302
THORFINNA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s white woman, 302
THORGARD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s guard, 302
THORGAUTR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor the good, 302
THORGERDA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s maiden, 302
THORGESTUR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s guest, 302
THORGILS, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s pledge, 302
Thorgisla, _f._ _Dan._ Teu. Thor’s pledge, 302
THORGRIM, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. Thor the helmeted, 302
THORGUNNA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s war, 302
THORHALL, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s stone, 302
THORHALLA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s stone, 302
THORHILDA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s battle maid, 302
Thorhilde, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. Thor’s battle maid, 302
Thorismondo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. Thor’s protection, 302
Thorismund, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. Thor’s protection, 302
THORKATLA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s cauldron, 302
THORKETYL, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s cauldron, 302
_Thorkjell_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s cauldron, 302
THORLAUG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s liquor, 302
THORLEIF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s relic, 302
THORLEIK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s sport, 302
THORMOD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s mood, 302
Thorold, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Thor’s power, 302
THOROLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. Thor’s wolf, 302
_Thorothea_, _f._ _M. Gr._ Gr. gift of God, 102
THORSTEIN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s jewel, 302
THORULVA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s wolf woman, 302
_Thorunna_, _f._ _Ice._ Teu. Thor’s free woman, 302
THORVALLDR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s power, 302
THORVID, _m._ _Nor._ Thor’s consecration, 302
THORWALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. Thor’s power, 303
THRALL, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. serf, 331
_Thrine_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. pure, 123
THRUDR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. battle maid of constancy, 319
Thumas, _m._ _O. Fr._ Aram. twin, 21
_Thursday_, _m._ _Eng._ 445
Thurstan, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Thor’s jewel, 302
_Thyrgils_, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. Thor’s pledge, 302
Thyra, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. belonging to Tyr, 306
Thyrza, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. pleasantness, 38
_Tiabbern_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s sword, 375
_Tiaddo_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
_Tiadelef_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
Tiaderik, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
_Tiado_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
_Tiago_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Tiallef_, _m._ _Fris._ people’s ruler, 374
_Tiard_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
_Tiarik_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 375
_Tiark_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
_Tiart_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
_Tib_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
Tibal, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
Tiballa, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
Tibaut, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
_Tibbie_, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Tibble_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
Tibelda, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
Tibotta, _f._ _Eng._ people’s prince, 374
_Tibout_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
_Tide_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
_Tidmer_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s fame, 374
_Tido_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374
_Tiebold_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
_Tiedmer_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s fame, 375
_Tienette_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. crown, 97
_Tiennon_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. crown, 96
_Tiennot_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. crown, 96
Tiernan, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt, kingly, 258
_Tietje_, _m._ _Neth._ Teu. people’s rule, 375
Tiffany, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. divine manifestation, 212
_Tiga_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. God’s gift, 101
TIGHEARNACH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. kingly, 257
_Tigo_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. God’s gift, 102
TIHOMIL, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. silent love, 445
TIHOMIR, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. silent peace, 445
TIHOSLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slave, silent glory, 445
_Tike_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. God’s gift, 101
TIKLA, _f._ _Pol._ Slav. goddess of good luck.
_Til_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422
_Tilda_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422
_Tile_, _m._ _Neth._ Teu. people’s rule, 373
_Tille_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422
_Tilo_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s rule, 375
_Tim_, _m._ _Ir._ Gr. fear God, 104
Timofei, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. fear God, 104
_Timoscha_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. fear God, 104
Timoteo, _m._ _It._ Gr. fear God, 104
Timothea, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. fear God, 104
Timothée, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. fear God, 104
TIMOTHEOS, _m._ Gr. fear God, 104
Timotheus, _m._ Ger. Lat. fear God, 104
Timothy, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. fear God, 104
Timotij, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. fear God, 104
Timotij, _m._ _Slav._ Gr. fear God, 104
_Tina_, _f._ _It._ Teu. man, 359
_Tine_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. Christian, 105
_Tio_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. gift of God, 101
Tirzah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. pleasantness, 38
Tiphaïne, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. divine manifestation, 212
Tit, _m._ _Esth._ Lat. safe (?), 136
TITA, _m._ _It._ Lat. safe, 136
Tite, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. safe, 136
TITIANUS, _m._ Lat. safe, 136
Tito, _f._ _It._ Lat. safe (?), 136
TITURIUS, _m._ Lat. safe, 136
TITUS, _m._ Lat. safe, 136
_Tivador_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. divine gift, 101
_Tiz_, _Lett._ Teu. people’s ruler, 375
_Tiziano_, _m._ _It._ Lat. safe, 136
_Tjerri_, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. people’s ruler, 375
TJOD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. the people, 375
TJODGJER, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s spear, 375
TJODREKR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s ruler, 375
TJODULV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s wolf, 375
TJODWALD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s power, 375
TJOKLE, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. divine fame, 103
_Tobeis_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49
_Tobej_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49
_Tobia_, _m._ _It._ _Ger._ Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49
Tobias, _m._ _Hung._ _Eng._ _Span._ Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49
_Tobiasz_, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49
_Tobies_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49
_Tobija_, _m._ _Russ._ _Slov._ Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49
_Toby_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49
Tobysas, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49
_Todo_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 375
Todor, _m._ _Ill._ _Slov._ Gr. divine gift, 101
Todorik, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. people’s ruler, 375
_Toff_, _m._ _Neth._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
_Toffel_, _m._ _Neth._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106
_Toger_, _Nor._ Teu. people’s spear, 375
_Toinette_, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. inestimable, 142
_Toinon_, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. inestimable, 142
TOIRDELVACH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. tall as a tower, 259
TOKE, _m._ _Dan._ raving, 419
_Tolla_, _f._ _Rom._ Lat. victor, 197
_Tollo_, _m._ _Rom._ Lat. victor, 197
_Tolomieu_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. son of furrows, 25
_Tolv_, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. Thor’s wolf, 302
_Tom_, _m._ _Eng._ Aram. twin, 21
_Toma_, _m._ _Ill._ Aram. twin, 21
TOMALHAID, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. 21
Tomas, _m._ _Span._ _Ill._ Aram. twin, 21
Tomasa, _f._ _Span._ Aram. twin, 21
Tomasz, _m._ _Pol._ Aram. twin, 21
Tome, _m._ _Span._ Aram. twin, 21
Tommasso, _m._ _It._ Aram. twin, 21
_Tonek_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. inestimable, 142
_Tone_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. inestimable, 142
_Tonek_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. inestimable, 142
_Toni_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. inestimable, 142
_Tonietto_, _m._ _It._ Lat. inestimable, 142
_Tonio_, _m._ _It._ Lat. inestimable, 142
_Tonisech_, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. inestimable, 142
_Tonjes_, _m._ _Fris._ Lat. inestimable, 142
_Tonk_, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. inestimable, 142
_Tonneli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. inestimable, 142
_Tonnies_, _m._ _Fris._ Lat. inestimable, 142
_Tonnio_, _m._ _Esth._ Lat. inestimable, 142
_Tonnis_, _m._ _Esth._ Lat. inestimable, 142
_Tool_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. inestimable, 142
Toole, _Ir._ Kelt, lordly, 258
_Toon_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. inestimable, 142
_Toontje_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. inestimable, 142
_Torchel_, _m._ _Norman_, Teu. Thor’s cauldron, 301
_Toribio_, _m._ _Span._ Teu. Thor’s bear (?), 302
_Torkel_, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. Thor’s cauldron, 302
_Torketyl_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s cauldron, 302
_Torli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. gift of God, 101
Tormaid, _m._ _Gael._ Teu. Niord’s man, 306
Torquato, _m._ _It._ Lat. wearing a neck chain, 164
TORQUATUS, _m._ Lat. wearing a neck chain, 164
_Torquil_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Thor’s pledge or cauldron, 164, 302
_Toso_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. divine gift, 302
_Tostain_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s stone, 302
_Tostig_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. harsh day, 419
_Tostein_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. Thor’s stone, 302
Totila, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. battle leader, 302
_Tott_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people, 374
_Tots_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. fear God, 104
Toussaint, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. all saints, 219
_Tovi_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. beloved, 47
_Toveli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. beloved, 47
_Tracy_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124
TRAHERNE, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. 164
Trajano, _m._ _It._ Lat. 164
TRAJANUS, _Lat._ 164
_Traudl_, _f._ _Bav._ Teu. spear maid, 368
_Traugott_, _m._ _Ger._ trust God, 468
_Trenel_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. pure, 123
_Treschen_, _f._ _Hamb._ Gr. harvester, 124
_Treuhold_, _m._ _Ger._ faithful, 456
_Tri_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. pure, 123
_Trili_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. pure, 123
_Trine_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. pure, 123
_Trineli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. pure, 123
_Trinette_, _f._ _French_, Gr. pure, 123
_Trino_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. pure, 123
Tristan, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. herald, 274
Tristano, _m._ _It._ Kelt. herald, 274
Tristram, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. herald, 275
_Trix_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. blesser, 184
_Trod_, _f._ _Eng._ Nor. constant battle maid, 319
Trofeem, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. nourishing, 94
Trophimus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. nourishing, 94
Troth, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. constant battle maid, 319
_Trudchen_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. spear maid, 368
Trude, _f._ _Ger._ _Lett._ Teu. spear maid, 368
_Trudel_, _f._ _N. Lands._ Teu. spear maid, 368
_Trudje_, _f._ _Neth._ Teu. spear maid, 368
_Truta_, _f._ _Esth._ Teu. spear maid, 368
_Truto_, _f._ _Esth._ Teu. spear maid, 368
TRWST, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. proclaimer, 275
_Tryg_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. true, 319
TRYGGVE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. true, 421
_Tryn_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. pure, 123
TRYPHENA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. dainty, 94
TRYPHON, _m._ Gr. dainty, 94
TRYPHOSA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. dainty, 94
TRYSTAM, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. herald, 275
_Tsassen_, _f._ _Fris._ Gr. Christian, 105
TUATHAL, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. lordly, 258
TUALTHFLAITH, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. noble lady, 258
Tudor, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. divine gift, 101
TUGENDREICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. virtue rich.
Tullia, _f._ _It._ Lat. spout of blood (?), 130
TULLIUS, _m._ Lat. spout of blood (?), 130
TULLUS, _m._ Lat. spout of blood (?), 130
_Tunstal_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Thor’s wolf, 302
_Tunstan_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Thor’s stone, 302
Tuomas, _m._ _Finn._ Aram. twin, 21
Turcetyl, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. Thor’s kettle, 302
Turgar, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Thor’s spear, 302
_Turketul_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Thor’s kettle, 302
Turlozgh, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. tower like, 259
TVERDIMIR, _m._ _Slav._ firm peace, 442
TVERDISLAV, _m._ _Slav._ firm glory, 442
_Tverdko_, _m._ _Slav._ firm, 442
_Twador_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. divine gift, 101
Tybal, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
Tyballa, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
Tybalt, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s prince, 374
Tycho, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. raging, 419
_Tyeddemar_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s fame, 374
TYKE, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. raging, 419
_Tyge_, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. raging, 419
Tymolensz, _m._ _Slav._ Gr. fear God, 104
_Tyno_, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. healthy, 153
TYRE, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. divine, 306
_Tziasso_, _m._ _Fris._ Gr. Christian, 105
U
UADELBRECHT, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. nobly bright, 409
UADALRICH, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. noble ruler, 410
UAILSI, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. proud, 224
Ubald, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mind prince, 354
Ubalde, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. mind prince, 354
Ubaldo, _m._ _It._ Teu. mind prince, 354
Uberto, _m._ _Span._ _It._ Teu. mind bright, 354
Uc, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. mind, 353
Uchtred, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. mind council, 353
_Ucko_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. noble rule, 412
_Uda_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. rich, 378
Udalland, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble country, 412
Udalrich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble ruler, 409
Udalrike, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble ruler, 409
Udalrique, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. noble ruler, 409
Udolfo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. noble wolf, 409
_Udve_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich war, 378
_Ueli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. noble ruler, 412
Uffo, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wild boar, 337
Uggieri, _m._ _It._ Teu. holy, 402
Ugo, _m._ _It._ Teu. mind, 353
_Ugolino_, _m._ _It._ Teu. mind, 353
Ugon, _m._ _Ill._ Teu. mind, 353
Ugone, _m._ _It._ Teu. mind, 353
_Ugotto_, _m._ _It._ Teu. mind, 353
_Uguccione_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. mind, 353
Ugues, _m._ _O. Fr._ Teu. mind, 353
Uisdean, _m._ _Gael._ Teu. mind, 353
Uladislaus, _m._ _Lat._ Slav. ruling glory, 442
_Uland_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble country, 412
_Ulbrecht_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble splendour, 410
_Uldriks_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. noble ruler, 409
_Ulerk_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. noble ruler, 409
ULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. wolf, 336
_Ulfac_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. tall wolf, 336
ULFAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. wolf warrior, 336
_Ulfener_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. wolf, 336
_Ulferd_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble peace, 410
Ulfilas, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. wolf, 336
_Ulfried_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble peace, 410
Ulfric, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. wolf ruler, 336
ULFHEDINN, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. wolf fury, 336
ULFHERDUR, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. wolf guard, 336
Ulick, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. mind reward, 75
Uliseo, _m._ _It._ Gr. hater, 75
Ulisse, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. hater, 75
Ulfliotr, _m._ _Ice._ wolf warrior, 336
_Ulk_, _f._ _m._ _Fris._ Teu. noble rule, 410
_Ull_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. will, 314
ULLA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. will, 314
ULLR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. 314
Ulphilas, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. wolf, 336
Ullric, _m._ _Bohm._ _Fr._ Teu. noble ruler, 409
Ulrica, _f._ _Eng._ _Rom._ Teu. noble ruler, 409
Ulrick, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble ruler, 409
Ulrico, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. noble ruler, 409
Ulrih, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. noble ruler, 409
Ulrik, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. noble ruler, 409
Ulrika, _f._ _Russ._ Teu. noble rule, 409
Ulrike, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble rule, 409
Ulrique, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. noble rule, 409
Ulryk, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. noble rule, 409
Ulryka, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. noble rule, 409
Ulv, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. wolf, 336
Ulva, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. wolf, 336
ULVHILDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. wolf battle maid, 336
Ulysses, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. hater, 75
UNA, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. famine, 254
UNCHI, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. contentious, 224
Undine, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. of the waves.
UNNA, _f._ _Ice._ Teu. woman, 307
_Uoli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Teu. noble ruler, 411
UOTE, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. rich, 378
Uppo, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wild boar, 337
UPRAVDA, _m._ _Slav._ uprightness, 444
Urania, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. heavenly, 72
Uranie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. heavenly, 72
Uranius, _m._ Lat. Gr. heavenly, 72
Urbain, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. of the town, 202
Urban, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Lat. of the town, 202
Urbana, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. of the town, 202
Urbano, _m._ _It._ Lat. of the town, 202
URBANUS, _m._ Lat. of the town, 202
Urgel, _m._ _Span._ Teu. holy, 403
Urraca, _f._ _Span._ Teu. council of war, 394
Urien, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. heavenly, 72
_Uric_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble ruler, 409
Ursa, _f._ _Slov._ Lat. bear, 199
_Urschel_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. bear, 199
Urschla, _f._ _Swiss_, Lat. bear, 199
Ursel, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. bear, 199
Ursello, _m._ _Rom._ Lat. bear, 199
Ursilo, _m._ _It._ Lat. bear, 199
Ursin, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. bear, 199
Ursino, _m._ _It._ Lat. bear, 199
_Ursley_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. bear, 199
Ursola, _f._ _Span._ Lat. bear, 199
Urssula, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. bear, 199
Ursula, _f._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Lat. bear, 199
Ursule, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. bear, 199
URSUS, _m._ Lat. bear, 199
_Ursyn_, _m._ _Pol._ bear, 199
Urszula, _f._ _Pol._ Lat. bear, 199
_Urte_, _f._ _Lith._ Gr. gift of God, 102
Urvan, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. of the town, 202
Uta, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. rich, 378
UTHYR, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. terrible, 267
_Utz_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble ruler, 409
Uzziah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. might of the Lord, 9
V
_Vaccslav_, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. crown glory, 441
_Vaclav_, _m._ _Bohm._ _Pol._ Slav. crown glory, 441
_Vacslav_, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. crown glory, 441
_Val_, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. healthy, 153
VALBJORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. slaughter protection, 316
Valborg, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. slaughter protection, 316
Valburg, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. slaughter protection, 317
VALD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. power, 424
Valdemar, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. powerful fame, 315
VALDIS, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. spirit of slaughter, 317
_Valdus_, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. power, 215
_Valericus_, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. slaughter spear, 316
_Valek_, _m._ _Bohm._ Lat. healthy, 153
Valente, _m._ _It._ Lat. healthy, 153
Valentim, _m._ _Port._ Lat. healthy, 153
Valentin, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. healthy, 153
Valentina, _f._ _It._ Lat. healthy, 153
Valentine, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. healthy, 153
Valentine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. healthy, 153
Valentino, _m._ _It._ Lat. healthy, 153
Valentinus, _m._ _Lat._ healthy, 153
Valentyn, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. healthy, 153
Valer, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. healthy, 152
Valasquita, _f._ _Span._ Teu. slaughter, 317
Valère, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. healthy, 152
Valeria, _f._ _It._ _Ger._ Lat. healthy, 152
VALERIANUS, _m._ Lat. healthy, 152
Valerie, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Lat. healthy, 152
Valerien, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. healthy, 152
Valerij, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. healthy, 152
Valerio, _m._ _It._ Lat. healthy, 152
VALERIUS, _m._ Lat. healthy, 152
Valery, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. slaughter ruler, 317
_Valeska_, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. ruling glory, 441
_Valgard_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. foreign spear, 316
Valgjer, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. foreign spear, 316
Valjgerda, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. foreign guard, 316
Valheri, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. slaughter host, 316
_Vallia_, _m._ _Span._ Teu. slaughter, 316
_Valmont_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. slaughter protection, 316
_Valpurgis_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. slaughter protection, or powerful
protection, 317
Valtheof, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. foreign thief, 316
VALTRUD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. slaughter maid, 317
_Vanjuscha_, _Dutch_, grace of God, 45
_Vanka_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. grace of God, 45
_Vanni_, _m._ _It._ Heb. grace of God, 45
_Vanora_, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. white wave, 270
_Vara_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. stranger, 117
Varfolomei, _m._ _Russ._ Aram. son of furrows, 25
_Varinka_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. stranger, 117
Varnava, _m._ _Russ._ Aram. son of consolation, 24
Vartholomei, _m._ _Wall._ Aram. son of furrows, 25
Varvara, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. stranger, 117
_Vaschka_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. kingly, 57
_Vashti_, _f._ _Eng._ Pers. 57
Vasilij, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. royal, 112
_Vaso_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. royal, 112
Vassilij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. royal, 112
_Vassja_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. royal, 112
_Vasska_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. royal, 112
VATROSLAV, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. fiery glory, 441
Vaubert, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. bright slaughter, 317
Vaubourg, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. slaughter protection, 317
Vaudru, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. slaughter maid, 317
Vautrude, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. slaughter maid, 317
_Vavrinec_, _m._ _Bohm._ Lat. laurel, 174
_Vavrzynec_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. laurel, 174
VEBJORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sacred bear, 320
VEBRAND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sacred sword, 320
VEDIS, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. sacred sprite, 320
VEDORM, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sacred snake, 321
VEGJER, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sacred spear, 321
VEDHELM, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sacred helmet, 321
VEDHILD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. sacred battle maid, 321
_Vefeli_, _f._ _Ill._ Kelt. white wave, 270
_Vehka_, _Bulg._ great glory, 441
Veicht, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. living, 198
Veidl, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. living, 198
VEKOSLAV, _m._ _Slav._ eternal glory, 441
VEKOSLAVA, _f._ _Slav._ eternal glory, 441
_Veleda_, _f._ Teu. wise woman, 441
VELISLAV, _f._ _m._ _Bulg._ Slav. great glory, 441
VELIKA, _f._ _Bulg._ Slav. great, 441
VELIMIR, _m._ _Bulg._ Slav. great peace, 441
VENCESLAV, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. crown glory, 441
Venedikt, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. blessed, 184
Venetia, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. blessed, 184
Venice, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. blessed, 184
_Ventura_, _m._ _It._ Lat. well met, 185
VENUS, _m._ Lat. fair (?)
Venzeslaus, _m._ _Ger._ Slav. crown glory, 441
VENZESLAV, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. crown glory, 441
Vera, _f._ _Serv._ Slav. faith, 449
Verban, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. of the city, 202
Vercingetorix, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. chief of one hundred heads, 237
Verena, _Ger._ Teu. sacred wisdom, 331
_Verena_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. Gr. true picture, 207
_Verenchen_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. Gr. true picture, 227
_Verenund_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. guardian protector, 377
Vergosillanus, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. man of the banner, 236
Vermudo, _m._ _Span._ bear’s protection, 339
Vernulfo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. bear wolf, 339
_Verra_, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. faith, 449
Veronica, _f._ _It._ _Eng._ Lat. Gr. true image, 207
Veronike, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. Gr. true picture, 207
Veronique, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. Gr. true picture, 207
VERRES, _m._ _Lat._ boar, 337
Vestan, _m._ _Nor._ sacred stone, 321
VESTESLAV, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. crown glory, 441
VESTLIDE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. western wanderer, 432
VETILIDE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. winter wanderer, 432
_Veva_, _f._ _Ill._ Kelt. white wave, 270
_Vevay_, _f._ _Bav._ Kelt. white wave, 270
_Vevina_, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. melodious woman, 224
Victoire, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. victorious, 197
VICTOR, _m._ _Ger._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Lat. conqueror, 197
Victoria, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. conqueror, 197
Victorie, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. victorious, 197
Victorine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. victorious, 197
Vid, _m._ _Bohm._ Lat. life, 320
Vida, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. life, 198, 320
_Vida_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. beloved, 320
VIGBRAND, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war sword, 418
Vigelius, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. warring, 418
VIGFUS, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war eagerness, 418
VIGHEARD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. war firmness, 418
VIGLAF, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. war relic, 418
VIGLEIK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war sport, 418
Viktor, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. conqueror, 197
Vikentij, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. conqueror, 197
VIKING, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bay inhabitant, 432
VILBJORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. resolute protection, 314
Vilem, _m._ _Bohm._ Teu. resolute helmet, 314
Vilelm, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. resolute helmet, 314
Vilgelm, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. resolute helmet, 314
VILGERD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. resolute protection, 314
Vilhelm, _Slov._ _Hung._ Teu. resolute helmet, 314
Vilhelmine, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. resolute helmet, 314
Viljalm, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. resolute helmet, 314
Vilibaldo, _m._ _Port._ Teu. resolute prince, 314
Vincenc, _m._ _Bohm._ Lat. conquering, 197
Vincencio, _m._ _Span._ Lat. conquering, 197
VINCENS, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. conquering, 197
Vincent, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Lat. conquering, 197
Vincente, _m._ _Port._ Lat. conquering, 197
Vincenty, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. conquering, 197
Vincenz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. conquering, 197
Vincenzio, _m._ _It._ Lat. conquering, 197
VINCIGUERRA, _m._ _It._ Lat. Teu. conquering war, 197
Vincislao, _m._ _It._ Slav. crown glory, 441
_Vincze_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. conquering, 197
Viola, _f._ _It._ Lat. violet, 206
Violante, _f._ _Span._ Lat. violet, 206
Violet, _f._ _Scot._ Lat. violet, 206
Violette, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. violet, 206
Virdumarus, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. great dark man, 237
Virgil, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. flourishing, 153
Virgile, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. flourishing, 153
Virgilio, _m._ _It._ Lat. flourishing, 153
VIRGILIUS, _m._ Lat. flourishing, 153
Virginia, _f._ _It._ _Eng._ Lat. flourishing, 153
Virginie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. flourishing, 153
Virginio, _m._ _It._ Lat. flourishing, 153
VIRGINIUS, _m._ Lat. flourishing, 153
Viriathus, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. man of fire(?), 237
Viridis, _f._ _It._ Lat. green, 206
VISHTASPA, _m._ _Pers._ Zend, possessor of horses.
_Vita_, _m._ _Russ._ _Bohm._ Lat. living, 197
_Vjta_, _m._ _Bohm._ Lat. living, 197
Vital, _m._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Lat. of life, 197
Vitale, _m._ _It._ Lat. of life, 197
Vitaliana, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. of life, 197
Vitalianus, _m._ Lat. of life, 197
Vitalij, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. of life, 197
VITALIS, _m._ _Lat._ of life, 197
_Vitgeir_, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. wise man, 321
Vittore, _m._ _It._ Lat. conqueror, 197
Vittoria, _f._ _It._ Lat. conqueror, 197
VITUS, _m._ Lat. living, 197
VIVIA, _f._ Lat. lively, 197
Vivian, _m._ _f._ _Eng._ Lat. lively, 198
Viviana, _f._ _It._ Lat. lively, 198
Viviano, _f._ _It._ Lat. lively, 198
Vivien, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. lively, 198
Vivienne, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. lively, 198
VJERA, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. faith, 439
VLADIMIR, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. ruling the world, 442
VLADISAV, _m._ _Serv._ Slav. ruling the world, 442
VLADISLAV, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. ruling the world, 442
VLADIVOJ, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. ruling the army, 442
VLADYSLAV, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. ruling the world, 442
_Vladislavka_, _f._ _Pol._ Slav. ruling the world, 442
_Vlaho_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. babbler, 159
_Vlass_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. babbler, 159
_Vlassij_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. babbler, 159
VOJCIECH, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. warrior, 441
VOJTECH, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. warrior, 441
VOJTEH, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. warrior, 441
Volfgango, _m._ _It._ Teu. wolf’s progress, 336
Volker, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s guard, 371
Volkmar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s fame, 371
_Volguard_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s guard, 371
Volgvard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s guard, 371
_Volodia_, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. ruling the world, 442
_Volodinka_, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. ruling the world, 442
VOLUNDR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. artful.(?), 313
Vortigern, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. great king, 238
_Vortya_, _f._ _Lus._ Gr. gift of God, 102
VRATISLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. brilliant fame, 441
_Vread_, _f._ _Erse_, Gr. pearl, 123
_Vreneli_, _f._ _Swab._ Lat. Gr. true image, 207
VSELAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. all glory, 442
VSEVOLOD, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. all ruler, 442
VUC, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. wolf, 336
VUKMIL, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. wolf love, 335
VUKMIR, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. wolf peace, 335
VUKSLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. wolf glory, 335
VULFGAR, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. wolf spear, 335
VULFHERE, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. wolf warrior, 335
VULFHILDA, _f._ _m._ _A.S._ Teu. wolf battle maid, 335
VULFMAR, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. wolf fame, 335
VULFNOT, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. wolf violence, 335
VULFSTAN, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. wolf stone, 335
_Vye_, _f._ _Fris._ wisdom, 107
VYSFSLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. highest glory, 442
Vyvyan, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. living, 198
W
_Wabel_, _m._ _Bav._ Aram. son of furrows, 25
_Wabishaw_, _m._ _Red Indian_, red leaf.
_Wabm_, _m._ _Bav._ Aram. son of furrows, 25
WAITKUS, _m._ _Lith._ Slav. warrior.
Wala, _m._ _Span._ Teu. slaughter, 311
Walaheri, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. slaughter host, 317
Walamund, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. slaughter protection, 317
Walarik, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. slaughter king, 317
Walaram, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. slaughter raven, 317
Walber, _f._ _Esth._ Teu. slaughter protection, 317, 425
Walbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. power bright, 317, 425
Waldburga, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. powerful protection,[2] 317, 425
WALDEMAR, _m._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Teu. powerful fame, 425
WALDHERI, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. powerful warrior, 425
Waldl, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. will bold, 315
Waldo, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. power, 425, 315
Waldobert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. power bright, 425
Waldrich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. powerful rule, 425
_Walen_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. foreign thief, 316
Waleran, _m._ _Flem._ Teu. or Lat. healthy, 152
_Walfrid_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. powerful peace, 316
_Wallinsch_, _m._ _Lith._ Lat. healthy, 152
_Walmar_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. slaughter fame, 316
_Walpert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. slaughter bright, 311
_Walpl_, _f._ _Bav._ Teu. powerful protection, 311, 428
_Walpora_, _f._ _Lus._ Teu. slaughter protection, 316
_Walpurd_, _f._ _Flem._ Teu. slaughter protection, 311, 425
Walpurg, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. slaughter protection, 311
Walram, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. slaughter raven, 316
Walstan, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. slaughter stone, 311
Walter, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. powerful warrior, 425
_Waltfrid_, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. powerful peace, 425
Waltheof, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. foreign thief, 316
Walther, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. powerful warrior, 425
Waltier, _m._ _O. Fr._ Teu. powerful warrior, 425
_Waltinsh_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. healthy, 151
_Waltl_, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. powerful warrior, 425
Walwyn, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. hawk of battle, 272
WAMBA, _m._ _Span._ Teu. belly, 427
_Wanders_, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. white wave, 270
WARAND, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. protecting, 420
Warmund, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. protecting guard, 420
Warner, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. protecting warrior, 420
_Warno_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. protecting, 420
Warnfrid, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. protecting peace, 420
WARNEBOLD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. protecting prince, 420
Warren, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. protecting friend, 420
_Wastel_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. venerable, 111
_Wat_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. powerful warrior, 425
_Watagimat_, _m._ _Red Indian_, eagle’s nest.
_Water_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. powerful warrior, 425
_Waters_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. powerful warrior, 425
_Watier_, _m._ _O. Fr._ Teu. powerful warrior, 425
_Watlis_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. powerful warrior, 425
_Wattles_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. powerful warrior, 425
_Watty_, 425
Wawyn, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. hawk of battle, 272
_Wawel_, _m._ _Bav._ Aram. son of furrows, 25
Wayland, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. artful (?), 313
_Weigel_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. warring, 418
WEALTHEOF, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. foreign thief, 316
_Welf_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf, 335
_Welfhard_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf strong, 335
Wenceslaus, _m._ _Eng._ Slav. crown glory, 441
_Wendel_, _f._ _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wandering.
_Wendela_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. wandering.
_Wendelgard_, _f._ _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wandering guard.
_Wendelgar_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wandering spear.
_Wendelin_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wanderer.
_Wendeline_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. wanderer.
Wenefride, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. white wave, 270
_Wendis_, _m._ _Lett._ Slav. ruling glory, 441
_Wenzel_, _m._ _Ger._ Slav. crown glory, 441
Werburgha, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. powerful protection, 420
_Werlands_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. adventuring life, 433
Werner, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. protecting army, 420
WERNHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. protecting firmly, 420
WERNHER, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. protecting army, 420
_Wetu_, _m._ _Finn._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
_Wetukka_, _m._ _Finn._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
_Wiart_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. war firmness, 418
_Wicko_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. war bright, 418
_Wido_, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. life, 321
WIG, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. war, 418
WIGAND, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warring, 418
WIGBALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war prince, 418
WIGBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war bright, 418
WIGBURGA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war protection, 418
_Wige_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warring, 418
WIGHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war firm, 418
WIGHELM, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war helmet, 418
WIGHER, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warrior, 418
WIGLAF, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war relic, 418
WIGLIND, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war snake, 418
WIGMANN, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war man, 418
WIGMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war fame, 418
WIGRAM, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war raven, 418
_Wihts_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. life, 320
_Wike_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. wisdom, 107
Wilbrand, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. willing sword, 314
Wilfred, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. resolute peace, 314
WILFRITH, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. resolute peace, 314
Wilfroy, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. resolute peace, 314
WILHELM, _m._ _Swiss_, _Ger._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Wilhelmina, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Wilhelmine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
_Wilip_, _m._ _Fris._ Gr. horse lover, 79
_Wilips_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. horse lover, 79
_Will_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Willaume, _m._ _O. Fr._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
_Wille_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Willebald, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. resolute prince, 314
WILLEHAD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. resolute battle, 314
Willelme, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 314
_Willan_, _m._ _Lus._ _Netherlands_, Teu. helmet of resolution, 314
Willemin, _f._ _Dutch_, Teu. helmet of resolution, 314
_Willempje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Teu. helmet of resolution, 314
William, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
Williamina, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
WILLIBALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. resolute prince, 314
WILLIBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright will, 314
WILLIBRORD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. 314
WILLIBURG, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. resolute protection, 314
_Willie_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
WILLIGIS, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. pledge of resolution, 314
WILLIHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. willing firmness, 314
WILLIHERI, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. resolute warrior, 314
WILLIHILD, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. resolute battle maid, 314
WILLIHOLD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. resolute power, 314
WILLIMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. resolute fame, 314
WILLIRAM, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. willing raven, 314
WILLIRAT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. willing resolute council, 314
WILLIRIK, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. willing resolute ruler, 314
_Willo_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. willing helmet, 314
WILLIWOLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. willing wolf, 314
_Willy_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315
WILMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. willing fame, 314
_Wilmett_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 316
WILMOD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. resolute mood, 315
Wilmot, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. resolute mood, 314
WILRICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. resolute ruler, 314
WILTRUD, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. resolute battle maid, 314
Winfred, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. friend of peace, 427
WINFRITH, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. friend of peace, 427
Wingallok, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. white, 270
Wingar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. friend of war, 427
WINIBALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. friend of valour, 427
Winifrid, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. white stream, 270
WINMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. friend of fame, 427
WINRAD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. friend’s council, 427
WINRICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. friend of rule, 427
_Winny_, _f._ _Ir._ Kelt. famine, 70
_Wippert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war bright, 418
_Wippold_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war prince, 418
_Wiremo_, _m._ _Maori_, Teu. will helmet, 315
_Wisdom_, _f._ _Eng._ 421
_Wishard_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wise strength, 321
WITGAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wood spear, 321
Witiza, _m._ _Span._ Teu. wood dweller, 321
Witold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wood power, 321
WITOLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wood wolf, 321, 325
WITRAM, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. forest raven, 321
WITTOKIND, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. forest dweller, 321
Wittich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wood dweller, 321
Wittig, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wood dweller, 321
Wladimir, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. ruling peace, 442
_Wladis_, _m._ _Lett._ Slav. ruling glory, 442
Wladislav, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. ruling glory, 442
Wolbrecht, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf brightness, 335
_Wolder_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. powerful warrior, 425
WOLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf, 335
Wolfer, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf army, 335
WOLFGANG, _m._ _Ger._ wolf’s progress, 335
WOLFHART, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf’s firmness, 335
WOLFMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf fame, 335
WOLFRAD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf’s advice, 335
WOLFRAMM, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf raven, 335
WOLFRICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf ruler, 335
_Wouter_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. powerful warrior, 425
_Worsola_, _f._ _Bohm._ Lat. bear, 199
_Wridriks_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
_Wrizzis_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. peace ruler, 296
WULFSTAN, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. wolf stone, 335
Wursla, _f._ _Lus._ Lat. bear, 199
_Wya_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warring, 418
_Wygard_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. warring, 418
-----
Footnote 2:
This, one of the English missionary nun princesses in Germany, is the
patroness of the celebrated Valpurgisnacht. She died at Heidenheim,
and her right feast is on the 25th of February; but being translated
to Crichstadt on the 1st of May, and minced into numerous relics, the
latter day was also hers, and strangely became connected with the
witches' sabbath.
X
XANTHIPPE, _f._ _Gr._ yellow horse, 78
XAVER, _m._ _Span._ Arab. bright, 299
Xavier, _m._ _Fr._ Arab. bright, 299
Xaverie, _f._ _Span._ Arab. bright, 299
Xaveric, _m._ _Wall._ Arab. bright, 299
Xaverio, _m._ _It._ Arab. bright, 299
Xavery, _m._ _Pol._ Arab. bright, 299
Xenia, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. hospitality, 93
Xerxes, _m._ _Eng._ Pers. venerable king.
Ximen, _m._ _Span._ 330
Ximena, _f._ _Span._ 330
Ximon, _m._ _Span._ Heb. obedient, 17
Xiste, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. sixth, 138
Y
_Yago_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Yatmund_, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. happy protection, 378
Yestin, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. just, 192
YNGVAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s warrior, 325
YNGVE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. 325
Ynyr, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. honourable, 190
Yolande, _f._ _Prov._ Lat. violet, 206
Yolette, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. violet, 206
_Yorwarth_, _m._ _Welsh_, Teu. happy guard, 378
_Ysabel_, _f._ _Span._ Heb. God’s oath, 35
_Ysaie_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. salvation of the Lord, 48
Yseulte, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. spectacle, 275
Ysonde, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. spectacle, 275
Ysolt, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. spectacle, 275
Yueins, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. young warrior, 273
Yvain, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. young warrior, 273
Yvon, _m._ _Ir._ Teu. archer, 326
Ywain, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. young warrior, 273
Z
Zacarias, _m._ _Span._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zaccaria, _m._ _It._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
_Zach_, _m._ _Eng._ _Bav._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zacharia, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
ZACHARIAH, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zacharias, _m._ _Port._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zacharie, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zachary, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zacharyasz, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zachée, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zacheo, _m._ _It._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
_Zachers_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zachereis, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
_Zaches_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
_Zacheo_, _m._ _Port._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zaccheus, _m._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zaidée, _f._ _Fr._ 458
Zakarias, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
_Zackelina_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. supplanter, 18
Zakharias, _m._ _Hung._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zakheus, _m._ _Hung._ remembrance of the Lord, 51
_Zako_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
_Zan_, _m._ _Dantzig_, Gr. Christian, 105
_Zan_, _m._ _Gr._ Heb. supplanter, 17
_Zaneta_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46
Zaqueo, _m._ _Span._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
_Zara_, _f._ _Arab._ Heb. princess, 13
_Zasso_, _m._ _Fris._ Gr. Christian, 105
Zebulon, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. dwelling.
Zechariah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51
Zedekiah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. justice of the Lord, 49
Zedena, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. of Sidon, 200
ZEENAB, _f._ _Arab._ father’s ornament, 62
ZELIMIR, _m._ Slav. wishing peace.
_Zelinde_, conquering snake, 347
ZELISLAV, _m._ Slav. wishing glory.
ZENAÏDA, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. daughter of Zeus, 62
Zenaïde, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. daughter of Zeus, 62
Zenevieva, _f._ _Russ._ Kelt. white wave, 270
ZENO, _m._ Gr. from Zeus, 62
ZENOBIA, _f._ _Lat._ Aram. father’s ornament, 62
Zenobie, _f._ _Fr._ Arab. father’s ornament, 62
Zenobio, _m._ _Milan._ Gr. from Zeus, 62
Zenobius, _m._ Lat. 62
ZENON, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. from Zeus, 62
Zenovia, _f._ _Russ._ Arab. father’s ornament, 62
ZENOVIA, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. goddess of hunting, 440
_Zenz_, _f._ _Bav._ Lat. increasing, 198
_Zenz_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. conquering, 197
_Zenzel_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. conquering, 197
_Zenzl_, _f._ _Bav._ Lat. increasing, 198
Zephaniah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. protected of the Lord, 50
Zephyrine, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. like the zephyr.
Zerah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. rising of light, 51
Zerdosht, _m._ _Pers._ Zend. gold star, 57, 437
Zerubabel, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. born at Babel.
_Zesk_, _Slav._ Teu. free, 300
Zezilija, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. blind, 144
_Zikmund_, _m._ _Bohm._ Teu. conquering protection, 358
Zilia, _f._ _Ven._ Lat. 145
Ziliola, _f._ _Ven._ Lat. 145
Zillah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. shadow, 11
Zinevra, _f._ _Ven._ Kelt. white wave, 270
ZIROSLAV, _m._ acorn glory.
ZIVAN, _m._ _Slav._ living, 198
ZIVANA, _f._ living, 198
_Zizi_, _f._ _Russ._ Arab. father’s ornament, 62
ZLATA, _f._ _Slov._ Slav. gold, 445
ZLATANA, _f._ _Slov._ Slav. gold, 445
ZLATIBOR, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. gold, 445
_Zlatke_, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. gold, 445
_Zlatoje_, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. gold love, 445
ZLATOLJUB, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. gold love, 445
ZLATOSLAV, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. gold love, 445
Zlatoust, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. gold mouth, 445
ZOE, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. life, 11
Zofia, _f._ _Pol._ Gr. wisdom, 107
Zoia, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. life, 11
_Zomelis_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. asked of God, 20
_Zon_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124
ZORA, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. dawn, 437
Zorana, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. dawn, 437
_Zore_, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. princess, 14
Zorica, _f._ _Slav._ dawn, 437
ZORISLAVA, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. dawn of glory, 437
Zoroaster, _m._ _Eng._ Pers. golden star (?), 57, 437
_Zosa_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. lily, 50
_Zosel_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. lily, 50
_Zosia_, _f._ _Pol._ Gr. wisdom, 107
_Zsiga_, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. conquering protection, 356
_Zsigmund_, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. conquering protection, 356
_Zsoflie_, _f._ _Hung._ Gr. wisdom, 107
_Zsofe_, _f._ _Hung._ Gr. wisdom, 107
_Zsusane_, _f._ _Lett._ Heb. lily, 50
_Zsusanna_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. lily, 50
ZWETLANA, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. star, 437
_Zygmunt_, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. conquering protection, 358[3]
-----
Footnote 3:
Every form of every name given in the index is not to be found in the
text; but in all cases where a reference is given, the history, as far
as ascertainable, of the leading portion of the original name will be
found.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES.
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.
THE SPIRIT OF NOMENCLATURE.
Much has been written upon the Surname, a comparatively modern
invention, while the individual, or, as we term it, the Christian name,
has barely received, here and there, a casual notice from English
authors, and has seldom been treated of collectively or comparatively.
Yet there is much that is extremely curious and suggestive in the rise
and signification of the appellations of men and women, their universal
or partial popularity, the alterations by which they have been adapted
to different languages, their familiar abbreviations, the patronymics
formed from them, and the places or articles called from them. In fact,
we shall find the history, the religion, and the character of a nation
stamped upon the individuals in the names which they bear.
It is to Christian names, properly so called, that our attention will
chiefly be directed. Other names, not acknowledged at any time as
baptismal, or only given so exceptionally as not to deserve notice, are
here omitted, or only treated of when their analogy is needed to
illustrate the history of a true Christian name.
The original proper names of men and women arose—
First, from some circumstance connected with the birth, such as Esau,
hairy; Jacob, taking by the heel; Agrippa, born with the feet foremost.
Secondly, from the complexion, _e. g._, Edom, red; Flavius and Fulvius,
yellow; Don, brown; Ruadh, red; Boidh, yellow; Blanche, fair.
Thirdly, from the qualities desired for the child, such as David,
meaning beloved; the Persian Aspamitas and Greek Philippos, both lovers
of horses; the Keltic Eochaidh, a horseman; the Teutonic Eadgifu, happy
gift; the Slavonic Przemyszl, the thoughtful.
Fourthly, from an animal, Deborah, the bee; Jonah, Columba, Golubica,
the dove; Zeeb, Lycos, Lupus, Ulf, Yuk, all signifying that strangely
popular wild beast the wolf.
Fifthly, from a weapon, as the Teuton Gar, a spear.
Sixthly, from a jewel, Mote Mahal, in Persian, pearl of the harem; the
Greek, Margarite, a pearl in Greek; the Teutonic Stein, a stone or jewel
in Teutonic.
Seventhly, religious names, dedicating the child to the Divinity, such
as Ishmael, heard of God; Elijah, God the Lord; and among idolaters,
Artemidorus, gift of Artemis; Jovianus, belonging to Jupiter; Brighid,
the Irish goddess of smiths and poets; Thorgils, Thor’s pledge.
To these we may add a few names of flowers, chiefly borne by women, and
always indicating a poetical nation, such as Susanna, Lilias, Rhoda,
Rose, and the Slavonic Smiljana, the amaranth, a description of name
never found among the unimaginative Romans.
Also a few indicating a time of deep sorrow and distress, when the child
was born, such as Beriah, son of evil, named when it went ill with his
father Ephraim; Jabez, sorrow; Ichabod, the glory is departed. These
being of ill omen, never prevailed among the joyous Greeks; but among
the quick-feeling Kelts we find Una, famine, and Ita, thirsty, names
recording, no doubt, times of sorrow. Also Posthumus and Tristan, though
not originally bearing the meaning since attributed to them, and
Dolores, a name of Spanish Roman Catholic growth, have all been applied
to express the mournful circumstances of some “child of misery, baptized
in tears.”
Natural defects have likewise furnished names, such as Balbus, the
stammerer; the Irish Dorenn, the sullen; and Unchi, the contentious.
These are most common among the Romans, owing to their habit of
continuing a father’s name, however acquired, to the son. And the Romans
likewise stand almost alone in their strange and uncomplimentary fashion
of giving individual names from numbers, one in which they have not been
imitated, except now and then, where the number of a family has become
so remarkable as to be deemed worthy of commemoration in the names of
the younger children. There is, however, said to be a family in Michigan
where the sons are called One, Two, Three Stickaway, and the daughters
First, Second, Third Stickaway.
The invention of original names usually takes place in the early stages
of a people’s history, for a preference soon arises for established
names, already borne by kindred, and as the spoken tongue drifts away,
from the primitive form, the proper name becomes a mere appellative,
with the original meaning forgotten, and often with a new one
incorrectly applied to it. The names in popular use almost always belong
to a more ancient language than that spoken by the owners; or else they
are imported from some other nation, and adapted to the mouths of those
who use them. Flexibility of speech is only acquired at a very early
age, and persons who have never spoken any other than their mother
tongue, have no power to catch foreign sounds, and either distort them,
or assimilate them to words of their own. The ear catches the word
imperfectly, the lips pronounce it after their own fashion, and the
first writer who hears it, sets it down to the best of his ability, to
be read, as it may chance, by others, ignorant of the sound the letters
were meant to represent, and thus striking out absolute novelties. Even
where it travels by the medium of writing, the letters of one language
are so inadequate to express the sounds of another, that great changes
take place in pronunciation, even while the spelling remains unaltered,
and these become visible in the popular contractions.
Thus a foreign conquest, or the fusion of one nation into another, while
introducing two orders of names to the same country, and in breaking up
and intermixing their original forms of speech, yet leaves untouched the
names belonging to the old language, though the spoken tongue goes on
living, growing, and altering.
The Hebrew is an instance of this process. It was a living tongue up to
the Babylonish captivity, and constantly formed new names from the
ordinary speech of the people; but when the Jews returned they spoke the
Aramean dialect; the old Hebrew was dead. They still called their
children by mangled and contracted Hebraisms, inherited from their
forefathers, but were in general not aware of their meaning, and were
willing to give them Greek terminations to suit the literary taste of
the East. That there was no vigour to throw out new names, is attested
by the very scanty number of Aramean derivation. Yet it is these
corrupted Hebrew names, marred by Aramean pronunciation, by Greek
writing, and by the speech of every country, that are the most
universally loved and honoured in every Christian land.
Greek may be said to have never died, and it has, from first to last,
been the most vigorous of all languages in creating and spreading names,
which are almost all easily explicable. Hellas, though frequently
conquered, has by its glorious literature, both pagan and Christian,
gained wide dominion for its language, and even the present vernacular
of the peasant and sailor is not so decayed but that they can comprehend
a line of Homer or a verse of St. John. Thus there is a long list of
Greek names ever new, with comparatively few importations from other
tongues, and for the most part conveying their meaning and augury.
On the contrary, before Latin was born, the dialects that had produced
Latin names were decaying, and those who, by inheritance, bore the
scanty stock that came down to them, were often at a loss for their
meaning; nor in general is it so much the names actually borne by
ancient Romans, as appellations formed out of the Latin language, that
have been the Latin contribution to Christian nomenclature. The
universal victors chiefly spread Roman names by adopting the conquered
as their clients, and conferring their own nomina when they bestowed the
right of citizenship.
Keltic still lives in its corners of the world, and its old names have
for the most part continued in use, but usually each with a name by the
side from some more fashionable tongue, supposed to translate it to the
civilized ear. For instance, Tadhg, which means, in Erse, a poet, is
called in English speech, Teague or Thady; and then further transformed
into the Aramean Thaddeus (praise); or the Greek Timothy (honour God);
with an utter loss of the true association.
The Teutonic names are taken from the elder branches of the Teuton
languages, before they became commingled in different degrees with the
later progeny of Latin, and with one another. We here use the word
Teutonic, because it is the most convenient term by which to express the
class of languages spoken by the great Germanic family, though we are
aware that it is not absolutely correct as a class-appellation including
the whole. Iceland and Scandinavia use their ancient tongue, but
slightly altered, and there may be found the true forms and
interpretations of the greater number of the appellations in common use.
Modern German continues the old High German, but it is no safe guide to
the meaning of names which belong to a much earlier form than that in
which we now see it, and it has only created a few modern ones of its
own. Anglo-Saxon explains most of its own names, but it cannot be safely
trusted without comparison with the other branches. It was a language
deteriorated by the Norman conquest, just as the Norse of the invaders
had been previously smothered by their conquest of Neustria, and the
English which grew up among them used more of the High Dutch names
adopted by the Normans in France, than of its own Anglo-Saxon ones; and
only after the Reformation was there an attempt, and that not a very
successful one, at the fabrication of native English names. France kept
Dutch names, and clipped them, while High Dutch minced Latin. Lombardy,
too, used the old heroic names of the fair-haired barbarians, even while
its speech was constant to the flowing Latin; and Spain has much more of
the nomenclature than of the tongue of her Goths.
The Slavonic has corrupted itself, but become Christian, and has sent a
few names of great leaders into the general stock of nomenclature, which
has been formed by contributions from these six original branches, with
a few chance additions from other quarters.
Each nation had a stock of its own at first, but as tribes became mixed,
their names were interchanged, and varied by the pronunciation of those
who adopted them; and when Christianity produced real union, making the
saint of one country the glory and example of the entire Church, the
names of the holy and the great became a universal link, and a token of
the brotherhood established from land to land.
It was not at first, however, that this fusion of names commenced. The
first Christians were Jews, with Hebrew, Aramean, Greek, or Latin names
of their own, and their converts already bore Greek or Latin
appellations, which were seldom altered. In the case of the Romans,
children almost necessarily succeeded to family names, and the Greeks
alone could at first exercise any choice, forming words of Christian
meaning for their children, or adopting those of their revered
instructors in the faith; and afterwards, persons using the Latin
tongue, but not encumbered with the numerous names of a citizen,
followed their example. The Teutons, when converted, were baptized by
the names they already bore, and gave the like to their children; nor
does it seem to have been till the older forms of the languages were
expiring, that the introduction of old saintly names became by any means
frequent. When names were mere appellations, not descriptions, a
favourite character was sought for in the legends of the saints, and the
child was dedicated to, or placed under the protection of, the patron
whose name he bore. The theory was, that the festival in the calendar on
which the birth took place, established the claim of the infant to the
care of the patron, and thus fixed the name, an idea which still
prevails in the Greek Church, but it was more usual to select a
favourite patron, and instead of keeping the child’s birth-day, to feast
him upon the holy day of the saint, a custom still observed in Roman
Catholic countries.
The system of patron saints was greatly established by the veneration of
relics. It was the presence of a supposed fragment of the body that was
imagined to secure the protection of the saint to country, to city, to
village, or family; and often the ‘translation’ of a relic can be traced
as the cause of the nationality of a name, as the Diego of Spain, the
Andreas of Flanders, the Marco of Venice, the Adrianus of Holland, the
Radegonde of Poitiers, the Anne of Prague. Or the prominence of a fresh
doctrine is shown in nomenclature, as by the outburst of Scripture names
in all Calvinist countries; so that in French pedigrees, Huguenotism may
be traced by the Isaacs and other patriarchal apparitions in the
genealogy, and Puritanism has in England produced the quaint Old
Testament appellations to be found in every parish register. On the
other hand, the increasing devotion to the Blessed Virgin is indicated
by the exaggerated use of Mary in Roman Catholic lands, the epithets
coupled with it showing the peculiar phases of the homage paid to her,
and almost gauging the amount of superstition in the country.
Religion has thus been in general the primary guide to individual
nomenclature, and next in order must be ranked the family feeling that
renders Christian names almost hereditary. In many places where
primitive customs are kept up, it was an almost compulsory token of
respect to call the eldest son after his paternal grandfather. This has
indeed been almost universal. The ancient Greeks always did so unless
the grandfather were alive, in which case the child was thought to take
his place by bearing his name, and thus to bring death upon him.
In Scotland and in the north of England, the paternal grandfather and
grandmother have namesakes in the eldest son and daughter, then comes
the turn of the grand-parents on the mother’s side, then of the parents
themselves, after which fancy may step in. In Germany the same practice
prevails as regards the two eldest; and likewise in the south of France,
where the child, whatever its sex, bears the grandfather’s name, thus
accounting for various uncouth feminines; but though thus christened,
the two eldest children are never so called, but always by the
diminutive of their surname.
However, distinguished, or wealthy, or beloved godparents interfered
with these regular successions, and in this manner queens have been the
great conductors of female names, bestowing them on their nobility, from
whom they spread to the commonalty.
Literature requires considerable cultivation before it spreads many
names. It gave some in the latter days of Greece, and more after the old
hereditary customs of Rome were broken up; then, during the dark ages,
its influence was lost, except at Byzantium; and only when the
chivalrous romance became fashionable, did a few poetic knights and
dames call their children after the heroes of the Round Table, or the
paladins of Charlemagne, and then it must have been in defiance of the
whole system of patron saints until the convenient plan of double names,
first discovered by the Germans and French, accomplished the union of
fancy and dedication, or compliment.
The revival of learning in the fifteenth century, however, filled Italy
with classical names, some of which spread into France, and a few into
Germany; but as a general rule in modern times, France, England, and
America have been the countries whose nomenclature has been most
affected by literature; France, especially so, the prevalence of
different tastes and favourite novels being visible from the fifteenth
century downwards, through its Arcadian, its Augustan, its Infidel, its
Revolutionary periods; while England, since the Reformation, has
slightly partaken of all these tastes in turn, but with her own
hereditary fashions and religious influences mingling with them; and
America exaggerates every variety in her mixed population.
PART I.
CHAPTER I.
HEBREW NOMENCLATURE.
Hebrew, the sacred language, and the medium of all our earliest
knowledge of the world and of man, furnishes almost all of the first
names known to us, which are in general, verbs, substantives, or
adjectives from that tongue, suggested either by inspiration or by some
of the natural motives observed in the former chapter.
The minute history of the naming of the twelve patriarchs, furnish the
best illustrations of the presaging spirit of early nomenclature.
Reuben, “behold a son,” cries the mother in her first pride; Simeon, “He
that heareth,” because He had heard her prayer; Levi, a joining, in the
trust that her husband would be joined with her; Judah, praise, in
praise of Him who had given these four sons, and Judah, “thou art he
whom thy brethren shall _praise_,” is repeated by Jacob; Dan, a judge,
is so called by his adoptive mother because her cause is judged, “and
Dan shall _judge_ his people” is his father’s blessing; Naphtali
commemorates Leah’s wrestling with her sister; Gad is one of the _troop_
round Leah, “and a _troop_ shall overcome him,” saith Jacob; Asher, is
_blessed_, and Moses cries, “let Asher be blessed;” Issachar, is _hire_;
and Zebulon, a _dwelling_, because Leah hoped her husband would dwell
with her, and his promise from his father is that he shall _dwell_.
Rachel cannot name her long-desired first-born without a craving that
God would add to her another son, and thus Joseph means an _addition_,
and when that second child was given, and she felt that it was at the
cost of her own life, she mourned over him as Benoni, son of my sorrow;
but his father with more hopeful augury called him (probably at his
circumcision) Benjamin, son of my right hand.
The earlier names were very simple, such as Leah, weary; Adah, ornament.
But about the time of the going into Egypt compound words were employed,
family names began to grow traditional, and several of Egyptian
etymology were acquired.
The Aramaic became the Jewish vernacular, and so continued after the
return from Babylon, nor has it ceased to prevail, under the name of
Syriac, among a considerable portion of the natives of the East.
Moreover, the Greek invasion of the East, and the establishment of the
Macedonian dynasties of Egypt and Syria, rendered the Grecian the
language of foreign relations and of literature, and caused it to be
understood by all who pretended to polite education, or meddled with
politics and commerce. The Septuagint, or Alexandrian version of the
Scriptures, was used in private by the Græcised Jews, and was the form
in which their sacred books became known to those of foreign nations who
took interest in them.
The Roman conquest in like manner brought in a certain amount of
influence from the Latin language, though not to the same extent, since
all cultivated Romans were by this time instructed in Greek as part of
their education, and even those of inferior rank used it as the medium
of communication with the people of the East.
Thus, in the time of the Gospel history, the learned alone entered into
the full import of the old Hebrew names, nor were new ones invented to
suit the occasion, with a very few exceptions, and these few were formed
from the vernacular Aramean. The custom was to recur to the old family
names belonging to ancestors or kindred, and in the account of the
circumcision of St. John the Baptist we see that a deviation from this
practice excited wonder. Tradition and change of language had, however,
greatly marred these old Hebraisms; Jehoiadah, (_j_ pronounced _y_,)
(known of God,) had after the captivity lost its significance in the
form of Jaddua, then was Græcized, as Ἱωδαέ, (Hiodae,) and was Latinized
as Jaddeus! These corrupted ancient appellations were the favourites,
but imitation and compliment caused some Greek ones and even some Latin
ones to be adopted, some persons using their national name at home, and
bearing another for their external relations, such as John or Mark, Saul
or Paul.
The persons most revered by Christians, and who have had the most
influence on nomenclature, thus bore either corrupt Hebrew, or else
Aramean, Greek, or Latin names, which all have been handed down to us
through the medium of Greek authorship, afterwards translated into
Latin, and thence carried by word of mouth into every Christian land,
and taking shape from the prevalent pronunciation there.
Eastern Christians have gone directly to the Greek; but the Western
Church used nothing but the Vulgate translated from the Septuagint and
from the original New Testament. Thus the Old Testament personages, as
well as those of the Gospel, were known to mediæval Europe, and are so
still to the greater part of the continent in their Greco-Latin shape.
But King James I. caused his translators to go back to the fountainhead,
using the original Hebrew and Greek—and only applying to the Septuagint
and Vulgate as means of elucidation, not as authorities. In consequence,
many of the Old Testament names assumed their original shape, as far as
it could be expressed by English letters, but these were mostly those
but slightly known to the world, not those of the principal characters,
since the translators were instructed not to make needless alterations
such as should make the objects of ancient veneration appear in a form
beyond recognition. Therefore it is that some English Old Testament
names are unlike those of other nations.
Those who were at work on the New Testament, however, left the ancient
names, there occurring, as they found them in the Greek, and thus arose
the disparity we remark in the title given to the same individual, Noah
or Noe, Korah or Core, Uzziah or Ozias.
For the most part Old Testament names, as such, have had little
prevalence excepting under the influence of Calvinism. The Roman
Catholic Church neglected them because they did not convey patronage,
and Lutherism has not greatly adopted them, but they were almost a badge
of the Huguenot party in France; and in England, about the latter part
of the reign of Elizabeth, a passion for the most extraordinary and
unusual Scripture names prevailed, for which the genealogist must have
carefully searched. William L'Isle, in 1623, complains of some “devising
new names with apeish imitation of the Hebrew,” and in effect there are
few of these that do not give an impression of sectarianism or
Puritanism. In England and America, the more obscure and peculiar ones
are chiefly adopted by the lower classes; in Ireland several prevail for
another cause, namely, their supposed resemblance to the native Erse
appellations that were long proscribed by the conquerors.
Those that were borne by the remnant of faithful Jews, who were the
stock on which the Christian Church was grafted, have gone out into all
lands, infinitely modified by the changes they have undergone in their
transit from one people to another.[4]
CHAPTER II.
PATRIARCHAL NAMES.
SECTION I.—_Adam._
The oldest of all proper names comes from a word signifying red, and
refers to the red earth (adama) out of which the first man was taken,
reminding us that dust we are, and unto dust shall we return.
Some say that it should he translated ‘likeness,’ and that it comes from
the same root as ‘_adama_,’ red earth, because red earth is always
alike, wherever found. In this case, the first man would have been
called from his likeness to his Creator, but the other explanation is
preferable, especially as the same adjective, pronounced with a change
in the vowel sound, so as to make it Edom, was the surname of Esau
(hairy), on account both of the ruddiness of his complexion and of the
_red_ lentile pottage for which he sold his birthright.
No Israelites or Jews appear to have been called after our first father,
and the first time Adam comes to light again, is among the Keltic
Christians of Ireland and Scotland. It is not improbable that it was
first adopted according to a frequent Gaelic fashion, as the
ecclesiastical name most resembling the native one of Aedh or fire; but
however this may be, there was in the seventh century a distinguished
abbot of Iona, called in the dog Latin of the time, Adamnanus or dwarf
Adam, and best known as Adamnan. Though not recognized by the Roman
calendar, he was regarded as a saint in his own country, but his name
has been much corrupted. At Skreen in Ireland, where he founded a
church, he is styled St. Awnan, at Raphoe he is patron, as St. Ennan, in
Londonderry he is St. Onan; but in Scotland, Adam has become a national
Christian name. The family who most affected it were the ‘gay Gordons.’
_Edie_ is the Scottish contraction. The feminine _Adamina_ has been a
recent Scottish invention.
In Germany and the neighbouring countries there prevails an idea that
Adam is always long-lived, and if the first infant of a family dies, the
life of its successor is secured by calling it either Adam or Eve. In
consequence it has various contractions and alterations. In Lower
Lusatia it is _Hadamk_ in familiar speech; the Swiss abbreviation is
_Odli_; the Esthonian _Ado_ or _Oado_, the Lettisu was _Adums_. With its
contraction, _Ade_, it seems to have been very common at Cambrai through
the middle ages.
“The mother of all living”—received from the lips of Adam a name
signifying life, sounding in the original like _Chavva_, as it began
with a rough aspirate. It was not copied by any of her daughters for a
long time, and when first the Alexandrian Jews came on it in their
translation, they rendered it by _Zoe_ (life), in order to show the
connection of the name with the prophecy; but afterwards in the course
of the narrative they merely made it Eva, or in Latin the _Heva_ or
_Eva_, which English has changed into Eve.
The Eva of Ireland and Scotland, and the Aveline or Eveline of the
Normans, were probably only imitations of the old Keltic names Aoibhiun
and Aoiffe, and will therefore be considered among the Keltic class.
_Eve_ has been seldom used in England, though old parish registers
occasionally show a pair of twins christened Adam and Eve.
The same notion of securing a child’s life that has spread the use of
Adam in Germany and its vicinity has had the same effect upon his wife,
so that Eva is common in both Germany and Scandinavia. Russia has Evva
or Jevva, though not often as a name in use; the Letts as Ewe or
Ewusche; the Lithuanians as Jewa or Jewele, the first letter of course
pronounced like _Y_; and in Lusatia her namesakes are called Hejba or
Hejbka.[5]
The murdered son of Adam is called by a Hebrew word meaning breath,
vapour, or transitoriness, and as some think may have been so termed in
remembrance of his short life. The sound of the original word was more
like Hebel, but through the Greek we receive it as Abel.
It is not absolutely a modern Puritan name, for an Abel existed in Essex
in the time of Henry III., and Awel is known in Russia; but it is
generally given direct from the Bible, as are also Seth (appointed), and
Enoch (dedicated).
Adah (ornament), the wife of Lamech, is often supposed to be the origin
of our English Ada, but this last is the hereditary Latinized form of
Eed (rich), and is the same as the German Ida. Zillah (or shadow), the
other wife of Lamech, is a Gypsy name.
SECTION II.—_Abi._
Common to both the Semitic and Indo-European tongues, and traceable
through all their branches, is the parental title first uttered by the
infant; Abba, Abi, Aba; Atta among the Slavonians, and again among the
Goths; Athair among the Irish, the pater of Greece, fondly called at
home papa, and apphys the _pater_ of Rome, the German Vater, and our own
father—_il babbo_ in Italy, and daddy in English cottages.
In the East a parent is more usually called the father of his son than
by his own name. This, however, is probably a late affectation, not
applying to the time when the greatest of the patriarchs received his
original name of Abram (father of height or elevation), which was
changed by Divine appointment into Abraham (father of a multitude),
foretelling the numerous and enduring offspring that have descended from
him, and even to the present hour revere his name.
No one, however, seems to have presumed to copy it as long as the
Israelites dwelt in their own land, and the first resuscitations of it
appear to have been among the Christians of the patriarch’s native land,
Mesopotamia, towards the end of the fourth century, when a hermit called
Abraham, living near Edessa, obtained a place in the Coptic, Greek, and
Roman calendars; and about the same time another Abraham was among the
martyrs who were put to death by the fire worshipping zeal of the
Sassanid dynasty in Persia. Two other Mesopotamian SS. Abraham lived in
the next century, and died, one at Constantinople, the other in
Auvergne, whither in some unaccountable manner he had been carried
between foul winds and man-stealing barbarians when on a journey to
visit the solitaries in Egypt.
As one of the patrons of Clermont, this Abraham must have been the means
of diffusing namesakes in France, especially on the side towards the Low
Countries. Abraham often occurs in the registers of Cambray; and in
compliance with the fashion of adapting the name of the father to the
daughter, Abra was there formed, though apparently not earlier than
1644. Indeed the Netherlands and Holland are the only countries where
this patriarchal name is really national, generally shortened into Abram
and Bram; and the Dutch settlers carried it into America, where it is
generally called either Bram or Aby.
Many other Scripture names bear this prefix, but it would be contrary to
our plan to dwell upon those that have not been in subsequent use or are
devoid of peculiar interest.
Abigail (father of joy), strikes us as inappropriate to a woman, till we
remember that the eastern nations use this expression for an abstract
quality, and that the title would stand for joyfulness. Her ready
courtesy to David seems to have recommended her to the earliest readers
of the English Bible, for Abigail occurs in registers as early as 1573,
and was for many years very frequent. Abigail Masham’s back-stair
influence over Queen Anne has been generally supposed to have rendered
it a soubriquet for a lady’s maid; but Mr. Bardsley, in his _Curiosities
of Puritan Nomenclature_, shows it to have been the name of the waiting
gentlewoman in Beaumont’s Comedy, _The Scornful Ladie_, played in 1616.
And in a play of Killigrew’s, some thirty years later, the term
‘Abigail’ is used for a waiting-maid, when the back-stair influence and
supposed arts of Abigail Masham in the bedchamber of Queen Anne gave it
a sudden fall. Abigail turned into a cant term for a lady’s maid, and
thenceforth has been seldom heard even in a cottage.
Counter to his name was the course of the “Father of Peace.” He is
Abishalom, or Absalom in the narrative of his life, a history that one
would have thought entailed eternal discredit on the name; but it seems
that in the earlier Christian times of Denmark, as well as in some other
countries, a fashion prevailed, especially among the clergy, of
supplementing the native name with one of Scriptural or ecclesiastical
sound, and thus, about the middle of the twelfth century, Absalom was
adopted by a distinguished Danish bishop as the synonym of what
Professor Munch conjectures to have been his own name of Aslak (reward
of the gods), though Danish tradition has contracted it into Axel. This
last is a national Danish name, and it seems as if Absalom had been
popularly supposed to be the Latin for Axel; since, in a Latin letter of
1443, Olaf Axelsson is turned into Olaus Absalonis.
Before quitting this prefix Ab, it seems to be the place to remark upon
a name coming to us through the Tartar stock of languages, from the same
source—Ab. Ata, (father, the source of Atalik, fatherlike or paternal,)
is to the present day a title among the Usbeks of Bokhara. Thence that
regent of the Huns, the scourge of God, who spread terror to the gates
of Rome, would have been called Attalik among his own people, and thus
historians have written his name of terror Attila.
In the tales of the Nibelungen, the great Hun, whom Kriemhild marries
after the death of Siegfried, and at whose court the general slaughter
takes place, is called Etzel in the German poem, Atli in the Northern
saga, and this has generally been regarded as identifying him with
Attila and fixing the date of the poem; but the monarch of the Huns is
hospitable and civilized, with few features in common with the savage of
Roman history; and if Attalik were a permanent regal title among the
Huns, the chieftain may have been any other of the royal dynasty. His
occurrence in that favourite poem, sung alike by all the Teutonic race,
has rendered Atli very common from early times in the North as well as
Etzel in Germany. The Lombards took it to Italy, where it turned into
Eccelino, and in the person of the fierce mountain-lord, Eccelino di
Romagna, became as fearful as Attila had ever been to the Romans.
The verb to fight or to rule furnished both the names of the wife of
Abraham; Sarai (quarrelsome) was thus converted into Sarah (the
princess). If we may judge from the example of the bride of Tobias, the
daughters of Sarah were occasionally called by her name, and Zara has
been, with what correctness I know not, used as an eastern name.
Sarah now and then occurs in England, as with Sara Beauchamp, (_temp._
Ed. I.,) but I suspect that she as well as Sarrota de Multon, who lived
in the former reign, were alterations of some of the derivatives of the
Teutonic prefix _Sig_—victory, as the masculine Saher or Serlo certainly
came from Sigeheri. Sarah was never commonly used till after the
Reformation, when it began to grow very popular, with its contraction
Sally; and at the same time it was adopted as the equivalent for no less
than three Irish names—Sadhbh (pronounced Soyv), Sorcha (bright), and
Saraid (excellent). The two first are still in use; but Highlanders make
a still stranger use of Sarah, which they use to translate their native
More (great), perhaps in consequence of its meaning.
Elsewhere the name is occasionally used without the _h_ that our
biblical translators gave it. It is not, however, very popular, though
the French have used it enough to make it Sarotte; in Illyria its
diminutive is Sarica; in Lithuania it is Zore.[6]
When the first glad tidings of the Child of Promise were announced,
Sarah laughed for very joy and wonder, and Laughter (Yizchak) became the
name of her son; known in Greek as Ἰσαὰκ, in Latin and to the European
world as Isaac.
It was not revived among the early Jews; but, like Abraham, it was used
by the eastern Christians, and St. Isaac, bishop of Beth Seleucia, was
put to death with other Christian martyrs by Sapor II. of Persia.
Another eastern Isaac was a hermit at Spoleto, in the sixth century, and
Isaak has always been a favourite name in the Greek Church. Several of
the family of Comnenus, both at Constantinople and Trebizond, rendered
Isaak a royal name; and Isaak or Eisaak, whose feast falls on the 30th
of May, is the patron of the cathedral at Petersburg. The name is
frequently used in Russia and the other Greco-Slavonic countries, though
not much varied.
It had not much favour in the West, though it appears once in Domesday
Book, and occurs in the Cambray registers. Mr. Bardsley thinks that it,
with some other Patriarchal names, became familiar through Mystery
plays. But its chief popularity was after the Reformation, when it is
continually to be found among the Huguenots, and it seems to have passed
from them to other French families, since it is sometimes found in
pedigrees, and the noted de Sacy, a grandson of the Arnauld family, was
thus christened long after his forefathers had conformed to the Roman
Catholic Church.
With us Izaak, as our ancestors spelt it, is just so prevalent among us
as to have a recognized contraction, Ike or Ikey.
Isaac’s wife was called from _rabak_ (to bind). The word Ribkâ meant a
cord with a noose, and probably was given as conveying the firmness of
the marriage bond. The Septuagint and Latin gave Rebecca; the authorized
version Rebekah; and both spellings are adopted by those bearing the
name, who are generally called Becky.
Here too should be mentioned the faithful nurse of Rebekah, who was so
lamented that the tree beneath which she was buried was known as the oak
of weeping. Her name of Deborah came from a verb meaning to hum or buzz,
and signified a bee, or, in after times, eloquent.
Deborah found no favour as a name except among English Puritans, and has
acquired a certain amount of absurdity from various literary
associations, which prevent ‘Deb.’ from being used except by the
peasantry.
Of Rebekah’s two daughters-in-law, Rachel signified a ewe.
Dante made _l’antica Rachele_, with her beautiful eyes, the type of
heavenly contemplation, ever gazing at the mirror that reflected
heavenly glory; but her name was not popular, although the Manx
princess, otherwise called Affrica, assumed it upon her marriage with
Somerled, Lord of the Isles, somewhere about the eleventh century.
But Puritan days loved the sound of the word, and “that sweet saint who
sat by Russell’s side” has given it a place in many an English family.
Polish Jews call it Rahel; in which form it was borne by the
metaphysical lady who became the wife of Varnhagen von Ense.
┌──────────────┬──────────────┬──────────────┐
│ English. │ German. │ Bavarian. │
│Matthias │Matthæus │Mathies │
│Mathies │Matthew │Mahe │
│Mat │Matthes │Hies │
│ │Matthis │Hiesel │
│ │ │Mathe │
├──────────────┼──────────────┼──────────────┤
│ Swiss. │Swedish. │ Danish. │
│Mathias │Mathias │Mathias │
│Thies │Mats │Mads │
│Thiesli │ │ │
├──────────────┼──────────────┼──────────────┤
│ Friesland. │ French. │ Italian. │
│Matthies │Matthieu │Matteo │
│Hise │Macé │Maffeo │
│Hisse │ │Feo │
│ │ │Mattia │
├──────────────┼──────────────┼──────────────┤
│ Spanish. │ Russian. │ Polish. │
│Mateo │Matfei │Mateusz │
│ │Matvej │Maciei │
│ │ │Maciek │
│ │ │Matyas │
├──────────────┼──────────────┼──────────────┤
│ Hungarian. │ Slovak. │ Esthonian. │
│Matyas │Matevz │Maddis │
│Mate │Tevz │Mats │
│ │Mattija │ │
└──────────────┴──────────────┴──────────────┘
Rachel’s less beloved and less favoured sister had a name that came from
_lawah_ (hanging upon, dependence, or, as in her case it is explained,
weariness)—Leah, in French Lea, in Italian Lia, under which title Dante
makes her the emblem of active and fruitful, as is her sister of
meditative, love. It was from the same word that she named her third son
Levi, when she hoped that her husband would be more closely united or
dependent on her. Levi’s name was carried on into the Gospel times, and
belonged to the publican who was called from the receipt of custom to
become an Apostle and an Evangelist. His Aramean name was, however, that
by which he calls himself in his own narrative, or more correctly
speaking, by its Græcized form. The old Hebrew Mattaniah (gift of the
Lord) was probably the origin of both the names that we have in the
Greek Testament as Ματθαῖος and Ματθίας, Matthæus and Matthias as the
Latin renders them. Some, however, make the first mean a faithful man;
but it is not possible to distinguish between the various forms that
have risen out of the two among persons who, probably, had no idea that
the Apostle who supplied the place of Judas was a different person from
the Evangelist. The Emperor Charles V. was born on St. Matthias' day,
and the text “The lot fell on Matthias” was regarded as a good augury,
whence Matthias came into favour in Austria and its dependencies. The
name has been more popular in Germany and its dependencies. Matteo heads
the Milanese Visconti, who were mostly named after the Evangelists.
Apostolic names are particularly common in Bavaria, probably from the
once frequent representations of the Mystery of the Passion. In Germany,
SS. Matthew and Matthias have produced the surnames Matthies, Matys,
Thiess, and Thiessen, Latinized after a queer scholarly fashion into
Thysius.
SECTION III.—_Jacob._
The twin sons of Isaac and Rebekah were called from the circumstances of
their birth, Esau, the hairy, and Ja’akob, the latter word being derived
from _âkêb_, the heel, because in the words of the Prophet “he took his
brother by the heel in the womb.” This, the action of tripping up,
confirmed the mother’s faith in the previous prediction that “the elder
should serve the younger,” and thus that the younger should supplant the
elder. “Is he not rightly named Jacob, for he hath _supplanted_, me
these two times,” was accordingly the cry of Esau.
By the time of the return from Babylon we find two if not three persons
mentioned as bearing the name of Akkub, and that this was meant for
Jacob, is shown by its etymology; as it likewise means the supplanter,
by its likeness in sound to Yacoub, the form still current among the
Arabs, and by the fact that the Akkub, who in the book of Nehemiah
stands up with Ezra to read the law to the people, is in the book of
Esdras, written originally in Greek, called Ἰάκοβος (Jakobos).
So frequent was this Jakobos among the returned Jews that it occurs in
the royal genealogy in St. Matthew’s Gospel, and was borne by two of the
twelve apostles, by him called the Great, who was the first to be
martyred, and by him termed the Less, who ruled the Church at Jerusalem.
It is the Great Apostle, the son of Zebedee, who is the saint, in whose
honour most of those bearing this name in Europe have been christened. A
belief arose that he had preached the Gospel in Spain before his
martyrdom at Jerusalem; and though there was no doubt that the Holy City
was the place of his death, yet it was declared that his relics were
brought to Galicia in a marble ship without oar or sail, which arrived
at the port of Aria Flava, since called Patron. A little farther inland
arose what was at first termed in Latin the shrine of Sanctus Jacobus
Apostolus. Men’s tongues quickly turned this into Sancto Jacobo
Apostolo, and thence, confounding the title with the place, arrived at
Santo Jaco de Compostella, or Santiago de Compostella.
A further legend arose that in the battle of Clavijo with the Moors, the
spirits of the Christian Spaniards were revived by the sight of Santiago
mounted on a white steed, waving a white banner, and leading them on to
victory. Thenceforth Santiago became their war-cry, and the saint was
installed as a champion of Christendom. Subsequently no less than three
Spanish orders of knighthood were instituted in his honour, and his
shrine became one of the most universal places of pilgrimage in Europe,
more especially as the most marvellous fables of miracles were forged
thereat. His saintly title had become so incorporated with his name that
his votaries were in some perplexity where to separate them, and in
Castille his votaries were christened Tiago or Diego. Even as early as
the tenth century the Cid’s father was Don Diego de Bivar, and he
himself Don Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar, Diaz being the patronymic.
In 1207, Maria, Queen of Aragon, considering her infant son and heir to
have been granted at the especial intercession of the twelve apostles,
resolved to baptize him after one of their number, and impartially to
decide between them by naming twelve tapers after the apostles, and
calling the child after him whose candle burnt longest. Southey has
comically described the Queen’s agitations until the victorious candle
proved to be that of the great Saint of Galicia, whom Aragonese tongues
called Jayme. The child thus christened became the glory of his kingdom,
and was known as El Conquestador, leaving Jayme to be honourably borne
by Kings of Aragon, Majorca, and Sicily as long as his family remained
distinct. Giacopo Apostolo was the Italian version of the name, whence
they made their various Giacopo, Jacopo, Giacomo, Como, Iachimo, and
Iago according to their various dialects. Germany recurred to the
original Jakob; but the French coming home with their own variety talked
of Jiac Apostol, and named their children Jacques, or fondled them as
Jacquot and Jacqueminot. The great church of St. Jacques, at Liège,
spread the love of the name in Flanders as is testified by Jacob von
Arteveldt, the Brewer of Ghent; and so universal throughout France was
it, that Jacques Bonhomme became the nickname of the peasantry, and was
fearfully commemorated in the Jacquerie, the insurrection of which
English chroniclers supposed James Goodman to have been the leader. It
must have been when English and French were mingled together in the
camps of the Black Prince and Henry V. that Jack and Jock became
confounded together. Henry V. called the wild Jacqueline of Hainault,
Dame Jack. She, like his other Flemish sister-in-law, Jacquette of
Luxemburg, must have been named in honour of the saint of Liège. Edward
VI.’s nurse, whom Holbein drew by the soubriquet of Mother Jack, was
perhaps a Jacquette; Iacolyn and Jacomyn are also found in old
registers, but this feminine never took root anywhere but in France,
where Jacobée also occurs. James had found its way to Scotland ere the
birth of the Black Douglas, and was already a national name before it
was given to the second son of Robert III., in accordance with a vow of
the queen. This James was brought to the throne by the murder of his
brother David, Duke of Rothsay; and thus was the first of the royal
Stuarts, by whom it was invariably borne till the sixth of the line
hoped to avert the destiny of his race by choosing for his sons more
auspicious names. James and Jamie thus became great favourites in
Scotland, and came to England with the Stuarts. The name had indeed been
previously used, as by the brave Lord James Audley under Edward III.,
but not so frequently, and the old English form was actually Jeames.
Norden dedicates his _Survey of Cornwall_ to James I. as Jeames; and
Archbishop Laud so spells the word in his correspondence. In fact, Jemmy
and Jim are the natural offsprings of Jeames, as the word was pronounced
in the best society till the end of the last century. Then the gentry
spoke according to the spelling; Jeames held his ground among the lower
classes, and finally—thanks to _Jeames’s Diary_—has become one of the
stock terms of conventional wit; and in modern times Jacobina and
Jamesina were coined for female wear.
The Highlanders call the name Hamish; the Irish, Seumuis. In fact, its
variations are almost beyond enumeration. In Italy the full name has the
three varieties, Giacomo, Jacopo, Giacobbe, so no wonder the
abbreviations are Coppo and Lapo.
Due honour is paid in the Greek and Slavonic Church to both the
veritable apostles, but not to the mythical Santiago de Compostella,
whom we have traced as the root of all the Jameses of the West.
The great Jakobos, who appeared at the Council of Nicea, and gloriously
defended the city of Nisibis, handed on the apostolic name in the East;
and it has almost as many Greek and Slavonian variations as Latin and
Teutonic ones.
┌─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┐
│ English. │ Scotch. │ Erse. │ Gaelic. │ Dutch. │
│Jacob │James │Seumuis │Hamish │Jacob │
│James │Jamie │ │ │Jaap │
│Jem │ │ │ │ │
│Jemmy │ │ │ │ │
├─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┤
│ French. │ German. │ Swiss. │ Italian. │ Spanish. │
│Jacob │Jakob │Jakob │Jacopo │Jacobo │
│Jacques │Jackel │Bopp │Iachimo │Santiago │
│Jacquot │Jockel} Bav. │Jock │Giakobbe │Diego │
│Jacqueminot │Gaugl } │Jogg │Coppo │Yago │
│ │ │Jagli │Lapo │Jago │
│ │ │ │Jacobello │Jayme │
├─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┤
│ Portuguese. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Lett. │ │
│Jayme │Jakov │Jakob │Jekups │ │
│ │Jascha │Kuba │Jeka │ │
│ │Jaschenka │Kub │Jezis │ │
│ │ │ │Kubischu │ │
└─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┘
The Russian nameday is the 30th of April, either for the sake of St.
James the Less, whose eve it is, or for that of a namesake who perished
in Numidia in the time of Valerian, and whose feast falls on that day.
Jakov gets called Jascha and Jaschenka, and his feminine Jacovina and
Zakelina. The Illyrians twist the masculine into Jakovica, and the
Lithuanians into Jeka or Kubinsch.[7]
-----
Footnote 4:
Books consulted:—Max Müller’s _Lectures on Language_; _Proper Names of
Scripture_; Smith’s _Dictionary of the Bible_.
Footnote 5:
Smith’s _Dictionary_; Michaelis, _Personen Namen_.
Footnote 6:
Books consulted:—_Proper Names of the Bible_; Le Beau’s _Histoire du
Bas Empire_; O'Donovan on _Irish Proper Names_; Michaelis, _Personen
Namen_.
Footnote 7:
Smith’s _Dictionary of the Bible_; Southey’s Poems; Jamieson’s _Sacred
and Legendary Art_; Butler; Michaelis; Pott; Brand’s _Popular
Antiquities_.
SECTION IV.—_Simeon._
Of the twelve sons of Jacob, four only have names of sufficient interest
to deserve individual notice, and among these, the first requiring
notice is Simeon, from _schama_, to hear.
Simeon’s name passed on to numerous Jews, and was very common in the
Gospel times, no less than five personages being so called, namely, the
aged man in the Temple, the son of Jonas, the other apostle called the
Zealot or the Canaanite, and the leper, besides the tanner of Joppa, and
the magician whose attempt to purchase spiritual gifts has given the
title of simony to sins of the same nature.
By this time, however, the Hebrew Simeon had been confounded with the
Greek Σῖμων (Simon), snub-nosed. St. James, in his discourse at
Jerusalem, called St. Peter ‘Simeon,’ and it would thus seem likely that
this was used as their true national name, and that Simon was a Græcism
used in intercourse with strangers, or in writing.
The anchorite who took that strangest freak of fanaticism, the perching
himself for life upon a column, is called both Simeon and Simon
Stylites, but the latter form has generally been the prevalent one, and
has belonged to numerous saints in both the Eastern and Western Church.
The Greek Church has both St. Seeméön on the 3rd of February, and St.
Ssimon on the 10th of May, and the Russian contractions are Ssemen and
Ssenka. The West, too, had sundry Simons of its own, besides those
common to all Christendom. We had a monastic St. Simon Stock, and though
the Christian name is now uncommon, it has left us many varieties of
surnames, as Simmonds, Simkins, Simpson, Simcoe, Sykes, etc., the
spelling but slightly varied. It was more used among the French
peasantry, and acquired the feminine Simonette. The Italian Simone was
not unfrequent, and has made the surname Simoncelli; the Portuguese had
Sima; the Spaniards, Ximon; and the Slavonians have the odd varieties of
the Polish Szymon, the Illyrian Simej, the Lusatian Schymanz.
It is the same word Schama that named the first of the prophets of
Israel. “Asked of God” is the import of Samuel, a name so endeared by
the beautiful history of the call to the child in the temple, that it
could not be quite forgotten. A Samuel, native of Palestine, who
perished in the persecution of Maximian, obtained a martyr’s place in
the calendar, and his name has been a favourite in the Eastern Church,
as Samuil, Samoilo, in Russia; Schombel in Lusatia; Zomelis in
Lithuania. The reading of the Holy Scriptures was, however, no doubt,
the cause of its use here and in Switzerland, since we scarcely find it
before the Reformation, though now Samuel is common in Switzerland, and
Sam here.[8]
-----
Footnote 8:
_Proper Names of the Bible_; Butler; Lower’s _English Surnames_;
Michaelis; Piot.
SECTION V.—_Judah._
In her exultation at having borne so many promising sons, Leah called
her fourth Jehudah (he will be praised); meaning brought forward by her
husband Jacob when, in his death-bed blessing of his sons, he exclaimed,
“Judah, thou art he whom thy brethren shall praise.”
Thus, too, it has been with the individual name of Judah. Unused before
the captivity, it was revived again after it, and carried to the highest
fame and popularity by the brave Maccabee, who newly founded Judea and
restored it, for a time, to freedom and honour. His surname is by some
derived from a word meaning the Hammerer, by others from Makkabi, formed
by initial letters of the motto on his standard, “Who among the gods is
like unto Thee, O Lord?” Judas Maccabeus, early as was his death, and
imperfect as was the deliverance of his country when he was slain, was
one of the chief heroes of the world, and occupied a far larger space in
the imagination of our mediæval ancestors than he does in ours. Not only
were the books of Maccabees considered as of equal authority with the
canonical Scriptures, but, before 1240, a French metrical romance had
recounted his exploits, and by Chaucer’s time Judas Maccabeus was ranked
among the nine worthies—the subject of many a ballad and chap-book.
But his name has never occurred! Frequent, indeed, it was among his own
countrymen after his time, but of them was that man who rendered it for
ever accursed.
Another apostle bore the same name, but this did not suffice to redeem
it, though altered into Jude to mark the distinction. The Saint had,
however, two Aramean names, Lebbæus, supposed to mean hearty, or else
from the town of Lebba, and Thaddæus, which is satisfactorily explained
as an Aramean form of the same word Praise, Græcized and Latinized of
course before it came to us.
It is not, however, popular. Italy has indeed used it a good deal as
Taddeo, and Spain knows it as Tadeo; but though Ireland swarms with
Thadys, who write themselves Thaddeus, this is only as a supposed
English version of their ancient Erse, Tadhg (a poet). The Slavonic
nations use it more than the West; it is a favourite Polish name, and
the Russians call it Phaddéi; and the Illyrians, Tadia. No name has been
so altered as Judah; it is Hodaiah after the captivity, and Abiud, or
rather Ab-jud, in St. Luke’s genealogy.
The feminine form of the name, Jehudith, or Judith, belonged primarily
to the Hittite wife of Esau, who was a grief of heart to Rebekah, but
its fame is owing to the heroine of Bethulia, whose name is, however,
said rather to mean a Jewess than to be exactly the feminine of Judah.
Indeed some commentators, bewildered by the difficulties of chronology,
have supposed the history to be a mere allegory in which she represents
the Jewish nation. However, on the uncritical mind of the eighth or
ninth century, her story made a deep impression, and a poem was in
circulation in Europe recording her adventurous deed, and mentioning
among the treasures of Holofernes' tent a mosquito net, whence the
learned argue that the narrative must have been derived from some
eastern source independent of the Apocryphal book.
At any rate, hers was the first name not belonging to their own language
that was borne by Teutonic ladies, and long preceded that of any saint.
Perhaps it was supposed to be the equivalent of the German Juthe from
Ganthe, war; at any rate Juditha, Jutha, or Jutta was in high favour at
the court of the Karling Kaisers, and came to England with the
step-mother, who gave the first impulse to our great Alfred’s love of
learning. Her subsequent marriage took it to Flanders, and we had it
back again with the niece of William the Conqueror, the wicked wife of
Waltheof, and afterwards of Simon de St. Lis. Her uncle cites her as a
witness to a charter by the familiar abbreviation of Jugge, which was
long used as the regular contraction, though Judy has since become more
usual, and is exceedingly common in Ireland.
Even French families gave their daughters the name of Judith, which
belonged to the gentle Comtesse de Bonneval. The Breton form is Juzeth;
and the Swiss ruthlessly turn it into Dith, but across the Alps it comes
forth more gracefully as Giuditta; and the Poles make it Jitka; the
Hungarians, Juczi or Jutka.
On the authority of Eusebius we venture to add a third to those who bore
the name of Judah in the apostolic college, namely, him whom we know by
the Aramaic and Greek epithets Thomas and Didymus, both meaning a twin.
Tradition declares that his fellow-twin was a sister called Lysia. India
is believed to have been the region of his labours and of his death; the
Christians there were called after him; and when, in the sixteenth
century, the Portuguese attained their object of reaching India by sea,
they thought they discovered his tomb at Meliapore, transported the
relics to Goa, and created San Tomàs or Tomè into their patron saint.
Long ere this, however, in every part of Europe had Thomas been revived
with other apostolic names, but its great prominence was derived from
the murdered Archbishop Becket, or St. Thomas of Canterbury. His shrine
at Canterbury was the English Compostella, visited by foreign as well as
native pilgrims, and the greater proportion of churches so termed were
under the invocation of the archbishop instead of the apostle, although
it is only by charter or by wake-day that the dedication can be traced,
since Henry VIII. did his utmost to de-canonize and destroy all
memorials of the bold prelate whom he would most certainly have beheaded
instead of assassinating. In Italy a martyr for ecclesiastical
prerogatives was certain to be in high repute; carvings, glass,
paintings, and even needlework still bear his history and figure, always
denoted by the clean cutting off of his scalp above the tonsure, and
Tomasso flourishes greatly as a Christian name, the Italians, as usual,
abbreviating by the omission of the first syllable instead of the last,
so that where we say Tom, they say Maso, and thence Masuccio, as we call
one of their earliest great painters. Tomasso Agnello was the true name
which, contracted into Masaniello, was the wonder of the day at Naples,
and made the Spanish power there totter on its throne.
The feminine Thomassine, Tamzine, and Tammie, are comparatively recent
inventions. They were frequent in the 17th century, and then went out of
fashion.
┌─────────────────────┬──────────────────┬─────────────────────┐
│ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │
│ Thomas │Thomas │Thomas │
│ Tom │Tam │Thumas │
│ _Fem._{ Thomassine│Tamlane │ │
│ { Tamzine │ │ │
├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────┤
│ Spanish. │ Italian. │ Russian. │
│ Tomas │Tomaso │ Foma │
│ Tome │Maso │ _Fem._— Fomaida │
│ _Fem._— Tomasa │Masuccio │ │
│ │Masaccio │ │
├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────┤
│ German. │ Polish. │ Lower Lusatian. │
│ Thoma │Tomasz │Domas │
│ _Fem._— Thomasia │ │Domask │
├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────┤
│ Lithuanian. │ Hungarian. │ Finland. │
│Tamkus │Tamas │Tuomas │
│Tamoszus │ │ │
│Dummas │ │ │
└─────────────────────┴──────────────────┴─────────────────────┘
Thomas is the accepted equivalent for the Irish Tomalhaid, Tomaltach,
and Toirdelvach, tall as a tower.
SECTION VI.—_Joseph._
When, after long waiting and hoping, a son was at length granted to
Rachel, she called him Joseph from a word signifying an addition,
because she hoped that yet another child would be added to her family.
Joseph, beloved and honoured as he was for his own beautiful character
and eventful history, has perhaps at the present day the greater number
of direct namesakes among the Arabs, who still are frequently called
Yussuf.
Only two Josephs occur again in the Scripture before the captivity in
Babylon, but afterwards they were exceedingly numerous, and in the
Gospel history two remarkable characters are so named, as well as three
others whom we know by the Græcized form of the name as Joses, _i. e._ a
fourth brother of the royal family of James, Simon, and Jude; he who was
usually called by his surname of Barnabas, and he who was also called
Barsabas, whose lot was cast with that of Matthias. The Latinized form
we know as the name of the historian Flavius Josephus. Legend loved to
narrate that Joseph of Arimathea brought the Gospel to England, and that
his staff was the Christmas-flowering thorn of Glastonbury; nay, that he
carried thither the Sanegreal and the holy lance, the mystic objects of
the adventures of the Round Table.
Yet, in spite of the reputation of this holy man, and of the universal
reverence for ‘the just man’ of Nazareth, Joseph was scarcely used as a
name in Europe till in 1621 a festival day was fixed by the pope in
honour of St. Joseph, the husband of the Blessed Virgin.
Therewith an enthusiasm broke forth in Roman Catholic Europe for the
name. All the world in Italy began to call itself Giuseppe or Gioseffo;
or for short, Peppo and Beppo have swarmed ever since in every village.
Spain delighted in Josef or Jose, and the more devout in Jose Maria,
with Pepe or Pepito for the contraction; Pepita for the Josefa, who, of
course, arose at the same time, these becoming the most common of all
Peninsular names.
Not to be behindhand in devotion, the Emperor Leopold christened his son
Joseph, and thus recommended it to all his subjects; and, perhaps, the
Tyrol is the greatest of all the strongholds of the Josephs, the name
being there called by its last syllable in all endearing varieties,
Sepp, Sepperl, &c.; while the Swiss, on the other side, have Sipp and
Sippli. Maria Josepha was a daughter of Maria Theresa, and these two are
seldom separated in Germany, Italy, or France; but as Maria forms part
of the name of every Roman Catholic woman, and of most men, the second
name is the one for use. Marie Josephe Rose was the Christian name of
her whom we know and pity as the Empress Josephine, and to whom it is
owing that France was once full of young ladies usually called Fifine or
Finette; while the rougher damsels of Lucerne are content to be Boppi in
familiar life.
The Slavonians use the varieties Josko and Joska; the Letts turn the
name into Jaschis or Jeps. It is in fact broken into as many odd
contractions as it can possibly undergo. It is Joseef or Oseep in
Russia.
England having freed herself from Roman Catholic influence before this
mighty crop of Josephs sprang up, merely regarded the name as one of the
Scripture names chiefly used by Puritans, although Joseph Addison has
given it distinction in literature; and there Joe is of uncertain
origin, as it is as often the contraction of Josiah or Joshua as of
Joseph. In some parts of England, Joseph and Mary are considered
appropriate to twins. Josephine is with us a mere introduction from the
French.
Joseph, or Joses, as he was called since, coming from Cyprus—he was one
of the Hellenistic Jews—is best known to us under his surname of
Barnabas, which St. Luke explains from the Aramaic as υἱος παρακλησέος
(uios parakleseos), the son of comfort, a word which bears different
interpretations, since comfort may be either exhortation or consolation;
and it is in the latter sense that St. Chrysostom and our translators
have understood the word, though there are many who prefer the other
meaning.
Barnabas has not been a very common name, though, with an apostle for
its origin, it could not fail to be everywhere known; but it was never
royal; and the only historical character so called, Bernabo Visconti,
was enough to give any name an evil odour. We make it Barnaby when we do
use it, the Irish call it Barney and confuse it with Brian, and the
Russians call it Varnava. One Barnabas Hutchinson, proctor of the
chapter of Durham, who died in 1633, is thus commemorated in his
epitaph:—
“Under this thorne tree
Lies honest Barnabee.”[9]
Joseph had named his two sons Manasseh (forgetting), because he said,
“God hath made me _forget_ all my toil,” and Ephraim (twofold increase).
The first was early adopted by the Israelites; we find it belonging to
the son of Hezekiah, and to the father of Judith, and, to our amazement,
to a mediæval knight, whose friends may perhaps have brought it from the
Crusades. Two early bishops of Cambrai bore the name of Manassès, and
there is one among the under-tenants in Domesday Book. In Ireland, the
name of Manus, a corruption of Magnus, derived from the Northmen who
invented it, is turned into Manasses.
Ephraim, like other patriarchal names, lived on in Mesopotamia; and St.
Ephrem of Edessa, who lived in the beginning of the fourth century, is
esteemed as a doctor of the Church, and is the name-saint of numerous
Russians, who keep his day on the 28th of January, though the Roman
Church marks it in July.[10]
-----
Footnote 9:
Kitto’s _Biblical Cyclopædia_; Trollope’s _Greek Testament_;
Michaelis.
Footnote 10:
_Proper Names of the Bible_; Michaelis; O'Donovan’s _Irish Names_.
SECTION VII.—_Benjamin._
When the long-desired ‘addition,’ the second son, was given to Rachel,
and in the words of Jacob she “died by him when there was but a little
way to come to Ephrath,” she called the infant who had cost her life
Ben-oni (son of my sorrow); but this was changed by his father into
Ben-Yamin (son of my right hand, _i. e._ prosperous).
In spite of Rare Ben Jonson, Benjamin is an essentially Puritan and
Jewish name; such a feminine as Benjamina has even been perpetrated.
Oddly enough the Bretons call Benjamin Benoni.
Benoni, “the child of sorrow,” and Ichabod, “the glory is departed,”
were so frequent among the Puritans of the time of James I. that Mr.
Bardsley thinks that they could not have been so much allusions to
family distress as to the afflictions of the Puritan sect. Benoni occurs
in the rate of six to one compared with Benjamin in the registers of the
period.
Afterwards the place of Ben was taken by the Syriac Bar, the earliest
instance being that of old Barzillai, the Gileadite, whose name
signified the son of iron. It seems as though under the Herodean kingdom
the custom was coming in that forms the first surnames, that of calling
the son by his patronymic almost in preference to his own individual
appellation, and thus arose some of the double titles that confuse us as
to the identity of the earlier saints. Thus, the “Israelite without
guile,” is first introduced as Nathanael, the same as the ancient
Nethaneel, captain of the tribe of Issachar, and meaning the gift of
God, being compounded of the Divine Word and nathan (a gift). Nathan was
the name of the prophet who rebuked David, and of the son whose
descendants seem to have taken the place of the royal line. Elnathan
occurs as father to the wife of one of the kings, and Jonathan has
exactly the same meaning, the gift of God. In the list of apostles,
Nathanael is called by his patronymic Bartholomaios, as it stands in the
Greek, and Tholomaios is referred to Talmai (furrows), which occurs in
the list of the sons of Anak, and also as belonging to the King of
Geshur, Absalom’s grandfather.
In the uncertainty whether it was really the apostle, Nathanael was left
unused until those English took it up, by whom it was made into Nat.
The other form, though not popular, is of all nations, and from its
unwieldy length has endless contractions, perhaps the larger number
being German, since it is most common in that central Teutonic land.
┌────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┐
│ English. │ German. │ Dutch. │ Swiss. │
│Bartholomew │Bartholomaus │Bartelmês │Bartleme │
│Bart │Bertel │ │Bartli │
│Bartley │Barthol │ │ │
│Bat │Mewes │ │ │
│ │Bartold │ │ │
├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤
│ Bavarian. │ French. │ Danish. │ Spanish. │
│Bartlmê │Bartholomieu │Bartholomeuis │Bartolome │
│Bartl │Bartolomée │Bartel │Bartolo │
│Wawel │Tolomieu │Bardo │ │
│Wabel │ │ │ │
│Wabm │ │ │ │
├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤
│ Portuguese. │ Italian. │ Russian. │ Polish. │
│Bartolomeu │Bartolomeo │Varfolomei │Bartlomiej │
│Bartolomeo │Bortolo │ │Bartek │
│Bortolo │ │ │ │
│Meo │ │ │ │
├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤
│ Illyrian. │ Lusatian │ Esthonian │ Lithuanian │
│Bartuo │Bartolik │Partel │Baltras │
│Barteo │Barto │Pert │Baltramejus │
│Jernij │Batram │ │ │
│Vratolomije │ │ │ │
└────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┘
SECTION VIII.—_Job._
We must not quit the patriarchal names without mentioning that of Job.
This mysterious person is stated in the margin of the Alexandrian
version to have originally borne the name of Jobab, which means
shouting; and a tradition of the Jews, adopted by some of the Christian
fathers, makes him the same as the Jobab, prince of Edom, mentioned in
the genealogy in the 33rd chapter of Genesis, a supposition according
with his evident position as a great desert sheik, as well as with the
early date of his history.
Job, however, as he is called throughout his book, is explained by some
to mean persecuted; by others a penitent; and it is evident from a
passage in the Koran that this was the way that Mahommed understood it.
The tradition of his sufferings lived on among the Arabs, who have many
stories about Eyub, or Ayoub, as they pronounce the name still common
among them, and their nickname for the patient camel is Abi Ayub, father
of Job.
Jöv, probably from their eastern connections, is a name used by the
Russians, and has belonged to one of their patriarchs. Otherwise it is a
very infrequent name even in England.
Job’s three daughters, Jemima, Kezia, and Kerenhappuch, are explained to
mean a dove, cassia, and a horn of stibium. This latter is the paint
with which eastern ladies were wont to enhance the beauty of their
eyelashes, and it is curious to find this little artifice so ancient and
so highly esteemed as to give the very name to the fair daughter of the
restored patriarch, perhaps because her eyes were too lovely to need any
such adornment. Hers has never been a popular name, only being given
sometimes to follow up those of her sisters; Kezia is a good deal used
in England, and belonged to a sister of Wesley, who was called Kissy;
but Jemima is by far the most general of the three.
The Hebrew interpretation of Jemima makes it a day, but the Arabic word
for a dove resembles it more closely, and critics, therefore, prefer to
consider it as the Arab feminine version of that which the Israelites
had among them as Jonah (a dove). This belonged to the prophet of
Nineveh. It is not usual in Europe, but strangely enough the Lithuanians
use it as Jonsazus, and the Lapps as Jonka.
What strange fancy can have made Mehetabel, the wife of one of the
princes of Edom, leave her four syllables to be popular in England? Many
village registers all over the country show it. Was it a remnant of the
East in Cornwall, or did Puritans choose it for its meaning, God is
beneficent? It was at Jarrow as early as 1578.
Tamar, a palm tree, it may here be mentioned, has continued common among
eastern Christians, especially since a distinguished Armenian queen was
so called. Now and then very great lovers of biblical names in England
give it, and likewise Dinah (judgment).[11]
-----
Footnote 11:
Smith’s _Dictionary of the Bible_; Kitto’s _Biblical Cycloædia_;
_Proper Names of the Bible_.
CHAPTER III.
ISRAELITE NAMES.
SECTION I.—_Moses and Aaron._
At the time of the Exodus, the Israelites had become a nation, and their
names, though still formed from a living language, were becoming more
hereditary and conventional than those of the patriarchal times.
That of Moses himself, interpreted by the Scripture as meaning drawn out
of the water, belongs rather to the Egyptian than to the Hebrew
language. It probably came from the Coptic _mo_, water, and _usha_,
saved; though the Hebrew, _mâshâh_, also presents a ready derivation:
the great Law-giver. It has never been forgotten in the East, where the
Arabs in the desert point out Gebel Mousa, the rock of Moses, whence
they say the water flowed, and Wady Mousa, the vale of Moses. Mousa is a
frequent name among the Arabs to this day, and among the gallant Moors
of Granada, none stands so prominently forward in the noble rivalry of
Abencerrages and Zegris as does the champion Muza.
Moses was unused by the Jews while they continued a nation, but has been
very common in their dispersion, and in Poland has come to be pronounced
Mojzesz. The frequent Jewish surname Moss is taken from one of these
continental corruptions of the name of the great Law-giver. In Ireland
the name Magsheesh has been adopted by the inhabitants as an imitation
of Moses; but no form of Moses is used elsewhere, except as a direct
Scripture name.
The name of Thermuthis has been found on a tombstone, given apparently
in honour of Pharaoh’s daughter, whom Josephus thus denominates.
Aaron’s name is in like manner considered to be Egyptian, and the
meaning is very doubtful, though it is commonly explained as a high
mountain.
Aaron seems to have been assumed as a name by some of our old British
Christians, or else it was accepted as an equivalent for something
Keltic, for Aaron and Julius were among our very few British martyrs
under Diocletian’s persecution, and a later Aaron was an abbot in
Brittany; but it has never been a name in use.[12]
The sister of Moses and Aaron, who led the songs of the Israelites when
they saw their enemies dead upon the sea-shore, was the first owner of
that name which was to be the most highly honoured among those of women.
Yet it is a name respecting which there is great contention. Gesenius
derives it from _Merî_ (stubbornness), with the addition of the third
person plural, so as to make it mean their rebellion. Other commentators
refer it to the word _Marah_ (bitterness), and thence the bitter gum,
myrrh, the same term that was applied to the brackish springs in the
desert, and to which the desolate widow of Bethlehem declared her right,
when she cried, “Call me not Naomi (pleasant), call me Marah (bitter).”
This is on the whole the most satisfactory derivation, but in the middle
ages it was explained as Myrrh of the Sea, Lady of the Sea, or Star of
the Sea, the likeness to the Latin, Keltic, and Teutonic _mar_ being
probably the guide. Star of the Sea is the favourite explanation among
Roman Catholics, as the loftiest and most poetical, and it is referred
to in many of their hymns and other devotional compositions.
Miriam does not seem to have been repeated until after the captivity,
when it took the Greek forms of Mariam and Mariamne, and became very
frequent among Jewish women, probably in the expectation of the new
deliverance from the bondage that galled them like that of Egypt of old.
It was the name of the Asmonean princess in whom the brave Maccabean
line was extinguished by Herod the Great; it belonged to three if not to
four of the women of the Gospel; and we find it again marking the
miserable being who is cited as having fulfilled the most terrible of
all the woes denounced by Moses upon the daughters of Jerusalem.
The name of Mariam continued in the East, but was very slow in creeping
into the Western Church, though not only the Blessed Virgin herself had
borne it, but two very popular saints, namely, the Magdalen, and the
Penitent of Egypt, whose legends were both current at a very early
period.
The first Maria whom I can find of undoubted western birth was a Spanish
maiden, who was martyred by the Moors at Cordova in 851. Michaelis tells
us that the old Spanish name of Urraca is the same as Maria, but this
can hardly be true.
It seems to have been the devotion of the Crusaders that first brought
Maria into Europe, for we find the first instances about the middle of
the twelfth century all at once; Maria of Antioch, a Crusader’s
daughter, who married the Emperor Manuel Comnenus; her daughter, Maria
Comnena, married to the Marquis of Montferrat; Marie, the daughter of
Louis VII. of France, and our Eleanor of Guienne, named probably during
their Crusader’s fervour; then Marie, the translator of the Breton
legends for Henry III.; Marie, the nun daughter of Edward I., and at the
same time Marie all over the western world.
Probably the addition of the German diminutive _chen_, in French _on_,
formed the name of
“A bonny fine maid of noble degree,
Maid Marion called by name.”
Very soon had her fame travelled abroad, for in 1332 the play of _Robin
et Marion_ was performed by the students of Angers, one of them
appearing as a _fillette déguisée_. The origin of _Marionettes_, puppets
disguised to play the part of Maid Marion, is thus explained. They may,
however, have received their name from the habit of calling small images
of the Blessed Virgin Mariettes, or Marionettes. Several streets of old
Paris, in which were such images, were called Rue des Mariettes, or
later, Rue des Marionettes. All puppets there came to be called
Mariettes and Marmousets; and two streets of Paris were down to the last
century called Rue des Marmousets. Henri Etienne says: “Never did the
Egyptians take such cruel vengeance for the murder of their cats, as has
been wreaked in our days on those who had mutilated some Marmouset or
Marionette.” Even the bauble of a licensed fool was a Marotte, from the
little head at its point, and the supernatural dolls of sorcerers, in
the form of toads or apes, were described as Marionettes in an account
of a trial for witchcraft in 1600. The term Marmoset passed to the
daintiest and most elegant of the monkey tribe, by which it is now
monopolized. Marion became a common name in France, and contracted into
Manon, and expanded into Marionette, as in a poem of the 13th century
where Marion is thus addressed; and in Scotland, where “Maid Marion,
fair as ivory bone,” likewise figured in rustic pageantry, she took a
stronger hold than anywhere else, is in common life yclept Menie, and
has escaped her usual fate of confusion with Marianne. With us, the
Blessed Virgin’s name, having come through the French, was spelt in
their fashion till the translation of the Bible made our national Mary
familiar. Mary II. was the first of our queens who dropped the _ie_. The
chief contractions and endearments are as follows:—
┌────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Spanish. │
│Maria │Marie │Maria │Marïa │
│Mary │Marion │Marietta │Marinha │
│Marion │Manon │Mariuccia │Mariquinhas │
│Moll │Maion │ │Mariquita │
│Molly │Mariette │ │Maritornes │
│Polly │Maillard │ │ │
│Malkin │ (Cambrai) │ │ │
│Mawkes │ │ │ │
│Mawkin │ │ │ │
│May[13] │ │ │ │
├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤
│ Keltic. │ Swedish. │ Bavarian. │ Swiss. │
│Mair (W.) │Maria │Marie │Marie │
│Moissey (Manx) │Maria │Mariel │Mareili │
│Mari (Ir.) │ │Mariedel │Maga │
│ │ │Marei │Maieli │
│ │ │Mareiel │Mija │
│ │ │Marl │Mieli │
│ │ │Medal │ │
│ │ │Miel │ │
├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤
│ Dutch. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Illyrian. │
│Maria │Marija │Mary │Maria │
│Marieke │Maika │Marysia │Marica │
│Mike │Mascha │Marynia │Millica │
│ │Mashinka │ │ │
├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤
│ Lusatian. │ Esthonian. │ Lapland. │ Hungarian. │
│Mara │Marri │Marja │Maria │
│Maruscha │Mai │ │Mari │
│ │Maie │ │Marka │
└────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┘
Our Latin Maria is a late introduction, brought in by that taste which
in the last century made everything feminine end with an a.
It is only during the last three centuries that Maria has reigned
supreme in Roman Catholic countries, marking the exaggerated devotion
paid to the original. Indeed, the Italian proverb, answering to the
needle in a bottle of hay, is “_Cercar Maria in Ravenna_,” so numerous
are the Marias there. Even in Ireland there were few Marys till
comparatively recent times; but now the Môr that in some parts of the
island was translated by Sarah, is changed into Mary.
Since Marys have been thus multiplied, the attributes of the first Mary
have been adopted into the Christian name, and used to distinguish their
bearer. The earliest and best of these was the Italian Maria Annunciata,
or Annunziata, contracted into Nunziata; and followed up in Spain by
Maria Anonciada; and in France, by Marie Annonciade. Soon there followed
Maria Assunta, in honour of her supposed assumption bodily into glory,
but this never flourished beyond Italy, Spain, and her colonies.
France has Marie des Anges, at least as a conventual appellation; as in
Spain the votaress of the merciful interceding patroness is called Maria
de Mercedes; and she whose parents were mindful of the Seven Sorrows
supposed to have pierced the heart of the Holy Mother, would choose for
their child Maria de Dolores. There was a legend that Santiago had seen
a vision of the Blessed Virgin standing on a pillar of jasper and
bidding him found at Zaragoza the church thence called Nuestra Señora
del Pilar, whence, in Spain at least, Pilar has become a female name, as
Guadalupe has likewise in honour of a miraculous image of St. Mary,
preserved in the church of the mountain once covered with hermitages.
Moreover, a district in Mexico, formerly called Tlaltelolco, contained a
temple to a favourite goddess of the Aztec race. After the Spanish
conquest, the same site became the scene of a vision of Nuestra Señora,
who appeared to a Christian Indian, and intimated that a church was
there to be built in her honour. As a token of the reality of the
vision, roses burst forth on the bare rock of the Tepeyac, and it
further appeared impressed with a miraculous painting, which has been
the great subject of adoration from the Mexicans ever since. Guadalupe,
a free translation into Spanish of the native name of Tlaltelolco, has
been ever since a favourite name with the damsels of Mexico, and is even
adopted by such of the other sex as regard the shrine with special
veneration. Maria del Incarnaçion is also Spanish. An English gipsy
woman lately said ‘Carnation’ was her daughter’s name, and had been her
grandmother’s. Was it from this source?
As queen of heaven, Maria has votaries, called in Italy Regina or Reina.
The latter was frequent in early times at Florence. In France we find
Reine and Reinette, and Regina is a favourite in some parts of Germany,
where it has been confused with the derivatives of the old Teutonic
Ragin, Council.
Since the promulgation of the new dogma, young ladies in Spain have been
called Maria de la Concepcion; in Italy, Concetta. Surely the
superstition of these races is recorded in their names. The custom of
adding Maria to a man’s name seems to have begun in Italy about 1360,
and now most individuals in Italy, and probably likewise in Spain, as
well as in the more devout French families, bear the name of Maria; and
the old Latin Marius and Virginius, though entirely unconnected except
by the sound, have been pressed into the service, and made to do duty as
Mario and Virginio in her honour.
Perhaps the Jews had in some degree adopted the Roman fashion of similar
names in a family, since the sister of the Blessed Virgin bears the same
as her own, and there is a great similarity between those of the sisters
of Bethany, which both probably come from _mara_ (bitter), although some
deduce Martha from the Aramean _mar_ (a lord), which we often hear as
the title of Syrian bishops, as Mar Elias, &c.
Even the earliest writers on the Gospels were at a loss whether to
identify the meek contemplative Mary of Bethany, by the woman that was a
sinner, who is recorded as performing the same act of devotion, and with
Mary Magdalen, once possessed by seven devils and afterwards first
witness of the Resurrection. While inquiry was cautious, legend was
bold, and threw the three into one without the slightest doubt, going on
undoubtingly to narrate the vain and sinful career of Mary Magdalen,
describing her luxury, her robes, and in especial her embroidered gloves
and flowing hair, and all the efforts of Martha to convert her, until
her final repentance. The story proceeded to relate how the whole family
set out on a mission to Provence, where Martha, by holding up the cross,
demolished a terrific dragon; and Mary, after having aided in converting
the country, retired to a frightful desert with a skull for her only
companion.
It is this legendary Magdalen, whom painters loved to portray in all her
dishevelled grief.
The word itself is believed to be a mere adjective of place, meaning
that she came from Magdala, which, in its turn, means a tower or castle,
and is represented by the little village of Mejdel, on the lake of
Tiberias, so that her proper designation would be Mary of Magdala, _i.
e._ of the tower, probably to distinguish her from Mary of Bethany with
whom she is confounded.
It is curious to observe how infinitely more popular her name has been
than her sister’s, _i. e._ accepting the mediæval belief that they
_were_ sisters. The Marfa of Russia is of course like the English
Martha, Matty, Patty, the true housewifely Martha, independent of the
legend of the dragon, and has there been a royal name occurring
frequently among the daughters of the earlier Tzars; and the Martha used
in Ireland is only as an equivalent for the native Erse Meabhdh, Meave,
or Mab, once a great Irish princess, who has since become the queen of
the fairies. Martha used also to be used for Mor. But the Marthe and
Marthon of the south of France, and the rarer Marta of Italy and Spain,
were all from the Provençal dragon-slayer, and as to the popularity of
Magdalen, the contractions in the following table will best prove it:
┌────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┐
│ English. │ German. │ Swiss. │ Danish. │
│Magdalene │Magdalene │Magdalene │Magdelene │
│Maudlin │Madlen │ │Malin │
│Maun │Lene │Leli │Magli │
│Madeline │Lenchen │ │Mali │
├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤
│ Italian. │ French. │ Polish. │ Servian. │
│Maddalena │Magdelaine │Magdelina │Mandelina │
│ —————————— │Mazaline—_old_ │Magdusia │Manda │
│ Spanish. │Madeleine │Magdosia │ │
│Magdalena │Madelon │Madde │ │
│Madelena │ │ │ │
├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤
│ Lusatian. │ Esthonian. │ Ung. │ Lettish. │
│Madlena │Madli │Magdalena │Madlene │
│Marlena │Mai │Magdolna │Maddalene │
│Marlenka │Male │ │Madde │
│Madlenka │ │ │ │
└────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┘
The penitent Mary of Egypt has had her special votaresses. Maria
Egyptiaca was a princess of Oettingen in 1666.[14]
-----
Footnote 12:
_Proper Names of the Bible_; Liddell and Scott’s _Greek Lexicon_;
Butler’s _Lives of the Saints_; Dean Stanley.
Footnote 13:
Marriott occurs in a Cornish register as a feminine in 1666.
Footnote 14:
Smith’s _Dictionary of the Bible_; Michaelis; Jameson’s _Legends of
the Madonna_; _Sacred and Legendary Art_; _Romancero del Cid_;
Warton’s _History of Poetry_; Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_; O'Donovan,
_On Irish Names_; _Festivals and their Household Words_; _Christian
Remembrancer_; Mme. Calderon de la Borca, _Mexico_.
SECTION II.—_Elisheba, &c._
The names of the wife and son of Aaron bring us to a style of
nomenclature that was very frequent among the Israelites at the period
of the Exodus, and had begun even earlier. This was the habit of making
the name contain a dedication to the Deity, by beginning or ending it
with a word of Divine signification.
The Divine title known to man before the special revelation to Moses in
the burning bush, was the Hebrew word El, in the plural Elohim, which
corresponds to our term Deity or God-head. It was by a derivative from
this word that Jacob called the spot where he beheld the angels, Beth El
(the House of God), and again the place where he built an altar, El
Elohe Israel (the God of Israel), as indeed his own name of Israel meant
prevailing with God.
This termination is to be found in the names of several of his
grandsons; but we will only in the present section review the class of
names where it serves as a prefix.
The first of all of these is Eliezer (God of help), the name of
Abraham’s steward who went to bring home Rebecca, and again of the
second son of Moses. A very slight change, indicated in our version by
the change of the vowels, made it Eleazar, or God will help, the name of
Aaron’s eldest surviving son, the second high priest. Both continued
frequent among the Jews before the captivity, and after it the
distinction between them was not observed, though Eleazar was in high
repute as having belonged to the venerable martyr in the Antiochian
persecution, as well as to the brave Maccabee, who perished under the
weight of the elephant he had stabbed.
In the Gospels, Eleazar has become Lazarus, and in this form is bestowed
upon the beggar of the parable, as well as on him who was raised from
the dead. It is curious to observe the countries where it has been in
use. The true old form once comes to light in the earlier middle age as
St. Elzéar, the Comte de St. Sabran, who became a devotee of St.
Francis, and has had a scanty supply of local namesakes. The beggar’s
name has been frequently adopted in Spain as Lazaro or Lazarillo; Italy
has many a Lazzaro; Poland, shows Lazarz; Russia, Lasar; Illyria, Lazo
and Laze.
Aaron’s wife was Elischeba, meaning God hath sworn, _i. e._ an appeal to
his covenant. It recurred again in the priestly family in the Gospel
period, and had become, in its Greek form, Ελισαβετ; in Latin,
Elisabeth.
The mother of the Baptist was not canonized in the West, though, I
believe, she was so in the East, for there arose her first historical
namesake, the Muscovite princess Elisavetta, the daughter of Jaroslav,
and the object of the romantic love of that splendid poet and sea-king,
Harald Hardràda, of Norway, who sung nineteen songs of his own
composition in her praise on his way to her from Constantinople, and won
her hand by feats of prowess. Although she soon died, her name remained
in the northern peninsula, and figures in many a popular tale and Danish
ballad, as Elsebin, Lisbet, or Helsa. It was the Slavonic nations,
however, who first brought it into use, and from them it crept into
Germany, and thence to the Low Countries.
Elisabeth of Hainault, on her marriage with Philippe Auguste, seems to
have been the first to suffer the transmutation into Isabelle, the
French being the nation of all others who delighted to bring everything
into conformity with their own pronunciation. The royal name thus
introduced became popular among the crown vassals, and Isabelle of
Angoulême, betrothed to Hugues de Lusignan, but married to King John,
brought Isabel to England, whence her daughter, the wife of Friedrich
II., conveyed Isabella to Germany and Sicily. Meantime the lovely
character of Elisabeth of Hungary—or Erzsebet as she is called in her
native country—earned saintly honours, and caused the genuine form to be
extremely popular in all parts of Germany. Her namesake great-niece was,
however, in Aragon turned into Isabel, and when married into Portugal,
received the surname of De la Paz, because of her gentle, peace-making
nature. She was canonized; and Isabel, or Ysabel, as it is now the
fashion to spell it in Spain, has ever since been the chief feminine
royal name in the Peninsula, and was rendered especially glorious and
beloved by Isabel the Catholic.
In the French royal family it was much used during the middle ages, and
sent us no fewer than two specimens, namely, the ‘She-Wolf of France,’
and the child-queen of Richard II.; but though used by the Plantagenets
and their nobility, it took no hold of the English taste; and it was
only across the Scottish border that Isobel or Isbel, probably learned
from French allies, became popular, insomuch that its contraction,
Tibbie, has been from time immemorial one of the commonest of all
peasant names in the Lowlands. The wicked and selfish wife of Charles
VI. of France was always called Isabeau, probably from some forgotten
Bavarian contraction; but she brought her appellation into disrepute,
and it has since her time become much more infrequent in France.
The fine old English ballad that makes ‘pretty Bessee’ the granddaughter
of Simon de Montfort is premature in its nomenclature; for the first
Bess on record is Elizabeth Woodville, whose mother, Jacquetta of
Luxemburg, no doubt imported it from Flanders. Shakespeare always makes
Edward IV. call her Bess; and her daughter Elizabeth of York is the lady
Bessee of the curious verses recording the political courtship of Henry
of Richmond. Thence came the name of Good Queen Bess, the most popular
and homely of all borne by English women, so that, while in the last
century a third at least of the court damsels were addressed as ‘Lady
Betty,’ it so abounded in villages that the old riddle arose out of the
contractions.
During the anti-Spanish alliance between England and France, Edward VI.
was sponsor to a child of Henri II., who received the Tudor name of
Elisabeth, but could not become the wife of Philip II., without turning
into Isabel; indeed, the Italian Elisabetta Farnese—a determined
personage—was the only lady who seems to have avoided this
transformation.
Poetry did not improve our Queen Elizabeth by making her into Eliza, a
form which, however, became so prevalent in England during the early
part of the present century, that Eliza and Elizabeth are sometimes to
be found in the same family. No name has so many varieties of
contraction, as will be seen by the ensuing list, where, in deference to
modern usage, Elizabeth is placed separately from Isabella.
┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐
│ English. │ Scotch. │ German. │ Bavarian. │ Swiss. │
│Elizabeth │Elizabeth │Elisabeth │Lisi │Elsbeth │
│Eliza │Elspeth │Elise │Liserl │Betha │
│Bessy │Elspie │Lise │ │Bebba │
│Betsey │Bessie │Lischen │ │Bebbeli │
│Betty │Lizzie │Elsabet │ │ │
│Lizzy │ │Elsbet │ │ │
│Libby │ │Bettine │ │ │
│Lisa │ │Bette │ │ │
│ │ │Ilse │ │ │
├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤
│ Danish. │ French. │ Italian. │ Russian. │ Polish. │
│Elisabeth │Elisabeth │Elisabetta │Jelissaveta │Elzbieta │
│Elsebin │Elise │Elisa │Lisa │Elzbietka │
│Helsa │Babet │Betta │Lisenka │ │
│ │Babette │Bettina │ │ │
│ │Babichon │Lisettina │ │ │
├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤
│ Servian. │ Slovak. │ Esthonian. │ Hungarian. │ Lusatian. │
│Jelisavcta │Lizbeta │Ello │Erzebet │Hilzbeta │
│Jelisavka │Liza │Elts │Erzsi │Hilza │
│Liza │Lizika │Liso │Erszok │Hilzizka │
│ │ │ │Orse │Lisa │
│ │ │ │Orsike │Liska │
│ │ │ │ │Beta │
└────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘
Lise and Lisette are sometimes taken as contractions of Elisabeth, but
they properly belong to Louise.
┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐
│ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ Spanish. │Portuguese. │
│Isabella │Isabel │Isabeau │Ysabel │Isabel │
│Isabel │Isbel │Isabelle │Bela │Isabelhina │
│Belle │Tibbie │ │ │ │
│Nib │ │ │ │ │
│Ibbot │ │ │ │ │
│Ib │ │ │ │ │
└────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘
Scotland and Spain are the countries of Isabel; England and Germany of
Elizabeth.
The noblest prophet of the kingdom of Israel was called by two Hebrew
words, meaning God the Lord, a sound most like what is represented by
the letters Eliyahu, the same in effect as that of the young man who
reproved Job and his friends, though, in his case, the Hebrew points
have led to his being called in our Bible Elihu, while we know the
prophet as Elijah, the translators probably intending us to pronounce
the _j_ like an _i_. The Greek translators had long before formed Ἠλιας,
the Elias of the New Testament.
When the Empress Helena visited Palestine, she built a church on Mount
Carmel, around which arose a cluster of hermitages, and thus the great
prophet and his miracles became known both to East and West.
When the Crusaders visited the Mount of Carmel frowning above Acre, and
beheld the church and the hermits around it, marked the spot where the
great prophet had prayed, and the brook where he slew the idolaters, no
wonder they became devoted to his name, and Helie became very frequent,
especially among the Normans. Helie de la Flèche was the protector of
Duke Robert’s young son, William Clito; and Helie and Elie were long in
use in France, as Ellis must once have been in England, to judge by the
surnames it has left. Elias is still very common in the Netherlands.
The order of Carmelites claimed to have been founded by the prophet
himself; but when the Latins inundated Palestine, it first came into
notice, and became known all over the West. It was placed under the
invocation of St. Mary, who was thus called in Italy the Madonna di
Carmela or di Carmine, and, in consequence, the two names of Carmela and
Carmine took root among the Italian ladies, by whom they are still used.
The meaning of Carmel, as applied to the mountain, is vineyard or
fruitful field.
Elisha’s name meant God of Salvation. It becomes Eliseus in the New
Testament, but has been very seldom repeated; though it is possible that
the frequent Ellis of the middle ages may spring from it.
Here, too, it may be best to mention the prophetic name by which the
Humanity of the Messiah was revealed to Isaiah—Immanuel (God with us),
_Imm_ meaning with; _an_ being the pronoun.
The Greeks appear to have been the first to take up this as a Christian
name, and Manuel Komnenos made it known in Europe. The Italians probably
caught it from them as Manovello; and the Spaniards and Portuguese were
much addicted to giving it, especially after the reign of Dom Manoel,
one of the best kings of the noble house of Avis. Manuelita is a
feminine in use in the Peninsula. When used as a masculine, as it is
occasionally in England and France, the first letter is generally
changed to _E_.[15]
-----
Footnote 15:
_Proper Names of the Bible_; Michaelis; Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_.
SECTION IV.—_Joshua, &c._
A still more sacred personal Divine Name was revealed to Moses upon
Mount Horeb—the name that proclaimed the eternal self-existence of Him
who gave the mission to the oppressed Israelites.
The meaning of that Name we know, in its simple and ineffable majesty;
the pronunciation we do not know, for the most learned doubt whether
that the usual substitute for it may not be a mistake. The Jews
themselves feared to pronounce it commonly in reading their scriptures,
and substituted for it Adonai, that which is indicated by the ‘LORD,’ in
capital letters in our Bibles, while the French try to give something of
the original import by using the word _l'Éternel_, and thus the
tradition of the true sound has been hidden from man, and all that is
known is that the three consonants employed in it were J, or rather Y V
H.
Yet, though this holy name was only indicated in reading, it was very
frequent in combination in the names of the Israelites, being the
commencement of almost all those that with us begin with _je_ or _jo_,
the termination of all those with _iah_. Nay, the use of the name in
this manner has received the highest sanction, since it was by
inspiration that Moses added to Hoshea, salvation—the syllable that made
it Jehoshea or Joshua, “the Lord my salvation,” fitly marking out the
warrior, who, by Divine assistance, should save Israel, and place them
safely in the promised land.
That name of the captain of the salvation of Israel seems to have been
untouched again till the return from the captivity, when probably some
unconscious inspiration directed it to be given to the restorer of the
Jews, that typical personage, the high priest, in whom we find it
altered into Jeshua; and the Greek soon made it into the form in which
it appears as belonging to the author of the book of Ecclesiasticus, and
which, when owned by the apostate high priest, under Antiochus
Epiphanes, was made by him from Jesus into Jason, to suit the taste of
the Greek rulers. It had become common among the Jews; it was the
current name for the ancient Joshua, when it was assumed by Him Who
alone had a right to it.
A feast in honour of that Name “to which every knee shall bow,” has been
marked by the Western Church, and it is probably in consequence of this
that the Spanish Americans actually have adopted this as one of their
Christian names—a profanation whence all the rest of Christendom has
shrunk. There too _a_ and _ita_ are added to it to make it feminine.
In the unfortunate son and grandson of the good Josiah (yielded to the
Lord), we see some curious changes of name. The son was called both
Eliakim and Jehoiakim, in which the verb meant “will establish or
judge;” the only difference was in the Divine Name that preceded it.
This miserable prince died during the first siege of Jerusalem, and his
son Jehoiachin (appointed of the Lord), reigned for three months till
the city was taken, and he was carried away to Babylon. The
above-mentioned seems to have been his proper name, but he was commonly
called Jeconiah, and Jeremiah denounces his punishment without the
prefix, as “this man Coniah.”
After the death of Nebuchadnezzar, Jehoiachin was brought out of prison,
and lived in some degree of ease and favour at Babylon; and by Greek
authors a sort of compromise was made between his name and his father’s,
and he becomes sometimes Jeconias, and sometimes Joacim.
There was an early tradition that Joachim had been the name of the
father of the Blessed Virgin, but her private history did not assume any
great prominence till about 1500, and in consequence the names of her
parents are far less often used before than after that era. Her mother’s
name, as we shall see, had a history of its own; and was earlier in
general use than that of her father, which scarcely came into England at
all, and was better known to us when Murat ascended the throne of Naples
than at any other time. Being however found in the apocryphal Gospels,
it was in use in the Greek Church, and is therefore to be found in
Russia. Its forms are,
┌────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┐
│ German. │ Bavarian. │ Frisjan. │ Swiss. │
│Joachim │Jochum │Hime │Jocheli │
│Jochim │Jochem │ │ │
│Achim │ │ │ │
│Chim │ │ │ │
├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤
│ Spanish. │ French. │ Italian. │ Danish. │
│Joaquim │Joachim │Gioachimo │Joachim │
│Joquim │ │Gioachino │Johum │
│Joa │ │Giovachino │ │
├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤
│ Russian. │ Polish. │ Lett. │ Illyrian. │
│Joachim │Jachym │Juzziz │Accim │
│Akim │ │Jukkums │Jacim │
└────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┘
The Germans, French, and Portuguese have the feminine Joachime,
Joaquima; or, in Illyrian, Acima.[16]
The Book of Judges has not furnished many names to collective Europe.
Caleb, the faithful spy, who alone finally accompanied Joshua into the
Land of Promise out of all the 600,000 who had come out of Egypt, had a
name meaning a dog, seldom copied except by the Puritan taste, and only
meeting in one language a personal name of similar signification,
namely, the Irish _cu_ (gen.) _con_.
Caleb’s daughter, Achsah, probably from the shortness and pretty sound
of her name, which means a tinkling ornament for the ancle, has a good
many namesakes in remote village schools, where it is apt to be spelt
Axah. Tirzah (pleasantness) was one of those five daughters of
Zelophehad, whose heiresship occupies two chapters of the Book of
Numbers. She probably was the origin of Thirza, the name of Abel’s wife
in Gessner’s idyll of the _Death of Abel_, a great favourite among the
lower classes in England, whence Thyrza has become rather a favourite in
English cottages.
Gideon (a feller or destroyer) seems by his martial exploits to have
obtained some admirers among the Huguenots of the civil wars of France,
for Gédéon was in some small use among them.
The name of the mighty Nazarene, whose strength was in his hair, is not
clearly explained. Schimschon seems best to represent the Hebrew sound,
but the Greek had made it Σαμψσων; and our translation, Samson. Some
translate it splendid son, others as the diminutive of sun.
The Greek Church and her British daughter did not forget the mighty man
of valour, and Samson was an early Welsh Bishop and saint, from whom
this became a monastic appellation, as in the instance of Mr. Carlyle’s
favourite Abbot Samson. The French still call it Simson, which is
perhaps more like the original; and our Simpson and Simkins may thus be
derived from it, when they do not come from Simon, which was much more
frequent.
The name of the gentle and faithful Ruth has never been satisfactorily
explained. Some make it mean trembling; others derive it from a word
meaning to join together; and others from Reûth (beauty), which is
perhaps the best account of it. In spite of the touching sweetness of
her history, Ruth’s name has never been in vogue, except under the
influence of our English version of the Bible.
Perhaps this may be the fittest place to mention the prevalence of names
taken from the river Jordan during the period of pilgrimages. The Jordan
itself is named from Jared (to descend), and perhaps no river does
descend more rapidly throughout its entire course than does this most
noted stream, from its rise in the range of Libanus to its fall in the
Dead Sea, the lowest water in the world. To bathe in the Jordan was one
of the objects of pilgrims, and flasks of its water were brought home to
be used at baptisms—as was done for the present family of Royal
children. It was probably this custom that led to the adoption of Jordan
as a baptismal name, and it is to be supposed that it was a fashion of
the Normans, since it certainly prevailed in countries that they had
occupied. In Calabria, Count Giordano Lancia was the friend of the
unfortunate Manfred of Sicily, and recognized his corpse. Jourdain was
used in France, though in what districts I do not know, and Jordan was
at one time recognized in England. Jordan de Thornhill died in 1200;
Jordan de Dalden was at the battle of Lewes in 1264, and two namesakes
of his are mentioned in the pedigree of his family. Jordan de Exeter was
the founder of a family in Connaught, who became so thoroughly
Hibernicized, that, after a few generations, they adopted the surname
of, Mac Jordan. Galileo dei Gailïlei probably took both his names from
Galilee, which comes from _Galil_, a circle.
Bethlem Gabor will seem to the mind as an instance of Bethlehem (the
place of bread), having furnished Christian names for the sake of its
associations, and Nazarene has also been used in Germany.
-----
Footnote 16:
Dr. Pusey’s _Commentary on the Prophets_; Kitto’s _Biblical
Dictionary_; Jameson’s _Legends of the Madonna_; Michaelis.
SECTION V.—_Names from Chaanach._
Perhaps no word has given rise to a more curious class of derivatives
than this from the Hebrew Chaanach, with the aspirate at each end,
signifying favour, or mercy, or grace.
To us it first becomes known in the form of Hannah, the mother of
Samuel, and it was also used with the Divine syllable in the masculine,
as Hananeel, Hanani, Hananiah, or Jehohanan, shortened into Johanan.
Exactly the same names were current among the Phœœœœœœnicians, only we
have received them through a Greek or Latin medium. Anna, the companion
sister of Dido, was no doubt Hannah, and becoming known to the Romans
through the worship paid to her and Elisa by the Carthaginians, was,
from similarity of sound, confused by them with their Italian goddess,
Anna Perenna, the presiding deity of the circling year (_Annus_).
Virgil, by-and-by, wove the traditions of the foundation of Carthage,
and the death of Dido, into the adventures of Æneas; and a further fancy
arose among the Romans that after the self-destruction of Dido, Anna had
actually pursued the faithless Trojan to Italy, and there drowned
herself in the river Numicius, where she became a presiding nymph as
Anna Perenna! A fine instance of the Romans' habit of spoiling their own
mythology and that of every one else! Oddly enough, an Anna has arisen
in Ireland by somewhat the same process. The river Liffey is there said
to owe its name to Lifé, the daughter of the chief of the Firbolg race
being there drowned. In Erse, the word for river was Amhain, the same as
our Avon; but on English tongues Amhain Lifé became Anna Liffey, and was
supposed to be the lady’s name; another version declared that it was
Lifé, the horse of Heremon the Milesian, who there perished.
Hanno, so often occurring in the Punic wars, was another version of the
Hebrew Hanan, and the far-famed Hannibal himself answered exactly to the
Hananiah or Johanan of the Holy Land, saying that it was the grace of
Baal that unhappily he besought by his very appellation. The Greeks
called him Annibas, and the Romans wavered between Annibal and Hannibal
as the designation of their great enemy. In the latter times of Rome,
when the hereditary prænomina were discarded, Annibal and Annibalianus
were given among the grand sounds that mocked their feeble wearers, and
Annibale lingered on in Italy, so as to be known to us in the person of
Annibale Caracci.
It is a more curious fact, however, that Hannibal has always been a
favourite with the peasantry of Cornwall. From the first dawn of parish
registers Hannyball is of constant occurrence, much too early, even in
that intelligent county, to be a mere gleaning from books; and the west
country surname of Honeyball must surely be from the same source. A few
other eastern names, though none of them as frequent or as clearly
traced as the present, have remained in use in this remote county, and
ought to be allowed due weight in favour of the supposed influence of
the Phœnician traders over the races that supplied them with tin and
lead.
The usual changes were at work upon the Jewish names Hannah and
Hananiah. Greek had made the first 'Anna, the second Ananias, or Annas.
Indeed Hannah is only known, as such, to the readers of the English
version of the Bible, from whom the Irish have taken it to represent
their native Ainè (joy). All the rest of Europe calls her, as well as
the aged prophetess in the temple, Anne.
The apocryphal Gospels which gave an account of the childhood of the
Blessed Virgin, called her mother Anna, though from what tradition is
not known. St. Anna was a favourite with the Byzantines from very early
times; the Emperor Justinian built a church to her in 550, and in 710
her relics were there enshrined. From that time forward Greek damsels,
and all those of the adjoining nations who looked to Constantinople as
their head, were apt to be christened Anna. In 988, a daughter of the
Emperor Basil married and converted Vladimir, Grand Prince of Muscovy,
whence date all the numerous Russian Annas, with their pretty changes of
endearment. The grand-daughter of this lady, Anne of Muscovy, sister of
Harald Hardrada’s Elisif, carried her name to France, where it grew and
flourished.
St. Anne became the patron saint of Prague, where a prodigious festival
is yearly holden in her honour, and great are the rejoicings of all the
females who hear her name, and who are not a few. It was from Prague
that the Bohemian princess, Anne of Luxemburg, brought it to England,
and gave it to her name-child, Anne Mortimer, by whom it was carried to
the house of York, then to the Howards, from them to Anne Boleyn, and
thereby became an almost party word in England.
Abroad it had a fresh access of popularity from a supposed appearance of
the saint to two children at Auray, in Brittany, and not only was the
Bretonne heiress, twice Queen of France, so named, but she transferred
the name to her god-sons, among whom the most notable was the fierce
Constable, Anne de Montmorency. Her Italian god-daughter, Anna d'Este,
brought it back to the House of Guise, and shortly after a decree from
Rome, in 1584, made the name more popular still by rendering the feast
obligatory, and thenceforth arose the fashion of giving the names of the
Blessed Virgin and her mother in combination, as Anne Marie, or
Marianne. This is usually the source of the Marianne, Mariana, or Manna,
so often found on the continent; in England, Marianne is generally only
a corruption of Marion, and Anna Maria is in imitation of the Italian.
Hardly susceptible of abbreviation, no name has undergone more varieties
of endearment, some forms almost being treated like independent names,
such as the Annot of Scotland, an imitation of the French Annette,
showing the old connection between France and Scotland; and in the
present day, there has arisen a fashion of christening Annie, probably
from some confusion as to the spelling of Ann or Anne.
All these Annes can distinctly be traced from the Byzantine devotion to
the mother of the Blessed Virgin spreading westwards, and at Rome
magnified by Mariolatry. There are however what seem like forms of Anne
in the West before the adoption of the name from Russia and Bohemia.
Welsh Angharawd (far from shame), which is treated as Anne’s equivalent.
The Scottish Annaple and Annabella are likewise too early to come from
St. Anne, and are probably either from Ainè (joy), a favourite name in
early Gaelic times, or from the Teutonic Arnhilda—Eagle heroine.
Annabella by no means is to be explained to mean fair Anna, as is
generally supposed. _Bellus_ did, indeed, signify handsome in Latin, and
became the _beau_ and _belle_ of French, but the habit of putting it at
the end of a name, by way of ornament, was not invented till the late
period of seven-leagued names of literature. Annys, or Anisia, is a
separate name with a saint in the Greek calendar, and was used in
England from the Norman Conquest down at least to 1690. Mr. Bardsley
thinks, however, that this was really Agnes; and certainly the
unfortunate Scotchwoman, who was supposed to have raised the tempest
before the wedding of James VI., is called indifferently Agnes or Annis
Simpson.
┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐
│ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ Spanish. │ Italian. │
│Hannah │Hannah │Anne │Ana │Anna │
│Anna │Anne │Annette │Anita │Annica │
│Anne │Nannie │Nanette │ │Nanna │
│Nan │Annot │Nanon │ │Ninetta │
│Nancy │ │Ninon │ │ │
│Nanny │ │Ninette │ │ │
│ │ │Nichon │ │ │
│ │ │Nillon │ │ │
├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤
│ German. │ Dutch. │ Danish. │ Swiss. │ Bavarian. │
│Anne │Anna │Anna │Anne │Anne │
│Annchen │Antje │Annika │Annali │Annerl │
│ │Naatje │ │Nann │Nannerl │
│ │Annechet │ │Nanneli │ │
├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤
│ Bohemian. │ Russian. │ Servian. │ Lusatian. │ Lett. │
│Ana │Anna │Anna │Anna │Anne │
│Ancika │Anninka │Anuschka │Hanna │Annusche │
│Anca │Anjuska │Aneta │Hanzyzka │ │
│ │Anjutka │Anica │Hancicka │ │
│ │Annuschka │Anicsika │ │ │
│ │ │Anka │ │ │
├────────────┴────────────┼────────────┴────────────┼────────────┤
│ Lithuanian. │ Hungarian. │ Polish. │
│Ane │Annze │Anna │Panni │Anna │
│Anikke │ │Nani │Panna │Anusia │
└────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘
Ἰώαννα, or Ἰαννης, for the masculine, Ἰώαννα for the feminine, were
already frequent among the natives of Judea, though they appear not to
have been used in the family of Zacharias when he was commanded so to
call his son.
The Evangelist who was surnamed Mark, and Joanna the wife of Herod’s
steward, both had received their names independently, and thus Joannes
became a most universal baptismal name, given from the first in the East
and at Rome. There were many noted bishops so called in the fourth
century, the earliest time when men began to be baptized in memory of
departed saints, rather than by the old Roman names. The first whose
name is preserved is Joannes of Egypt, one of the hermits of the
Thebaïd; the next is the great deacon of Antioch, and patron of
Constantinople, Joannes Chrysostomos (John of the golden mouth), whose
Greek surname, given him for his eloquence, has caused him to be best
known as St. Chrysostom, and has perpetuated in Italy, Grisostomo; in
Spain, Crisostomo; whilst the Slavonian nations translate the name and
make it Zlatoust.
At Constantinople, the patriarch St. Joannes the Silent, at Rome, the
martyr Pope St. Johannes I., at Alexandria, the beneficent patriarch St.
Joannes the Almoner, all renewed the popularity of their name. The last
mentioned was originally the patron of the order of Hospitallers, though
when these Franks were living at enmity to the Greek Church, they
discarded him in favour of the Baptist. Each of the two Scriptural
saints had two holidays,—the Baptist on the day of his nativity, and of
his decollation; the Evangelist, on the 27th of December, as well as on
the 6th of May, in remembrance of his confession in the cauldron of
boiling oil.
Thus the festivals were so numerous that children had an extra chance of
the name, which the Italians called Giovanni, or for short, Vanni; and
the French, Jehan.
It was still so infrequent at the time of the Norman Conquest, that
among the under-tenants in Domesday Book, to 68 Williams, 48 Roberts,
and 28 Walters, there are only 10 Johns, but it was flourishing in the
Eastern Church, where one of the Komneni was called, some say from his
beauty, others from the reverse, Kaloioannes, or handsome John, a form
which was adopted bodily by his descendants, the Komneni of Trebizond.
It had come into Ireland at first as Maol-Eoin (shaveling, or disciple
of John), the Baptist sharing with St. Patrick the patronage of the
island; but Shawn or Seoin soon prevailed in Ireland, as did Ian in
Scotland; but not till the Crusades did French or English adopt it to
any great extent, or the English begin to Anglicize it in general by
contracting the word and writing it John.
The misfortunes of the English Lackland and of the French captive of
Poictiers caused a superstition that theirs was an ill-omened royal
name, and when John Stuart came to the Scottish throne, he termed
himself Robert III., without, however, averting the doom of his still
more unhappy surname. It did not fare amiss with any Castilian Juan or
Portuguese Joâo; and in Bohemia a new saint arose called Johanko von
Nepomuk, the Empress’s confessor, who was thrown from the bridge of
Prague by the insane Emperor Wenzel for refusing to betray her secrets.
As St. Nepomucene, he had a few local namesakes, who get called Mukki or
Mukkel. The original word is said to mean helpless.
Double names, perhaps, originated in the desire to indicate the
individual patron, where there were many saints of similar name, and
thus the votaries of the Baptist were christened Gian Battista, or Jean
Baptiste, but only called by the second Greek title—most common in
Italy—least so in England.
┌──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Spanish. │ Italian. │ Swiss. │ Polish. │
│Baptist │Baptiste │Bautista │Battista │Bisch │Baptysta │
│ │Batiste │ │ │Bischli │ │
└──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┘
The Illyrians, using the word for christianizing instead of that for
baptizing, make the namesakes of the Baptist Kerstiteli.
It was probably in honour of St. John the Evangelist’s guardianship of
the Blessed Virgin that her name became commonly joined with his.
Giovanni Maria Visconti of Milan, appears in the fifth century, and Juan
Maria and Jean Marie soon followed in Spain and France.
Johann was the correct German form, usually contracted into Hans; and it
was the same in Sweden, where Johann I., in 1483, was known as King
Hans; and in Norway, Hans and Jens, though both abbreviations of Johan,
are used as distinct names, and have formed the patronymics, Hanson and
Jensen, the first of which has become an English surname. Ivan the
Terrible, Tzar of Muscovy, was the first prince there so called, though
the name is frequent among all ranks, and the sons and daughters are
called Ivanovitch and Ivanovna.
Rare as patronymic surnames are in France, this universal name has there
produced Johannot, while the contraction is Jeannot, answering to the
Spanish Juanito and the patronymic Juanez. Jan is very frequent in
Brittany, where the diminutive is Jannik.
Jock is the recognized Scottish abbreviation, and it would seem to have
been the older English one according to the warning to Jockey of
Norfolk, at Bosworth. Jack sounds much as if the French Jacques had been
his true parent; but “sweet Jack Falstaff, old Jack Falstaff” has made
it alienable from John.
Though Joanna was a holy woman of the Gospel, her name did not come into
favour so early as the male form, and it is likely that it was adopted
rather in honour of one of the St. Johns than of herself, since she is
not canonized; and to the thirty feasts of the St. Johns, in the Roman
calendar, there are only two in honour of Joannas, and these very late
ones, when the name was rather slipping out of fashion. Its use seems to
have begun all at once, in the twelfth century, in the south of France
and Navarre, whence ladies called Juana in Spanish, Jehanne or Jeanne in
France, came forth, and married into all the royal families of the time.
Our first princess so called was daughter to Henry II., and married into
Sicily; and almost every king had a daughter Joan, or Jhone, as they
preferred spelling it. Joan Makepeace was the name given to the daughter
of Edward II., when the long war with the Bruces was partly pacified by
her marriage; and Joan Beaufort was the maiden romantically beloved by
the captive James I. The Scots, however, usually called the name Jean,
and adopted Janet from the French Jeanette, like Annot from Annette.
The various forms and contractions are infinite:—
┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐
│ English. │ Scotch. │ Welsh. │ Breton. │ Gaelic. │
│John │John │Jan │Jan │Ian │
│Johnny │Johnnie │Jenkin │Jannik │ │
│Jack │Jock │ │ │ │
│Jenkin │ │ │ │ │
├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤
│ Erse. │ German. │ Danish. │ Dutch. │ Belgian. │
│Shawn │Johannes │Johan │Jan │Jehan │
│Eoin │Hans │Janne │Jantje │Jan │
│ │Hanschen │Jens │ │Hannes │
│ │ │Hans │ │Hanneken │
│ │ │Jantje │ │Hanka │
├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤
│ Bavarian. │ Swiss. │ French. │ Spanish. │Portuguese. │
│Johan │Johan │Jean │Juan │Joao │
│Hansl │Han │Jeanno │Juanito │Joaninho │
│ │Hansli │Jehan—_old_ │ │Joanico │
│ │Hasli │ │ │Joaozinho │
├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤
│ Italian. │Modern Greek│ Russian. │ Polish. │ Bohemian. │
│Giovanni │Ιωαννης │Ivan │Jan │Jan │
│Gianni │Jannes │Vanja │Janek │ │
│Gian │Giannes │Vanka │ │ │
│Giovanoli │Giankos │Ivanjuschka │ │ │
│Giannino │Giannakes │Vanjuschka │ │ │
│Vanni │Joannoulos │Vanjucha │ │ │
│Nanni │Nannos │ │ │ │
│Gianozzo │ │ │ │ │
├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤
│ Slavonic. │ Illyrian. │ Lett. │Lithuanian. │ Esthonian. │
│Jovan │Jovan │Janis │Jonas │Johan │
│Ivan │Jovica │Janke │Ancas │Hannus │
│Janez │Jvo │Ans │Jonkus │Ants │
│ │Jveica │Ansis │Jonkutti │ │
│ │Jvic │ │Enseliss │ │
│ │ │ │Enskis │ │
├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┴────────────┴────────────┤
│ Hungarian. │ Lapp. │ │
│Janos │Jofan │ │
│Jani │Jofa │ │
└────────────┴────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────┘
Jessie, though now a separate name, is said to be short for Janet. Queen
Joans have been more uniformly unfortunate than their male counterparts.
Twice did a Giovanna reign in Naples in disgrace and misery; and the
royalty of poor Juana la Loca in Castille was but one long melancholy
madness. There have, however, been two heroines, so called, Jeanne of
Flanders, or Jannedik la Flamm, as the Bretons call her, the heroine of
Henbonne, and the much more noble Jeanne la Pucelle of Orleans. The two
saints were Jeanne de Valois, daughter of Louis XI., and discarded wife
of Louis XII., and foundress of the Annonciades, and Jeanne Françoise de
Chantel, the disciple of St. François de Sales.
Johanna is a favourite with the German peasantry, and is contracted into
Hanne. It was not till the Tudor period, as Camden states, that Jane
came into use; when Jane Seymour at once rendered it so fashionable that
it became the courtly title; and Joan had already in Shakespeare’s time
descended to the cottage and kitchen.
┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐
│ English. │ Scotch. │ German. │ Dutch. │ French. │
│Johanna │Joanna │Johanna │Jantina │Jeanne │
│Joanna │Jean │Hanne │Janotje │Jehanne │
│Joan │Jeanie │ │Jantje │Jeannette │
│Jane │Jenny │ │ │Jeannetton │
│Jone │Janet │ │ │ │
│Jenny │ Jessie │ │ │ │
│ │(Gael.) │ │ │ │
│Janet │ │ │ │ │
│Janetta │Seonaid │ │ │ │
├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤
│ Spanish. │Portuguese. │ Italian. │ Russian. │ Polish. │
│Juana │Jovanna │Giovanna │Ivanna │Joanna │
│Juanita │Johannina │Giovannina │Zaneta │Hanusia │
│ │ │ │Anniuscka │Anusia │
├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤
│Slovak. │ Illyrian. │ Bulgarian. │ Lusatian. │ │
│Jovana │Ivana │Ivanku │Hanka │ │
│Janesika │Jovana │ │ │ │
│Ivancica │Jovka │ │ │ │
│ │Ivka │ │ │ │
└────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘
SECTION VI.—_David._
“The man after God’s own heart” was well named from the verb to love,
David, still called Daood in the East. It was Δαυὶδ in the Septuagint;
Δαβὶδ and Δαυεὶδ in the New Testament; and the Vulgate made it the name
well known to us.
The Eastern Church, in which the ancient Scriptural names were in
greater honour than in the West, seems to have adopted David among her
names long before it was revived among the Jews, who never seem to have
used it since the days of their dispersion. It has always been common
among the Armenians and Georgians. Daveed is frequent in Russia, in
honour of a saint, who has his feast on the 29th of July; and in
Slavonic it is shortened into Dako; in Esthonia it is Taved; in Lusatia,
Dabko.
The influence of eastern Christianity is traceable in the adoption of
David in the Keltic Church. Early in the 6th century, a Welshman of
princely birth (like almost all Welsh saints), by name David, or
Dawfydd, lived in such sanctity at his bishopric of Menevia, that it has
ever since been known as St. David’s, the principal Welsh see having
been there transplanted from Caerleon in his time. Dewi was the
vernacular alteration of his name, and the Church of Llan Dewi Brevi
commemorates a synod held by him against the Pelagians. Dafod, or Devi,
thus grew popular in Wales, and when ap Devi ceased to be the
distinction of the sons of David—Davy, Davis, and Davies became the
surname, Taffy the contraction, and Tafline or Vida the feminine. The
Keltic bishop was revered likewise in Scotland, and his name was
conferred upon the third son of Malcolm Ceanmohr, the best sovereign
whom Scotland ever possessed, and whom she deservedly canonized,
although his Protestant descendant James VI. called him “a sore saint to
the crown,” because of his large donations of land to the clergy—at that
time the only orderly subjects in the country. Affection and honour for
the royal saint filled the Lowlands with Davids, and this has continued
a distinctively Scottish name.
The Anglicizing Irish took David as the synonym of Dathi (far darting);
and Diarmaid (a freeman); and the Danes made it serve for Dagfinn (day
white).[17]
-----
Footnote 17:
_Proper Names of the Bible_; Rees, _Welsh Saints_; Jones, _Welsh
Sketches_; O'Donovan, _Irish Names_; _Seven Champions of Christendom_.
SECTION VII.—_Salem._
It is remarkable to observe how the longing for peace is expressed in
the names of almost every nation. The warlike Roman may be an exception,
but the Greek had his Eireneos; the German, his Friedrich; the Kelt, his
Simaith; the Slave, his Lubomirski; testifying that even in the midst of
war, there was a longing after peace and rest! And, above all, would
this be the case with the Hebrew, to whom sitting safely and at peace,
beneath his own vine and his own fig-tree, was the summit of earthly
content.
Schalem (peace)! By the Prophet-King it was bestowed upon the two sons
to whom he looked for the continuance of his throne, and the continuance
of the promises of ‘peace,’—Absalom (father of peace), and afterwards
with a truer presage, Salomo, or Solomon, (the peaceful)!
Long before his time, however, Welsh and Breton saints had been called
Solomon, as well as one early Armorican prince; and likewise an idiot
boy, who lived under a tree at Auray, only quitting it when in want of
food, to wander through the villages muttering “Salaum hungry”—the only
words, except _Ave Maria_, that he could pronounce. When he died, the
neighbours, thinking him as soulless as a dog, buried him under his
tree; but, according to the legend, their contempt was rebuked by a
beauteous lily springing from his grave, and bearing on every leaf the
words _Ave Maria_. Certain it is that an exquisite church was there
erected, containing the shrine of Salaun the Simple, who thus became a
popular saint of Brittany, ensuring tender reverence for those who, if
mindless, were likewise sinless, and obtaining a few namesakes.
Salomon and Salomone are the French and Italian forms; and Solomon is so
frequent among the Jews as to have become a surname.
Russia and Poland both use it, and have given it the feminines,
Ssolominija and Salomea; but Schalem had already formed a true feminine
name of its own, well known in Arabic literature as Suleima, Selma, or
Selima.
But returning to the high associations whence the names of Christians
should take their source, we find Salome honoured indeed as one of the
women first at the sepulchre; and it is surprising that thus
recommended, her name should not have been more frequent. It sometimes
does occur in England, and Salomée is known in France; but it is nowhere
really popular except in Switzerland, where, oddly enough, Salomeli is
the form for the unmarried, and Salome is restricted to the wife.
In Denmark, similarity of sound led Solomon to be chosen as the
ecclesiastical name, so to speak, of persons whose genuine appellation
was Solmund, or sun’s protection. Perhaps it was in consequence that the
Lord Mayor of London, of 1216, obtained the name of Solomon de Basing.
The county of Cornwall much later shows a Soloma.[18] It is a question
whether Lemuel be another name for Solomon. It means “to God,” or
“dedicated to God,” and was a favourite at one time with Puritan
mothers. Swift made it famous; but Lemuel Gulliver was by no means an
improbable north country name, and Lemuel is not wholly disused even
now.
-----
Footnote 18:
_Proper Names of the Bible_; Souvestre, _Derniers Bretons_.
SECTION VIII.—_Later Israelite Names._
By the time the kingdom was established most of the Israelite names were
becoming repetitions of former ones, and comparatively few fresh ones
come to light, though there are a few sufficiently used to be worth
cursorily noting down.
Hezekiah meant strength of the Lord, and in the Greek became Ezekias.
Ezekiel is like it, meaning God will strengthen. The great prophet who
was the chief glory of Hezekiah’s reign was Isaiah (the salvation of the
Lord), made by Greek translators into Esaias, and thence called by old
French and English, Esaie, or Esay. The Russians, who have all the old
prophetic names, have Eesaia; but it is not easy to account for the
choice of Ysaie le Triste as the name of the child of Tristram and
Yseulte in the romance that carried on their history to another
generation, unless we suppose that Ysaie was supposed to be the
masculine of Yseulte! the one being Hebrew, and meaning as above, the
other Keltic, and meaning a sight.
Contemporary with Hezekiah, and persecuted by the Assyrian monarch when
he returned to Nineveh after the miraculous destruction of his host, was
the blind Israelite of the captivity whose name is explained to have
been probably Tobijah (the goodness of the Lord), a name occurring again
in the prophet Zechariah, and belonging afterwards to one of the
Samaritan persecutors. Probably, in Greek, came the variation of the
names of the father and son; perhaps the latter was once meant for
Tobides, the son of Tobias.
The marvellous element in the book of Tobit gained for it much
popularity; scenes from it appeared in art. Thus Tobias had a diffusion
in the later middle ages much greater than the names of his
contemporaries of far more certain history, and in Ireland Toby has
enjoyed the honour, together with Thaddeus and Timothy, of figuring as
an equivalent for Tadgh, a poet.
┌──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬────────────┬────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Swiss. │ Hamburg. │ Italian. │ Russian. │
│Tobias │Tobie │Tobies │Tewes │Tobia │Tobija │
│Tobit │ │Tebes │ │ │Tobej │
│Toby │ │Tebos │ │ │ │
│ │ │Beiali │ │ │ │
└──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴────────────┴────────────┘
Hephzibah (my delight is in her), was the wife of Hezekiah, and it may
have been in allusion to her that Isaiah spoke of the land being called
Hephsibah. It has been rather a favourite name in America, where it gets
turned into Hepsy.
As Judah sinned more and more and her fate drew on, Jeremiah stood forth
as her leading prophet. His name meant exalted of the Lord, and became
Jeremias in the Greek, Jeremy in vernacular English. As the name of some
of the early eastern saints it has had a partial irregular sort of use
in the West, and is adopted direct from the prophet in the
Greco-Slavonic Churches. The French, struck by the mournful strain of
the prophet, use Jeremiade to express a lamentation; and the English are
rather too ready to follow their example. Jeremy is considered as
another variety of equivalent for the Gaelic Diarmaid, and this has led
to the frequency of Jerry among families of Irish connection. In
Switzerland, Jeremias is contracted into Meies or Mies; in Russia it is
Jeremija; but nowhere has it been so illustrious in modern times as in
the person of our own Jeremy Taylor. The king whom Jeremiah saw led into
captivity was Zedekiah (justice of the Lord).
The prophet of the captivity, Daniel, bore in his name an amplification
of that of Dan (a judge). The termination signified God the judge, and
the alias Belteshazzar, imposed upon him by the Chaldean monarch, is
considered to translate and heathenize the name, making Bel the judge.
It is observable that Daniel never calls himself thus, though he gives
these heathen titles to his three companions.
Daniel has always flourished as a name in the East. Daniel and Verda (a
rose), were martyred by Shapoor in 344; another Daniel was crazy enough
to succeed Simeon Stylites on his pillar; and thus the Armenian,
Montenegrin, and Slavonian races are all much attached to Daniela, or
Daniil, as they call it in Russia; or in Esthonia, Taniel or Tanni. The
Welsh adopted it as Deiniol, the name of the saint who founded the
monastery of Bangor, the High Choir, in the sixth century, and it was
thus known to the Bretons; and in Ireland it was adopted as the
equivalent to Domnall, Donacha, and other names from Don (or
brown-haired), thus causing Dan to be one of the most frequent of Irish
contractions.
St. Jerome “transfixed with a dagger”—with his pen—the additional
chapters of the Book of Daniel relating to the story of Susanna, to show
that he did not regard it as genuine, but, like the story of Judith, it
was greatly more popular than the narratives in the canonical books, and
was commemorated in ballad, mystery, tapestry, and painting. The name
was properly Schuschannah (a lily), though we know it as Susannah. It
belonged to one of the holy women at the sepulchre, and it was likewise
in the calendar, for two virgin martyrs, named Susanna, had suffered in
the times of persecution, and though not commemorated in the Western
Church, Queen Susanna, the “Lily of Tiflis,” had died for the truth in
the hands of Mahometans. The name has been chiefly popular in France and
Switzerland, as in England. The Swiss contraction, Züsí-Ketti, for
Susanne-Catherine, is quaint.[19]
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ German. │ Bavarian │
│Susannah │Susanne │Susanne │
│Susan │Suschen │Sanrl │
│Susie │Suse │Sandrl │
│Sukey │ │ │
│Sue │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Swiss. │ French. │ Lithuanian. │
│Susanne │Susanne │Zuzane │
│Zosa │Suzette │ │
│Zosel │Suzon │ │
│Zösel │ │ │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
This may be the best place to mention the Aramean Tabitha, explained by
St. Luke as the same as Dorcas (a roe or gazelle), the Greek word being
from its full dark eye. Tabitha and Dorcas both have associations
unsuited to the “dear gazelle.” As the charitable disciple raised by St.
Peter, her names were endeared to the Puritans.
Of the minor prophets, the names have been little employed. Joel meant
strong-willed; Amos, a burthen; Obadiah, servant of the Lord, has been
slightly more popular, perhaps, in honour of him who hid the prophets in
a cave, with whom the mediæval imagination confounded the prophet, so
that loaves of bread are the emblem of Obadiah in ancient pictures of
the twelve prophets. Even the Abbacuc, as the Apocrypha calls him, who,
in the story of _Bel and the Dragon_ is carried off by the hair to feed
Daniel in the den of lions, seems to have been likewise supposed to be
the same person in the strange notions of Scripture history that once
floated among our forefathers. The name of Abacuck, or Habbakkuk, was
conferred upon a child by one of the last persons one would have
suspected of such a choice, namely, Mary, Queen of Scots. On her way to
mass, she was waylaid by one of her caterers, who acquainted her that he
had a child to be baptized, and desired her to give the name. “She said
she would open the Bible in the chapel, and whatever name she cast up,
that should be given to the child;” and for the child’s misfortune it
proved to be ‘Abacuck!’ The name comes from the verb to clasp, and means
embracing.
Micah is a contraction of Micaiah, and means “Who is like unto the
Lord.” Nahum—to us connected with “Tate and Brady”—was consolation;
Nehemiah expanded it, adding the Divine termination; Zephaniah is,
protected of the Lord; Haggai (festival of the Lord), called Aggae, when
brought through a Greek medium, is rather a favourite in Russia.
Zachariah (remembrance of the Lord), has been more in favour. After
belonging to a king of Israel and to the priest murdered by King
Jehoash, it came forth after the captivity as Zechariah with the
prophet; and in the New Testament, as Zacharias, names the father of the
Baptist; and the mysterious martyr who was to fill up the measure of the
iniquity of the Jews; and again appears as Zaccheus, the publican of
Jericho. It was rather frequent among Eastern Christians, and belonged
to the pope who first invited the Franks into Italy to protect him from
the Lombards; nor has it ever quite died away in the West, although
nowhere popular.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Danish. │
│Zacharias │Zacharie │Zaccaria │Sakerl │
│Zachary │ │ │ │
│Zach │ │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Bavarian. │ Russian. │ Slavonic. │ Illyrian. │
│Zachereis │Sacharija │ │Sakarie │
│Zacherl │Sachar │Charija │Zaro │
│Zacher │ │ │Zako │
│Zaches │ │ │ │
│Zach │ │ │ │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
Of those to whom these later prophets were sent, Ezra’s name is thought
to be the same as that of Zerah, son of Judah, the rising of light, from
whom likewise Heman, the writer of the 88th Psalm, is termed the
Ezrahite. The name of Ezra is hardly to be recognized in that of Esdras,
as the Greek translators rendered it.[20] The house of Aphrah, mentioned
in the Prophet Micah, means the house of dust, or ashes, and the
Puritans, with their love of piteous names, adopted Aphra as a name. As
well it appears as ‘Dust’ and ‘Ashes’ in actual English.[21]
-----
Footnote 19:
_Proper Names of the Bible_; Jones, _Welsh Sketches_; Michaelis;
O'Donovan; Butler.
Footnote 20:
_Proper Names of the Bible_; Michaelis; Chambers, _Records of
Scotland_.
Footnote 21:
Bardsley, _Puritan Nomenclature_.
SECTION IX.—_Angelic Names._
We have thrown these together, because, though our common term for those
spiritual messengers is Greek, yet all the other words for them, as well
as the three individual angelic designations that have come into use as
baptismal names, are derived from the Hebrew.
Moreover, the first of these belonged to the last of the prophets,
Malach-jah, the angel or messenger of God. It has even been thought by
some commentators that this title of the prophet was the quotation of
his own words, “Behold, I send my messenger (or Malachi) before my
face.”
Malachi would never have been a modern name, but for the Irish fancy
that made it the equivalent of Maelseachlain, the disciple of St.
Sechnall, or Secundus, a companion of St. Patrick; and as the era of him
who is now called King Malachi with the collar of gold, was particularly
prosperous, the name has come into some amount of popularity.
The Septuagint always translated Malach by Ἀγγελος, even in that first
sentence of the prophet, which in our version bears his name. Angelos
had simply meant a messenger in Greek, as it still does; but it acquired
the especial signification of a heavenly messenger, both in its own
tongue, and in the Latin, whither Angelus was transplanted with this and
no other sense.
Angelos first became a name in the Byzantine Empire. It probably began
as an epithet, since it comes to light in the person of Konstantinos
Angelos, a young man of a noble family of Philadelphia, whose personal
beauty caused him, about the year 1100, to become the choice of the
Princess Theodora Komnena. It is thus highly probable that Angelos was
first bestowed as a surname, on account of the beauty of the family.
They were on the throne in 1185, and Angelos continued imperial till the
miserable end of the unhappy Isaac, and his son, Alexios, during the
misdirected crusade of the Venetians. Angelos thus became known among
the Greeks; and somewhere about 1217, there came a monastic saint, so
called, to Sicily, who preached at Palermo, and was murdered by a wicked
count, whose evil doings he had rebuked. The Carmelites claimed St.
Angelo as a saint of their order, and his name, both masculine and
feminine, took hold of the fancy of Italy, varied by the Neapolitan
dialect into Agnolo or Aniello—_e. g._, the wonderful fisherman,
Masaniello, was, in fact, Tomasso Angelo; by the Venetian into Anziolo,
Anzioleto, Anzioleta; and by the Florentine, into Angiolo, Angioletto,
and thence into the ever-renowned contraction Giotto, unless indeed this
be from Gotofredo. It passed to other nations, but was of more rare
occurrence there, except in the feminine. The fashion of complimenting
women as angels, left the masculine Ange to be scantily used in France,
and Angel now and then in England; but in Italy alone did Angiolo, and
its derivative Angelico, thrive. All the other countries adopted the
feminine, either in the simple form or the diminutive, or most commonly,
the derivative, Angelica (angelical), noted in romance as the faithless
lady, for whose sake Orlando lost his heart, and his senses. She was a
gratuitous invention of Boiardo and Ariosto; whose character for
surpassing beauty made her name popular, and thus Angelica and Angelique
have always been favourites.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ German. │ French. │
│Angela │Engel │Angele │
│Angelot │Engelchen │Angeline │
│Angelina │Angelina │Angelique │
│Angelica │Angelica │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Italian. │ Polish. │ Bohemian. │
│Angiola │Ancela │Anjela │
│Angioletta │ │Anjelina │
│Angelica │ │Anjelika │
│Agnola │ │ │
│Anzioleta │ │ │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
Angel was most often a man’s name in England. We find it at Hadleigh,
Suffolk, in 1591, and sometimes likewise in Cornwall.
Archangel has even been used as an English name.
The mysterious creatures that are first mentioned as “keeping the way of
the tree of life,” then were represented in the tabernacle overshadowing
the ark, and afterwards were revealed in vision to the Prophet Ezekiel
and to the Apostle St. John, combined in their forms the symbols of all
that was wisest, bravest, strongest, and loftiest in creation—the man,
the lion, the ox, and eagle.
In the lands where Art made the Cherub a mere head with wings, Cherubino
arose as a Christian name, for it is hardly ever to be met with out of
Spain and Italy.
Equally misused is Seraph—now a lady’s name, as Seraphine in France;
Serafina, in Spain and Italy. The word seraph, or saraph, signifies
burning, or fiery, and would apply to that intensity of glory that
Ezekiel struggles to express in the cherubim by comparisons to amber and
to glowing embers, or to their intense fervour of love.
Three individual angels have been revealed to us by name as of the seven
that stand in the presence of God, and foremost of these is Michael (who
is like unto God), he who was made known to Daniel as the protector of
the Jewish people; to Zechariah, as defending them from Satan; to St.
Jude, as disputing with Satan for the body of Moses; and to St. John, as
leading the hosts of Heaven to battle with the adversary and prevailing
over him.
His name would have seemed in itself fit only for an archangel, yet
before apparently he had been made known, it had been borne by the
father of one of David’s captains, and by a son of Jehoshaphat, and it
was almost the same as Micaiah, the name of him who foretold the
destruction of Ahab.
Constantine the Great dedicated a church in his new city in honour of
St. Michael, the archangel, and thenceforth Mickaelion, or Mikael, have
been favourites with all branches of the Eastern Church.
An appearance of the archangel in Colosse led the way to another legend
of his descent upon Monte Galgano in Apulia, somewhere about 493. Then
came a more notable vision, seen by Gregory the Great himself, of the
angel standing with outstretched sword on the tomb of Adrian, which has
ever since been called the castle of St. Angelo. In 706, St. Michael was
again seen to take his stand upon the isolated rock on the Norman coast,
so noted as the fortress and convent of Mont St. Michel. Moreover
tradition placed him upon the Cornish rock,—
“When the great vision of the guarded mount
Looked towards Namancos and Bayona’s hold.”
He was above all others the patron of the Christian warrior; his
armour-clad effigy was seen in almost every church; the young knight was
dubbed in his name, as well as that of the national saint; and since the
prevalence of saintly names, his name has been frequently bestowed. It
is, perhaps, most common in the Greek and Slavonic countries; but
Ireland makes great use of it; and Italy has united it with the epithet
angel, in the one distinguished instance of Michelangelo Buonarotti.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Spanish. │ Italian. │
│Michael │Michel │Miguel │Michele │
│Mick │Michon │ │ │
│Mike │Michau │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ German. │ Dutch. │ Swedish. │ Russian. │
│Michael │Michiel │Mikael │Michail │
│Micha │Micheltje │Mikel │Michaila │
│Micha │ │Mikas │Misha │
│ │ │ │Mischenka │
│ │ │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Slavonic. │ Servian. │ Lett. │ Hungarian. │
│Miha │Miljo │Mikkelis │Mihaly │
│Mihal │Miho │ │Mihal │
│Mihaljo │Misa │ │Miska │
│ │Mijailo │ │ │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
There is some confusion in the German mind between it and the old
_michel_ (mickle, large), which, as a name, it has quite absorbed. It
has the rare feminines,
┌──────────────────┬──────────────────┬──────────────────┐
│ French. │ Russian. │ Portuguese. │
│Michelle │Micheline │Miguella │
│Michée │Mikelina │ │
└──────────────────┴──────────────────┴──────────────────┘
Legend has been far less busy with Gabriel, “the hero of God;” the angel
who strengthened Daniel, and who brought the promise to Zacharias and to
the Blessed Virgin. His name is chiefly used by the Slavonians; and in
Hungary we find it in combination with Bethlehem, belonging to that
noted chieftain, Bethlem Gabor.
It was known and used everywhere, however; and the Swedish house of
Oxenstjerna considered it to have been the saving of their line from
extinction, all their sons having died in the cradle, owing, it was
thought, to Satan’s strangling them; till at length one was named
Gabriel; and having thus obtained the protection of the guardian angel,
survived to be the ancestor of the minister of the great Gustavus. The
feminine, Gabrielle, has been a favourite in France ever since la belle
Gabrielle gave it a reputation for beauty.
┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐
│ English. │ German. │ Bavarian. │ Swiss. │ Italian. │
│Gabriel │Gabriel │Gabe │Gabëler │Gabriello │
│Gab │ │Gaberl │ │ │
├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤
│ Russian. │ Polish. │ Illyrian │ Lett. │ Hungarian. │
│Gavrül │Gabryel │Gabriel │Gaberjels │Gabriel │
│Gavrila │ │Gavrilo │Gabris │Gabor │
│ │ │Gavril │ │ │
│ │ │Gavro │ │ │
├────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┤
│ FEMININE. │
├────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┤
│ French. │ German. │ Slavonic. │ │ │
│Gabrielle │Gabriele │Gavrila │ │ │
│ │ │Gavra │ │ │
└────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘
Raphael (the medicine of God), is the angel who guided Tobias and healed
his father. Italy and Spain are the countries where his name is most
used, and well it may, in the first named, after the fame of him who has
made it the highest proverb in art. It hardly varies, except by the
double _ff_ Italian, and the single one of Spain, to supply its Greek φ.
I have heard of a girl at Mentone called Ravelina, probably
Raffaellina.[22]
-----
Footnote 22:
Smith, _Dictionary of the Bible_; _Proper Names of the Bible_;
Williams, _Commentary on the Gospels_; Jameson, _Sacred and Legendary
Art_; Ruskin, _Modern Painters_; Marryat, _Sweden_.
PART II.
NAMES PROM THE PERSIAN.
SECTION I.—_The Persian Language._
Scanty as are the Christian names derived from the Persian race, they
are very curious and interesting, partly on account of the changes that
they have undergone, and still more because the language whence they are
derived belongs to the same group as our own, and testifies in many of
its words to the common origin.
To begin with the sovereign to whom all alike look up; him who is
“called by name in the book of Isaiah,” as the shepherd who should
restore Judah after the Captivity. Kuru is a name said to be older than
the Sanscrit and of unknown signification; although some derive it from
Khur, one name for the sun. Kureish was the original form; Koreish to
the Hebrews; Kyros to the Greeks, whence the Romans took the Cyrus by
which he is known to Europe. His only namesake in his own line was he
who invited the 10,000 from Greece and perished at Cunaxa, and of whom
is told the story of his willing acceptance of the water of the river
Kur or Cyrus, whose name sounded like his own. When the Sassanids
revived the old Achæmenid names they pronounced the royal word as
Khoosroo, and the Byzantines recorded it as Chosröes, when Chosröes
Nushirvan, or the magnanimous, almost rivalled the glory of his
ancestor—Kai Khoosroo, as the _Shahnameh_ called him.
Not only had the fire-worshippers revived the name, but it had been
borne by various Christians in the East, one of whom, a physician of
Alexandria, suffered in one of the persecutions, having been detected in
visiting a Christian prisoner. He was buried at Canope, in Egypt, and
was called in the Coptic calendar Abba Cher, or Father Cyrus; in the
Greek, Abba Cyrus. His relics were afterwards transported to Rome, where
the Church built over them was called, by the Italians, Saint Appassara.
Like a fixed star, the original Cyrus had shone through adjacent
darkness, evident by his lustre, but his lineaments lost in distance,
and thus Ferdosi makes him a mere mythical hero. Herodotus copied some
distorted tradition; Xenophon pourtrayed imaginary perfection in his
_Cyropædia_; and moderns have taken even greater liberties with him.
_Artaban, ou le grand Cyrus_, the ponderous romance of Mlle. de Scudery,
was a stately French tale of love and war, containing a long amorous
correspondence between Cyrus and his beloved, the model and admiration
of the _précieuses_ in their glory, and absolutely not without effect
upon nomenclature. In one village in Picardy there still exist living
specimens of Oriane, Philoxène, Célamire, Arsinoe, Calvandre, all
derived from vassals named by their enthusiastic seigneurs in honour of
the heroines of the fashionable romances, and still inherited by their
posterity long after the seigneurs and the heroines are alike forgotten.
Either from his being mentioned in the Bible, or from the _Cyropædia_,
Cyrus has had some currency as an English baptismal name.[23]
-----
SECTION II.—_Esther._
Khshayarsha, from _Kshaya_ (a king), and _arsha_ (venerable), was the
word that was converted in Hebrew into Achashverosh, and in our Bible
into Ahasuerus, while the Greeks called it Xerxes. In Illyria people are
christened from him Kserksas, and called Sersa, and a few seekers of
Scripture names, chiefly in America, have called their sons Ahasuerus,
in common life Hazzy.
The reigning wife of Xerxes is known to have been Amestris, the daughter
of an Achæmenian noble, and she might well have been Vashti, set aside
only for a time when the address of the nobles gained a victory over
her. The fair daughter of the tribe of Benjamin, whose royalty ensured
her people’s safety, was in her own tongue Hadassah, or the Myrtle; some
say, Atossa; but the Persian epithet by which we know her may have been
taken from _satarah_, a word showing the ancient union of the languages,
since Aster is Arab and Greek; and from thence and the Latin _stella_
have sprung the modern _étoile_, _estrella_, star, _stern_, _stjorna_,
which the Septuagint gave as Ἑστὴρ, the Romans as Esthera and Hestera;
whence the occasional variations in English of Esther or Essie, and
Hester or Hetty.
Not till the days of Racine was Esther much in vogue. The tragedian,
being requested to write a sacred drama to be acted by the young ladies
of St. Cyr, chose this subject in compliment to Madame de Maintenon, as
the faultless Esther preferred before the discarded Vashti, namely,
Madame de Montespan! Esther thereupon became a favourite lady’s name in
France, and vied in popularity with the cumbrous splendours taken from
the Scudery cycle of romance. At the same time it was borne by the two
ladies who had the misfortune to be the object of Dean Swift’s
affection, Esther Johnson and Esther Vanhomrigh, whom he called, one by
the Latin name Stella; the other, by the generic title of our finest
English butterflies, Vanessa. Estrella was the heroine of a Spanish
pastoral, whence the Abbé Florian borrowed his theatrical shepherdess
Estelle, which thus became a French name, though chiefly on the stage,
and both Estelle and Stella are sometimes used as Epiphany names for
girls.
Roschana, as it is now pronounced, is still common in Persia, and means
the dawn of day. Roxane and Statire, as rival heroines of Racine, became
proverbs in France for the stately or the languishing form of tragedy
dame. Roxana, or Roxy, is one of the favourite American grandiloquent
style of names.
PART III.
CHAPTER I.
NAMES PROM THE GREEK.
Passing from Persian to Greek names, we feel at once that we are nearer
home, and that we claim a nearer kindred in thoughts and habits, if not
in blood, with the sons of Javan, than with the fire-worshippers. The
national names are thus almost always explicable by the language itself,
with a few exceptions, either when the name was an importation from
Egypt or Phœnicia, whence many of the earlier arts had been brought.
Each Greek had but one name, which was given to him by his father either
on or before the tenth day of his life, when a sacrifice and banquet was
held. Genealogies were exceedingly interesting to the Greeks, as the
mutual connection of city with city, race with race, was thus kept up,
and community of ancestry was regarded as a bond of alliance, attaching
the Athenians, for instance, to the Asiatic Ionians as both sons of Ion,
or the Spartans to the Syracusans, as likewise descended from Doros.
Each individual state had its deified ancestor, and each family of note
a hero parent, to whom worship was offered at every feast, and who was
supposed still to exert active protection over his votaries. The
political rights of the citizens, and the place they occupied in the
army, depended on their power of tracing their line from the forefather
of a recognized tribe, after whose name the whole were termed with the
patronymic termination _ides_ (the son of). This was only, however, a
distinction, for surnames were unknown, and each man possessed merely
the individual personal appellation by which he was always called,
without any title, be his station what it might. Families used, however,
to mark themselves by recurring constantly to the same name. It was the
correct thing to give the eldest son that of his paternal grandfather,
as Kimon, Miltiades, then Kimon again, if the old man were dead, for if
he were living it would have been putting another in his place, a bad
omen, and therefore a father’s name was hardly ever given to a son.
Sometimes, however, the prefix was preserved, and the termination
varied, so as to mark the family without destroying the individual
identity. Thus, Leonidas, the third son of Anaxandridas, repeated with
an augmentative his grandfather’s name of Leo (a lion), as his father,
Anaxandridas, did that of _his_ own great grandfather, Anaxandras (king
of man), whose son Eurycratidas was named from his grandfather
Eurycrates. A like custom prevailed among the old English.
After the Romans had subdued Greece and extended the powers of becoming
citizens, the name of the adopting patron would be taken by his client,
and thus Latin and Greek titles became mixed together. Later, Greek
second names became coined, either from patronymics, places, or events,
and finally ran into the ordinary European system of surnames.
Among the names here ensuing will only be found those that concern the
history of Christian names. Many a great heart-thrilling sound connected
with the brightest lights of the ancient world must be passed by,
because it has not pleased the capricious will of after-generations to
perpetuate it, or so exceptionally as not to be worth mentioning.
Some of the female Greek names were appropriate words and epithets; but
others, perhaps the greater number, were merely men’s names with the
feminine termination in _a_ or _e_, often irrespective of their meaning.
Some of these have entirely perished from the lips of men, others have
been revived by some enterprising writer in search of a fresh title for
a heroine. Such is Corinna (probably from Persephone’s title Κόρη
(Koré), a maiden), the Bœotian poetess, who won a wreath of victory at
Thebes, and was therefore the example from whom Mdme. de Staël named her
brilliant Corinne, followed in her turn by numerous French damsels; and
in an Italian chronicle of the early middle ages, the lady whom we have
been used to call Rowena, daughter of Henghist, has turned into Corinna;
whilst Cora, probably through Lord Byron’s poem, is a favourite in
America. Such too is Aspasia (welcome), from the literary fame of its
first owner chosen by the taste of the seventeenth century as the title
under which to praise the virtues of Lady Elizabeth Hastings. In the
_Rambler_ and _Spectator_ days, real or fictitious characters were
usually introduced under some classical or pastoral appellation, and
ladies corresponded with each other under the soubriquets of nymph,
goddess, or heroine, and in virtue of its sound Aspasia was adopted
among these. It has even been heard as a Christian name in a cottage.
“Her name’s Aspasia, but us calls her Spash.”[24]
-----
Footnote 23:
Rawlinson, _Herodotus_; Malcolm, _Persia_; Le Beau, _Bas Empire_;
Rollin, _Ancient History_; Butler, _Lives of the Saints_; Dunlop,
_History of Fiction_.
Footnote 24:
Bishop Thirlwall, _Greece_; Smith, _Dictionary of Greek and Roman
Antiquities_; Lappenberg, _Anglo-Saxons_.
CHAPTER II.
NAMES FROM GREEK MYTHOLOGY.
SECTION I.
Greek appellations may be divided into various classes; the first, those
of the gods and early heroes are derived from languages inexplicable
even by the classical Greeks. These were seldom or never given to human
beings, though derivatives from them often were.
The second class is of those formed from epithets in the spoken
language. These belonged to the Greeks of the historical age, and such
as were borne by the Macedonian conquerors became spread throughout the
East, thus sometimes falling to the lot of early saints of the Church,
and becoming universally popular in Christendom. Of others of merely
classic association a few survived among the native Greeks, while others
were resuscitated at intervals; first, by the vanity of decaying Rome;
next, by the revival of ancient literature in the Cinque-cento; then, by
the magniloquent taste of the Scudery romances in France; again, in
France, by the republican mania; and, in the present time, by the same
taste in America, and by the reminiscences of the modern Greeks.
After the preaching of the Gospel, Greece had vigour enough to compose
appropriate baptismal names for the converts; and it is curious to
observe that no other country could have ever been so free from the
trammels of hereditary nomenclature, for no other has so complete a set
of names directly bearing upon Christianity. So graceful are they in
sound as well as meaning, and so honoured for those who bore them, that
many have spread throughout Europe.
Lastly, even modern Greek has thrown out many names of graceful sound,
which are, however, chiefly confined to the Romaic.
SECTION II.—_Names from Zeus._
At the head of the whole Greek system stands the mighty Zeus (Ζεύς), a
word that has been erected into a proper name for the thundering father
of gods and men, whilst the cognate θεὸς (theos) passed into a generic
term; just as at Rome the Deus Pater (God-Father), or Jupiter, from the
same source, became the single god, and _deus_ the general designation.
All come from the same source as the Sanscrit Deva, and are connected
with the open sky, and the idea of light that has produced our word day.
We shall come upon them again and again; but for the present we will
confine ourselves to the personal names produced by Zeus, in his
individual character, leaving those from Theos to the Christian era, to
which most of them belong.
Their regular declension of Zeus made _Dios_ the genitive case; and thus
Diodorus, Diogenes, &c., ought, perhaps, to be referred to him; but the
more poetical, and, therefore, most probably the older, form, was
_Zenos_ in the genitive; and as Dios also meant heaven, the above names
seem to be better explained as heaven-gift and heaven-born, leaving to
Zeus only those that retain the same commencement.
Ζηνὼν, or, as it is commonly called, Zeno, was a good deal used in
Greece throughout the classical times, and descending to Christian
times, named a saint martyred under Gallienus, also a bishop of Verona,
who left ninety-three sermons, at the beginning of the fourth century,
and thus made it a canonical name, although the rules of the Church had
forbidden christening children after heathen gods. Except for the
Isaurian Emperor Zeno, and an occasional Russian Sinon, there has not,
however, been much disposition to use the name.
Zenobios, life from Zeus, is by far the easiest way of explaining the
name of the brilliant Queen of Palmyra; but, on the other hand, she was
of Arabian birth, the daughter of Amrou, King of Arabia, and it is
highly probable that she originally bore the true Arabic name of Zeenab
(ornament of the father); and that when she and her husband entered on
intercourse with the Romans, the name Zenobia was bestowed upon her as
an equivalent, together with the genuine Latin Septima as a mark of
citizenship. When her glory waned, and she was brought as a prisoner to
Rome, she and her family were allowed to settle in Italy; and her
daughters left descendants there. Zenobius, the Bishop of Milan, who
succeeded St. Ambrose, bore her name, and claimed her blood; and thus
Zenobio and Zenobia still linger among the inhabitants of the city.
The romance of her story caught the French fancy, and Zénobie has been
rather in fashion among modern French damsels.
A Cilician brother and sister, called Zenobius and Zenobia, the former a
physician and afterwards Bishop of Ægæ, were put to death together
during the persecution of Diocletian, and thus became saints of the
Eastern Church, making Sinovij, Sinovija, or for short, Zizi, very
fashionable among the Russians.
It is much more difficult to account for the prevalence of Zenobia in
Cornwall. Yet many parish registers show it as of an early date: and
dear to the West is the story of a sturdy dame called Zenobia
Brengwenna, (Mrs. Piozzi makes the surname Stevens,) who, on her
ninety-ninth birthday, rode seventeen miles on a young colt to restore
to the landlord a 99 years' lease that had been granted to her father,
in her name, at her birth.
Probably Zenaïda means daughter of Zeus. Although not belonging to any
patron saint, it is extensively popular among Russian ladies; and either
from them, or from the modern Greek, the French have recently become
fond of Zenaïde.[25]
-----
Footnote 25:
Smith, _Dictionary_; Butler, _Lives_; Gibbon, _Rome_; Miss Beaufort,
_Egyptian Sepulchres and Syrian Shrines_; Hayward, _Mrs. Piozzi_.
SECTION III.—Ἡρα—Hera.
The name of the white-armed, ox-eyed queen of heaven, Ἡρα or Ἡρη (Hera
or Heré), is derived by philologists from the same root as the familiar
German _herr_ and _herrinn_, and thus signifies the lady or mistress.
Indeed the masculine form ἥρως, whence we take our hero, originally
meant a free or noble man, just as _herr_ does in ancient German, and
came gradually to mean a person distinguished on any account,
principally in arms; and thence it became technically applied to the
noble ancestors who occupied an intermediate place between the gods and
existing men. The Latin _herus_ and _hera_ are cognate, and never rose
out of their plain original sense of master and mistress, though the
_heros_ was imported in his grander sense from the Greek, and has passed
on to us.
It is curious that whereas the wife of Zeus was simply the lady, it was
exactly the same with Frigga, who, as we shall by-and-by see, was merely
the Frau—the free woman or lady.
Hera herself does not seem to have had many persons directly named after
her, though there was plenty from the root of her name. The feminine
Hero was probably thus derived,—belonging first to one of the Danaïdes,
then to a daughter of Priam, then to the maiden whose light led Leander
to his perilous breasting of the Hellespont, and from whom Shakespeare
probably took it for the lady apparently “done to death by slanderous
tongues.”
It is usual to explain as Ἡρα-κλῆς (fame of Hera) the name of the son of
Zeus and Alcmena, whose bitterest foe Hera was, according to the current
legends of Greece; but noble fame is a far more probable origin for
Herakles, compound as he is of the oft-repeated Sun-myth mixed with the
veritable Samson, and the horrible Phœnician Melkarth or Moloch, with
whom the Tyrians themselves identified Herakles.
A few compounds, such as Heraclius, Heraclidas, Heracleonas, have been
formed from Herakles, the hero ancestor of the Spartan kings, and
therefore specially venerated in Lacedæmon. The Latins called the name
Hercules; and it was revived in the Cinque-cento, in Italy, as Ercole.
Thus Hercule was originally the baptismal name of Catherine de Medici’s
youngest son; but he changed it to François at his confirmation, when
hoping to mount a throne. Exceptionally, Hercules occurs in England; and
we have known of more than one old villager called Arkles, respecting
whom there was always a doubt whether he were Hercules or Archelaus.
Hence, too, the name of the father of history, Herodotus (noble gift);
hence, likewise, that of Herodes. Some derive this last from the Arab
_hareth_ (a farmer); but it certainly was a Greek name long before the
Idumean family raised themselves to the throne of Judea, since a poet
was so called who lived about the time of Cyrus. If the Herods were real
Edomites, they may have Græcized Hareth into Herodes; but it is further
alleged that the first Herod, grandfather of the first king, was a
slave, attached to the temple of Apollo at Ascalon, taken captive by
Idumean robbers. Hateful as is the name in its associations, its
feminine, Herodias, became doubly hateful as the murderess of John the
Baptist.
SECTION IV.—_Athene._
The noble goddess of wisdom, pure and thoughtful, armed against evil,
and ever the protector of all that was thoughtfully brave and resolute,
was called Αθήνη (Athene), too anciently for the etymology to be
discernible, or even whether her city of Athens was called from her, or
she from the city.
Many an ancient Greek was called in honour of her, but the only one of
these names that has to any degree survived is Athenaïs.
There were some Cappadocian queens, so called; and so likewise was the
daughter of a heathen philosopher in the fourth century, whom the able
Princess Pulcheria selected as the wife of her brother Theodosius,
altering her name, however, to Eudocia at her baptism.
It must have been the Scudery cycle of romance that occasioned Athenaïs
to have been given to that Demoiselle de Mortémar, who was afterwards
better known as Madame de Montespan.
Athenaios (Athenian), Athenagoras (assembly of Athene), Athenadgoros
(gift of Athene), were all common among the Greeks.
Athene’s surname of Pallas is derived by Plato from πάλλειν, to
brandish, because of her brandished spear; but it is more likely to be
from πάλλαξ (a virgin), which would answer to her other surname of
παρθένος, likewise a virgin, familiar to us for the sake of the most
beautiful of all heathen remains, the Parthenon, as well as the ancient
name of Naples, Parthenope. This, however, was a female name in Greece,
and numerous instances of persons called Parthenios and Palladios attest
the general devotion to this goddess, perhaps the grandest of all the
imaginings of the Indo-European.
There is something absolutely satisfactory in seeing how much more the
loftier and purer deities, Athene, Apollo, Artemis, reigned over Greek
nomenclature than the embodiments of brute force and sensual pleasure,
Ares and Aphrodite, both probably introductions from the passionate
Asiatics, and as we see in Homer, entirely on the Trojan side. An
occasional Aretas and Arete are the chief recorded namesakes of Ares,
presiding god of the Areopagus as he was; and thence may have come the
Italian Aretino, and an Areta, who appears in Cornwall. Aphrodite seems
to have hardly one derived from her name, which is explained as the Foam
Sprung.[26]
-----
Footnote 26:
Smith, _Dictionary of Greek and Roman Mythology_; Le Beau, _Bas
Empire_; Gladstone, _Homer_.
SECTION V.—_Apollo and Artemis._
The brother and sister deities, twin children of Zeus and Leto, are,
with the exception of Athene, the purest and brightest creations of
Greek mythology.
The sister’s name, Artemis, certainly meant the sound, whole, or
vigorous; that of the brother, Apollōn, is not so certainly explained;
though Æschylus considered it to come from ἀπόλλυμι, to destroy.
They both of them had many votaries in Greece; such names as Apollodorus
(gift of Apollo), Apollonius, and the like, arising in plenty, but none
of them have continued into Christian times, though Apollos was a
companion of St. Paul. The sole exception is Apollonia, an Alexandrian
maiden, whose martyrdom began by the extraction of all her teeth, thus
establishing St. Apolline, as the French call her, as the favourite
subject of invocation in the toothache. Abellona, the Danish form of
this name, is a great favourite in Jutland and the isles, probably from
some relic of the toothless maiden. The Slovaks use it as Polonija or
Polona.
The votaries of Artemis did not leave a saint to perpetuate them; but
Artemisia, the brave queen of Halicarnassus, had a name of sufficient
stateliness to delight the _précieuses_. Thus Artémise was almost as
useful in French romances as the still more magnificent Artémidore, the
French version of Artemidorus (gift of Artemis).
It was a late fancy of mythology, when all was becoming confused, that
made Apollo and Artemis into the sun and moon deities, partly in
consequence of their epithets Phœbus, Phœbe, from φάω (to shine). The
original Phœbe seems to have belonged to some elder myth, for she is
said to have been daughter of Heaven and Earth, and to have been the
original owner of the Delphic oracle. Afterwards she was said to have
been the mother of Leto (the obscure), and thus grandmother of Apollo
and Artemis, who thence took their epithet. This was probably a myth of
the alternation of light and darkness; but as we have received our
notions of Greek mythology through the dull Roman medium, it is almost
impossible to disentangle our idea of Phœbus from the sun, or of Phœbe
from the crescent moon. In like manner the exclusively modern Greek
φωτεινή (bright), Photinee, comes from φώς phos (light), as does
Photius, used in Russia as Fotie.
Strangely enough, we find Phœbus among the mediæval Counts of Foix, who,
on the French side of their little Pyrenean county were Gaston Phœbus;
on the Spanish, Gastone Febo. Some say that Phœbus was originally a
soubriquet applied to one of the family on account of his personal
beauty, though it certainly was afterwards given at baptism; others,
that it was an imitation of an old Basque name.
Phœbe was a good deal in use among the women of Greek birth in the early
Roman empire; and “Phœbe, our sister,” the deaconess of Cenchrea, is
commended by St. Paul to the Romans; but she has had few namesakes,
except in England; the Italian Febe only being used as a synonym for the
moon.
Cynthia was a title belonging to Artemis, from Mount Cynthus, and has
thence become a title of the moon, and a name of girls in America.
Delia, another title coming from Delos, the place of her nativity, has
been preferred by the Arcadian taste, and flourished in shepherdess
poems, so as to be occasionally used as a name in England, but more
often as a contraction for Cordelia.
Delphinios and Delphinia were both of them epithets of Apollo and
Artemis, of course from the shrine at Delphi. Some say that shrine and
god were so called because the serpent Python was named Delphinè;
others, that the epithet was derived from his having metamorphosed
himself into a dolphin, or else ridden upon one, when showing the Cretan
colonists the way to Delphi.
The meaning of _Delphys adelphus_ is the womb; and thus the Greeks
believed Delphi to be the centre of the earth, just as the mediæval
Christians thought Jerusalem was. It is from this word that delphis (a
brother) is derived, and from one no doubt of the same root, that was
first a mass, and afterwards a dolphin, the similarity of sound
accounting for the confusion of derivatives from the temple and the
fish. Again, the dolphin is said to be so called as being the fish of
the Dolphièm god.
It was probably as an attribute of the god that Delphinos was used as a
name by the Greeks; and it makes its first appearance in Christian times
in two regions under Greek influence, namely, Venice and Southern
France, which latter place was much beholden for civilization to the
Greek colony of Massilia. Dolfino has always prevailed in the Republic
of St. Mark; and Delphinus was a sainted bishop of Bourdeaux, in the
fourth century, from whom many, both male and female, took the name,
which to them was connected with the fish of Jonah, the emblem of the
Resurrection.
In 1125, Delfine, heiress of Albon, married Guiges, Count of Viennois.
She was his third wife; and to distinguish her son from the rest of the
family, he was either called or christened, Guiges Delphin, and assumed
the dolphin as his badge, whence badge and title passed to his
descendants, the Counts Dauphins de Viennois. The last of these left his
country and title to Charles, son of King Jean of France; and thence the
heir-apparent was called the Dauphin.
Dalphin appears at Cambrai before 1200; and Delphine de Glandèves,
sharing the saintly honours of her husband, Count Elzéar de St. Sabran,
became the patroness of the many young ladies in compliment to _la
dauphine_.
It is startling to meet with ‘Dolphin’ as a daughter of the unfortunate
Waltheof, Earl of Mercia; but unless her mother, Judith, imported the
French Delphine, it is probable that it is a mistake for one of the many
forms of the Frank, Adel, which was displacing its congener the native
Æthel. Indeed, Dolfine, which is very common among German girls now, is
avowedly the contraction of Adolfine, their feminine for Adolf (noble
wolf).
SECTION VI.—_Hele._
The sun-god who drove his flaming chariot around the heavenly vault day
by day, and whose eye beheld everything throughout the earth, was in
Homer’s time an entirely different personage from the “far darting
Apollo,” with whom, thanks to the Romans, we confound him.
Helios was his name, a word from the root _elé_ (light), the same that
has furnished the Teutonic adjective _hell_ (bright or clear), and that
is met again in the Keltic _heol_ (the sun).
This root ele (heat or light) is found again in the Greek name of the
moon, Sēēlēnē once a separate goddess from Artemis. One of the
Cleopatras was called Selene; but it does not appear that this was used
again as a name till in the last century, when Selina was adopted in
England, probably by mistake, for the French Céline, and belonged to the
Wesleyan Countess of Huntingdon.
From ēlē again sprang the name most of all noted among Greeks, the fatal
name of Ἑλένε, Helene, the feminine of Helenos (the light or bright),
though Æschylus, playing on the word, made it ἑλένας (the
ship-destroying).
“Wherefore else this fatal name,
That Helen and destruction are the same.”
A woman may be a proverb for any amount of evil or misfortune, but as
long as she is also a proverb for beauty, her name will be copied, and
Helena never died away in Greece, and latterly was copied by Roman
ladies when they first became capable of a little variety.
At last it was borne by the lady who was the wife of Constantius
Chlorus, the mother of Constantine, and the restorer of the shrines at
Jerusalem. St. Helena, holding the true cross, was thenceforth revered
by East and West. Bithynia on the one hand, Britain on the other, laid
claim to have been her birth-place, and though it is unfortunately most
likely that the former country is right, and that she can hardly be the
daughter of “Old King Cole,” yet it is certain that the ancient Britons
held her in high honour. Eglwys Ilan, the Church of Helen, still exists
in Wales, and the insular Kelts have always made great use of her name.
Ellin recurs in old Welsh pedigrees from the Empress’s time. Elayne is
really the old Cambrian form occurring in registers from early times,
and thus explaining the gentle lady Elayne, the mother of Sir Galahad,
whom Tennyson has lately identified with his own spinning Lady of
Shalott. Helen, unfortunately generally pronounced Ellen, was used from
the first in Scotland; Eileen or Aileen in Ireland.
Nor are these Keltic Ellens the only offspring of the name. Elena in
Italy, it assumed the form of Aliénor among the Romanesque populations
of Provence, who, though speaking a Latin tongue, greatly altered and
disguised the words. Indeed there are some who derive this name from
έλεος (pity), but there is much greater reason to suppose it another
variety of Helena, not more changed than many other Provençal names.
Aliénor in the land of troubadours received all the homage that the
Languedoc could pay, and one Aliénor at least was entirely spoilt by it,
namely, she who was called Eléonore by the French king who had the
misfortune to marry her, and who became in time on English lips our grim
Eleanor of the dagger and the bowl, the hateful Aquitainian grandmother,
who bandies words with Constance of Brittany in _King John_. Her
daughter, a person of far different nature, carried her name to
Castille, where, the language being always disposed to cut off a
commencing _e_, she was known as Leonor, and left hosts of namesakes.
Her descendant, the daughter of San Fernando, brought the name back to
England, and, as our “good Queen Eleanor,” did much to redeem its
honour, which the levity of her mother-in-law, the Provençal Aliénor of
Henry III., had greatly prejudiced. Eleanor continued to be a royal name
as long as the Plantagenets were on the throne, and thus was widely used
among the nobility, and afterwards by all ranks, when of course it lost
its proper spelling and was turned into Ellinor and Elinor, still,
however, owning its place in song and story. Annora, frequent in
Northern England, was the contraction of Eleanora, and was further
contracted into Annot. Also Ellen was Lina, or Linot.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ Greek. │ Latin. │ English. │ Scotch. │
│Ἑλένη │Helena │Helena │Helen │
│ │ │Helen │Ellen │
│ │ │Elaine │ │
│ │ │Ellen │ │
│Ἑλένἰσκη │ │Eleanor │ │
│ │ │Elinor │ │
│ │ │Nelly │ │
│Ἑλεναιαι │ │Leonora │ │
│ │ │Annora │ │
│ │ │Annot │ │
│ │ │Lina │ │
│ │ │Linot │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Irish. │ German. │ Italian. │ Spanish. │
│Helena │Helène │Elena │Helena │
│ │ │ │ │
│Eileen │Eleonore │Eleonora │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│Nelly │Lenore │Leonora │Leon │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Russian. │ Polish. │ Slavonic. │ Servian. │
│Jelena │Helena │Jelena │Jelena │
│ │Helenka │Jela │Jela │
│ │ │Jelena │Jelika │
│ │ │Jela │ │
│ │ │Jelika │ │
│ │ │Lenka │ │
│ │ │Lencica │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Lett. │ Esthonian. │ Ung. │ Albanian. │
│Lena │Leno │Ilona │ │
│ │ │Ljena │ │
│ │ │Lenia │ │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
Meantime the Arragonese conquests in Italy had brought Leonora thither
as a new name independent of Elena, and it took strong root there, still
preserving its poetic fame in the person of the lovely Leonora d'Este,
the object of Tasso’s hopeless affection. To France again it came with
the Galigai, the Maréchale d'Ancre, the author of the famous saying
about the power of a strong mind over a weak one; and unpopular as she
was, Léonore has ever since been recognized in French nomenclature, and
it went to Germany as Lenore.
The Greek Church was constant to the memory of the Empress, mother of
the founder of Constantinople, and Helena has always been frequent
there. And when the royal widow Olga came from Muscovy to seek
instruction and baptism, she was called Helena, which has thus become
one of the popular Russian names. It is sometimes supposed to be a
translation of Olga, but this is a mistake founded on the fact that this
lady, and another royal saint, were called by both names. Olga is, in
fact, the feminine of Oleg (the Russian form of Helgi), which the race
of Rurik had derived from their Norse ancestor, and it thus means holy.
Sweden also has a Saint Helene, who made a pilgrimage to Rome, and was
put to death on her return by her cruel relations in 1160. Her relics
were preserved in Zealand, near Copenhagen, making Ellin a favourite
name among Danish damsels.
Helena has a perplexing double pronunciation in English, the central
syllable being made long or short according to the tradition of the
families where it is used. The Greek letter was certainly the short _e_,
but it is believed that though the quantity of the syllable was short,
the accent was upon it, and that the traditional sound of it survives in
the name of the island which we learnt from the Portuguese.
SECTION VII.—_Demeter._
Among the elder deities in whom the primitive notion of homage to the
Giver of all Good was lost and dispersed, was the beneficent mother
Demeter (Δημητήρ). Some derive the first syllable of this name from γῆ
(the earth), others from the Cretan δήαι (barley), making it either
earth mother, or barley mother; but the idea of motherhood is always an
essential part of this bounteous goddess, the materializing of the
productive power of the earth, “filling our hearts with food and
gladness.”
Formerly Demeter had numerous votaries, especially among the
Macedonians, who were the greatest name-spreaders among the Greeks, and
used it in all the “four horns” of their divided empire. It occurs in
the Acts, as the silversmith of Ephesus, who stirred up the tumult
against St. Paul, and another Demetrius is commended by St. John. The
Latin Church has no saint so called; but the Greek had a Cretan monk of
the fourteenth century, who was a great ecclesiastical author; and a
Demetrios, who is reckoned as the second great saint of Thessalonika.
Hence Demetrios is one of the most popular of names in all the Eastern
Church, and the countries that have ever been influenced by it; among
whom must be reckoned the Venetian dominions which considered themselves
to belong to the old Byzantine empire till they were able to stand
alone. Dimitri has always been a great name in Russia. The Slavonian
nations give it the contraction Mitar, and the feminine Dimitra or
Mitra. The modern Greek contraction is Demos.
In some parts of Greece, Demeter was worshipped primarily as the gloomy
winterly earth, latterly as the humanized goddess clad in black, in
mourning for her daughter, whence she was adored as Melaina. Whether
from this title of the goddess or simply a dark complexion, there arose
the female name of Melania, which belonged to two Roman ladies,
grandmother and granddaughter, who were among the many who were devoted
to the monastic Saint Jerome, and derived an odour of sanctity from his
record of their piety. Though not placed in the Roman calendar, they are
considered as saints, and the French Mélanie and the old Cornish Melony
are derived from them.
On the contrary, her summer epithet was Chloe, the verdant, as
protectress of green fields, and Chloe seems to have been used by the
Greeks, as a Corinthian woman so called is mentioned by St. Paul, and
has furnished a few scriptural Chloes in England. In general, however,
Chloe has been a property of pastoral poetry, and has thence descended
to negroes and spaniels.[27]
-----
Footnote 27:
Smith, _Dictionary_; Keightley’s _Mythology_; Montalembert, _Monks of
the West_; Michaelis.
SECTION VIII.—_Dionysos._
The god of wine and revelry appears to have been adopted into Greek
worship at a later period than the higher divinities embodying loftier
ideas. So wild and discordant are the legends respecting him, that it is
probable that in the Bacchus, or Dionysos, whom the historical Greeks
adored, several myths are united; the leading ones being, on the one
hand, the naturalistic deity of the vine; on the other, some dimly
remembered conqueror.
Dionysos has never been satisfactorily explained, though the most
obvious conclusion is that it means the god of Nysa—a mountain where he
was nursed by nymphs in a cave. Others make his mother Dione one of the
original mythic ideas of a divine creature, the daughter of Heaven and
Earth, and afterwards supposed to be the mother of Aphrodite.
Names given in honour of Dionysos were very common in Greece, and
especially in the colony of Sicily, where Dion was also in use.
Dionysios, the tyrant, seemed only to make the name more universally
known, and most of the tales of tyranny clustered round him—such as the
story of his ear, of the sword of Damocles, and the devotion of Damon
and Pythias.
In the time of the Apostles, Dionysius was very frequent, and gave the
name of the Areopagite mentioned by St. Paul, of several more early
saints, and of a bishop who, in 272, was sent to convert the Gauls, and
was martyred near Paris. The Abbey erected on the spot where he died was
placed under the special protection of the Counts of Paris; and when
they dethroned the sons of Charlemagne and became kings of France, St.
Denys, as they called their saint, became the patron of the country; the
banner of the convent, the Oriflamme, was unfurled in their national
wars, and _Mont joie St. Denys_ was their war-cry. St. Denys of France
was invoked, together with St. Michael, in knighting their young men;
and St. Denys of France was received as one of the Seven Champions of
Christendom.
The Sicilians, having a certain confusion in their minds between the
champion and the tyrant of Syracuse, have taken San Dionigi for their
patron; he is also in high favour in Portugal as Diniz, and in Spain as
Dionis. Denis is a very frequent Irish name, as a substitute for Donogh;
and, to judge by the number of the surnames, Dennis, Denison, and
Tennyson or Tenison, it would seem to have been more common in England
than at present. The Russians have Dionissij; the Bohemians, Diwis; the
Slavonians, Tennis; the Hungarians, Dienes. The feminine is the French
Denise; English, Dionisia, Donnet, Dennet or Diot, which seem to have
been at one time very common in England.[28]
-----
Footnote 28:
Liddell and Scott, Keightley, Michaelis, Smith.
SECTION IX.—_Hermes._
The origin is lost of the name of Hermes, the swift, eloquent, and
cunning messenger of Zeus; but it is supposed to come from hĕra (the
earth), and was called Hermas, Hermes, or Hermeias.
A long catalogue of Greeks might be given bearing names derived from
him; and it was correctly that Shakespeare called his Athenian maiden
Hermia.
Hermas is mentioned in the Epistle to the Romans, and is thought to be
the same with the very early Christian author of the allegory of _The
Shepherd_, but his name has not been followed.
Hermione was, in ancient legend, the wife of Cadmus, the founder of
Thebes, and shared his metamorphosis into a serpent. Afterwards, another
Hermione was the daughter of Helen and Menelaus, and, at first, wife of
Neoptolemus, though afterwards of Orestes, the heroine of a tragedy of
Euripides, where she appears in the unpleasant light of the jealous
persecutor of the enslaved Andromache.
Hermione is generally supposed to be the same as the Italian Erminia and
the French Hermine; but these are both remains of the Herminian gens,
and are therefore Latin.
Hermocrates, Hermagoras, Hermogenes, every compound of this god’s name
prevailed in Greece; but the only one that has passed on to Christianity
is Hermolaos (people of Hermes), a name that gave a saint to the Greek
Church, and is perpetuated in Russia as Ermolaï.[29]
Descending from the greater deities of Olympus, we must touch upon the
Muses, though not many instances occur of the use of their names. Μοῦσαι
(Mousai), their collective title, is supposed to come from μάω (mao), to
invent; it furnished the term mousikos, for songs and poetry, whence the
Latin _musa_, _musicus_, and all the forms in modern language in which
we speak of music and its professors.
Musidora (gift of the Muses) was one of the fashionable poetical
soubriquets of the last century, and as such figures in Thomson’s
_Seasons_.
As to the individual names, they have scarcely any owners except
Polymnia, she of many hymns, whose modern representative, Polyhymnia,
lies buried in a churchyard on Dartmoor, and startles us by her
headstone. The West Indian negresses, sporting the titles of the ships
of war, however, come out occasionally as Miss Calliope, Miss Euterpe,
&c.
The only Muse who has left namesakes is hardly a fair specimen; for
Urania (the heavenly), her epithet, as the presiding genius of
astronomers, is itself formed from one of the pristine divinities of
Greece, himself probably named from heaven itself, of which he was the
personification. Οὐρανός (Ouranos), Uranus, is in Greek both the sky and
the first father of all. The word is probably derived from the root
_or_, which we find in ὄρος (a mountain), and ὄρνυμι (to raise), just as
our heaven comes from to heave.
Uranius was not uncommon among the later Greeks, especially in Christian
names; a Gaulish author was so called, and it was left by the Romans as
a legacy to the British. It makes its appearance among the Welsh as
Urien, a somewhat common name at one time. “Brave Urien sleeps upon his
craggy bed;” but Camden, or some one else before him, thought proper to
identify it with George, which has led to its decay and oblivion.
Urania was revived in the days of euphuistic taste, when Sir Philip
Sidney called himself Sidrophel, and the object of his admiration,
Urania; it became a favourite poetic title both in England and France,
and in process of time, a family name.
Θάλεια (Thaleia), though both Muse of Comedy, and one of the Three
Graces, and signifying bloom, has not obtained any namesakes, though
both her sister Graces have.
These nymphs were the multiplied personifications of Χάρις (Charis)
grace, beauty, or charity. The Greeks were not unanimous as to the names
or numbers of the Charites; the Athenians and Spartans adored only two,
and the three usually recognized were defined by Hesiod. Thalia (bloom),
Aglaia (brightness), Euphrosyne (mirth, cheerfulness, or festivity).
It has been almost exclusively by Greeks that the name has been borne;
it was a great favourite among the Romaic Greeks, figuring again and
again amongst the Porphyrogenitai, and to this present day it is common
among the damsels of the Ionian Isles. I have seen it marked on a
school-child’s sampler in its own Greek letters. In common life it is
called Phroso. In Russia it is Jefronissa.
The other Grace, Aglaia, comes to light in Christian legend, as the name
of a rich and abandoned lady at Rome, who, hearing of the value that was
set on the relics of saints, fancied them as a kind of roc’s egg to
complete the curiosities of her establishment, and sent Boniface, both
her steward and her lover, to the East to procure some for her. He asked
in jest whether, if his bones came home to her, she would accept them as
relics; and she replied in the same spirit, little dreaming that at
Tarsus he would indeed become a Christian and a martyr, and his bones be
truly sent back to Rome, where Aglaia received them, became a penitent,
took the veil, and earned the saintly honours that have ever since been
paid to her. It is unfortunate for the credibility of this story that
the date assigned to it is between 209 and 305, a wide space indeed, but
one in which relic worship had not begun, and even if it had, the bones
of martyrs must have been only too plentiful much nearer home. However,
the French have taken up the name of Aglaë, and make great use of it.
A few ancient Greeks had names compounded of Charis, such as Charinus,
and Charilaus, the nephew of Lycurgus; but it was reserved for
Christianity to give the word its higher sense. Charis, through the
Latin caritas, grew to be the Christian’s Charity, the highest of the
three Graces: Faith, Hope, Love, that had taken the place of Bloom,
Mirth, and Brightness. And thus it was that, after the Reformation,
Charity, contracted into Cherry, became an English Christian name,
perhaps in remembrance of the fair and goodly Charity of the House
Beautiful, herself a reflex of the lovely and motherly Charissa, to whom
Una conducted the Red Cross Knight. Chariton, Kharitoon, in Russian, is
a name in the Greek Church, from a confessor of Sirmium, who under
Aurelius was flogged with ox-hides and imprisoned, but was liberated on
the Emperor’s death, and made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
Perhaps this is the place, among these minor mythological personages, to
mention that Zephyr (the West wind) has absolutely a whole family of
name-children in France, where Zephirine has been greatly the fashion of
late years.[30]
-----
Footnote 29:
Keightley’s _Mythology_; Cave’s _Lives of the Fathers_; Smith,
_Dictionary_; Potter’s _Euripides_.
Footnote 30:
Smith, _Dictionary_; Keightley, _Mythology_; Montalembert.
SECTION X.—_Heroic Names._
Not very many of the heroic names—glorious in poetry—have passed on; but
we will select a few of those connected with the siege of Troy, and
handed on upon that account. Mostly they were not easy of comprehension
even to the Greeks themselves, and were not much copied among them,
perhaps from a sense of reverence. It was only in the times of decay,
and when the recollection of the fitness of things was lost, that men
tried to cover their own littleness with the high-sounding names of
their ancestors. Moreover, by that time, Greek associations were at a
discount. Rome professed to descend from Troy, not from Greece; and,
after her example, modern nations have tried to trace themselves back to
the Trojan fugitives—the Britons to Brut, the French to Francus, &c.—and
thus Trojan names have been more in vogue than Greek. However, be it
observed that the Trojan names are Greek in origin. The Trojans were of
Pelasgic blood, as well as most of their opponents; but they were
enervated by residence in Asia, while the superior race of Hellenes had
renovated their Greek relatives; making just the difference that the
Norman Conquest did to the English Saxon in opposition to his Frisian
brother.
One of these inexplicable names was borne by Ἀχιλλεύς (Achilleus), the
prime glory of Homer and of the Trojan war. The late Greek traditions
said that his first name had been Ligyron, or the whining, but that he
was afterwards called Achilles, from Α privative and χέιλη (cheile),
lip; because he was fed in his infancy on nothing but lions' hearts and
bears' marrow. This legend, however, looks much as if the true meaning
of the word had been forgotten, and this was a forgery to account for
it. However this may be, modern Greece and France alone repeat the name,
and it is much disguised by the French pronunciation of Achille. A
martyr in Dauphiné was called Achilles; and an Achilla appears, as a
lady, early in the Visconti pedigree.
Gallant Hector, who, perhaps, is the most endearing of all the Trojan
heroes, from the perfection of his character in tenderness, devotion,
and courage, and the beautiful poetry of his parting with his wife and
son, bore a name that is an attribute of Zeus, Ἕκτωρ (holding fast), _i.
e._, defending, from Ἕχω (hecho), to have or to hold—a word
well-befitting the resolute mainstay of a falling cause.
Italy, where the descent from the Trojans was early credited and not,
perhaps, impossible, is the only country where his name has been
genuinely imitated, under the form of Ettore. The Hector of Norway is
but an imitation of the old Norse Hagtar (hawk of Thor), and the very
frequent Hector of Scotland is the travestie of the Gaelic Eachan (a
horseman). In like manner the Gaelic Aonghas (excellent valour) and the
Welsh Einiawn (the just), are both translated into Æneas; indeed it is
possible that the early Welsh Saint, Einiawn, may indeed have been an
Æneas; for, in compliment to the supposed descent of the Julii from
Æneas, this name is very common in the latter times of the empire: it
appears in the book of Acts, and belonged to several writers. Latterly,
in the beginning of the classical taste of Italy, the name of Enea
Silvio was given to that Piccolomini who afterwards became a pope. This
form is in honour of that son of Æneas and Lavinia who was said to have
been born in a wood after his father’s death. A son of the Earl of
Hereford was called Æneas (temp. Ed. III).
The pious Æneas owes his modern fame to Virgil. In the time of Homer,
even his goddess-mother had not raised him into anything like the first
rank of the heroes who fought before Troy. His name in the original is
Αἰνείας (Aineias), and probably comes from αἰυέο (aineo), to praise.
The poem that no doubt suggested the _Æneid_, the Homeric story of the
Greek wanderer, contains some of those elements that so wonderfully show
the kindred of far distant nations. We are content to call this
wonderful poem by something approaching to its Greek title, though we
are pleased to term the hero by the Latin travestie of his name—Ulysses,
the consequence, it is supposed, of some transcriber having mistaken
between the letters Δ and Λ. The Romans, likewise, sometimes called him
Ulixes; the Greek σσ and ξ being, by some, considered as the same
letter. Οδυσσεύς (Odysseus), his true name, is traced to the root δυς
(dys), hate, the Sanscrit _dvish_, and from the same source as the Latin
_odio_. Italians talked of Uliseo, and Fenelon taught the French to
honour his favourite hero as _le fils du grand Ulisse_; but the only
place where the name is now used is Ireland, probably as a classicalism
for the Danish legacy of Ulick—Hugleik, or mind reward. The Irish
Finnghuala (white shoulders) was not content with the gentle native
softenings of her name into Fenella and Nuala, but must needs translate
herself into Penelope; and it is to this that we owe the numerous
Penelopes of England, down from the Irish Penelope Devereux, with whom
is connected the one shade on Sidney’s character, to the Pen and Penny
so frequent in many families.
The faithful queen of Ithaca was probably named Πηνελόπη, or Πηνελόπεια,
from her diligence over the loom, since πήνη (pēnē) is thread on the
bobbin, πηνίζομαι is to wind it off; but a later legend declared that
she had been exposed as an infant, and owed her life to being fed by a
kind of duck called πηνέλοψ (penelops), after which she was therefore
called. This has since been made the scientific name of the turkey, and
translators of Christian names have generally set Penelope down as a
turkey-hen, in oblivion that this bird, the D'Inde of France, the
_Wälsche Hahn_ of Germany, always in its name attesting its foreign
origin, came from America 3000 years after the queen of Ithaca wove and
unwove beneath her midnight lamp.
Her son Telemachus (distant battle) had one notable namesake in the
devoted hermit who for ever ended the savage fights of the amphitheatre;
but, though Télémaque was a triumph of genius and tender religious
feeling in spite of bad pseudo-classical taste, has not been again
repeated.
Cassandra appears in Essex in 1560, and named the sister of Jane Austen.
CHAPTER III.
NAMES FROM ANIMALS, ETC.
SECTION I.—_The Lion._
Much of the spirit of the nation is to be traced in the animals whence
their names are derived. The Jew, whose temper, except when thoroughly
roused, was peaceful and gentle, had hardly any save the names of the
milder and more useful creatures: the ewe, the lamb, the bee, the fawn,
&c. The Indo-European races, on the other hand, have the more brave and
spirited animals, many of them running through the entire family of
nations thus derived, and very possibly connected with that ‘beast
epic,’ as Mr. Dasent calls it, which crops out everywhere; in the East,
in apologues and fables; and towards the West, in ‘_mahrchen_,’
according to the expressive German term. It is just as if in the infancy
of the world, there was the same living sympathy with the animal
creation that we see in a young child, and that the creatures had at one
time appeared to man to have an individual character, rank, and history
of their own, explained by myths, in which these beings are the actors
and speakers, and assumed a meaning divine, symbolic, didactic, or
simply grotesque, according to the subsequent development of the peoples
by whom they were handed down.
The lion is one of these universal animals, testifying how long dim
memories of the home in Asia must have clung to the distant wanderers.
Leon, or Leo, was early a favourite name among the Greeks; and Herodotus
thinks, on account of its meaning, that the captive Leo was the first
victim of the Persians. It passed on in unceasing succession through
Greeks of all ranks till it came to Byzantine emperors and Roman
bishops. Two popes, to whom Rome owed the deepest debt of gratitude—to
the one, for interceding with Attila; to the other, for turning away the
wrath of the Saracens—were both called Leo, and it thus became a
favourite on the papal throne, and was considered to allude to the Lion
of the Tribe of Judah, which was therefore sculptured on St. Peter’s, in
the time of the Medicean Leo X.
Leone, and Léon, and Léonie have continued in use in France and Italy.
The word has been much compounded from the earlier Greek times,
Leontius, Leontia, whence the modern French Léonce. The name Leonidas,
the glorious self-devoted Spartan, after entire desuetude, has been
revived in Greece and America.
The Romanized Britons adopted the Lion name, which amongst them became
Llew, the Lot of the romances of the Round Table. Here likewise figured
the gallant Sir Lionel, from whom Edward III., in chivalrous mood, named
his third son, the ancestor of the House of York. An unfortunate young
Dane, to whom the Dutch republic stood sponsor, received the name of Leo
Belgicus. The Slavonic forms are Lev, Lav, and Lew, which, among the
swarms of Jews in Poland, have become a good deal confounded with their
hereditary Levi.
Leandros, Leander, as we call it, means lion-man. Besides the
unfortunate swimming lover whose exploit Byron imitated and Turner
painted, it belonged to a sainted bishop of Seville, who, in 590,
effected the transition of the Spanish Visigoths from Arianism to
orthodoxy. Very likely his name was only a classicalizing of one of the
many Gothic names from _leut_ (the people), which are often confused
with those from the lion; but Leandro passed on as a Christian name in
Spain and Italy.
The name Leocadia, a Spanish maiden martyred by the Moors, had probably
some connection with a lion; but it cannot be traced in the corrupted
state of the language. Léocadie has travelled into France.
The Slavonians have Lavoslav (lion-glory), which they make the
equivalent of the Teutonic Liutpold or Leopold, really meaning the
people’s prince.
Löwenhard (the stern lion, or lion strong), was a Frank noble, who was
converted at the same time as his sovereign, Clovis, and became a hermit
near Limoges. Many miracles were imputed to him, and St. Leonard became
a peculiarly popular saint both in France and England. Leonard is a
favourite name in France; and has some popularity in England, chiefly,
it is said, in the north, and in the Isle of Wight. Lionardo is Italian,
witness Lionardo da Vinci; and, according to Gil Blas, Leonarda is a
Spanish feminine; Germany has in surnames Lenhardt, Lehnart, Leinhardt,
Lowen; Italy invented the formidable Christian name, Brancalleone
(Brachium leonis), or arm of a lion; and Bavaria has Lowenclo
(lion-claw).
┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ German. │ Swiss. │ Italian. │
│Leonard │Léonard │Leonhard │Liert │Lionardo │
│ │Leunairs │Lienhard │Liertli │ │
│ │Launart │Lienl │Lienzel │ │
└────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘
SECTION II.—_The Horse._
The horse is as great a favourite as the lion, and is prominent in many
a myth from the Caspian to the Frozen Ocean. His name in Sanscrit
_açva_, in Zendish _esp_ or _asp_, comes forth in the Greek ἵππος or
ἵkkoς, showing its identity with the Latin _equus_, the Gaelic _each_,
and it may be with the Teutonic _hengst_.
Among these various races it is the Persian, the Greek, and the Gael who
have chiefly used the term for this noble animal in their nomenclature.
The Persian feminine Damaspia is said exactly to answer to the Greek
Hippodameia, the female of Hippodamus (horse-tamer), and Hippos forms
part of far too many Greek names to be here enumerated, except where
they have become popular elsewhere.
One would have imagined that Hippos and λύω (to destroy) must have
suggested the name of Hippolytus, the son of Theseus, who was destroyed
by his own horse, terrified by a sea monster; but, on the other hand, he
appears to have been named after his mother Hippolita, the beautiful
queen of the Amazons, whom Shakespeare has shown us hunting in his
wondrous Attic forest. However this may be, Hippolytus has many
namesakes; among them an early Christian writer, and also a priest at
Rome, who in the year 252 was condemned by the persecuting judge to die
the death his name suggested. The Christians buried him in a catacomb,
which bears his name. Sant’Ippolito became a parish church at Rome, and
of course gave a title to one of the cardinals, and Ippolito and
Ippolita have always been fashionable Italian names. He was also the
patron of horsemen and horses, and the latter were solemnly blessed in
his name. Xanthippe’s name is feminine of Xanthippus (a yellow horse!)
What a pity it was not a grey one!
The Persian Aspamitras (horse-lover) exactly corresponds to the Greek
Φίλιππoς (loving horses). Thus were named many obscure kings of Macedon,
before that sagacious prince who prepared the future glories of his son
by disciplining his army, and crushing Greece in spite of those
indignant orations of Demosthenes, which have made Philippics the
generic term for vehement individual censure.
Macedon, by colonizing the East, spread Philippos over it, and thus was
named the apostle of Bethsaida, and likewise one of the deacons, chosen
for his ‘Grecian’ connections.
The apostle was martyred at Hierapolis; nevertheless an arm of his,
according to the Bollandists, was brought to Florence from
Constantinople, in 1205, and made Filippo, Filippa, Lippo, Pippo, Pippa,
great favourites in Northern Italy.
Greece and her dependent churches always used the name of Philip, or
Feeleep, as they call it in Russia; and it was the eldest son of the
Muscovite Anne, Queen of Henri I., who was the first Philippe to wear
the crown of France. He transmitted his name to five more kings, and to
princes innumerable, of whom one became Duke of Burgundy. His
descendant, the half Flemish, half Austrian Philippe the handsome,
married Juana la Loca of Castille and Aragon, and their grandson was
known as Felipe II. in Spain. During his brief and ill-omened stay in
England, he was godfather to Philip Sidney, whose name commemorated the
gratitude of his mother to the King Consort for having interceded for
the life of his father the Duke of Northumberland.
Philip, in both genders, was, however, already common in England. Queen
Philippe, as she called herself, our admirable Hainaulter, was the
god-daughter of Philippe de Valois, her husband’s rival; and many a
young noble and maiden bore her honoured name, which one female
descendant carried to Portugal, and another to Sweden, where both alike
worthily sustained the honour of Plantagenet.
The name of Philippe is particularly common in the Isle of Jersey, so
that it has become a joke with sailors to torment the inhabitants by
calling them Philip as they would term an Irishman Paddy.
Filippo is additionally popular in Italy at present from the favourite
modern Saint Filippo Neri.[31]
┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐
│ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ German. │ Italian. │
│Philip │Phillipp │Philippe │Philipp │Filippo │
│Phil │ │Philipot │Lipp │Pippo │
│Phip │ │ │Lipperl │Lippo │
│Philipp │ │ │ │ │
│Lipp │ │ │ │ │
│Lipperl │ │ │ │ │
├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤
│Portuguese. │ Spanish. │ Russian. │ Lett. │ Hungarian │
│Felippe │Felipe │Feeleep │Wilips │Fülip │
│Felipinho │ │ │Lipsts │ │
│Felipe │ │ │ │ │
├────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┤
│ FEMININE │
├────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┤
│ English. │ French. │Portuguese. │ Dutch. │ Italian │
│Philippa │Philippine │Felipa │Pine │Filippa │
│ │Flipote │ │ │Pippa │
└────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘
Footnote 31:
Rawlinson’s _Herodotus_; Keightley’s _Mythology_; Butler; Michaelis.
SECTION III.—_The Goat._
The goat (αἴξ) stands out prominently in northern mythology, though
there scarcely, if at all, used in nomenclature. In Greek mythology he
appears, though not distinctly, and the names derived from him are
manifold.
The goat was the standard of Macedon (the rough goat was the King of
Grecia), as Daniel had announced while Greece was yet in her infancy,
and Macedon in barbarism, not even owned as of the Hellenic confederacy.
The unfortunate posthumous son of Alexander was therefore called Aigos,
or Ægos, in addition to his father’s name.
The aigis, ægis, or shield of Pallas Athene, though said to bear the
gorgon’s head, was probably at first a goat skin. From it is formed
Aigidios, Ægidius. In 475, there was an Ægidius, a Roman commander in
Gaul, who was for a time an independent sovereign, ruling over both
Romans and Franks. About two centuries later, an Athenian, as it is
said, by name Ægidius, having worked a miraculous cure by laying his
cloak over the sick man, fled to France to avoid the veneration of the
people, and dwelt on the banks of the Rhone, living on the milk of a
hind. The creature was chased by the king of France, and, flying wounded
to her master, discovered him to the hunters. Thenceforth he has been
revered as St. Giles, and considered as the patron of numbers thus
called. Now, is Giles a contraction of Ægidius, or is it the corruption
of the Latin Julius; or, again, is it the Keltic Giolla, a servant, or
the Teutonic Gils, a pledge? Every one of these sounds more like it than
the Greek word, and it does seem probable that the Athenian, if Athenian
he were, was seized upon as patron by aliens to his name, and then cut
down to suit them. However, Ægidius continued to be treated as the Latin
for Giles; Egidio became an Italian name; and as St. Giles was patron of
Edinburgh, Egidia was used by Scottish ladies; one of the sisters of
King Robert II. was so called, and even now it is not quite extinct.[32]
SECTION IV.—_The Bee._
The word μείλα (soothing things) gave the verb μειλίσσω, or μελίσσω
(melisso), to soothe or sweeten, whence the name of honey, and of the
honey-bee. Melissa was sometimes said to have been the name of the nymph
who first taught the use of honey, and bees, perhaps from their
clustering round their queen, became the symbol of nymphs. Thence
Melissa grew to be the title of a priestess as well as a lady’s name in
classic times.
Melissa was invented by the Italian poets as the beneficent fairy who
protected Bradamante, and directed Ruggero to escape from Atlante, and
afterwards from Alcina, upon the hippogriff. Thus she entered the domain
of romance, and became confounded with the Melusine and Melisende, who
had risen out of the Teutonic Amalaswinth; and Melisse and Melite were
adopted into French nomenclature.
Akin to Melissa is Γλυκηρά (Glykera), the sweet. This was not a feminine
in good repute in ancient Athens, but it has since belonged to a saint
of the Greek Churches, namely, the daughter of Macarius, thrice consul,
who in the time of Antoninus suffered torments for a long time at
Trajanopolis; and Gloukera is prevalent in Russia; and Glykera, or
Glycère, in France.[33]
-----
Footnote 32:
Keightley’s _Fairy Mythology_; Croker’s _Fairy Legends_; Tooke’s
_History of Russia_; Butler.
Footnote 33:
Liddell and Scott; Professor Munch; Junius.
SECTION V.—_Names from Flowers._
It was not common in Greece to name persons from flowers, but two names
in occasional use are connected with legends of transformation, though
in each case it is evident that the name belonged originally to the
flower, and then was transferred to the man.
Thus the Narcissus, named undoubtedly from ναρκάω (narkao), to put to
sleep, has become the object of a graceful legend of the cold-hearted
youth, for whose sake the nymph Echo pined away into a mere voice, and
in retribution was made to see his own beauty in the water and waste
from hopeless love for his own image, until his corpse became the
drooping golden blossom, that loves to hang above still pools of water,
like the “dancing daffodils” of Wordsworth.
Narcissus seems to have been a name among the Greek slaves of the
Romans, for we twice find it belonging to freedmen of the Emperor. St.
Narcissus was Bishop of Jerusalem in 195, and presided at the council
that fixed the great festival of the Resurrection on a Sunday instead of
on the day fixed by the full moon like the Jews. The Russians call it
Narkiss; the Romans, Narcisso; and it has even been found belonging to
an English peasant.
Hyacinthus (Ὑάκινθος) was a beautiful Spartan youth, who, being
accidentally killed by Apollo in a game with the discus, was caused by
the sorrowing divinity to propagate from his blood a flower bearing on
its petals either his initial Υ or the αί (alas), the cry of
lamentation. A yearly feast was held at Sparta in honour of Hyacinthus,
and his name was perpetuated till Christian times, when a martyr bore it
at Rome, and thus brought it into favour in Italy as Giacinto; also a
Polish Dominican Jacinthus in the thirteenth century, is commemorated as
the Apostle of the North, because he preached Christianity in great part
of Russia and Tartary; but curiously enough it is in Ireland alone that
Hyacinth has ever flourished as a man’s name, probably as a supposed
equivalent to some native Erse name. There it is very common among the
peasantry, and is in common use as Sinty, while in France, Italy, and
Spain, though apparently without a saintly example of their own sex,
Jacinthe, Giacinta, and Jacinta are always feminine, and rather popular
peasant names.
Ῥόδος (Rhodos), the rose, is a word connected in its source with the
origin of the Teuton _roth_, Keltic _ruadh_, and Latin _rufus_. Roses
are the same in almost every tongue, and they almost always suggest
female names; of which the most interesting to us is Rhoda, “the
household maid, of her own joy afraid,” who “opened not the gate for
gladness” when she knew the voice of St. Peter as he stood without the
door after his release from prison and death. Her name, as a Scripture
one, has had some use in England, though, in general, the Roses of each
country have grown upon their own national grafts from the one great
stock, or, more strangely, are changed from horses.
Φύλλις (Phyllis), a green leaf or bough, has another story of
transformation. She was a Thalian damsel who hung herself because her
lover did not keep his promise of returning to marry her, and was
accordingly changed into an almond tree. Phyllis was the name of
Domitian’s nurse, and in process of time found her way among the
dramatis personæ of Arcadian poetry; and arrived at being somewhat
popular as a name in England.
CHAPTER IV.
HISTORICAL GREEK NAMES CONSISTING OF EPITHETS.
SECTION I.—_Agathos._
After passing from the fascinating but confused tales and songs that
group around the ship Argo, the doomed family of Œdipus, and the siege
of Troy, the Greeks are well-nigh lost for a time, but emerge again in
the full and distinct brilliancy of the narratives of Herodotus and his
followers, who have rendered their small aggregate of fragmentary states
and their gallant resistance to Asiatic invasion the great nucleus of
interest in the ancient world.
In the days of these wise and brave men, the nomenclature was, for the
most part, expressive and appropriate, consisting of compounds of words
of good augury from the spoken language, and, usually, as has been
before shown, with a sort of recurring resemblance, from generation to
generation, so as to make the enumeration of a pedigree significant and
harmonious.
Of these was ἀγαθός (the good), precisely the same word as our own
_good_ and the German _guth_, only with the commencing α and a Greek
termination.
Classical times showed many an Agathon, and Agathias, and numerous
compounds, such as Agathocles (good fame), to be repeated in the
Teutonic Gudred, and other varieties; but the abiding use of the word as
an European name was owing to a Sicilian girl, called Agatha, who in the
Decian persecution was tortured to death at Rome. Sicily considered her
as one of its guardian saints. Thus, the festival day of this martyred
virgin is observed by both the Eastern and Western Churches, and her
name is found among all the nations that ever possessed her native
island. Greece has transmitted it to Russia, where the _th_ not being
pronounceable, it is called Agafia; and the masculine, which is there
used, Agafon; and the Slavonian nations derive it from the same quarter.
The Normans adopted it and sent it home to their sisters in Neustria,
where it was borne by that daughter of William the Conqueror who was
betrothed to the unfortunate Earl Edwin, and afterwards died on her way
to a state marriage in Castille. In her probably met the Teutonic Gytha
and the Greek Agatha, identical in meaning and root, and almost in
sound, though they had travelled to her birth-place in Rouen by two such
different routes from their Eastern starting-place. Agatha was once much
more common as a name than at present in England, and seems still to
prevail more in the northern than the southern counties. Haggy, or
Agatha, is the maid-servant’s name in Southey’s _Doctor_, attesting its
prevalence in that class before hereditary or peculiar names were
discarded as at present.
France did not fail to take up Agatha. Spain had her Agatha like that of
the Italians, both alike omitting the _h_ of θ. Portugal makes it
Agneda; and the only other change worth noting is that the Letts cut it
short into Apka.
Aristos (best) was a favourite commencement with the Greeks. Aristides,
most just of men, was thus called the son of the best. He has reappeared
in his proper form in modern Greece; as Aristide in republican France;
as Aristides in America.
Aristobulus (best counsel) came originally from an epithet of Artemis,
to whom Themistocles built a temple at Athens, as Aristoboulè, the best
adviser. It was very common in the various branches of the Macedonian
empire, and was thus adopted in the Asmonean family, from whom it came
to the Herodian race, and thence spread among the Jews. In the Epistle
to the Romans, St. Paul sends his greetings to the household of
Aristobulus; and Welsh ecclesiastical antiquaries endeavour to prove
that Arwystli, whom the Triads say was brought by Bran the blessed to
preach the Gospel in Britain, was the same with this person.
Aristarchus (best judge) is also a Scriptural name; and besides these we
have Aristocles (best fame), Aristippos (best horse), Aristagoras (best
assembly), and all the other usual Greek compounds among the Greeks.
Perhaps this is the fittest place to mention that Arethusa is in use
among the modern Greeks, and interpreted by them to mean the virtuous,
as coming from this source. Aretino has been used in Italy.[34]
-----
Footnote 34:
Smith; Jameson; Rees, _Welsh Saints_.
SECTION II.—_Alexander, &c._
Conquering Macedon was the portion of Greece, if Greece it could be
called, that spread its names most widely and permanently; and as was
but right, no name was more universally diffused than that of the great
victor, he who in history is as prominent as Achilles in poetry.
Ἀλέξανδρος (Alexandros), from ἀλέξω (alexo), to help, and ἄνδρες
(andres), men, was said to have been the title given to Paris by the
shepherds among whom he grew up, from his courage in repelling robbers
from the flocks. It was afterwards a regular family name among the kings
of Macedon, he who gave it fame being the third who bore it. So much
revered as well as feared was this mighty conqueror, that his name still
lives in proverb and song throughout the East. The Persians absolutely
adopted him into their own line, and invented a romance by which
‘Secunder’ was made the son of a native monarch. Among the eastern
nations, Iskander became such a by-word for prowess, that even in the
sixteenth century the Turks would find no greater title of fear for
their foe, the gallant Albanian, Georgios Kastriotes, than Skander Beg,
or Lord Alexander.
Not only did the great conqueror possess many namesakes,—as indeed,
there is a story that all the children born the year of his conquest of
India were called after him,—but Alexandros was already frequent in
Greece; and among the kingdoms formed out of the fragments of his
empire, it recurred so as to become usual all over the Græcized East.
Even the Maccabean Jews used it, and it was common in Judea, as well as
elsewhere, in the time of the Gospels, so that a large proportion of
saints and martyrs bore it and handed it on, especially in Greece and
Italy. A pope, martyred in the second century, rendered it a papal
assumed name; and the Italians used it frequently as Alessandro,
shortened into Sandro. Nowhere, however, is it so thoroughly national as
in Scotland, imported thither, apparently, with other Greek names, by
Margaret Ætheling, who learnt them in the Hungarian court where she was
born and brought up. Her third son was the first of the three Scottish
Alexanders, under whom the country spent her most prosperous days.
No wonder his namesakes were numerous. In the Highlands they came to be
Alaster, and formed the surname MacAlister; in the south, the
contractions were Alick, Saunders, or Sandy, and the feminine Alexa,
Alexandrina, and Alexandra, are chiefly German and Russian, though now
and then occurring in France.
The first half of this name, Alexios, a defender, was in use in ancient
Greece, where it belonged to a noted sculptor. Its saintly honours did
not begin till the fifth century, when a young Roman noble, called
Allexius or Alexis, is said to have been so much bent on a monastic
life, that being compelled by his parents to marry, he fled away on his
wedding day, and lived seventeen years in a convent in Syria; but,
finding his reputation for sanctity too much for his humility, he came
home in guise of a poor pilgrim, and spent another seventeen years as a
beggar maintained on the scraps of his father’s kitchen, and constantly
mocked and misused by the servants, until in his dying moments, he made
himself known to his parents. His church at Rome, called St. Alessio,
gives a title to a cardinal; and his day, July 17th, is observed by the
Greeks as well as the Romans; and yet so strange is his history that it
almost seems as if it might have been one of those instances in which an
allegory acquired the name of a real saint, and attached itself to him
as a legend. Alessio has in consequence always been an Italian name, and
with the family of the Komnenoi, Alexios came into use among the
Byzantine Greeks, with whom it was very frequent. Alexia is often found
as a lady’s name in old records and accounts of the middle ages; but it
is apparently intended merely as the Latin equivalent for Alice, which
we shall show by-and-by to have had an entirely different origin.
┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐
│ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ Italian. │Spanish. │
│Alexander │Alexander │Alexandre │Alessandro │Alejandro │
│Alex │Alick │ │ │ │
│ │Sanders │ │ │ │
│ │Sandy │ │ │ │
│ │Sawny │ │ │ │
│ │Elshender │ │ │ │
│ │Elshie │ │ │ │
│ │Alaster │ │ │ │
├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤
│ Russian. │ Polish. │ Slavonic. │ Ung. │ │
│Aleksander │Aleksander │Aleksander │Sandor │ │
│Ssachka │Leszek │Skender │ │ │
│Ssaschinka │ │ │ │ │
├────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┤
│ FEMININE │
├────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┤
│ English. │ Italian. │Portuguese. │ Spanish. │ │
│Alexis │Alessio │Aleixo │Alejo │ │
│Alexis │ │ │ │ │
│Alexe │ │ │ │ │
├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤
│ Russian. │ Slavonic. │ Servian. │ Lusatian. │ Hungarian. │
│Alexei │Ales │Aleksa │Alex │Elek │
│Alescha │Leks │ │Halex │ │
│ │ │ │Holex │ │
└────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘
SECTION III.—_Anēr, Andros._
We come to the names derived from ἀνήρ, gen. ἀνδρός (anēr, andros), a
man. The word itself has connections in the Sanscrit _nara_, and Zend
_ner_; but its compounds are all from its oblique cases.
The most interesting of these is formed by the corrupt Greek dialect
used in Syria, namely, that which fell to Ανδρέας (Andreas), the
Galilean fisherman, whom the Church Universal reveres as one of the
foremost in the Glorious Company of the Apostles. The saint was martyred
at Patras in Achaia, whence some of his relics were carried in the
fourth century to Scotland, and were thus the occasion of St. Andrew’s
becoming the Metropolitan see. Shortly after, the vision of Hungus, King
of the Picts, of St. Andrew’s Cross, promising him victory, rendered the
white saltire the national ensign, and St. Andrew became not only the
patron saint, but in due time the knightly champion of Scotland, and
made Andrew one of the most universal of names, and the patronymic
Anderson very common. The other relics went first to Constantinople, and
after the taking of that city, were dispersed through Europe. Philip the
Good, of Burgundy, obtained some of them, and made St. Andrew the patron
of the order of the Golden Fleece, and Andreas became a frequent Flemish
and Dutch name. It has a feminine in the countries where it is most
popular, and its variations are as follows:—
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ Scotch. │ Dutch. │ Danish. │
│Andrew │Andrew │Andreas │Anders │
│Andy │Dandie │Andries │ │
│ │ │Andries │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ French. │ German. │ Italian. │ Spanish. │
│André │Andreas │Andrea │Andres │
│Andrien │ │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Russian. │ Slavonic. │ Polish. │ Bohemian. │
│Andrej │Andrej │Andrezej │Ondrej │
│ │Andias │Jedrzej │ │
│ │Necek │ │ │
│ │Andrejeek │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Lusatian. │ Esthonian. │ Hungarian. │ Lapland. │
│Handrej │Andras │Andras │Anta │
│Rajka │Andrus │Bandi │Attok │
│Hendrijshka │ │ │Ats │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
The feminines are the French Andrée and Italian Andreana. The Russians
use Andrean as an equivalent for Henry!
Andronicus, man’s victory, was a great favourite, and occurs in St.
Paul’s Epistle to the Romans, probably having belonged to a Corinthian
who had gone from the busy city of traffic on the Isthmus to the great
Capital of the world. The name continued among the Greeks, and belonged
to numerous emperors, but has not been subsequently in much favour.
SECTION IV.—_Eu._
The word εὖ (well or happily) was the commencement of many a name of
good augury from the earliest times, and mingles as much among Christian
as among classical associations.
Thus in company with ἄγγελος, angelos (a messenger), it formed
evangelus, happy messenger, or bearer of good tidings, the first time
applied to a shepherd, who brought to Ephesus the tidings of a quarry of
beautiful marble for the building of the temple that was the glory of
the city and of all Asia. Adored with heroic honours as he was, the
title must have seemed to the Ephesian Christians, above all, to befit
those spiritual shepherds who brought the best of tidings, and
Evangelista became the term for a preacher, as Evangelium of his
doctrine, both becoming in time restricted to the four-writers of the
personal history of our Lord, and their narrative, as being the very
core and centre of the Good Tidings. Evangelista was an old Italian
name; and Longfellow appears to have invented Evangeline for the heroine
of his poem, whence many of the name have sprung up in America.
Εὔχειρ (Eucheir), dexterous hand, was no doubt at first a mere epithet
of a sculptor, but afterwards considered as a name, and belonging to no
less than four distinguished sculptors of ancient Greece.
Thence the Latinized Eucherius, which belonged to a Bishop of Lyons, a
great author of ecclesiastical works, who died about A.D. 450; from him
comes the Portuguese Euchario, the Italian Eucario, the French Euchaire,
the Russian Jevcharij, the Polish Euckary.
Εὐδώρη (Eudora), happy gift, was one of the Nereids, and afterwards did
duty as Eudore in French romance.
Eudocia and Eudoxia are so much alike as to be often confused, but have
different significations. The first is Εὐδοκία (approval), the second
Εὐδοξία (good fame of glory). Both were great favourites with the Greek
empresses, and were assumed by imperial brides possessed of some
appellation not supposed to befit the purple. Saints of the Greek Church
handed Eudokhia on into Russia, where it has been worn upon the throne,
and becomes in common parlance Jevdoksija.
Εὐγενή (Eugenes), well born, was a very old Greek author; but Eugenios
was the more usual form in classical times, and was carried on as
Eugenius by the Romans. St. Eugenius was an African Confessor, and
another Eugenius was Bishop of Toledo in 646. Both these gave much
popularity to their name; the first in the East, the second in Italy,
where Eugênio came to that high-spirited Savoyard who, growing weary of
lingering at the court of Louis XIV., and hearing himself called _le
petit Abbé du Roi_, rendered the sound of Prince Eugène dear to Austria
and England; terrible to France and Turkey. Foe as he was, it is to his
fame that the great popularity of Eugène in France is owing, whilst even
in the country for which he fought Eugen is far less common. The
Russians have it as Jevgenij; and the Servians as Djoulija; indeed, well
may these last remember the gallant prince who turned back the wave of
Turkish invasion.
Eugenius stands forth again and again in the early roll of Scottish
kings, but whether these sovereigns ever lived or not, their appellation
was certainly not Eugenius, nor any corruption from it; but the Keltic
Eoghan, Ewan, or Evan, still extremely common in the Highlands, and
meaning a young warrior, though, after the favourite custom of the Gael,
Anglicized and Latinized by names of similar sound. The Welsh Owain or
Ywain appears to have had the same fate, as the first means a lamb; but
this is not equally certain, as the British had many Latin and Greek
names current among them, and this _may_ be a corruption of Eugenius.
Eugenia was a virgin Roman martyr, of whom very little is known; but
this convenient feminine for Eugène has been in favour in the countries
where the masculine was popular, and the Empress Eugénie rendered it the
reigning name in France.
The names beginning with this favourite adverb are almost beyond
enumeration, and it is only possible to select those of any modern
interest. Εὐνίκη (Eunike), Eunice, happy victory, was one of the fifty
Nereids, from whom the name passed to Greek women, and thus to Eunice,
the Jewish mother of Timothy, whence this has become a favourite with
English lovers of Bible names.
John Bunyan would have been reminded of his town of _Fair Speech_ by the
number of Greeks called by words of this signification: Eulalius,
Eulogius, Euphemius, all with their feminines, besides Euphrasia.
The feminines were more enduring than the masculines. Eulalia was a
child of ten or twelve years old, who, with that peculiar exaggeration
of feeling that distinguishes Spanish piety, made her escape from the
place of safety where her parents had taken refuge, entered Merida, and
proclaiming herself a Christian, was martyred with the utmost extremity
of torture in the persecution of Diocletian, and was sung by the great
Christian poet Prudentius, himself a Spaniard. His verses spread her
fame into the East, where the Russians carry on her name as Jevlalija;
the Servians, as Evlalija or Lelica. Another virgin martyr of the same
name, under the same persecution, died at Barcelona, whence her relics
spread into Guienne and Languedoc, and thus named the villages of Ste.
Olaille, Ste. Aulazie, and Ste. Aulaire, the last a familiar seignoral
title! Eulalia and Eulalie have been often used in Spain and France, and
the former is found in the register of Ottery St. Mary, Devon—also
frequently in Cornwall.
Euphemia originally meant at once fair speech and abstinence from the
reverse, so that almost in irony it signified silence, and was applied
to the stillness that prevailed during religious rites, or to the
proclamation of silence. The Euphemia who was the parent of the
wide-spread name, was a virgin-martyr of Bithynia, whose legend of
constancy, unshaken and invulnerable, alike by lion and flame, strongly
impressed both the East and the West. Jevfimija, in Russia; Jeva, in
Servia; Bema, in Lusatia; and Pimmie, in Lithuania. Then she is almost
as much changed as by the Effie and Phemie of Scotland, which together
with Euphame have prevailed since very early times. It is a question
whether this Scottish Euphame were really one of the Greek names brought
from Hungary by Queen Margaret, or if it be only another attempt to
translate the Keltic Aoiffe. In the Highlands, however, the name is
called Oighrigh; which, to English eyes and ears, seems equally distant
from either Aoiffe or Euphemia. The church of Santa Eufemia at Rome
gives title to a cardinal, and has spread the name in Italy and France.
It remains somewhat doubtful whether Eustace should be referred to
Εὐστᾶθηος (steadfast), or to Εὔσταχος (happy in harvest). The Eostafie,
or Eustathius, of the Greco-Slavonic Church, certainly has the same
festival-day (September 20th) as the Eustachius of the Latin; but the
Latin Church has _likewise_ a St. Eustachius, a different personage with
a different day. He of September 20th was a Roman soldier, who lived and
suffered under the Emperor Adrian, but his wild poetical legend is
altogether a work of the Western mind. It begins like that of St.
Hubert, with his conversion by the apparition of a crucifix planted
between the horns of a stag, and a voice telling him that he should
suffer great things. A soldier saint was sure to be a great favourite in
the middle ages, and the supposed transport of St. Eustace’s relics to
St. Denis, in very early times, filled France with Eustache, and thence
Eustace, Wistace, or Huistace, as English tongues were pleased to call
it, came over in plenty at the Norman Conquest. Eustace ‘Comes,’ who
holds land in Domesday Book before the Conquest, must have been he of
Boulogne who had such a desperate quarrel with the Godwin sons. There
were six householders of this name after the Conquest, and they, or
their descendants, sometimes called their daughters Eustachie, or
Eustachia. Eustachia, a kinswoman of Henry II., married Geoffrey de
Mandeville; and Eustacie was once in favour in France; but all these
have a good deal lost their popularity, though we sometimes hear of
Eustace in these days. The Bavarian contraction is Staches. Eusebius and
Eusebia mean gentle or holy, and have not been frequent.[35]
SECTION V.—_Hieros._
The word ἵερος (hieros), sacred, gave the term for a priest, or any
other person or thing set apart, and thus formed several names in the
family of the kings of Syracuse, Hieron, Hieracles (holy fame),
Hieronymus, _i. e._ Ἱερώνυμος (with a holy name). These continued in use
among the Greeks, and came at length to that Dalmatian scholar and
hermit, Eusebius Hieronymus Sophronius, who is reckoned as one of the
greatest of the Latin fathers. As a saint of high reputation, his name
underwent the Italian process of changing its aspirate into a _G_, and
he became San Geronimo, or even Girolamo, whence the French took their
frequent Jerome, and we followed their example. The Germans did indeed
hold fast to Hieronymus; and the old English reformers would quote St.
Hierom; but Jerome is the abiding name by which the saint, his
namesakes, and the friars who took his rule are called.
In Ireland, Jerome, like Jeremiah and Edward, has been forced into
representing the good old Keltic Diarmaid.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ Portuguese. │ Spanish. │ Italian │
│Hierom │Jeromino │Jeromo │Geronimo │
│ │Hieronimo │Jeromino │Girolamo │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ French. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Servian │
│Jerôme │Jeronim │Hieronim │Jerolim │
│ │ │Hirus │Jerko │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
In Cambrai, Hieronome was the form, with the Hieronomette for a
feminine; and among the Swinburnes of Yorkshire, in the seventeenth
century, Jeronima thrice occurs.[36]
-----
Footnote 35:
Liddell and Scott; Smith; Jameson; Sir Isumbras; Ellis, _Domesday
Book_; Michaelis.
Footnote 36:
Grimm; Smith; Scott.
SECTION VI.—_Pan._
A few words beginning with πᾶς (all) must here be mentioned, such as
Pankratios (all ruling). A boy thus called is said to have suffered at
Rome, in his 14th year, in 304, under Diocletian. Even in the time of
Gregory of Tours, it was supposed that certain vengeance followed false
oaths made at his shrine, and his relics were therefore very valuable. A
present of some from Pope Vitalian to our King Oswy brought St. Pancras
into fashion in England, and Pancrace and Pancragio have also named many
churches in France and Italy. The lily called _pancratium_ claims by its
name to excel all others.
Πανταλέων, Pantaleon (altogether a lion), was one of the numerous
Christian physicians who suffered martyrdom. He died at Nicodemia, but
his relics were brought to Constantinople, and thence to France, where
he is the chief saint of the largest church at Lyons, and he is the
patron of doctors next after St. Luke. His name was in use in France and
Italy before. As a peasant name, he fell, with Arlechino and Colombina,
into comedy. His dress was on the stage made to fit tight to his body,
as if all in one piece, and he was always a feeble old man, whence
Shakespeare speaks of the lean and slippered pantaloon. Thence again,
when the entire leg was covered by the trousers instead of by stockings
and breeches meeting at the knee, the name of pantaloon was applied to
the new garment.
Νίκη (victory) was an auspicious word, which, being of feminine gender,
as befitted a goddess, was a favourite close for women’s names; such as
Stratonike (army victory), Φερενίκη, Pherenike (bringing victory).
Berenike was the Macedonian pronunciation of this last, and was in
constant use among princesses of the two Greek kingdoms of Syria and
Egypt. From these ladies, those of the Herod family took the name, and
thus it was borne by that Bernice who heard St. Paul’s defence. Oddly
enough, the peasants of Normandy are fond of calling their daughters
Berenice. Veronica is sometimes said likewise to be a corrupt form.
In men’s names Nike was the prefix, as in Nikon, Niklias, Nikodemos
(conquering people), Nikolaos (Νίκολαος), a word of like meaning. This
last, after belonging to one of the seven first deacons, and to the
founder of a heresy doomed in the Apocalypse, came to the Bishop of
Myra, from whom it acquired a curious legendary fame that made it
universal. St. Nicholas is said to have supplied three destitute maidens
with marriage portions by secretly leaving money at their window, and as
his day occurred just before Christmas, he thus was made the purveyor of
the gifts of the season to all children in Flanders and Holland, who put
out their shoe or stocking in the confidence that Santa Klaus or Knecht
Clobes, as they call him, will put in a prize for good conduct before
the morning. The Dutch element in New England has introduced Santa Klaus
to many a young American who knows nothing of St. Nicholas or of any
saint’s day. Another legend described the saint as having brought three
murdered children to life again, and this rendered him the patron of
boys, especially school-boys.
A saint of both the East and West, with a history so endearing, and
legends still more homely and domestic, Nicholas was certain of many
followers throughout Christendom, and his name came into use in Europe
among the first of the sainted ones. To us it came with the Norman
Conquest, though not in great abundance, for only one Nicolas figures in
Domesday Book, but his namesakes multiplied. The only English pope was
Nicolas Breakspear; and Nicole or Nicola de Camville was the brave lady
who defeated the French invaders at Lincoln, and secured his troublesome
crown to Henry III. She deserves to have had more ladies called after
her in her own country, but the feminines are chiefly confined to
France, where, in the fifteenth century, its contraction was beatified
in the person of a shoemaker’s daughter, Collette Boilet, who reformed
the nuns of St. Clara, and died in the odour of sanctity. The southern
nations almost always contract their names by the omission of the first
syllables, as the northern ones do by leaving out the latter ones; and
thus, while the English have Nick, the Italians speak of Cola, a
contraction that became historical when the strange fortunes of “Cola di
Rienzi, the tribune of the people,” raised him to his giddy height of
honour, and then dashed him down so suddenly and violently, that “You
unfortunate Rienzi” has ever since been a proverbial expression of pity
in Italy.
The French language generally has both varieties of contractions,
perhaps according as it was influenced by the Provençal or the Frank
pronunciation, and thus its Nicolas becomes Nicole or Colas, sometimes
Colin. Thence it has been suggested that Colin Maillard, or
blind-man’s-buff, may be Colin seeking Maillard, the diminutive of
Marie, which would drolly correspond to the conjecture that the “N or M”
of our catechism and marriage service, instead of being merely the
consonants of _nomen_, stand for Nicholas and Mary as the most probable
names. The French Colin is probably Nicolas, and is the parent of all
the Arcadian Colins who piped to their shepherdesses either in the rural
theatricals of the ancient regime, in Chelsea china, or in pastoral
poetry. The Scottish Colin may, perhaps, have been slightly influenced
by French taste, but he bears no relation to Nicolas, being, in fact,
formed from the Irish missionary, Saint Columba. The true Scottish
descendant of the patron of scholars is to be found in that quaint
portrait, Baillie Nicol Jarvie. The _h_ with which Nicolas is usually
spelt in English was probably introduced in the seventeenth century,
which seemed to think good spelling consisted in the insertion of
superfluous letters.
Niel, a pure Keltic word, which was adopted by the Northmen, and became
naturalized in Scandinavia and Normandy, has also been translated by
Nicolas, but quite incorrectly. Nils is the only _real_ Nicolaus except
Klaus used in the North, though Niel, and even Nigel, are sometimes
confounded with it. Denmark has had a King Klaus; otherwise this popular
name has only been on the throne in the instance of that great Tzar whom
we had respected till the last year of his life, when his aggression
forced us into war.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ Danish. │
│Nicholas │Nicol │Nicolas │Nikolaus │
│Nick │ │Nicole │Niklaas │
│Nicol │Colas │Colin │Klaus │
│ │ │ │Nils │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Dutch. │ German. │ Bavarian. │ │
│Niklaas │Nikolaus │Niklau │Swiss. │
│Klasse │Niklas │Nickel │Chlaus │
│ │Klaus │Likelas │ │
│ │Nikolaus │Klasl │ │
│ │Niklas │ │ │
│ │Klaus │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Italian. │ Portuguese. │ Russian. │ Slavonic. │
│Nicola │Nicolaio │Nikolaj │Nikola │
│Nicolo │ │Nikolascha │Miklaoz │
│Cola │ │Kolinka │ │
│ │ │Kolja │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Polish. │ Lett. │ Finland. │ Ung. │
│Mikolej │Klavinsh │Laus │Mikos │
│ │Klassis │Nilo │ Lapland. │
│ │ │Niku │Nikka │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
The German Sieg answers exactly to the Greek Nike.
With the _a_ before it, which in Greek contradicts the ensuing word,
like the Latin _in_, and Teutonic _un_, we have Ἀνίκητoς, Aniketos,
Anicetus, unconquered, the name of a pope, a friend of St. Polycarp, and
an opponent of heresy, whence he is a saint both of East and West, and
is called Aniceto at Rome, Anicet in France, and Anikita in Russia.[37]
-----
Footnote 37:
Liddell and Scott; Rollin; Jameson; Butler; Michaelis; Ellis,
_Domesday Book_; Warton, _English Poetry_.
SECTION VII.—_Polys._
Πoλύς (Polys), much, very, or many, was a frequent opening for Greek
names. Polydoros (Πoλύδωρος), many-gifted, was the youngest and last
survivor of the sons of Priam; and as mediæval Europe had a strong
feeling for the fate of Troy, and the woes of ‘Polydore’ had an especial
attraction for them, so Polidoro was revived in Italy, and has never
quite died away.
His sister Polyxena, the feminine of very hospitable, had an equally
piteous fate, being slain by the Greeks at the tomb of Achilles.
According to the legends of the Eastern Church, a lady named Eusebia
(gentle), who had been born at Rome, fled from an enforced marriage with
a king, and took refuge, first at Alexandria, and then in the Isle of
Cos, where she was called Xena, or the stranger. She founded a monastery
at Mylassa in Caria, and there died in the 5th century. Kseenia, as she
is called in Russia, has many namesakes, and probably was made
ornamental by being lengthened into Poliksenja, which is likewise in
use, with the contraction Polinka; and Polixene has also been used from
an early period in Germany.
Πολύευκτος (Polyeuctos), much longed for, answering to the Desiderio of
Italy, and Desirée of France, was an old classic name, and an officer
who was martyred in Lesser Armenia about the middle of the third
century, was placed in the martyrology of both East and West; but only
has namesakes in Russia, where he is called Polieukt.
Πολύκαρπος (Polycarpos), that glorious Bishop of Smyrna, “faithful unto
death,” and “receiving a crown of life when he played the man in the
fire,” has had still fewer imitators of his suitable Christian name,
much-fruit.
SECTION VIII.—_Phile, &c._
Φίλος (Philos) was a most obvious and natural opening for names. It
stood alone as that of several Macedonian ladies, and again with
numerous men called Philon.
Philemon (loving thought) was the good old Phrygian who, with his wife
Baucis, entertained Zeus and Hermes, and were rewarded with safety when
their churlish neighbours were destroyed. Philemon was very common among
the Greeks, and the Epistle of St. Paul to the Colossian master of the
runaway Onesimus, has made it one of the Scriptural names of the
English. The Maories call it Pirimona.
The Ptolemys of Egypt were particularly fond of surnaming themselves
after their love to their relations, though they generally contrived so
to treat them as to make the epithet sound ironical: Ptolemy
Philadelphos (love brother), _because_ he murdered his brother; Ptolemy
Philopater, _because_ he poisoned his father; though at least Philometer
does seem to have had a good mother, and to have loved her. Such
surnames were imitated by the Greek kings of Pergamus, all of whom were
named Attalus, and it was from Attalus Philadelphus, the second of them,
that the city of Philadelphia, mentioned in the Apocalypse, took its
title. This perished city of brotherly love seemed to William Penn to
afford a suitable precedent for the title of the capital of his Quaker
colony, which has ever since been Philadelphia. Less happily,
Philadelphia has even been used among English women, apparently desirous
of a large mouthful of a name.
Whether Philadelphia set the fashion, or whether the length of name is
the allurement, Americans have a decided turn for all these
commencements with ‘Phile’; and Philetus, Philander, &c., are to be
found continually among the roughest inhabitants of the backwoods and
far-west. With us they are at a discount, probably owing to the fashion
of the last century of naming imaginary characters from the qualities
they possessed.
Philaret, fond of virtue, is however popular in Russia, for the sake of
some Eastern saint, who no doubt derived it from Philaretos, a Greek
physician.
The verb πράσσω (prasso), to do or act, and the substantives πρᾶγμα
(pragma), πρᾶξις (praxis), business, were fertile in derivatives.
The Christian interest of the words from this source is through
Praxedes, who, according to the legend, was the daughter of the house in
which St. Peter lodged at Rome, and devoted herself, together with her
sister, to attending on Christians in prison, and burying them when they
were put to death; a course of life that resulted in a glorious
martyrdom. In honour of these two faithful women was built one of the
first churches of Rome, consecrated, it is said, as early as 141, and
still existing in all the glory of its ancient mosaics. Santa Prassede,
as modern Rome terms it, gives title to a cardinal; and the admirable
Carlo Borromeo was thus distinguished, deserving, perhaps, more than any
other known ‘hinge-priest’ of Rome to be called after the saint of holy
activity. Prassede has continued in vogue among Italian women, who
frequently learn their names from Roman churches. I have found Plaxy in
Cornwall, possibly from this source. Here, too, we should place Anysia
(Ἀνύσια), from ἀνύω (anuo), to accomplish or complete. She was a maiden
of Thessalonica, put to death there under Maximian. Her day is the 30th
of October, in the Greek calendar, and Annusia is a Russian name, but
she is not in the Roman calendar; and how the Normans heard of her it is
hard to guess, unless it was either from the Sicilian Greeks, or in the
Crusades; nevertheless, we are often met by Annys, Anisia, Annice, or
Annes, in older pedigrees. The latter form occurs down to 1597 in the
registers of the county of Durham. In later times the form was absorbed
by Anne.
Τροφή, Trophe (food or nourishment), formed Τρόφιμος, Trophimos (the
fruitful or nourishing), the name of an old Greek sculptor, and
afterwards of the Ephesian companion of St. Paul who was left sick at
Miletus. The people at Arles consider that he afterwards preached the
Gospel in their city, and have made him the patron of their cathedral;
but it is Russia that continues the use of his name as Trofeem.[38]
Even among the heathen Greeks, Τρυφή, Tryphe (daintiness, softness, or
delicacy), had not a respectable signification. Yet Τρύφον, or Tryphon,
was a favourite with persons of inferior rank—artists, architects, and
physicians; and in the Decian persecution, a martyr so called was put to
the extremity of torture in Bithynia, and has remained highly honoured
in the calendar of the Greek Church; Trypho continuing in use as a
Russian name.
The feminine form, Τρυφαίνα (Tryphæna), was given to two of the
daughters of the Ptolemys in Egypt, where it was far from inappropriate;
but, probably, the two women whom St. Paul greets so honourably at Rome
as Tryphæna and Tryphosa, were either Alexandrian Jewesses whom he had
met at Corinth on their way to Rome, or else merely so called as being
the daughters of some Tryphon. They were not canonized, and the dainty
Tryphæna has only been revived in England by the Puritan taste.
SECTION IX.—_Names connected with the Constitution.—Laos, &c._
The democratic Greeks delighted in names connected with their public
institutions—ἀγορά (agora), the assembly, δῆμος (dêmos), the public,
λαός, also the people, gave them numerous names, with which were closely
connected the formations from δίκη (dike), justice, and κλέος (kleos),
fame.
Λαοδάμας (Laodamas), people-tamer, had a feminine Λαοδάμεια (Laodameia),
principally noted for the beautiful legend of her bitter grief for her
husband, the first to fall at Troy, having recalled him to earth for
three hours under the charge of Hermes. Probably Florence must have had
a local saint named Laodamia, for it has continued in vogue there.
The demos better answered to the commons; they expressed less the
general populace than the whole voting class of free citizens, and were
more select. We find them often at the beginning or end of Greek names,
like the Theut of the Teutons: Demodokos, people’s teacher; Demoleon,
people’s lion; Nikodemos, conquering people, etc.
Κλέος (Kleos), fame, from κλείω (kleio), to call, had as many
derivatives as the Frank _hlod_, or loud, for renowned, but most of them
have passed out of use, though Κλεάνθης (Kleanthes), famous bloom, the
name of a celebrated sculptor, so struck the fancy of the French that
Cleanthe—their epicene form—was one of the favourite soubriquets for
their portraits of living characters. Even Cleopatra (Κλεοπάτρα), fame
of her father, with all her beauty and fame, did not hand on the name
which she had received in common with a long course of daughters of
Egypto-Greek kings. Russia alone accepts it as a frequent Christian
name, and it is occasionally to be found in England and America.
The wreath of the conqueror was an appropriate allusion to those games
where the Greek youth delighted to contend, and very probably the first
Stephanos (Στέφανος) was so called by an exulting family whose father
had returned with the parsley, or pine-leaf, crown upon his brow, and
named the infant in honour of the victory. For Stephanos was an old
Greek name, which had belonged among others to a son of Thucydides,
before it came to that Hellenist deacon who first of all achieved the
greatest of all the victories, and won the crown.
Besides St. Stephen’s own day, another on the 3rd of August for “the
invention of St. Stephen’s relics,” which were pointed out in a dream to
a priest of Caphargamala in the year 415, by no less a person than the
Jewish doctor, Gamaliel, in a white robe, covered with plates of gold.
The bones were carried to the church on Mount Sion, and thence dispersed
into all quarters; even St. Augustin rejoiced in receiving a portion at
Hippo, other fragments were taken to the Balearic Isles, while Ancona
laid claim to the possession of a bone, carried off at the time of the
saint’s martyrdom!
No wonder the name is common. Seven saints bore it besides the
proto-martyr, and among them, that admirable King of Hungary, who
endeared it to his people, and left the crown so highly honoured at
Prague. Our name of Stephen is probably due to the acquaintance of the
Normans with Ancona, whence William the Conqueror obtained such interest
in St. Stephen as to dedicate to him the Abbey built at Caen. There is
no instance of the name in Domesday Book, and our king of turbulent
memory derived it from his father, the Count de Blois. In the roll of
Winchester householders in Stephen’s reign we find, however, already
Stephen de Crickeled and “Stephen the Saracen.” Could this last have
been a convert brought home from the East, and baptized in honour of the
pious Count de Blois, father of the king—perhaps an adherent of the
family? It is everywhere in use, varied according to the manner in which
the tongue treated the double consonant. The feminine began at Cambrai
at least as early as the thirteenth century, and it is frequent in Caen,
probably in honour of St. Stephen’s Abbey at Caen.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ German. │ French. │ Italian. │
│Stephen │Stephan │Etienne │Stefano │
│ │Steffel │Tiennon │Steffano │
│ │ │Tiennot │ │
│ │ │Estevennes │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Spanish. │ Portuguese. │ Dutch. │ Russian. │
│Estevan │Estevao │Steven │Stefan │
│Esteban │ │ │Stepan │
│ │ │ │Stenka │
│ │ │ │Stepka │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Polish. │ Illyrian. │ Esthonian. │ Hungarian. │
│Sscezepan │Stepan │Tewa │Istvan │
│ ————————— │Stepo │ │ │
│ Lusatian. │Stepko │ │ │
│Scezpan │Stepika │ │ │
│ FEMININE. │
├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤
│ English. │ French. │ Portuguese. │ Russian. │
│Stephan │Estephanie │Estephania │Stefanida │
│ │Stefanie │ │———————— │
│ │Etiennette │ │ German. │
│ │Tiennette │ │Stephanine │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
I venture here to include the numerous names of which the leading word
is Ὀλυμπ. They are generally derived from Mount Olympos, the habitation
of the gods; but I cannot help thinking them more likely to be connected
with the Olympian games, and to have been first invented for children
born in the year of an Olympiad.
There were numerous varieties, but none have survived except the
feminine Olympias, belonging to the proud but much beloved mother of
Alexander, and, like all other Macedonian names, spreading through the
East. A Byzantine widow, of great piety and charity, who stood faithful
to St. Chrysostom during his persecution by the empress, was canonized,
and sent Olympias on to be a favourite with the Greeks, so that it
flourishes among all ranks in the Ionian Islands. Italy had her Olimpia,
probably through the Greek connections of Venice; and the noble and
learned Olimpia Morata rendered it famous. It was brought to France by
the niece of Mazarin, the Comtesse de Soissons, of evil fame as a
poisoner, and yet the mother of Prince Eugène. From her, apparently,
Olympe spread among French ladies and long continued fashionable, and
Surtee’s _History of the County Palatine of Durham_ mentions an Olympia
Wray, married in 1660.
Here, too, must be mentioned Milone, though its connection with the
subject is only through Milon, the famous Greek wrestler of Crotona, who
carried a heifer through the Stadium at Olympia, and afterwards ate her
up in a single meal; killed a bull with one stroke of his fist; and
finally, was caught by the hands in the recoil of a riven oak, and there
imprisoned till eaten by the wolves. Michaelis thinks the root of the
word is the same with that of the old German verb _milan_, to beat or
crush, the relation of our _mills_. Thence may likewise have come the
Latin _Miles_, and the Keltic _Milidh_, both meaning a warrior.
Milo belonged to the realms of romance. In the story of the Golden Ass
of Apuleius, Milon is the master of the house where the unfortunate hero
undergoes his transformation; and having thus entered the world of
imagination, Milon, or Milone as Italian poets call him, became a
paladin of Charlemagne; Milan was a Welsh knight in one of Marie of
Bretagne’s lays; and in a curious old French romance, Miles is the
father of two children, one of whom is brought up by a lion, and
defended by an ape as his champion. These stories, or their germs, must
have struck the Norman fancy, for a Milo appears among the newly
installed landholders in Domesday Book, and Milo Fitzwilliam stands
early in the Essex pedigrees, but very soon the vernacular form became
Miles. Among the Norman settlers in Ireland, Miles was a frequent name;
and in the Stanton family, when it had become so thoroughly Hibernicized
as to dislike the Norman appellation, one branch assumed the surname of
MacAveely, son of Milo, according to the change of pronunciation
undergone by Erse consonants in the genitive. Miles or Myles itself was
adopted as an English equivalent for the native Erse Maelmordha, or
majestic chief, and has now become almost an exclusively Irish name,
though sometimes used in England by inheritance from Norman ancestors,
and generally incorrectly derived from the Latin _Miles_, whereas its
immediate parent is certainly the Greek Milo.[39]
-----
Footnote 38:
Butler; Surius; Sir Cuthbert Sharpe, _Extracts from Parish Registers_.
Footnote 39:
Liddell and Scott; Butler; Neale, _Hymns of the Greek Church_; Smith;
Dunlop, _History of Fiction_; Hanmer, _Chronicle of Ireland_;
_Publications of Irish and Ossianic Societies_.
CHAPTER V.
CHRISTIAN GREEK NAMES.
SECTION I.
The names that we place in this class are such as arose under the
Christian dispensation. Some, indeed, are older, and many more may be
so, and may have been in use among slaves, peasants, and persons of whom
history took no cognizance; but the great mass, even if previously
invented, were given with a religious meaning and adaptation, and many
embodied ideas that no heathen could have devised. Greek, above all
others the ecclesiastical tongue, has sent forth more widely diffused
names of truly Christian meaning than any other language; the formations
of Latin, German, and English, in imitation of these are, in comparison,
inharmonious and ungainly, carrying their meaning too openly displayed.
Among these are here mixed, when they belong evidently to the same race,
the exclusively modern Greek names, which have arisen since Greece and
her dependencies ceased to be the great store-house of martyrs and
saints, and the dispenser of sacred thought to the Christian world.
Many, indeed, of these names may be of equally ancient date, only not
belonging to any individual of sufficient renown to have transmitted
them to other countries.
Perhaps no land has been less beholden to others in her nomenclature
than modern Greece. Hebrew names have, indeed, come in through her
religion; a very few were accepted from the Latin in the days when
Constantinople was the seat of the Roman empire, and when the churches
were one; but scarcely one of the wide-spread ‘Frank’ names has ever
been adopted by the Greeks. Even in Slavonic Russia the nomenclature
remains almost exclusively Byzantine; the native Slave names are
comparatively few, and those that come in from other nations are
discarded, as at Constantinople, for some supposed Greek equivalent.
SECTION II.—_Names from Theos._
Already in speaking of Zeus it has been explained that this and Θεός
(Theos) are but differing forms of the same term for Divinity, although
one became restricted to the individual Deity; the other was a generic
term in heathen days, retaining, however, so much of spiritual majesty
that it was employed in the Septuagint to express the true Creator, and
thus Christians embraced it as the designation of the supreme object of
worship.
The word Theos itself had been assumed as a surname by one of the worst
of the line of the Syrian Antiochus, and Theon had never been infrequent
among the Greeks. Θεόφιλος (Theophilos), God-beloved, to whom is
dedicated the Gospel of St. Luke, must have been so called before his
Christianity. Thenceforward Theophilus became a name in the Church; but
it has been less used on the Continent than in England. There, probably
from its occurrence in Holy Scripture, and also from being generally the
title of the favourite speaker in religious dialogues, it has been in
some use. The feminine, Theophila, was the name of the mother of Sir
Joshua Reynolds.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Italian and │ Portuguese. │
│ │ │ Spanish. │ │
│Theophilus │Théophile │Teofilo │Theophilo │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
Theokles (Θέοκλής), divine fame, was an ancient heathen name, and it is
most probable that Θεκλα (Thekla) is the contraction of the feminine.
St. Thekla was said to have been a disciple of St. Paul, at Inconium,
and to have been exposed to lions at Antioch. Though they crouched at
her feet instead of tearing her, she is considered as the first virgin
martyr, and it was deemed that the highest possible praise for a woman
was to compare her to St. Thekla. Another Thekla of Alexandria is
believed to have been the scribe of that precious copy of the Gospels
given by Cyril Lucar to Charles I., and now in the British Museum; and
thus Thekla has always had high reputation in the East, though less
known in the West, except that ‘Tecla’ is the patroness of Tarragona.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ German. │ French. │ Italian. │ Russian │
│Thekla │Técla │Tecla │Tjokle │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
Θεόδορος (Theodoros), and Θεόδορα (Theodora), divine gift, are the most
usual of these names; the first universal in the East and West, the
second prevalent in the Eastern Church, but less common in the Western
than the incorrect feminine Dorothea.
There were numerous saints called Theodorus; the favourite of the West
being he of Heraclea, a young soldier, who burnt the temple of Cybele,
and was martyred in consequence. The Venetians brought home his legend,
and made him their champion and one of their patron saints, whence
Teodoro has prevailed in the city of the Doge; and from a church
dedicated to him at Rome the Spaniards must have taken their Teodor, the
French their Théodore, and the Germans the similar Theodor, which has
always been frequent there.
The ancient Britons must have known and used this name; for among their
host of obscure saints of princely birth appears Tewdwr; and the Welsh
made so much use of this form that when the handsome Owen ap Tewdwr won
the heart of the widow of Harry of Monmouth, Tudor was an acknowledged
surname, and in two generations more it became a royal one.
Here, however, the Theodores are a recent introduction. They seem only
to have been really hereditary in Wales, Greece, and Venice. By Greece
is also meant all those Greco-Slavonic countries that received their
nomenclature from Constantinople, in especial Russia, where the _th_ is
exchanged for _ph_, so as to produce the word Feodor; and the Germans,
receiving it again, spell it Pheodor.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ Welsh. │ French. │ Portuguese. │ Spanish │
│Tewdwr │Théodore │Theodoro │ and Italian. │
│ ——————— │ │ │Teodoro │
│ English. │ │ │ │
│Theodore │ │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ German. │ Hamburg. │ Russian. │ Polish. │
│Theodor │Tedor │Feodor │Feodor │
│Pheodor │Tetje │Fedor │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Slavonic. │ Illyrian. │ Lett. │ Hungarian. │
│Todor │Todor │Kodders │Twador │
│ │Toso │Kwedders │ ————————— │
│ │ │ │ Finland. │
│ │ │ │Theotari │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
The feminine Theodora has two independent saints, a martyr and a Greek
empress. It suffers no alterations except the Russian _F_ at the
commencement, and is not common except in the East. The West prefers the
name reversed, and rendered incorrect. Dorotheus and Theodorus may
indeed be exact equivalents; but the invention of Theodora makes the
giver feminine instead of the gift. It is the beauty of the legend of
St. Dorothea that has made her name so great a favourite. Never did
pious fancy form a more beautiful dream than the story of the
Cappadocian maiden, who sent the roses of paradise by angelic hands as a
convincing testimony of the joy that she was reaping. The tale is of
western growth, and the chief centre of St. Dorothea’s popularity as a
patroness was in Germany; but the name was likewise in great favour in
England, where Massinger composed a drama on her story. Dorothy was once
one of the most usual of English names; and ‘Dolly’ was so constantly
heard in every household, that it finally became the generic term for
the wooden children that at least as late as the infancy of Elizabeth
Stuart, were called babies or puppets. In the days of affectation, under
the House of Hanover, Dorothy fell into disuse, but was regarded as of
the same old Puritan character as Abigail or Tabitha. Probably from the
influence of German literature, the German contraction Dora, or more
properly Dore, has come in as almost an independent name, which,
perhaps, ought to be translated as simply a gift, though often used as a
contraction for Dorothea. The fashion has again come round, and Dorothy
has become the favourite name. In the last century, Dorinda was a
fashionable English fancy embellishment, Doralice a French one—perhaps
from the German Dorlisa—Dorothea Elisa. The Russian Darija is reckoned
as a translation; but it does not seem probable, for the patroness of
this latter was an Athenian lady, martyred with her husband,
Chrysanthus, at Rome, and buried in a catacomb, which was opened in the
days of Constantine the Great. The modern Greeks call the name,
Thorothea.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ German. │ Bavarian. │
│Dorothea │Dorothée │Dorothea │Derede │
│Dorothy │Dorette │Dore │Duredel │
│Dolly │Doralice │Dorlisa │Durl │
│Dora │Dorothea │ │ │
│Dorinda │Dore │ │ │
│ │Dorlisa │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Swiss. │ Dutch. │ Danish. │ Spanish. │
│Torli │Dört │Daarte │Dorotea │
│ │Dortchen │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Portuguese. │ Italian. │ Russian. │ Polish. │
│Dorothe │Dorotea │Dorofei │Dorota │
│ │ │Darija │Dorosia │
│ │ │Darha │ │
│ │ │Daschenka │ │
│ │ │Dorka │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Illyrian. │ Lusatian. │ Lett. │ Esthonian. │
│Doroteja │Dora │Darte │Tigo │
│Dora │Horta │Tike │Tio │
│Rotija │Horteja │Tiga │ │
│Horta │Vortija │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Lithuanian. │ Ung. │ │ │
│Urte │Doroltya │ │ │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
Before leaving the word _doros_, we may mention the name Isidoros, a
very old and frequent one among the ancient Greeks, and explained by
some to mean Gift of Isis; but this Egyptian deity is an improbable
origin for a name certainly in use before the Greek kingdom in Egypt was
established, and it seems more satisfactory to refer the first syllable
to ἰς (strength), a word which when it had its digamma was Γις, exactly
answering to the Latin _vis_ (force or strength). It commenced many old
Greek names, but none that have passed on to Christian times except
Isidorus, which was first borne by one of the grim hermits of Egypt,
then by an Alexandrian author, and then by three Spanish bishops of
Cordova, Seville, and Badajos. They probably received it as a
resemblance of the Gothic names beginning with _eisen_ (iron). In
consequence, Isidoro and the feminine Isidora have continued national in
Spain, and Isodoros in Greece, whence Russia has taken Eesidor.
Theodotos (God-given) was in common use among the Greeks of the early
empire, and apparently in Spain was corrupted into Theodosius, since
Spain was the native land of him who rendered this form illustrious.
Theodosia has been in favour in many parts of Europe, copied probably
from some of the Byzantine princesses. The canonized personages of the
masculine and feminine forms are, however, by no means imperial; the one
being a hermit, the other a virgin martyr. Theone is also a German
feminine.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ │ French. │ Italian. │
│Theodosius │ │Théodose │Teodosia │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ English. │ Italian. │ Russian. │ Illyrian. │
│Theodosia │Teodosia │Feodosia │Desse │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
The entire race of Greek words thus derived must be carefully
distinguished from the Gothic ones, which at first sight appear to
resemble them: such as Theodoric, Theudebert, &c., but are all, in fact,
taken from the Teuton word _Theut_ (the people).
Of Theophanos we shall speak among the names taken from sacred
festivals, but we must not leave these titles of pious signification
without mentioning Τιμόθεος (honour God), from τιμὴ (honour or worship),
the noun formed from τίω (to honour or esteem), connected of course with
the Latin _timor_ (fear).
Timotheus had been in use even in heathen times, as in the case of
Alexander’s musician.
But probably it was with a full religious meaning that the good Eunice
chose it for that son who was to be the disciple of St. Paul and the
first bishop of Ephesus. From him, and from several subsequent Saints,
the East and West both learnt it, but at the present day it flourishes
chiefly in Russia as Teemofe. In Ireland, it was taken as one of the
equivalents of the native Tadgh (a bard), and the absurdities of Irish
Tims have cast a ridiculous air over it, mingled with the Puritan odour
of the Cromwellian days, such as to lower it from the estimation its
associations deserve. Mr. Timothy Davison, in 1670, named his daughter
Timothea, but happily his example does not seem to have been
followed.[40]
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Russian. │
│Timothy │Timothée │Timoteo │Timofei │
│Tim │ │ │Timoscha │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Polish. │ Slavonic. │ Lett. │ │
│Tymotensz │Timoty │Tots │ │
│Timoty │ │ │ │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
-----
Footnote 40:
Smith; Jameson; Butler; Liddell and Scott; Hartwell Horne,
_Introduction to the Bible_; Le Beau, _Bas Empire_; Michaelis.
SECTION III.—_Names from Christos._
The Greek verb χρίω (chrio), to touch, rub, or anoint, formed the term
Χριστός, which translated the old Hebrew prophetic Messiah (the
Anointed), and thence became the title of the Saviour, the very
touch-stone of faith.
Therefore it was that at Antioch the disciples came to be called
Χρίστιανοι (Christianoi), a Greek word with a Latin termination, the
title that they accepted as their highest glory, and which has ever
since been the universal and precious designation of a believer. The
first person who is known to have been baptized after this title, was
St. Christina, a Roman virgin of patrician birth, who was martyred in
295. Her marvellous legend declares that she was thrown into lake
Bolsena, with a mill-stone round her neck, but that she floated to the
surface, supported by angels, and that she was at last shot to death
with arrows. She is therefore, of course, patroness of Bolsena and of
the Venetian States, where Cristina is frequent; and her fame travelled
to Greece, Bohemia, and Hungary, from which last place the Atheling
family brought it to England and Scotland in the person of Christina,
Abbess of Romsey. Christian, like the other Greek names of this
importation, took deep root in Scotland, where Kirstin is its
abbreviation among the peasantry; and Christina, or Stine, and Tine, is
common in Germany. John Bunyan’s Christiana, as the feminine of his
allegorical Christian, has made this form the most common in England.
Christine, either through Germany or Scotland, found its way to
Scandinavia, where the contraction is Kirste, or Kirstine. Being
vigorous name-makers at the time of their conversion, the Northmen were
not content to leave this as a mere lady’s name inherited from the
saint, but invented for themselves a masculine Christian, or Christiern
as they call it in Denmark, which has belonged to many a sovereign in
that kingdom, where it is especially national, and contracts into
Kirsten.
Christabel was already a name before Coleridge’s time. It is to be found
in Cornwall, in 1727, and in the North of England. It occurs at Crayke,
in Yorkshire, between 1538 and 1652.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ German. │ French. │ Swedish. │
│Christian │Christian │Chrestien │Kristian │
│ │ │Chrétien │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Danish. │ Netherlands. │ Dantzig. │ Frisian. │
│Christian │Kerstan │Zan │Tsassen │
│ │Karston │ —————— │Tziasso │
│ │Krischân │ Dutch. │Zasso │
│ │Kruschan │Korstiaan │Sasze │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Swiss. │ Polish. │ Slavonic. │ Illyrian. │
│Krista │Krystyan │Kristijan │Kristian │
│Chresta │ │ │Kersto │
│Chresteli │ │ │Hristo │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Lusatian. │ Bulgarian. │ Lett. │ Esthonian. │
│Khrystjan │Krustjo │Kristo │Kersti │
│Kristo │ │Skersto │ —————— │
│Kito │ │ │ Hungarian. │
│ │ │ │Kerestel │
├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┤
│ FEMININE. │
├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤
│ English. │ French. │ German. │ Bulgarian. │
│Christiana │Christine │Christiane │Khrustina │
│Christian │ │Christine │ —————— │
│Christina │ │Stine │ Lithuanian. │
│Chrissie │ │Tine │Krikszte │
│Xina │ │Kristel │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Portuguese. │ Spanish. │ Italian. │ Danish. │
│Christinha │Cristine │Cristina │Karstin │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Slavonic. │ Lusatian. │ Lett. │ Esthonian. │
│Kristina │Krystla │Kristine │Kirstin │
│Kina │Kita │Kersti │Kirste │
│ │Kitka │Skersten │ │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
From the same holy title was derived that of Χριστοφόρος
(Christ-bearer), claimed by many an early Christian as an expression of
his membership, as St. Ignatius on his trial spoke of himself as
Θεοφορος. To this title was attached the beautiful allegory of the giant
ever in search of the strongest master, whom he found at last in the
little child that he bore on his shoulders over the river. Simplicity
soon turned the parable into credited fact, and St. Christopher became
the object of the most eager veneration, especially as there had been a
real martyr so called, and mentioned in the Mozarabic service-book. He
was put to death in Lycia, and his relics were supposed to have been at
first at Toledo and afterwards at St. Denis. The sight of St.
Christopher’s image was thought to be a protection from sickness,
earthquake, fire, or flood, for the rest of the day, and it was
therefore carved out and painted in huge proportions outside churches
and houses, especially in Italy, Spain, and Germany. The cumbrous length
is cut down in England into Kit, Kester, and Chris. The modern Greeks
shorten Christophoros into Christachi. The two feminine are the German
Christophine and English Christophera.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ Swedish. │
│Christopher │Christopher │Christophe │Kristofer │
│Kester │Christal │ │Kristofel │
│Kit │ │ │ │
│Chris │ │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Netherlands. │ German. │ Swiss. │ Italian. │
│Toffel │Christoph │Chrestoffel │Cristoforo │
│Toff │Stoffel │Stoffel │Cristovano │
│ │Stoppel │ │Gristovalo │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Portuguese. │ Spanish. │ Russian. │ Polish. │
│Christovao │Cristoval │Christofer │Kristof │
│ │ │Christof │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Lusatian. │ Lett. │ Lithuanian. │ │
│Kitto │Kristoppis │Kristuppas │ │
│ │Kristagis │ │ │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
Christopher was once far more common in England than it is at present.
In the list of voters at Durham in the year 1500, there were thirteen
Christophers, and in 1813 there were as many as ten. The Germans have
also Christophilon, meaning, loved by Christ.[41]
-----
Footnote 41:
Milman, _Christianity_; Liddell and Scott; Jameson.
SECTION IV.—_Sophia._
Perhaps we ought to consider Sophia (Σοφία) as one of the words most
closely connected with divine attributes, since its use as a name was
owing to the dedication of that most gorgeous of Christian temples by
which Justinian declared that he had surpassed Solomon. It was called,
and it has borne the title through its four hundred years of bondage to
Islam, Sta. Sophia (the holy wisdom of God), that figurative wisdom whom
Christians considered the Book of Proverbs to point out as the Word of
God. Moreover, the words of the ‘Preacher,’ in the Book of
Ecclesiasticus, “Wisdom (Σοφία) is the mother of fair Love and Hope and
holy Fear,” suggested an allegory of a holy woman with three daughters
so called, and thus, in compliment, no doubt, to the glorious
newly-built church, the niece of Justinian’s empress, afterwards wife to
his nephew and successor, was called Sophia, a name which thenceforward
became the fashion among the purple-born daughters, and spread from them
among the Slavonian nations, who regarded Constantinople as the centre
of civilization.
Through these Slavonians Sophia spread to Germany. A Hungarian princess
was so called in 999; another, the daughter of King Geysa, married
Magnus of Saxony, in 1074, and Saxony scattered its Sophias in the next
centuries all over the neighbouring states and into Denmark, where it
has always been a royal name. Very nearly had the Electress Sophia
brought it to our throne, and though the unhappy Sophia Dorothea of
Zelle never took her place in the English Court, her grand-daughters
made it one of the most fashionable ladies' names under the House of
Hanover; and though its reign has passed with the taste for ornamental
nomenclature, yet the soft and easy sound of Sophy still makes her hold
her own.
┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ German. │ Danish. │ Frisian. │
│Sophia │Sophie │Sophia │Saffi │Vye │
│Sophy │ │Fieke │ │ │
├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤
│ Italian. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Lett. │ Hungarian. │
│Sofia │Ssofija │Zofia │Sappe │Zsofia │
│ │Ssonia │Zosia │Wike │Zsofe │
│ │Ssoniuska │ │ │ │
└────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘
SECTION V.—_Petros._
Great is the controversy that hangs on the form of Πέτρος, the surname
divinely bestowed upon the faithful disciple Simon Barjona, when he made
his great confession of faith in the Godhead and Messiahship of his
Master.
“Thou art _Petros_ (a stone), and on this _Petra_ (a rock) I will build
my Church,” are the words.
The apostle was sometimes called in his own lifetime by the Hebrew or
Syriac equivalent Κηφᾶς, or Cephas; but Petros, or Petrus, being both
Greek and Latin words, he went down to posterity thus distinguished.
Many a Pietro was called after him in Italy, to be cut down into Piero
or Pier, and amplified into Pietruccio, or Petruccio and Petraccio. The
devout Spaniards caught up the name, and had many a Pedro, nay, three
Pedros at once were reigning at a time in three Peninsular kingdoms, and
the frequency of Perez as a surname shows how full Spain is of the sons
of Pedro. France had many a Pierre, Pierrot, or, in Brittany, Perronnik.
Perrault, a common surname, may be a derivation from it, as is St.
Pierre, one of the territorial designations. Before the Revolution, La
Pierre and La France were the unvarying designations of the two lackeys
that every family of any pretension always kept in those days of
display.
England had Peter, which Peter-pence, perhaps, hindered from being a
favourite, and borrowed from the French, Piers and Pierce. Feories is
the Irish version of Pierce. Pedder or Peer are both much used in the
North, and Peter in Germany; while the great Muscovite made Petr notable
in his empire. The Irish, regardless of the true history of Patricius,
want to make St. Patrick a namesake of St. Peter, and therefore the
Paddys own not only their national apostle, but the prince of apostles,
for their patrons. The feminines of Peter are Petronilla, said to have
been his daughter, and whence has come Petronilla in Spanish, Petronille
shortened into Nille in Norway, Pernel or Parnel, once exceeding common,
though now forgotten, in England; but other female names have been made
direct from that of the saint, Peronetta in Italy, Perretta in France,
and even Petrina in Scotland and Sweden.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬─────────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Swedish. │ Danish. │
│Peter │Pierre │Per │Peder │
│Piers │Pierrot │ │ │
│Pierce │Perrin │ │ │
│ │Peire │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼─────────────────┤
│ Dutch. │ Italian. │ Spanish. │ Portuguese. │
│Pieter │Pietro │Pedro │Pedro │
│Piet │Piero │ │Pedrinho │
│ │Pier │ │ │
│ │Pietruccio │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼─────────────────┤
│ Russian. │ Polish. │ Illyrian. │ Lusatian. │
│Petr │Picti │Petai │Pjeti │
│Petruscha │Pies │Pero │Petsch │
│Petrinka │ │Petrica │Peto │
│ │ │Pejo │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼─────────────────┤
│ Bulgarian. │ Lett. │ Esthonian. │ Kelt. │
│Petur │Peteris │Pedo │Pétar } _Erse_ │
│Petko │ │Pet │Feoris } │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │Per } _Breton_│
│ │ │ │Petrik } │
├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴─────────────────┤
│ FEMININE. │
├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬─────────────────┤
│ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Portuguese. │
│Petrina │Perette │Petronilla │Petronilha │
│Petronella │Petronelle │ ———————————— │ ———————————— │
│Pernel │Petrine │ German. │ llyrian. │
│ │ │Petronille │Petra │
│ │ │Nelle │Petrija │
│ │ │Nillel │Petrusa │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴─────────────────┘
SECTION VI.—_Names of Immortality._
Rejoicing that “life and immortality had been brought to light” quickly
broke out in the very names given to Christians at their baptism, and
full of import were the appellations invented in these early ages of the
Church, to express the joyful hope of everlasting life.
Even in the Sanscrit, _a-mrita_ expresses the elixir of life, “the
amreeta cup of immortality,” which terminates the woes of Kailyal in the
_Curse of Kehama_, and according to Hindoo myth was produced by the
celebrated churning of the ocean. The name is traced to _a_ privative
and _mri_, a word to be met with again in _mors_, _murder_, &c., and the
notion of a water of life continued to pervade all the Indo-European
races. Among the Greeks this life-giving elixir was ἀμβροσία (ambrosia),
immediately derived from ἄμβροτος (immortal), a word from the same
source. In various legends this ambrosia served to express the human
craving for heavenly and immortal food, until at length, in later times,
ambrosia came to be regarded as the substantial meat of the gods, as
nectar was their drink.
It was reserved for Christianity to proclaim the true ambrosia, the
veritable food of Paradise, and thus it was that Ambrosios became a
chosen name, borne in especial by that great Archbishop of Milan, who
spent one of the most illustrious lives recorded in Church history. The
Church has never forgotten this great saint; and Milan, where his own
liturgy has never been discontinued, is especially devoted to her Sant'
Ambrogio, but his history is perhaps a little too much in the clear
light of day to afford the convenient shadow requisite for
name-spreading legend, and his name has but moderate popularity.
Already, as we may suppose, his fame had spread to Britain when Aurelius
Ambrosius, the brave champion who so long withstood the Saxon invaders,
bore it and left it to the Welsh as Emrys.
┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Spanish. │ Russian. │
│Ambrose │Ambroise │Ambrogio │Ambrosio │Amvrossij │
│Brush │ │ │ │ │
├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤
│ Polish. │ Bohemian. │ Lusatian. │ Hungarian. │ Welsh. │
│Ambrozij │Ambroz │’Bros │Ambrus │Emrys │
│ │ │Mros │ │ │
│ │ │Brosk │ │ │
│ │ │Mrosk │ │ │
└────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘
In the same spirit was formed Ἀθανασίος (Athanasios), from the word
θάνατος (death). The Undying was in itself a name of good hope for a
Christian, and it became dear to the Church at large through the great
Alexandrian patriarch, the bulwark of the faith. It is in the East that
his name has been kept up; the West, though of course knowing it and
using it for him individually, shows few namesakes except in Italy,
where it is probably a remnant of the Greek influence upon Venice and
Naples. The feminine Atanasia is, I believe, solely Italian.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ French. │ Italian. │ Russian. │ Servian. │
│Athanase │Atanasio │Afanassij │Atanacko │
│ │Atanagio │ │ │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
So again the new Christians took the old word ἀνάστασις (meaning an
awakening or raising), from ἀνίστημι (to make to stand up), and used it
to signify the Resurrection; then formed from Ἀναστάσιος (Anastasios),
of the Resurrection,—having the elements of the Resurrection within him
or her, for the feminine Anastasia was as early and as frequent as the
masculine. Indeed the strange caprices of fate have decreed that, though
the masculine form is exceedingly common all over the Eastern Church, it
should, in spite of three saints in the calendar, one of papal dignity,
be almost unused in the West, except in Bavaria, whilst the feminine,
borne by two virgin martyrs, is prevalent everywhere, and chiefly in
Ireland. England once used the name more than at present, and then
Anglicized it into Anstace. Anstiss, Anstish, Anstyce, all occur
frequently as _female_ names in the elder pages of a Devonshire parish
register, where Anstice is now a surname. Anstis Squire is in the
Froxfield register in 1587, and the name must once have been much more
usual.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ French. │ Italian. │ Polish. │ Bavarian. │
│Anastase │Anastagio │Anastazij │Anastasl │
│ │ │ │Stas │
│ │ │ │Stasl │
│ │ │ │Stasi │
├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┤
│ FEMININE. │
├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤
│ English. │ Irish. │ French. │ Russian. │
│Anastasia │Anastasia │Anastasie │Anastasia │
│Anstace │Anty │ │Nastassja │
│ │Stacy │ │Nastenka │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
Amongst these well-chosen baptismal titles may be mentioned Ζωή (Life),
no doubt given as meaning that the principle of Eternal Life was then
implanted. It is strange that neither the Eastern nor Western calendar
shows a Zoë, though a woman thus entitled was said to have been cured of
dumbness by a miracle of St. Sebastian, and afterwards to have been the
first of the martyrs in the persecution in which he died, about the year
286. After this, Zoë became frequent among the women of the Greek
Church, belonging to many of the royal ladies of the Blachernal, among
others to her who endeavoured to shake the constancy of the sea-king,
Harald Hardrada, to his Muscovite Elisif. From the lower empire it
travelled to Russia, where Zoia is at present very common, and in the
time of romantic interest in the new Greek kingdom, Zoé became
fashionable in France, and still is much used there.[42]
-----
Footnote 42:
Liddell and Scott; Southey, Notes to _Curse of Kehama_; Snorre,
Sturleson, _Heimskringla_; Le Beau, _Bas Empire_.
SECTION VII.—_Royal Names._
Σέβας (Sebas), awe or veneration, was compounded into the word Σεβαστός
(Sebastos), as a translation for Augustus, the imperial title coined by
Octavianus to express his own peculiar sacred majesty.
It was not, however, apparently used for the original Augustus; at least
St. Luke calls him Αὔγουστος; and its technical use probably did not
begin till the division of the empire by Diocletian, and his designation
of two emperors as Augusti or Sebastoi, with their heirs as Cæsars.
Subsequently to this arrangement no one would have dared to assume the
name so intimately connected with the jealous wearers of the purple;
and, accordingly, it was a contemporary of the joint emperors, who is
the martyr-saint of this name—Sebastianus, a soldier at Rome, who, when
other Christians fled, remained there to encourage the flock in the
first outburst of the last persecution. He endured a double martyrdom;
first, by the well-known shower of arrows directed against him; and
next, after his recovery under the care of a pious widow, who had
carried away his supposed corpse to bury it, he defied the emperor
again, and was beaten to death in the arena by clubs.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Spanish. │
│ │ │ │ │
│Sebastian │Sebastien │Sebastiano │Sebastian │
│ │Bastien │Bastiano │ │
│ │ │Basto │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Portuguese. │ German. │ Norse. │ Bavarian. │
│Sebastião │Sebastian │Sebastian │Bastian │
│Bastiao │Bastian │Baste │Basti │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Swiss. │ Russian. │ Slavonic. │ Hungarian │
│Bastia │Ssevastjan │Bostjan │Sebestyen │
│Bastiali │ │Bostej │ │
│Bascho │ │ │ │
├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┤
│ FEMININE. │
├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤
│ German. │ French. │ Russian. │ Bohemian. │
│Sebastiane │Sebastienne │Ssevastjana │Sebesta │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
Devout women buried him in the catacombs, and his name slept for at
least a hundred years till Pope Damasus built a church over his
catacomb, which has ever since been called after him, and subsequent
popes made presents of his relics to Tuscany, France, and other
countries. A notion arose, Mrs. Jameson thinks, from his arrows
reminding the classical world of the darts of Apollo, that he was
connected with pestilence. His name is thus found all over Europe,
though less commonly in England and the Protestant parts of Germany than
farther south. Indeed its especial home is Portugal, where it must have
been specially cherished in memory of the rash Don Sebastião, the last
of the glorious House of Avis, for whose return from the fatal African
campaign his country so long looked and longed.
More ancient was the term βασιλεύς (basileus), a king or prince,
properly answering to the Latin _rex_, as did Sebastos to Augustus, but
usually applied in the Greek-speaking countries to the emperor. Thence
came many interesting words, such as the term used in the empire for
courts of royal judgment, Basilica, whence upon their conversion into
places of Christian worship, the title Basilicon became synonymous with
church.
So, too, that royal-looking serpent who was supposed to wear a crown on
his head, and to kill with a look, was the basilisk; and the familiar
basilicon ointment was so termed as being fit for a king.
Βασίλειος (kingly) was not infrequent among the early Christians, and
gained popularity through that great father of the Church, the Bishop of
Neo-Cæsarea, as well as other more obscure saints. It is extremely
common in the Eastern Church, and especially in Russia, where the first
letter suffers the usual change into _V_. The feminine, Basilia, is
still in use among the modern Greeks, and once even seems to have been
known among English ladies, since the sister of Earl Strongbow is thus
recorded in history, but its use has died away amongst us.
┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Russian. │ Polish. │
│Basil │Basile │Basilio │Vassilij │Bazyli │
│ │Basine │ │Vasska │ ———————— │
│ │ │ │ │ Illyrian. │
│ │ │ │ │Vassilij │
│ │ │ │ │Vaso │
└────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘
SECTION VIII.—_Irene._
In heathen days Εἰρήνη (Eirene), peace, was personified and adored as a
goddess; in Christian times, when peace on earth was preached, it was
formed into a name—that which we know as Irene. Irene was the pious
widow, whose care revived St. Sebastian after his first martyrdom, and
in 303, three sisters, Agape (love), Irene, and Chionia underwent
martyrdom at Thessalonica, but Irene seems to have absorbed almost all
the subsequent honour, although Agapè is occasionally to be found in
modern Greece, and formed the masculine surname Agapetus, once the
property of a pope, and still used in Russia.
Irene was extremely frequent among the Greek empresses, and belonged to
the lady who would fain have added herself to the list of Charlemagne’s
many wives. Thence the Russians have it as Eereena, and in that ancient
Greek colony at Sorrento, where the women’s features so strongly recall
their Hellenic descent, Irene is continued as one of their baptismal
names.
Thence was derived the name of the great father of the Church, Εἰρηναῖος
(Eirenaios), Irenæus; but few of the fathers had popular names, and
Irenæus has been little copied, except in Eastern Europe, where the
Russians call it Irinej, and the Hungarians, Ernijó.
The Teuton _fried_ and Slavonic _mir_ have been infinitely more fruitful
in names than the Greek Irene, and as to the Roman _pax_, its
contributions to nomenclature are all posthumous.
Erasmus comes from ἰράω (íráo), to love, and is related to Eros. The
first Erasmus was tortured to death in Diocletian’s persecution, at
Formici, whence his relics were transferred to Gaeta, and he there
became the patron of the Mediterranean sailors, who used to invoke him
as St. Ermo or St. Elmo, at the approach of a storm, and he thus was
thought to send the pale pure electric light that shimmers on the
topmast, warning the sailor of the impending storm. The name of Erasmus
was assumed by the learned Dutchman, under the belief that it translated
his name of Gerhard (_really_ spearhard), and from him Rasmus and Asmus
are common in Holland, and Rasl has somehow found its way to Bavaria.
Russia, too, has Jerassom, but this name lies in doubt between Erasmus
and Gerasimus (the venerable), one of the early ascetics of Palestine.
Gelasius, the laugher, was the name of a pope, and for that reason was
considered as appropriate and ecclesiastical. It has had the strange lot
of being used in Ireland as the substitute for their native name of
Giolla Iosa, or servant of Jesus, and was actually so used by the
Primate reigning at the time of the English annexation of Ireland.[43]
-----
Footnote 43:
Le Beau; Smith; Michaelis.
SECTION IX.—_Gregorios._
Γρηγόριος (Gregorios), came from γρηγορέω, a late and corrupt form of
the verb ἐγείρω (to wake or watch). A watchman was a highly appropriate
term for a shepherd of the Church, and accordingly Gregorios was
frequent among early bishops. Gregorios Nazianzen the friend of St.
Basil, Gregorios Thaumaturgos or the wonder-worker, and others of the
same high fame, contributed to render it highly popular in the East, and
in the West it was borne by the great pope, for whose sake it became a
favourite papal title, so that it has been borne by no less than sixteen
occupants of the chair of St. Peter.
It has, however, been far less popular among those who own their sway
than among the Eastern Christians who are free from it, and though we
find it in Scandinavia, this is only as a modernization of the Norse
Grjotgard, while the Macgregors of Scotland draw their descent not from
Gregory, but from Grig or Gairig, a Keltic word meaning the fierce.[44]
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Danish. │
│Gregory │Gregoire │Gregorio │Gregos │
│ │ —————————— │ │Gregus │
│ │ German. │ │ —————————— │
│ │Gregor │ │ Swedish. │
│ │Gregus │ │Greis │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Russian. │ Polish. │ Bohemian. │ Slavonic. │
│Grigorij │Grzegorz │Rehor │Gregor │
│Grischa │ │ │Grega │
│ │ │ │Gorej │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Illyrian. │ Lett. │ Lithuanian. │ Hungarian. │
│Gregorije │Grigg │Greszkus │Gergelj │
│Gerga │ │Grygallis │Gero │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
-----
Footnote 44:
Michaelis; Butler.
SECTION X.—_Georgos._
The Maronite Christians have a tradition that Georgos was a Christian
sentinel at Damascus, who connived at the escape of St. Paul, when he
was let down in the basket, and was therefore put to death; but whether
this be true or false, among what may be called the allegorical saints
of the Greek Church, one of the most noted is our own patron Γῆ (Ge),
earth, and ἔργω (ergo), anciently Γέργω (fergo), descended from the same
source as our own verbs to work and to urge, formed Γεωργός (earthworker
or husbandman). A Cappadocian saint and martyr, of whom nothing was
known but that he had been a soldier and died in the last persecution,
bore the name of Georgios, and was deeply reverenced in the East, where
Constantine erected a church in his honour at Byzantium. As in the case
of St. Christopher, and probably of St. Alexis, this honoured name
became the nucleus of the allegory, of the warrior saint contending with
the dragon, and delivering the oppressed Church, and of course the
lovers of marvel turned the parable into substance. In 494, Pope
Gelasius tried to separate the true Georgius from the legend, which he
omitted from the offices of the Church, but popular fancy was too strong
for the pope, and the story was carried on till the imaginations of the
Crusaders before Jerusalem fixed upon St. George as the miraculous
champion whom they beheld fighting in their cause, as Santiago had done
for Galicia. Thereby Burgundy and Aquitaine adopted him as their patron
saint; and the Burgundian Henry carried him to Portugal, and put that
realm under his protection; as a hundred years later Richard I. did by
England, making “St. George for merry England” the most renowned of
battle-cries. From Burgundy he was taken by the Germans as a patron; and
Venice, always connected with Greece, already glorified him as her
patron, so that “In the name of St. George and St. Michael I dub thee
knight,” was the formulary throughout half Europe, and no saint had so
many chivalrous orders instituted in his honour.
Still the name was less early used in the West than might have been
expected, perhaps from the difficulty of pronunciation. Georgios always
prevailed in the East, and came to Scotland in the grand Hungarian
importation, with the ancestor of the House of Drummond, who bear three
wavy lines on their shield in memory of a great battle fought by the
side of a river in Hungary, before the Atheling family were brought back
to England, attended by this Hungarian noble. On the usurpation of
Harold, he fled with them to Scotland, and there founded a family where
the Eastern Christian name of George has always been an heir-loom. It
was probably from the same Hungarian source that Germany first adopted
Georg, or Jürgen, as it is differently spelt, and thence sent it to
England with the House of Brunswick; for, in spite of George of
Clarence, brother of Edward IV., and a few other exceptions, it had been
an unusual name previously, and scarcely a single George appears in our
parish registers before 1700, although afterwards it multiplied to such
an extent as to make it doubtful whether George, John, or Charles be the
most common designation of Englishmen.
The feminine is quite a modernism. The first English lady on record, so
called, was a godchild of Anne of Denmark, who caused her to be
christened Georgia Anna. The name had, however, previously existed on
the Continent.
Venice took its Giorgio direct from Greece, but the name was not popular
elsewhere in Italy; and at Cambrai, an isolated instance occurs in the
year 1300, nor has it ever been common in France. The Welsh Urien
(Uranius) descends from heaven to earth by considering George as his
equivalent. The Irish translate the name into Keltic as Seoirgi.[45]
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ Italian. │
│ │ │ │ │
│George │George │Georges │Giorgio │
│Georgy │Geordie │Georget │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Spanish. │ Portuguese. │ Wallachian. │ Provençal │
│Jorge │Jorge │Georgie │Jortz │
│ │Jorgezinho │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ German. │ Frisian. │ Bavarian. │ Swiss. │
│Georg │Jurgen │Görgel │Jörg │
│Jurgen │Jurn │Gergel │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Swedish. │ Danish. │ Dutch. │ Russian. │
│Göran │Georg │Georgius │Gayeirgee │
│ │Jorgen │Joris │Georgij │
│ │ │Jurriaan │Jurgi │
│ │ │Jurria │Egor │
│ │ │ │Egorka │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Polish. │ Bohemian. │ Slavonic. │ Illyrian. │
│Jerzy │Jiri │Jurg │Giuraj │
│ │ │Jurck │Giuro │
│ │ │ │Giuko │
│ │ │ │Djuradj │
│ │ │ │Djurica │
│ │ │ │Juro │
│ │ │ │Jurica │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Lusatian. │ Lett. │ Lithuanian. │ Esthonian. │
│Juro │Jorrgis │Jurgis │Jurn │
│Jurko │Jurrusch │Jurguttis │ │
├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┤
│ FEMININE. │
├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤
│ English. │ French. │ German. │ Portuguese. │
│Georgiana │Georgine │Georgine │Georgeta │
│Georgina │Georgette │ │ —————————— │
│ │ │ │ Illyrian. │
│ │ │ │Gjurjija │
│ │ │ │Gjurgjinka │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
-----
Footnote 45:
Liddell and Scott; Jameson; Butler; Michaelis; O'Donovan.
SECTION XI.—_Barbara._
Of the four great virgin saints, revered with almost passionate
affection in the Roman Catholic Church, each has been made the
representative of an idea. Probably Agnes, Barbara, Katharine, and
Margaret were veritable maidens who perished in the early persecutions,
and whose lives, save for some horrible incident in their tortures, were
unknown; but around them crystallized the floating allegories of the
Church, until Agnes became the representative of the triumph of
innocence, Margaret of the victory through faith, Katharine of
intellectual, and Barbara of artistic devotion. There was a speedy lapse
from the allegory to the legend, just as of old, from the figure to the
myth; and the virgins' popularity in all countries depended, not on
their shadowy names in the calendar, but on the implicitly credited
tales of wonder connected with them.
Barbara was said to be a maiden of Heliopolis, whose Christianity was
revealed by her insisting that a bath-chamber should be built with three
windows instead of two, in honour of the chief mystery of the Creed. Her
cruel father beheaded her with his own hands, and was immediately
destroyed by thunder and lightning. Here, of course, was symbolized the
consecration of architecture and the fine arts to express religious
ideas, and St. Barbara became the patroness of architects, and thence of
engineers, and the protectress from thunder and its mimic, artillery.
The powder room in a French ship is still known as _la sainte Barbe_.
Her name has thus been widely spread, though chiefly among the daughters
of artificers and soldiers, seldom rising to princely rank. Barbara is
the feminine of βάρβαρος (a stranger), the term applied by the Greeks to
all who did not speak their own tongue. Horne Tooke derives it from the
root _bar_ (strong), and thinks it a repetition of the savage people’s
own reduplicated bar-bar (very strong); but it is far more probably an
imitation of the incomprehensible speech of the strangers; as, in fact,
the Greeks seem rather to have applied it first to the polished Asiatic,
who would have given them less the idea of strength than the Scyth or
the Goth, to whose language _bar_ belonged in the sense of force or
opposition. It is curious to observe how, in modern languages, the
progeny of the Latin _barbarus_ vary between the sense of wild cruelty
and mere rude ignorance, or ill-adapted splendour.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ Italian. │
│Barbara │Babie │Barbe │Barbara │
│Bab │ │ │ │
│Barbary │ │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Danish. │ German. │ Swiss. │ Russian. │
│Barbraa │Barbara │Baba │Varvara │
│ │Barbeli │Babali │Varinka │
│ │Barbechen │Babeli │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Slavonic. │ Illyrian. │ Bohemian. │ Lusatian. │
│Barbara │Barbara │Barbora │Baba │
│Barba │Varvara │ │Babuscha │
│Barbica │Bara │ │ │
│ │Vara │ │ │
│ │Barica │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Lett. │ Lithuanian. │ Hungarian. │ │
│Barbule │Barbe │Borbola │ │
│Barbe │Barbutte │Boris │ │
│Babbe │ │ │ │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
The true old English form is Barbary. It appears thus in all the
unlatinized pedigrees and registers; and the peasantry still call it so,
though unluckily it is generally turned into Barbara in writing.[46]
-----
Footnote 46:
Jameson; Horne Tooke; Michaelis.
SECTION XII.—_Agnes._
The word ἄγος (agos), a thing to which religious awe attaches, gave the
adjective ἄγνος (agnos), sacred or pure, whence was named the tree whose
twigs the Greek matrons strewed on their beds during the festival of
Demeter, and which the Romans called by a reduplication of its title in
both languages, the Agnus Castus. Agnus, the Latin for a lamb, is said
to have come from the consecration of those creatures to sacred
purposes; and thence, too, came Agnes, the name of the gentle Roman
maiden, the place of whose martyrdom named the church of Sant' Agnese.
It is said to have been built by Constantine the Great only a few years
after her death, on the spot where she was put to the utmost proof; and
it retains an old mosaic, representing her veiled only by her long hair,
and driven along by two fierce soldiers.
Another very ancient church of Sant' Agnese covers the catacomb where
she was interred, and she has always been a most popular saint both in
the East and West, but most especially at her native city. There a
legend became current, probably from her name, that as her parents and
other Christians were weeping over her grave in the catacomb, she
suddenly stood before them all radiant in glory, and beside her a lamb
of spotless whiteness. She assured them of her perfect bliss, encouraged
them, and bade them weep no more; and thus in all later representations
of her, a lamb has always been her emblem, though it does not appear in
the numerous very early figures of her that are still preserved.
A saint who was the object of so many legends could not fail of numerous
votaries, and Agnes was common in England and Scotland, and was a royal
name in France and Germany. The Welsh form is Nest. A Welsh Nest was the
mother of Earl Robert of Gloucester. Iñes, as the Spaniards make it,
indicating the liquid sound of the _gn_ by the cedilla, gained a
mournful fame in Portugal by the fate of Iñez de Castro, and Iñesila has
been derived from it, while the former English taste for stately
terminations to simple old names made the word Agneta. It is more common
in Devonshire than in other counties. In Durham, there is a curious
custom of calling any female of weak intellect, “a Silly Agnes.” Italy
has invented the masculine Agnolo and Agnello, often confounded with
Angelo, and used as its contraction.[47]
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ Welsh. │ Manx. │ French. │
│Agnes │Nest │Nessie │Agnes │
│Aggie │ │ │Agnies │
│Agneta │ │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Italian. │ Spanish. │ Portugues │ Swedish. │
│Agnese │Ines │Inez │Agnes │
│Agnete │Inesila │ │Agneta │
│Agnesca │ │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Danish. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Slavonic. │
│Agnes │Agnessa │Agnizka │Neza │
│Agnete │Agnessija │ ————————— │Nezika │
│ │ │ Bohemian. │ │
│ │ │Anezka │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Servian. │ Lett. │ Esthonian │ Lithuanian. │
│Janja │Agnese │Neto │Agnyta │
│ ————————— │Nese │ │ │
│ Lusatian. │ │ │ │
│Hanza │ │ │ │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
-----
Footnote 47:
Jameson; Brand, _Popular Antiquities_; Liddell and Scott; Michaelis.
SECTION XIII.—_Margaret._
No name has been the occasion of more pretty fancies than Μαργαρίτης (a
pearl), itself taken from the Persian term for the jewel, Murvarid
(child of light), in accordance with the beauteous notion that the
oysters rising to the surface of the water at night and opening their
shells in adoration, received into their mouths drops of dew congealed
by the moon-beams into the pure and exquisite gem, resembling in its
pure pale lustre nothing so much as the moon herself, “_la gran
Margherita_,” as Dante calls her. The thought of the pearl of great
price, and of the pearl gates of the celestial city, no doubt inspired
the Christian choice of Margarite for that child of light of the city of
Antioch in Pisidia, whose name as virgin martyr standing in the Liturgy
without any authentic history, became, before the fifth century, the
recipient of the allegory of feminine innocence and faith overcoming the
dragon, even as St. George embodied the victory of the Christian
warrior. Greek though the legend were, as well as the name, neither
flourished in the Eastern Church; but Cremona laid claim to the maiden’s
relics, and Hungary in its first Christianity eagerly adopted her name,
and reckons two saints so called in the eleventh century, besides having
sent forth the sweet Margaret Ætheling, the wife of Malcolm Ceanmohr,
the gentle royal saint of the Grace Cup, who has made hers the national
Scottish female name. From Scotland it went to Norway with the daughter
of Alexander III., whose bridal cost the life of Sir Patrick Spens; and
it had nearly come back again from thence with her child, the Maid of
Norway; but the Maid died on the voyage, and Margaret remained in
Scandinavia to be the dreaded name of the Semiramis of the North, and
was taken as the equivalent of Astrid and of Grjotgard. From Cremona
Germany learnt to know the child-like Margarethe, one of the saints and
names most frequently occurring there; and Provence, then an integral
part of the Holy Roman Empire, likewise adopted her. From her was called
the eldest of the four heiresses of Provence, who married St. Louis,
leaving Marguérite to numerous French princesses. Her niece, the
daughter of Henry III., was the first English Margaret; but the name was
re-imported from France in the second wife of Edward I., and again in
Margaret of Anjou, from whom was called Margaret Beaufort, mother of
Henry VII., and founder of the Lady Margaret professorship.
In her grand-daughter, Margaret Tudor, it ceased to be royal in England,
though it had taken root among the northern part of the population,
while, strangely enough, it hardly ever occurs among the southern
peasantry. The Italian reverence for Margherita, or Malgherita, as they
called her, was increased by the penitence of Margherita of Cortona,
whose repentance became so famed that she was canonized. Many are the
contractions of this favourite name, since it is too long for the
popular mouth. The oldest is probably the Scottish Marjorie, as Bruce’s
daughter was called, and which cut down into Maisie, the “proud Maisie”
of the ballad, and later into Mysie, and was treated as a separate name.
Mr. Lower tells us that the surname of Marjoribanks is derived from the
barony of Raltio, granted to Marjorie Bruce on her marriage with the
High Steward of Scotland. Margaret turned into Meg before the time of
“Muckle-moued Meg of the Border,” and this as well as Maggie was shared
with England, which likewise had Margery and Marget, as well as the more
vulgar Peggy and Gritty, and likewise Madge.
The French contraction was in the sixteenth century Margot, according to
the epitaph, self-composed, of the Austrian, Flemish, or French damsel,
who was so nearly Queen of Spain:
“Ci gît Margot, la gentille demoiselle,
Qui a deux maris et encore est pucelle.”
But Gogo is not an improvement. Marcharit is the Breton form.
In Germany Grethel figures in various ‘_Mahrchen_,’ but Gretchen is now
most common, and is rendered classical by Goethe. Mete in the time of
Klopstock’s sway over the lovers of religious poetry was very
fashionable; and Meta almost took up her abode in England, though the
taste for simplicity has routed her of late.
Denmark, where the Semiramis of the North has domesticated the name,
calls it Mette and Maret, and places it in many a popular tale and
ballad as Metelill, or little Margaret.
Even the modern German Jews use it and call it Marialit; and the
Vernacular Gaelic contraction used in Ireland is Vread, though Mairgreg
is the proper form.[48]
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ Italian. │
│Margaret │Margaret │Marguérite │Margherita │
│Margaretta │Marjorie │Margot │Malgherita │
│Margery │Maisie │Margoton │Ghita │
│Maggy │Maidie │Goton │Rita │
│Meggy │Maggie │Gogo │ │
│Madge │Meg │ │ │
│Marget │May │ │ │
│Peggy │ │ │ │
│Gritty │ │ │ │
│Meta │ │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Spanish. │ German. │ Swiss. │ Danish. │
│Margarita │Margarethe │Margarete │Margarete │
│ ————————— │Grete │Gretli │Mette │
│ Portuguese. │Gretchen │ │Maret │
│Margarida │Grethe │ │Melletel │
│ │Grethel │ │ │
│ │Grel │ │ │
│ │Marghet │ │ │
│ │Mete │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Polish. │ Bohemian. │ Slavonic. │ Finland. │
│Margareta │Markota │Marjarita │Reta │
│Malgorzata │ │Marjeta │ │
│Malgosia │ │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Lett. │ Esthonian. │ Lithuanian. │ Hungarian. │
│Margrete │Maret │Magryta │Margarta │
│Greta │Kret │Gryta │Margit │
│Maije │Krot │Greta │ │
│Madsche │ │ │ │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
Footnote 48:
Reeves, _Conchology_; Liddell and Scott; Butler; Michaelis; Grimm;
Weber, _Northern Romance_.
SECTION XIV.—_Katharine._
The maiden martyr, whose name was chosen as the centre of the allegory
of intellectual religion, was Καθαρινή (Kathariné), Catharina in Latin,
from a virgin martyr of Alexandria, whose history being unknown, became
another recipient of a half-allegorical legend. It is not found recorded
earlier than the eighth century, and, indeed, the complete ignorance of
the state of the Roman empire, shown by making her the daughter of a
king of Egypt, argues its development at a very late period. Her
exceeding wisdom, her heavenly espousals, her rejection of the suit of
Maximus, the destruction of the wheels that were to have torn her in
pieces, her martyrdom by the sword, and the translation of her body by
angels to Mount Sinai, are all familiar through the numerous artistic
works that have celebrated her. The legend is thought to have grown up
to its full height among the monks of the convent that bears her name at
the foot of Mount Sinai. And the many pilgrims thither had the zest of a
new and miraculous legend, such as seems always to have been more
popular than the awful truth beside which it grew up; but it never
obtained credit enough in the East to make Katharina come into use as a
name in the Greek Church, and it was only when the Crusaders brought
home the story that it spread in ballad and mystery throughout the West.
Indeed, the name did not prevail till it had been borne by the Italian
devotee, Santa Caterina of Sienna, who tried to imagine the original
Katharina’s history renewed in herself, and whose influence is one of
the marvels of the middle ages. Before this, however, the fair
Katharine, Countess of Salisbury, had been the heroine of the Garter,
and John of Gaunt had named the daughter, who, as Queen of Castille,
made Catalina a Spanish name, whence it returned to us again with
Katharine of Aragon; but in the mean time Catherine de Valois, the Queen
of Henry V., had brought it again from France.
The cause of the various ways of spelling this word would appear to be
that the more ancient English made no use of the letter _K_, which only
came in with printing and the types imported from Germany. Miss
Catherine Fanshaw wrote a playful poem in defence of the commencement
with _C_, avouching _K_ to be no Saxon letter, and referring to the
shrewish Katharina and the Russian empress as examples of the bad repute
of the _K_; but her argument breaks down, since the faithful Spanish
Catalina, as English queen, wrote herself Katharine, while the ‘Shrew’
in Italy could only have been Caterina, and the Russian empress is on
her coins Ekaterina. On the whole, Katherine would seem properly to be a
namesake of the Alexandrian princess, Catherine, the Votaress of Sienna.
No name is more universal in all countries and in all ranks, partly from
its own beauty of sound, partly from association, and none has more
varied contractions. Our truest old English ones are Kate and Kitty—the
latter was almost universal in the last century, though now supplanted
by the Scottish Katie and the graceful Irish Kathleen.
Catherine has even produced a masculine name. Perhaps Anne and Mary are
the only others which have been thus honoured; but the sole instance is
Caterino or Catherin Davila, the historian, who had the misfortune to
have Catherine de Medici for his godmother.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ Scotch. │ Irish. │ Welsh. │
│Katharine │Catharine │Kathleen │Cathwg │
│Catherine │Katie │Katty │ │
│Catharina │ —————————— │ │ —————————— │
│Kate │ Dutch. │ │ Bret. │
│Kitty │Kaat │ │Katel │
│Katrine │Kaatje │ │Katelik │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ French. │ Portuguese. │ Spanish. │ Italian. │
│Cathérine │Catharine │Catalina │Caterina │
│Catant │ │ │ │
│Caton │ │ │ │
│Gaton │ │ │ │
│Trinette │ │ │ │
│Cataut │ │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Swedish. │ Danish. │ German. │ Dantzic. │
│Katarina │Kathrina │Katharine │Trien │
│Kajsa │Karina │Kathchen │Kasche │
│Kolina │Karen │Kathe │ │
│ │Kasen │Thrine │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Bavarian. │ Swiss. │ Russian. │ Polish. │
│Katrine │Kathri │Ekaterina │Katarnyna │
│Kadreinl │Kathrili │Katinka │Kasia │
│Treinel │Tri │Katinsha │ │
│Kadl │Trili │Katja │ │
│Kattel │Trine │ │ │
│Ketterle │Hati │ │ │
│ │Hatili │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Slovak. │ Illyrian. │ Esthonian. │ Hungarian. │
│Katrina │Katarina │Katri │Katalin │
│Katra │Katica │Kaddo │Kati │
│Katrej │ │Kats │Katicza │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
SECTION XV.—_Harvest Names._
From θέρω (to heat) was derived θέρος (summer), which, in sunny Greece,
came likewise to mean the summer crop, just as in Germany _Herbst_
serves for both autumn and harvest. θερίζω (to reap or gather in the
crop), and from this verb comes the pretty feminine Theresa, the reaper.
“The first to bear the predestined name of Theresa,” as Montalembert
says, was a Spanish lady, the wife of a Roman noble called Paulinus,
both devotees under the guidance of St. Jerome, whose writings most
remarkably stamped the memory of his friends upon posterity; and this
original Theresa was copied again and again by her own countrywomen,
till we find Teresa on the throne of Leon in the tenth century. The name
was confined to the Peninsula until the sixteenth century, when that
remarkable woman, Saint Teresa, made the Roman Catholic Church resound
with the fame of her enthusiastic devotion. The Spanish connection of
the House of Austria rendered it a favourite with the princesses both of
Spain and Germany. The Queen of Louis XIV. promoted it in France as
Thérèse, and it is specially common in Provence as Térézon, for short,
Zon. The empress-queen greatly added to its fame; and it is known
everywhere, though more in Roman Catholic countries and families than
elsewhere. That it nowhere occurs in older English pedigrees is one of
the signs that it was the property of a saint whose claims to reverence
began after the Reformation.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Portuguese. │ Spanish. │
│Theresa │Thérèse │Theresa │Teresa │
│Terry │Térézon │ │Teresita │
│Tracy │Zon │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Italian. │ German. │ Hamburg. │ Bavaria. │
│Teresa │Theresia │Tresa │Res’l │
│Teresina │ │Trescha │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Bohemian. │ Slavonic. │ Illyrian. │ Hungarian. │
│Terezie │Terezija │Tereza │Terezia │
│ │ │Terza │Threzsi │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
The real popularity of the word, witnessed by its many changes of sound,
is, be it observed, in those Eastern domains of the empress where her
noble spirit won all hearts to the well-remembered cry “_Moriamur pro
Rege nostrâ Maria Theresa_.”
Eustaches has already been explained as one of these harvest names. And
to these may be added that of the old Cypriot shepherd hermit Σπυρίδων
(Spiridōn), from σπυρίς (a round basket). He was afterwards a bishop,
and one of the fathers of Nicea, then going home, died at a great age,
asleep in his corn field; in honour of whom Spiridione, or Spiro, as the
Italianized Greeks call it, is one of the most popular of all names in
the Ionian Islands, and has the feminine Spira.[49]
-----
Footnote 49:
Liddell and Scott; Montalembert; Surius; Anderson, _Genealogies_.
SECTION XVI.—_Names from Jewels._
Margaret, which has been spoken of elsewhere, is the most noted of jewel
names, and it probably suggested the few others that have prevailed.
Σμάραγδος (Smaragdos) is supposed to have been named from μαίρω or
μαρμαίρω (to twinkle or sparkle), whence the dog-star was called Μαῖρα
(Maira). This beauteous precious stone, bearing the colour of hope, was
further recommended to Christians because the rainbow of St. John’s
vision was “in sight like unto an emerald.” Thus, Smaragdos was one of
the early martyrs; and the same occurs occasionally in early times, once
as an exarch of Ravenna; but it was never frequent enough to be a
recognized name, except in two very remote quarters, namely, as the
Spanish Esmeralda and the Cornish Meraud, the last nearly, if not quite,
extinct.
The Sapphire was erased for ever from the nomenclature of Christians by
the fate of the unhappy Sapphira, except that Σαπφήρω (Sapphēro), a name
thus derived, is used among the modern Greeks of the Ionian Islands; and
so also is Διαμάντω (Diamanto).
For want of a better place, the Italian name Gemma must here be
mentioned, though purely Latin, and coming from a word meaning the young
crimson bud of a tree, though since used for a gem or jewel. In Erse
Gemlorg, gem-like, is almost exactly the same in sound and spirit.
Moreover, both precious metals are used as female names in modern
Greece, Ἀργύρω (Argyro), silver, connecting itself with the Arianwen, or
silver lady, of Wales; and Χρυσωῦχα (Chrysoucha) from Χρυσός (Chrysós),
gold. This latter word has formed many other names, beginning from
Chryses and his daughter Chryseis, whose ransom was the original cause
of “Achilles' wrath of mighty woes the spring.” In the soubriquet of
Chrysostomos, or Golden Mouth, we have already seen it, and it is found
also in Χρύσανθος (Chrysanthos), golden flower, the husband of Saint
Daria, in whose honour prevails the Bavarian Chrysanth or Santerl.
Muriel, an old English name, comes from μύρον (myrrh). Both it and
Meriel were once common, and have lately been revived.[50]
-----
Footnote 50:
Smith, _Life of Chaucer_; Butler; Michaelis.
SECTION XVII.—_Kosmos and Damianos._
The pursuit of the relics of saints had already begun even in the fourth
century. No church was thought thoroughly consecrated save by the bones
of some sainted Christian, and it was during the first fervour that led
men to seek the bodies of the martyrs in their hiding-places, that St.
Ambrose discovered the bodies of two persons at Milan, whom a dream
pronounced to be Kosmos and Damianos, two martyred Christians.
They, of course, were placed among the patrons of Milan, and their names
became favourites in Italy. Kosmos originally meant order; but, having
been applied to the order of nature, has in our day come usually to mean
the universe.
Cosimo, or Cosmo, as the Italians called it, was used at Milan and
Florence, where it gained renown in the person of the great man who made
the family of Medici eminent, and who prepared the way for their
aspirations to the elevation that proved their bane and corruption.
France calls the word Côme without using it as a name, and Russia adopts
it as Kauzma.
Damianos was from the verb δαμάω, identical with our own tame, which we
have already seen in composition. He had a good many chivalrous
namesakes, as Damiano, Damiao, Damien, and the Russians call him Demjan.
The old Welsh Dyfan is another form strangely changed by pronunciation.
SECTION XVIII.—_Alethea, &c._
Ἀλήθεια (Aletheia), truth, came from α and λήθω (to hide), and thus
means openness and sincerity.
When it first came to be used as a name is not clear. Aletha, of Padua,
appears in 1411; and the princess, on whose account Charles I., when
Prince of Wales, made his journey to Spain, was Doña Maria Aletea. About
that time Alethea made her appearance in the noble family of Saville,
and either to a real or imaginary Alethea were addressed the famous
lines of the captive cavalier:—
“Stone walls do not a prison make,
Nor iron bars a cage.”
Moreover, in 1669, Alethea Brandling, at the age of nine, was married to
one Henry Hitch, esq., and the name occurs several times in Durham
pedigrees.
As far as the English Alethea is concerned, she is probably the
alteration of an Irish name, for she chiefly belongs to the other
island, and is there called Letty. What feminine it was meant to
translate must be uncertain, perhaps Tuathflaith (the noble lady). Tom
Moore called his Egyptian heroine Atethe, from the adjective, and this
has been in consequence sometimes used as a name.
The name Althea must not be confounded with it. This last is Ἄλθεια
(wholesome). It belonged of old to the unfortunate mother of Meleager,
and now designates a genus of mallows, in allusion to their healing
power.
We find the prefix πρό, forming part of the word προκοπή (progress),
whence the name Προκόπιος (Prokopios); in Latin, Procopius, progressive.
It was the name of a martyr under Diocletian, in Palestine, and is a
favourite in the Greek Church. The short-lived successor of Jovian was
so called; also the great Byzantine historian; and now Prokopij is very
common among the Russian clergy; and Prokop or Prokupek has found its
way into Bohemia. Russia, likewise, uses in the form of Prokhor, the
name of Próchorus (Πρόχορας), one of the seven deacons, and much
Græcized indeed must the imaginations of his Jewish parents have been
when they gave him such an appellation, signifying the leader of the
choral dances in the Greek theatres.
PART IV.
CHAPTER I.
LATIN NOMENCLATURE.
Hitherto we have had to deal with names at once explained by the
language of those who originally bore them. With a very few exceptions,
chiefly in the case of traditional deities, the word has only to be
divided into its component parts, and its meaning is evident, and there
was a constant fabrication of fresh appellations in analogy with the
elder ones, and suited to the spirit of the times in which they were
bestowed.
But on passing the Gulf of Adria we come upon a nation of mingled blood,
and even more mingled language, constantly in a condition of change;
their elder history disguised by legends, their ancient songs
unintelligible to the very persons who sang them, their very deities and
rites confused with those of Greece, till they were not fully understood
even by their most cultivated men; and their names, which were not
individual but hereditary, belonging to forgotten languages, and often
conveying no signification to their owner.
The oldest inhabitants of Italy are thought to have been Pelasgi, which
is argued, among other causes, from the structure of the language
resembling the Greek, and from the simple homely terms common to both;
but while the Pelasgi of the Eastern Peninsula became refined and
brought to perfection by the Hellenes, the purest tribe of their own
race, those of the Western Peninsula were subjected to the influence of
various other nations. In the centre of Italy the Pelasgians appear to
have been overrun by a race called Oscans, Priscans, or Cascans, who
became fused with them, and called themselves Prisci Latini, and their
country Latium or Lavinium. Their tongue was the elder Latin, and the
Oscan is believed to have supplied the element which is not Greek, but
has something in common both with Kelt and Teuton. These Latins were,
there can be no doubt, the direct ancestors of the Romans, whose
political constitution, manners, and language, were the same, only in an
advanced condition.
Roman legend and poetry brought the fugitive Æneas from Troy to conquer
Latium, and found Alba Longa; and after the long line of Alban kings,
the twins, Romulus and Remus, founded the City of the Seven Hills, and
filled it with Latins, _i. e._ the mixed Pelasgic and Oscan race of
Latium. The first tribe of pure Oscans who came in contact with the
Romans were the Sabines, who, after the war begun by the seizure of the
Sabine women, made common cause with Rome, and thus contributed a fresh
Oscan element to both blood and language. The Oscan race extended to the
South, divided into many tribes, and their language was spoken in a pure
state by the southern peasantry far on into Roman history. The numerous
Greek colonies which caused the South to be termed Magna Græcia, became
in time mingled with the Oscans, and gave the whole of Apulia, Bruttium,
and Calabria, a very different character from that of central Italy.
Northward of Latium was the powerful and mysterious race calling
themselves the Raseni, and known to the Romans as Tusci. They are
usually called Etruscans, and their name still survives in that of
Tuscany. They are thought by some to have been Keltic, but their tongue
is not sufficiently construed to afford proof, and their whole history
is lost. Their religion and habits were unlike those of their Roman
neighbours, and they were in a far more advanced state of civilization.
In the time of Tarquinius Priscus they obtained considerable influence
over Rome, many of whose noblest works were Etruscan; and though this
power was lost in the time of Tarquinius Superbus, and long wars were
waged between Rome and Etruria, the effects of their intercourse lasted,
and many institutions were traceable to the Etruscan element. Of the
Roman families, some considered themselves descended from different
Latin tribes, others from Sabines, others from Etruscans; and their
genealogy was carefully observed, as their political position depended
upon it.
Their nomenclature was, in fact, the immediate parent of our own.
Every Roman citizen had necessarily two names. The second of these was
the important one which marked his hereditary position in the state, and
answered to our surname. It was called the _nomen_, or name, _par
excellence_, and was inherited from his father, belonging also to the
entire _gens_, or tribe, who considered themselves to have a common
ancestor, and who, all alike, whether wealthy or otherwise, took the
rank of their gens, whether patrician, equitial, or plebeian. The
daughters of the gens were called by the feminine of its name, and
sometimes took that of the gens of their husband, but this was not
always the custom.
Besides these large tribes, there were lesser ones of families. If an
ancestor had acquired an additional appellation, whether honourable or
ludicrous, it passed to all his male descendants, thus distinguishing
them from the rest of their gens, and was called the cognomen. For
instance, after Marcus Manlius had saved the capitol, Capitolinus would
be the cognomen not merely of himself but of his posterity.
Clients and freedmen took the gentile name of their patron, and when the
freedom of Rome was granted to a stranger, he took the gentile name of
him from whom it was received, thus infinitely spreading the more
distinguished nomina of the later republic and early empire, and in the
Romanized countries gradually becoming the modern hereditary surname,
the convenience of the family distinction causing it to be gradually
adopted by the rest of the world. When the last of a gens adopted the
son of another clan to continue his line, the youth received the nomen
and one or more cognomina of his new gens, but brought in that of his
old one with the augmentative _anus_. As for instance, Publius Æmilius
Paullus being adopted by Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, became
Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Æmilianus, and his daughter was
simply Cornelia. Again, Caius Octavius, as adopted into the Julian gens,
became Caius Julius Cæsar Octavius; and the emperors being all adopted,
arrived at such a multitude of names that the accumulation was entirely
useless, and they were called by a single one.
Added to all these family names, each man had his own individual name,
which was bestowed in later times, or more properly registered when, at
the age of fourteen, he laid aside the childish tunic and bulla, or
golden ball, which he had worn from infancy, put off the toga
prætextala, and assumed the _toga virilis_, or manly gown, white edged
with purple, which was the regular official Roman dress. In the latter
days, the prænomen was given on the eighth day, with a lustratio or
washing of the infant. There was a very small choice of Roman prænomina,
not above seventeen; an initial was sufficient to indicate which might
be intended, nor did ladies receive their feminines in the earlier
times. By which name a man might be called was arbitrary; the gentile
name was the distinction of rank, and perhaps the most commonly used by
his acquaintance, unless the tribe were very large, when the cognomen
would be used; and among brothers the prænomen was brought in first as
the Christian name is with us. The great Marcus Tullius Cicero was
called Cicero by those who only knew him politically, while to his
correspondents he was Tullius; his son, of the same name, was termed
Marcus Cicero; his brother, Quintus Cicero; and Caius Julius Cæsar
figures in contemporary correspondence as C. Cæsar.
In Christian times, the lustratio at the giving of the prænomen became
Holy Baptism, thus making our distinction between baptismal and
hereditary names. The strict adherence to the old prænomina had been
already broken into, especially in favour of women, who had found the
universal gentile name rather confusing, and had added to it feminine
prænomina or agnomina, had changed it by diminution or augmentation, or
had taken varieties from the other gentes to which they were related.
Christianity had given individuality to woman, and she was no longer No.
1, or No. 2, the property of the gens. Significant names, Greek names,
or saintly ones were chosen as prænomina, and the true Christian name
grew up from the old Roman seventeen. Besides these, the numerous
slaves, who formed a large part of the Roman population, had each a
single name. Some of these were in their own language, disguised by
Latin pronunciation; others were called by Greek or Latin words; others
bore their masters' names. Many of these slaves were among the martyrs
of the Church, and their names were bestowed on many an infant
Christian. Others were afterwards formed from significant Latin words,
but far fewer than from Greek words, the rigid hereditary customs of
Latin nomencloture long interfering with the vagaries of invention, and
most of these later not being far removed from classical Latinity.
It should be observed that the original Latin word, especially if
descriptive or adjectival, usually ends in _us_, representing the Greek
ος, and in the oblique cases becoming _i_ and _o_—in the vocative _e_.
When it was meant to signify one of or belonging to this first, the
termination was _ius_—thus from Tullus comes one belonging to
Tullus—Tullius, in the vocative _i_; and again, one of the gens adopted
into another, would become Tullianus,—Tullus, Tullius, Tullianus. The
diminutive would be _illus_, or _iolus_, and in time became a separate
name: Marcus, Marcius, Marcianus, Marcellus. In the adoption of Latin by
the barbarous nations, the language was spoken without the least
attention to declension; the Italians and Spanish used only the dative
termination, making all their words end in _o_; but the former
preserving the nominative plural _i_, and the latter the accusative
plural _os_, while the French stopped short at the simple elementary
word, and while finishing it in writing with an _e_, discarded all
pronunciation of its termination. The vocative was their favourite case
in pronunciation, and has passed to us in our usual terminal _y_. The
_a_ of feminine names was retained by Italy and Spain; cut off by
France, Germany, and England.[51]
-----
Footnote 51:
Niebuhr, _Rome_; Arnold, _Rome_; Smith, _Dictionary of Greek and Roman
Antiquities_; Max Müller.
CHAPTER II.
LATIN PRÆNOMINA.
SECTION I.—_Aulus, Caius, Cnæus, Cæso._
For the sake of convenient classification, it may be best to begin the
Latin names with the original prænomina and their derivatives, few in
number as they are, and their origin involved in the dark antiquity of
the Roman pre-historic times. The chief light thrown upon them is in a
work entitled _De Factis Dictisque Memorabilibus_, compiled by one
Marcus Valerius Maximus, in the Augustan age, to which is appended a
dissertation on Roman prænomina of doubtful authorship; but whether this
be by Valerius himself, or by his abridger and imitator, it is the
earliest information we possess as to these home appellations of the
stern conquerors of the world.
Caius, or Caiius as the elders spelt it, was one of the most common of
all Roman prænomina, and was pronounced Gaius, as it is written in St.
Paul’s mention of “Gaius mine host.” Men indicated it by the initial C;
women who bore it, used the same C reversed (ↄ) on coins or
inscriptions. Valerius, or his imitator, deduces it from _gaudium
parentum_, the parents' joy, but it is more probably from the root-word
_gai_. When a Roman marriage took place with the full ceremonies such as
rendered divorce impossible, the names Caius and Caia always stood for
those of the married pair in the formulary of prayer uttered over them
while they sat on two chairs with the skin of the sheep newly sacrificed
spread over their heads; and when the bride was conducted to her
husband’s house, spindle and distaff in hand, she was demanded who she
was, and replied, “Where thou art Caius, I am Caia;” and having owned
herself his feminine, she was carried over his threshold, to prevent the
ill omen of touching it with her foot, and set down on a sheepskin
within. From this rite all brides were called Caiæ. It is said that it
was in honour of Tanaquil, whose Roman name was Caia Cæcilia, and who
was supposed to be the model Roman woman, fulfilling the epitome of
duties expressed in the pithy saying, _Domum mansit, lanam fecit_ (she
staid at home and spun wool), and was therefore worshipped by Roman
maids and matrons. The Romans introduced Caius into Britain, and the Sir
Kay, seneschal of Arthur’s court, who appears in the romances of the
Round Table, was probably taken from a British Caius; but the Highland
clan, Mackay, are not sons of Caius, but of Ey.
It was probably from a word of the same source, that the Italian town
and promontory of Caieta were so called, though the Romans believed the
name to be taken from Caieta, the nurse of Æneas, a dame who only
appears among Latin authors. The city has become Gaeta in modern
pronunciation, and from it has arisen the present Italian Gaetano. Who
first was thus christened does not appear, but the popularity of the
name began on the canonization of Gaetano di Thienna, a Vicentine noble
and monk, who, in 1524, instituted the Theatine order of monks. He
himself had been called after an uncle, a canon of Padua, learned in the
law; but I cannot trace Gaetano back any further. It is in right of this
saint, however, that it has become a great favourite in Italy. The
Portuguese call it Caetano, the Spaniards, Cajetano; the Slavonians (who
must have it through Venice), Kajetan or Gajo. It was a family name in
Dante’s time, and his contemporary, Pope Boniface VIII., of whom he
speaks with some scorn, had been Benedetto Gaëtano.[52]
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ Welsh. │ French. │ Italian. │
│Lucy │Lleulu │Lucie │Lucia │
│Luce │ │Luce │Luzia │
│Lucinda │ │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Russian. │ Polish. │ Hungarian. │ Spanish. │
│Luzija │Lucya │Lucza │Lucia │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
-----
Footnote 52:
Smith; Diefenbach, _Celtica_; Butler; Michaelis.
SECTION II.—_Lucius._
_Lux_ (light) gave the very favourite prænomen Lucius, one born at
daylight, or, as some say, with a fair complexion. Many an L at the
opening of a Roman inscription attests the frequency of this name, which
seems first to have come into Rome with the semi-mythical Lucius
Tarquinius Priscus, and was derived from his family by the first Brutus.
The feminine Lucia belonged to a virgin martyr of Syracuse, whose name
of light being indicated by early painters by a lamp or by an eye, led
to the legend that her beautiful eyes had been put out.
The Sicilian saints were, as has been already said, particularly
popular, and Santa Lucia is not only the patroness of the Italian
fishermen, and the namesake of their daughters, but she was early
adopted by the Normans; and even in the time of Edward the Confessor,
the daughter of the Earl of Mercia had been thus baptized, unless indeed
her husband, Ivo Taillebois, translated something English into Lucia.
The house of Blois were importers of saintly names, and Lucie, a sister
of Stephen, was among those lost in the White Ship. The name has ever
since flourished, both in England and France, but was most popular in
the former during the seventeenth century, when many noble ladies were
called Lucy, but poetry chose to celebrate them as Lucinda, or by some
other fashionable variety of this sweet and simple word.
The lady has here had the precedence, because of her far greater
popularity, but the masculine is also interesting to us. The root _luc_
(light) is common to all the Indo-European languages; and ancient
Britain is said to have had a king called Lleurwg ap Coel ap Cyllin, or
Llewfer Mawr (the Great Light), who was the first to invite teachers of
the Gospel to his country. He is Latinized into Lucius, and this word
has again furnished the Welsh Lles. Nothing can be more apocryphal than
the whole story, but it probably accounts for the use of Lucius amongst
Englishmen just after the Reformation, when there was a strong desire
among them to prove the conversion of their country to be anterior to
the mission of Augustine. Named at this time, Lucius Cary, Viscount
Falkland, rendered the sound honourable, though it has not become
common. Lucio, or Luzio, is hereditary in Italy. The Irish Lucius is the
equivalent of the native Lachtna and Loiseach.
The Lucillian gens of the plebeian order was formed from Lucius, and
thence arose Lucilla, borne by several Roman empresses, and by a local
saint at Florence; and in later times considered as another diminutive
of Lucy.
Lucianus, on the other hand, was a derivative, and having belonged to
several saints, continued in use in Italy as Luciano or Luziano, whence
Lucien the Buonaparte derived the appellation, so plainly marking him,
like his brother, as an Italian Frenchified.
Luciana has continued likewise in Italy, and was anciently Lucienne in
France. Perhaps the English Lucy Anne may be an imitation of it.
Lucianus contracted into Lucanus as a cognomen, and thus was named the
Spanish poet, Marcus Annæus Lucanus, usually called in English Lucan;
but it has a far nearer interest to us. Cognomina in _anus_, contracted
into the Greek ας, were frequently bestowed on slaves or freed-men,
especially of Greek extraction. These were often highly educated, and
were the librarians, secretaries, artists, and physicians of their
masters, persons of Jewish birth being especially employed in the
last-mentioned capacity. Thus does the third Evangelist, the beloved
physician and reputed painter, bear in his name evidence of being a
Greek-speaking protégé of a Roman house, Λουκας (Lukas) being the Greek
contraction of Lucanus or Lucianus. “His sound hath gone out into all
lands,” and each pronounces his name in its own fashion; but he is less
popular as a patron than his brethren, though more so in Italy than
elsewhere.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ │ │ │ Spanish and │
│ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Portuguese. │
│Luke │Luc │Luca │Lucas │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ German. │ Russian. │ Wallachian. │ Bohemian. │
│Lukas │Luka │Luka │Lukas │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Slavonic. │ Lusatian. │ Hungarian. │ │
│Lukash │Lukash │Lukacz │ │
│ │Lukaschk │ │ │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
Lucretius, the name of a noted old gens, is probably from the same
source, though some take it from _lucrum_ (gain). “Lucrece, combing the
fleece under the midnight lamp,” that fine characteristic Roman tale,
furnished Shakespeare with an early poem; and Lucrezia was one of the
first classic names revived by the Italians; and though borne by the
notorious daughter of the Borgia, has continued fashionable with them
and with the French, who make it Lucrèce; while we have now and then a
Lucretia, learnt probably from the fanciful designations of the taste of
the eighteenth century.[53]
-----
Footnote 53:
Smith; Butler; Kitto; Jameson.
SECTION III.—_Marcus._
The origin of Marcus, represented by the _M_, so often a Roman initial,
is involved in great doubt. It has been deduced from the Greek μαλακὸς
(soft or tender), a very uncongenial epithet for one of the race of
iron. Others derive it from _mas_ (a male), as implying manly qualities;
and others, from Mars, or more correctly, Mavers or Mamers, one of the
chief of the old Latin deities. Diefenbach thinks also that it may be
connected with the Keltic Marc (a horse), and with the verb to march.
It extended into all the provinces, and was that by which John, sister’s
son to Barnabas, was known to the Romans. Tradition identifies him with
the Evangelist, who, under St. Peter’s direction, wrote the Gospel
especially intended for “strangers of Rome,” and who afterwards founded
the Church of Alexandria, and gave it a liturgy. In consequence, Markos
has ever since been a favourite Greek name, especially among those
connected with the Alexandrian patriarchate. In the days, however, when
relic-hunting had become a passion, some adventurous Venetians stole the
remains of the Evangelist from the pillar in the Alexandrian church, in
which they had been built up, and transferred them to Venice.
Popular imagination does not seem to have supposed the saints to have
been one whit displeased at any sacrilegious robberies, for San Marco
immediately was constituted the prime patron of the city; and, having
been supposed to give his almost visible protection in perils by fire
and flood, the Republic itself and its territory were known as his
property, and the special emblem of the state was that shape among the
Cherubim which had been appropriated as the token suited to his Gospel,
namely, the lion with eagle’s wings, the Marzocco, as the populace
termed it, and another such Marzocco figures at Florence.
Marco was the name of every fifth man at Venice, and the winged lion
being the stamp on the coinage of the great merchant city, which was
banker to half the world, a marc became the universal title of the piece
of money which, though long disused in England, has left traces of its
value in the legal fee of six-and-eightpence.
The chief popularity of the Evangelist’s name is in Italy, especially
Lombardy; though the Greek Church, as in duty bound, has many a Markos,
and no country has ceased to make use of it. Some, such as Niebuhr for
his Roman-born son, and a few classically inclined English, have revived
the ancient Marcus; but, in general, the word follows the national
pronunciation.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Spanish and │
│ │ │ │ Portuguese. │
│Mark │Marc │Marco │Marcos │
│Marcus │ │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Esthonian and │ Polish and │ Lusatian. │ Hungarian. │
│ Russian │ Bohemian │ │ │
│Mark │Marek │Markusch │Markus │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
From Marcus sprang the nomen Martius, or, as it was later written,
Marcius, belonging to a very noble gens of Sabine origin, which gave a
king to Rome, and afterwards was famous in the high-spirited and
gentle-hearted Cnæus Marcius Coriolanus.
The daughters of this gens were called Marcia, and this as Marzia,
Marcie, Marcia, has since been used as the feminine of Mark. From
Martius again came Martinus, the name of the Roman soldier who divided
his cloak with the beggar, and afterwards became Bishop of Tours, and
completed the conversion of the Gauls. He might well be one of the
favourite saints of France, and St. Martin of Tours rivalled St. Denys
in the allegiance of the French, when kings and counts esteemed it an
honour to belong to his chapter; and yet Martin occurs less frequently
in French history than might have been expected, though it is to be
found a good deal among the peasants, and is a surname. Dante speaks of
Ser Martino as typical of the male gossips of Florence; and from the
great prevalence of the surname of Martin in England, it would seem to
have been more often given as a baptismal name. Martin was a notable
king of Aragon; but zealous Romanist countries have perhaps disused
Martin for the very reason that Germans love it, namely, that it
belonged to “Dr. Martinus Luther,” as the learned would call the
Augustinian monk, whose preachings opened the eyes of his countrymen.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Italian and │ Portuguese. │
│ │ │ Spanish. │ │
│Martyn │Martin │Martino │Martin │
│ │Mertin │ │Martinho │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ German. │ Swiss. │ Dutch. │ Lett. │
│Martin │Märti │Martijn │Martschis │
│Mertil │Martili │Marten │ ————————— │
│ │ │ ————————— │ Hungarian. │
│ │ │ Swedish. │Martoni │
│ │ │Marten │ │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
Martina was one of the young Roman girls who endured the fiery trial of
martyrdom under the Emperor Decius. Her plant is the maidenhair fern, so
great an ornament to the Roman fountains; and her name, whether in her
honour, or as the feminine of Martin, is occasionally found in Italy,
France, and England.
Marcianus was an augmentative of Marcus, whence Marciano or Marcian were
formed. Marcellus is the diminutive, and became the cognomen of the
great Claudian gens. Marcus Claudius Marcellus was the conqueror of
Syracuse, and the last of his direct descendants is that son of Octavia
and nephew of Augustus, the prediction of whose untimely death is placed
by Virgil in the mouth of his forefather, Anchises, in the Elysian
Fields. St. Marcellus was a young Roman soldier who figures among the
warrior saints of Venice, and now and then has a French namesake called
Marcel.
Marcella was a pious widow, whose name becoming known through her
friendship with St. Jerome, took the fancy of the French; and Marcelle
has never been uncommon among them, nor Marcella in Ireland.
Marcellianus, another derivative from Marcellus, was the name of an
early pope, whence Marcellin is common in France.
From Mars again came Marius, the fierce old warrior of terrible memory;
but who, in the form of Mario, is supposed by the Italians to be the
masculine of Maria, and used accordingly.[54]
-----
Footnote 54:
Smith; Diefenbach; Roscoe, _History of Venice_; Grimm; _Transactions
of Philological Society_.
SECTION IV.—_Posthumus, &c._
Posthumus is generally explained as meaning a posthumous son, from
_post_ (after) and _humus_ (ground); born after his father was
underground; but there is reason to think that it is, in fact, Postumus,
a superlative adjective, formed from _post_, and merely signifying
latest; so that it originally belonged to the son of old age, the last
born of the family. It became a frequent prænomen by imitation, and in
several Roman families was taken as a cognomen.
The pseudo Valerius Maximus derives Titus from the Sabine Titurius;
others make it come from the Greek τίω (to honour), others from _tutus_
(safe), the participle of _tueor_ (to defend). It was one of the most
common prænomina from the earliest times, and belonged to both father
and son of the two emperors connected with the fall of Jerusalem. Both
were Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, but the elder is known to us by
his cognomen, the younger by his prænomen. Titus should have been a more
usual Christian name in honour of the first Bishop of Crete, but it has
hardly survived, except in an occasional Italian Tito; and here Dr.
Titus Oates gave it an unenviable celebrity. Tita is also sometimes used
in Italy. The historian, Titus Livius, has been famous enough to have
his name much maltreated, we calling him Livy, the French Tite Live.
SECTION V.—_Numeral Names._
Thus far and no farther went Latin invention for at least seven hundred
years in the way of individual domestic names. Beyond these ten, the
Romans had, with a very few exceptions, peculiar to certain families,
nothing but numerals for their sons; some of which became names of note
from various circumstances. The words, though not often the names, have
descended into almost all our modern tongues.
Primus, the superlative of _præ_ (before), _præ_, _prior_, _primus_, was
only used as a slave’s name, or to distinguish some person of an elder
race.
_Sequor_ (to follow) gave Secundus; the feminine of which fell sometimes
to the share of daughter No. 2, to distinguish her from the elder
sister, who was called by the family name. Men only had it as a
cognomen, and that only in the later times. It has passed into our own
tongue as well as into the more direct progeny of Latin, but Germany
holds out against it. Rome likewise used Secundus in the sense of
favourable, much as we speak of seconding in parliamentary language. St.
Secundinus was a companion of St. Patrick, called by the Irish St.
Seachnall. His disciples were christened Maol Seachlain, pupils of St.
Secundinus, a name since turned into Malachi. King Malachi with the
collar of gold, is truly the shaveling of the lesser follower.
Tertius barely occurs as a Roman name; but Tertia was rather more common
than Secunda, and by way of endearment was called Tertulla. From this
diminutive arose Tertullus and Tertullianus.
The next number is identical in all the tongues, though a most curious
instance of varied pronunciation. The _quadra_, or four equal-sided
Quartus, only occurs once in St. Paul’s writings, and so far as we know,
nowhere else. Quadratus and Quartinus were late nomina.
Why Quintus should have been so much more prevalent with the Romans than
the earlier numerals does not appear, but it was one of the commonest
prænomina, and was always indicated by the initial _Q_; while the Greeks
called it Κοίντος. Thence came the Quintian, or Quinctian, gens, an
Alban family removed by Tullus Hostilius to Rome, so plain and stern in
manners that even their women wore no gold, and principally illustrious
in the person of Cæso Quinctius Cincinnatus. An obscure family named
Quintianus sprung again from this gens, and in time gave its name to one
of the missionary martyrs of Gaul, who, in 287, was put to death at
Augusta Veromanduorum on the Somme. His corpse being discovered in 641,
the great goldsmith bishop of Noyon, St. Eloi, made for it a magnificent
shrine, and built over it a church, whence the town took the name of St.
Quentin, and Quentin became prevalent in the neighbourhood. It was also
popular in Scotland and Ireland, but it is there intended to represent
Cu-mhaighe (hound of the plain), pronounced Cooey. From the diminutive
of the Quinctian gens came Quintilius, and thence again Quintilianus,
the most noted Roman rhetorician. Pontius is thought to be the Samnite
or Oscan word for fifth, related to the Greek _pente_, and Keltic
_pump_, five. It was an old nomen among those fierce Italians, and
belonged to the sage who gave the wise advice against either sparing or
injuring by halves, the Romans at the Caudine Forks. Pontius Pilatus
should, it would seem, have brought it into universal hatred, but it
probably had previously become hereditary in Spain as Ponce, whence
sprang the noble family of Ponce de Leon; the French had Pons; and the
Italians, Ponzio, and our _Punch_ is by some said to be another form. It
may, perhaps, come from _pons_ (a bridge).
Sextus was the prænomen of the hateful son of Tarquinius Superbus, but
after him it was disused, although thence arose the Sextian, Sestian,
and Sextilian gentes. In later times it came again into use, and a
bishop of Rome, martyred under Valerian, was named Sixtus, whence this
has grown to be one of the papal adopted names, and is called by the
Italians Sisto, whence the Sistine chapel takes its name, and the
Dresden Madonna of Raffaelle is called di San Sisto, from the
introduction of one of the three sainted popes so termed. The French
used to call these saints Xiste.
The Latin _septem_ gave Septimus, a name exceptionally used among them,
as it is among us, for a seventh son.
Some unknown Octavus (the eighth) probably founded the Octavian gens,
which had only been of note in Rome for 200 years before Caius Octavius
Rufus married Julia, the sister of Cæsar, and their son Caius, being
adopted as heir of the Julian line, became C. Julius Cæsar Octavianus,
though he afterwards merged this unwieldy title in that of Augustus.
Octavius gained a certain renown through him, and Ottavio has passed on
in Italy, while eighth sons are perhaps most usually named Octavius. The
gentle Octavia, his sister, the most loveable of matrons, has made
Ottavia an Italian name, and Octavie is one adopted by modern French
taste. October is the eighth month in all modern tongues.
Nonnus, from _nonus_, the ninth, is not known as a name till very late,
when Latin and Greek names were intermixed. Then it belonged to a poet,
at first heathen, afterwards Christian. Nonna was the name to that
female slave who wrought the conversion of Georgia to Christianity, and
(we believe) has there been continued; and in Rome Nonnius and Nonianus
occur in later times as gentile appellations. Nona has been bestowed in
England upon that rare personage a ninth daughter. November again bears
traces of its having been the ninth month of the Romans, as does
December of the tenth.
Decimus was a prænomen in the family of Junius Brutus, inherited mayhap
from a tenth son, and it was at Decimus Brutus that Cæsar’s dying
reproach, _Et tu Brute_, is thought to have been levelled. Decimus and
Decima are now and then to be found among us in unusually large families
of one sex. Decius was the name of a great plebeian gens, one of the
oldest in Rome, and illustrated by the self-devotion of Decius Mus.[55]
-----
Footnote 55:
Clark, _Handbook of Comparative Grammar_; Liddell and Scott;
Facciolati; Junius; Smith; _Publications of the Irish Society_;
Butler.
CHAPTER III.
NOMINA.
SECTION I.—_Attius._
The Latin nomina were those that came by inheritance, and denoted the
position of the gens in the state, its antiquity, and sometimes its
origin. Their derivation is often, however, more difficult to trace than
that of any other names, being lost in the darkness of the Oscan and
Latin dialects; and in the latter times they were very wide-spread,
being adopted by wholesale by persons who received the franchise, as
Roman citizens, from the individual who conferred it; and after the time
of Caracalla, A.D. 212, when all the free inhabitants of the empire
became alike Roman citizens, any person might adopt whatever name he
chose, or even change his own if he disliked it. The feminine of this
gentile name, as it was called, was the inheritance of the daughters;
and on marriage, the feminine of the husband’s nomen was sometimes,
though not uniformly, assumed.
These names are here placed in alphabetical order, as there seems to be
nothing else to determine their position, and it is in accordance with
the rigid Roman fashion of regularity.
Thus we begin with the Accian, Attian, or Actian gens; one of no great
rank, but interesting as having been fixed on by tradition as the
ancestry of the great mountain lords of Este, who were the parents of
the house of Ferarra in Italy, and of the house of Brunswick, which has
given six sovereigns to Britain. Accius is probably derived from Acca,
the mother of the Lares, an old Italian goddess, afterwards turned into
the nurse of Romulus. Valerius, however, deduces both it and Appius from
a forgotten Sabine prænomen Attus. The Appian gens was not a creditable
one; but Appia was sometimes the name of mediæval Roman dames.
The genealogists of the house of Este say that Marcus Actius married
Julia, sister of the great Cæsar, and trace their line downwards till
modernized pronunciation had made the sound Azzo.
Him whom they count as Azo I. of Este was born in 450, and from him and
his descendants Azzo and Azzolino were long common in Italy, though now
discarded.
SECTION II.—_Æmilius._
Almost inextricable confusion attends the development of the title of
one of the oldest and most respectable of the plebeian gentes, namely
the Æmilian, anciently written Aimilian. The family was Sabine, and the
word is, therefore, probably Oscan; but the bearers were by no means
agreed upon its origin, some declaring that it was αἵμυλος (flattering
or witty), and called it a surname of their founder, Mamercus, whom some
called the son of Pythagoras, others of Numa. The later Æmilii, again,
claimed to descend from Aemylos, a son of Ascanius; and others of them,
less aspiring, contented themselves with Amulius, the granduncle of
Romulus. Can this most intangible Amulius be, after all, a remnant of
the Teutonic element in the Roman race, and be the same with the
mythical Amal, whence the Gothic Amaler traced their descent? It is
curious that _maal_ or _âmal_ means _work_ in Hebrew, while _aml_ is
work, likewise, in old Norse, as our _moil_ is in English, though in
Sanscrit _amala_ is spotless. Altogether, it seems most probable that
the word _mal_ (a spot or stroke) may underlie all these forms, just as
it does the German _mal_ (time); that Amal was, in truth, the dimly
remembered forefather; and that thus the proud Æmilii of Rome, and the
wild Amaler of the forests, bore in their designations the tokens of a
common stock.
Several obscure saints bore the name of Æmilius or Æmilianus; and Emilij
has always been a prevailing masculine name in Russia. In Spain, a
hermit, Saint Æmilianus, is always known as St. Milhan. Emilio was of
old-standing in Italy; but the great prevalence in France of Émile, of
late, was owing to Rousseau’s educational work, the hero of which had
numerous namesakes among the children born in the years preceding the
Revolution.
The feminine had been forgotten until Boccaccio wrote his _Teseide_, and
called the heroine Emilia. It was at once translated or imitated in all
languages, and became mixed up with the Amalie already existing in
Germany. Amalie of Mansfeld lived in 1493; Amalie of Wurtemburg, in
1550; and thence the name spread throughout Germany, whence the daughter
of George II. brought it to England, and though she wrote herself
Amelia, was called Princess Emily. Both forms are recognized in most
European countries, though often confounded together, and still worse,
with Amy and Emma.
┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Slovak. │ Lusatian. │
│Emily │Émilie │Emilia │Emilija │Mila │
│Emilia │ │ │Milica │Milka │
└────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘
SECTION III.—_Antonius._
Two gentes were called Antonius, a word that is not easy to trace. Some
explain it as inestimable, but the Triumvir himself chose to deduce it
from Antius, a son of Hercules. One of these clans was patrician, with
the cognomen Merenda; the other plebeian, without any third name, and it
was to the latter that the avenger of Cæsar and lover of Cleopatra
belonged—Mark Anthony, Marc Antoine, or Marcantonio, as modern tongues
have clipped his Marcus Antonius. The clipping had, however, been
already performed before the resuscitation of his evil fame in the
fifteenth century, for both his names had become separately saintly, and
therefore mutilated; Mark in the person of the Evangelist, Antonius in
that of the great hermit of the fourth century—the first to practise the
asceticism which resulted in the monastic system. Of Egyptian birth, his
devotions, his privations, and his conflicts with Satan, were equally
admired in the Eastern and Western Churches, and Antonios has been as
common among the Greeks as Antonius among the Latin Christians.
St. Antony was already very popular when St. Antonio of Padua further
increased the Italian devotion to the name, and Antonio has ever since
been exceedingly common in Italy and Spain. Classical pedantry made
Antonio Paleario turn it into Aonio in honour of the Aonian choir; but
whatever he chose to call himself he made glorious by his life and
death.
The Dutch seem to have needlessly added the silent _h_, and we probably
learnt it from them. The popularity of Antony has much diminished since
the Reformation in England, where perhaps it is less used than in any
other country.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Provençal. │ Italian. │
│Antony │Antoine │Antoni │Antonio │
│Anthony │ │ │Tonio │
│Tony │ │ │Tonetto │
│Antholin │ │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ German. │ Frisian. │ Dutch. │ Swiss. │
│Antonius │Tönnes │Anthonius │Antoni │
│Tenton │Tonjes │Theunis │Toni │
│Tony │ │Toontje │ │
│ │ │Tool │ │
│ │ │Antoonije │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Russian. │ Polish. │ Slovak. │ Servian. │
│Antonij │Antoni │Anton │Antun │
│Anton │Antek │Tone │Antonija │
│ │Antos │Tonek │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Lusatian. │ Lett. │ Esthonian. │ Hungarian. │
│Anto │Antons │Tönnis │Antal │
│Hanto │Tennis │Tonnio │ │
│Tonisch │Tanne │ │ │
│Tonk │ │ │ │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
The feminine form, Antonia, is very common in Italy and Spain. The
Germans have it as Antonie, and this was the original name of Maria
Antonia, whom we have learnt to regard with pitying reverence as Marie
Antoinette, whence Toinette is a common French contraction.
┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐
│ French. │ Italian. │ Swedish. │ Swiss. │Lithuanian. │
│Antoinette │Antonia │Antonia │Tonneli │Ande │
│Toinette │Antonietta │Antonetta │ │ │
│Toinon │Antonica │ │ │ │
└────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘
The Aurelian gens was an old Sabine one, and probably derived its name
from _aurum_ (gold), the _oro_ of Italy and _or_ of France, though
others tried to take it from _Helios_ (the sun).
The old name, Aurelia, for a chrysalis was, like it, taken from the
glistening golden spots on the cases of some of the butterfly pupæ. The
Aurelian gens was old and noble, and an Aurelia was the mother of Julius
Cæsar.
SECTION IV.—_Cæcilius._
The most obvious origin of the nomen of the great Cæcilian gens would be
_cæcus_ (blind); in fact _Cæcilia_ means a slow-worm, as that reptile
was supposed to be blind; but the Cæcilii would by no means condescend
to the blind or small-eyed ancestor; and while some of them declared
that they were the sons of Cæcas, a companion of Æneas, others traced
their source to the founder of Præneste, the son of Vulcan, Cæculus, who
was found beside a hearth, and called from _caleo_ (to heat), the same
with καίω (to burn). There was a large gens of this name, famous and
honourable, though plebeian; but rather remarkably, the feminine form
has always been of more note than the masculine. As has been before
said, Caia Cæcilia is said to have been the real name of Tanaquil, the
model Roman matron, patroness of all other married dames; and who has
not heard of the tomb of Cæcilia Metella? But the love and honour of the
Roman ladies has passed on to another Cæcilia, a Christian of the days
of Alexander Severus, a wife, though vowed to virginity, and a martyr
singing hymns to the last. Her corpse was disinterred in a perfect state
two hundred years after, when it was enshrined in a church built over
her own house, which gives a title to a cardinal. A thousand years
subsequently, in 1599, her sarcophagus was again opened, and a statue
made exactly imitating the lovely, easy, and graceful position in which
the limbs remained.
This second visit to her remains was not, however, needed to establish
her popularity. She is as favourite a saint with the Roman matrons as is
St. Agnes with their daughters; and the fact of her having sung till her
last breath, established her connection with music. An instrument became
her distinguishing mark; and as this was generally a small organ, she
got the credit of having invented it, and became the patroness of music
and poetry, as St. Katharine of eloquence and literature, and St.
Barbara of architecture and art. Her day was celebrated by especial
musical performances; even in the eighteenth century an ode on St.
Cecilia’s day was a special occasion for the laudation of music; and
Dryden and Pope have fixed it in our minds, by their praises, not so
much of Cecilia, as of Timotheus and Orpheus. Already, in the eleventh
century, the musical saint had been given as a patroness; and the
contemporaries, Philip I. of France, and William I. of England, had each
a daughter Cécile.
From that time, Cécile in France was only less popular than the English
Cicely was with all ranks before the Reformation. Cicely Neville, the
Rose of Raby, afterwards Duchess of York, called “Proud Cis,” gave it
the chief note in England; but her princess grandchild, Cicely
Plantagenet, was a nun, and thus did not transmit it to any noble
family. After the Reformation, Cicely sank to the level of “stammel
waistcoat,” and was the milkmaid’s generic name. And so the gentlewomen
who had inherited Cicely from their grandmothers, were ashamed of it;
and it became Cecilia, until the present reaction against fine names
setting in, brought them back to Cecil and Cecily. In Ireland, the
Norman settlers introduced it, and it became Sighile.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ German. │
│Cecilia │Cécile │Cecilia │Cacilia │
│Cecily │ │ │ │
│Cicely │ │ │ │
│Cecil │ │ │ │
│Sisley │ │ │ │
│Sis │ │ │ │
│Sissot │ │ │ │
│Cis │ │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Hamburg. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Illyrian. │
│Cile │Zezilija │Cecylia │Cecilia │
│ │ │ │Cecilija │
│ │ │ │Cila │
│ │ │ │Cilika │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
Sessylt, the British form of the masculine, lasted on long in Wales; and
the Italians kept up Cecilio. The English masculine Cecil is, however,
the surname of the families of Salisbury and Exeter, adopted as a
Christian name.
Moreover, Cæcilianus is supposed to be the origin of Kilian, one of the
many Keltic missionaries who spread the light of the Gospel on the
Continent, in the seventh century. St. Kilian is said to have been of
Irish birth. He preached in Germany, and was martyred at Wurtzburg; and
his name has never quite ceased to be used in the adjacent lands.[56]
-----
Footnote 56:
Facciolati; Smith; Valerius Maximus; Butler; Jameson; Michaelis; Pott.
SECTION V.—_Cœlius._
Cœles Vivenna, an Etruscan general, named the Cœlian hill, and the
Cœlian gens, whence the Italians have continued Celio and Celia. In
Venice the latter becomes Zilia and Ziliola, and is often to be found
belonging to noble ladies and the wives of doges. At Naples it was
Liliola, and it seems to be the true origin of Lilian and Lilias. The
Irish, too, have adopted it as Sile, or Sheelah, and Célie and Celia
have been occasionally adopted by both French and English, under some
misty notion of a connection with _cœlum_ (heaven). The prevalence of
Celia among the lower classes in English towns is partly owing to the
Irish Sheelah, partly to some confusion with Cecilia.
Cœlina was a virgin of Meaux, converted to a holy life by St. Geneviève.
She is the origin of the French Céline, who probably suggested the
English Selina, though, as we spell this last, we refer it to the Greek
Selene (the moon).
SECTION VI.—_Claudius._
Another personal defect, namely lameness, probably was the source of the
appellation of the Claudian gens, although by some the adjective
_claudus_ is rejected in favour of the old verb _clueo_, from the same
root as the Greek _kleo_, I hear, and _kluo_, I am called, or I am
famous, meaning to be called, _i. e._, famed. The Claudii were a family
of evil fame, with all the darker characteristics of the Roman, and they
figure in most of the tragedies of the city. They were especially proud
and stern, and never adopted any one into their family till the Emperor
Claudius adopted Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, who did not improve the
fame of the Claudian surname of Nero. But the reign of the Emperor
Claudius and the number of his freedmen, and new citizens, gave his
gentile name an extensive vogue, and from his conquests in Britain was
there much adopted. Besides, the Claudia who sends her greeting to St.
Timothy in St. Paul’s Epistle, is believed to have been the daughter of
a British prince and wife of Pudens, whose name is preserved in
inscriptions at Colchester.
The epigrams of Martial speak of a British lady of the same name, and
thus Claudia is marked by the concurrence of two very dissimilar
authorities as one of the first British Christians, while the hereditary
Welsh name of Gladys, the Cornish Gladuse, corroborate the Christian
reverence for Claudia. The masculine form, Gladus, is likewise used, and
in Scotland Glaud, recently softened into Claud, is not uncommon.
Claudie is very common in Provence. Louis XII., who gave both his
daughters male names, called the eldest Claude, and when she was the
wife of François I., la Reine Claude plums were so termed in her honour.
Her daughter carried Claude into the House of Lorraine, where it again
became masculine, and was frequent in the family of Guise. The painter
Gelée assumed the name of Claude de Lorraine in honour of his patrons,
and thus arose all the picturesque associations conveyed by the word
Claude.
Claudine is a favourite female Swiss form.[57]
┌──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┐
│ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ Italian. │ Russian. │ Slovak. │
│Claud │Glaud │Claude │Claudio │Klavdij │Klavdi │
│ │ │Godon │ │ —————— │ │
│ │ │ │ │Illyrian. │ │
│ │ │ │ │Klavdij │ │
├──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┤
│ FEMININE. │
├─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┤
│ French. │ Welsh. │ Italian. │
│Claude │Gladys │Claudia │
│Claudine │ │ │
│Claudie │ │ │
└─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┘
-----
Footnote 57:
Facciolati; Smith; Rees, _Welsh Saints_.
SECTION VII.—_Cornelius, &c._
The far more honourably distinguished clan of Cornelius has no traceable
origin, unless from _cornu belli_ (a war horn), but this is a suggestion
of the least well-informed etymologists, and deserves no attention.
Scipio and Sylla were the most noted families of this gens, both
memorable for very dissimilar qualities; and Cornelia, the mother of the
Gracchi, inherited her name from her father, Publius Cornelius Scipio
Africanus I. The centurion of the _Italian_ band was probably a
hereditary Roman Cornelius; but earliest gentile Christian though he
were, he was not canonized, and the saint of the Western Church is a
martyred Pope Cornelius of the third century, whose relics were brought
to Compiègne by Charles the Bald, and placed in the Abbey of St.
Corneille, whence again a portion was carried to the Chapter of Rosnay,
in Flanders. This translation accounts for the popularity of both the
masculine and feminine forms in the Low Countries, in both kingdoms of
which they constantly are found, and where Cornelius gets shortened into
Kees, Knelis, Nöll, or Nelle, and Cornelia into Keetje, or Kee. As an
attempt to translate the native Keltic names beginning with _cu_, or
_con_, Cornelius, or Corney, is one of the most frequent Irish
designations. Nelleson is the Dutch surname, and Nelson is as likely to
be thus derived as from the northern Nielson. The Dantzic contraction is
Knelz, and the Illyrians call the feminine Drenka!
The great Fabian gens was old Latin, and was said by Pliny to be so
called from their having been the first to cultivate the bean, _faba_,
while others say the true form was _fodius_, or _fovius_, from their
having invented the digging of pits, _foveæ_, for wolves, a proceeding
rather in character with the wary patient disposition displayed by the
greatest man of the race, Quintus Fabius Maximus, whose agnomen of
Cunctator so well describes the policy that wasted away the forces of
the Carthaginian invader. Fabio has been occasionally a modern Italian
name; Fabiola is the diminutive of Fabia; Fabianus the adoptive
augmentation, whence the occasional French Fabien, and, more strange to
record, the Lithuanian Pobjus.
Fabricius is probably from _Faber_ (a workman), but there was no person
of note of the family except Caius Fabricius Luscinus, whose interview
with Pyrrhus and his elephant has caused him to be for ever remembered.
Fabrizio Colonna, however, seems to be his only namesake.
_Flavus_ and _Fulvus_ both mean shades of yellow, and there were both a
Flavian and a Fulvian gens, no doubt from the complexion of an early
ancestor, Flavius being probably a yellow-haired mountaineer with
northern blood; Fulvius a tawny Italian. It is in favour of this
supposition that Constantius, who brought the Flavian gens to the
imperial throne, had the agnomen Chlorus, also expressing a light
complexion. Out of compliment to his family the derivatives of Flavius
became common, as Flavianus, Flavia, and Flavilla. Flavio is now and
then found in modern Italy, and Flavia figured in the poetry and essays
of the last century. Fulvia, “the married woman,” as her rival Cleopatra
calls her, was the wife of Antony, and gave her name an evil fame by her
usage of the head of the murdered Cicero.[58]
The Herminian gens is believed to be of Sabine origin, and its first
syllable, that lordly _herr_, which we traced in the Greek Hera and
Hercules, and shall find again in the German Herman. There is little
doubt that the Roman Herminius and the brave Cheruscan chief, whom he
called Arminius, were in the same relationship as were the Emilii and
Amaler.
Herminius is the word that left to Italy the graceful legacy of Erminia,
which was in vogue, by inheritance, among Italian ladies when Tasso
bestowed it upon the Saracen damsel who was captured by Tancred, and
fascinated by the graces of her captor. Thence the French adopted it as
Hermine, and it has since been incorrectly supposed to be the Italian
for Hermione; indeed, Scott indiscriminately calls the mysterious lady
in George Heriot’s house Erminia or Hermione. The Welsh have obtained it
likewise, by inheritance, in the form of Ermin, which, however, they now
murder by translating it into Emma.
Hortensius (a gardener), from _hortus_, a garden, belonged to an
honourable old plebeian gens, and has been continued in Italy, both in
the masculine Ortensio, and feminine Ortensia, whence the French
obtained their Hortense, probably from Ortensia Mancini, the niece of
Mazarin.
The Horatian gens was a very old and noble one, memorable for the battle
of the Horatii, in the mythic times of early Rome. Some explain their
nomen by _hora_ (an hour), and make it mean the punctual, but this is a
triviality suggested by the sound, and the family themselves derived it
from the hero ancestor, Horatus, to whom an oak wood was dedicated. The
poet Horace bore it as an adoptive name, being of a freedman’s family.
Except for Orazio, in Italy, the name of Titian’s son, it slept till
Corneille’s tragedy of _Les Horaces_ brought it forward, and the
influence of Orazio made it Horatio in England. Thus the brother and son
of Sir Robert Walpole bore it, and the literary note of the younger
Horace Walpole made it fashionable. Then came our naval hero to give it
full glory, and that last mention of his daughter Horatia seems to have
brought the feminine forward of late years. The name is not popular
elsewhere, but is called by the Russians, Goratij, by the Slovaks,
Orac.[59]
-----
Footnote 58:
Smith; Butler; Facciolati; _Irish Society_.
SECTION VIII.—_Julius._
“At puer Ascanius, cui nunc cognomen Iulo,
Additur Ilus erat dum res stetit Ilia regno.”
“The boy Ascanius, now Iulus named—
Ilus he was while Ilium’s realm still stood,”
quoth Jupiter, in the first book of the _Æneid_, whence Virgil’s
commentators aver that Ascanius was at first called after Ilus, the
river that gave Troy the additional title of Ilium; but that during the
conquest of Italy he was termed Iulus, from ιουλος (the first down on
the chin), because he was still beardless when he killed Mezentius. The
father of gods and men continues:
“Nascetur pulchrâ Trojanus origine Cæsar,
(Imperium Oceano, famam qui terminet astris,)
Julius, a magno nomen Iulo.”
“A Trojan, by high lineage shall arise—
Cæsar (whose conquering fame the sea and stars shall bound),
Called Julius, from Iulus, mighty name.”
The Julian gens certainly exceeded Rome in antiquity, and one of their
distinguished families bore the cognomen of Iulus; but in spite of
Jupiter and Virgil, Livy makes Iulus, or Ascanius, not the Trojan son of
Æneas and the deserted Creusa, but the Latin son of Æneas and Lavinia,
and modern etymologists hazard the conjecture that Julus may be only a
diminutive of dius (divine), since the derivation of Jupiter from Deus
pater (father of gods) proves that such is the tendency of the language.
The family resided at Alba Longa till the destruction of the city by
Tullus Hostilius, and then came to Rome, where, though of very high
rank, they did not become distinguished till, once for all, their star
culminated in the great Caius Julius Cæsar, after whom the Julii were
only adoptive, though Julia was the favourite name of the emperors'
daughters, and their freedmen and newly-made citizens multiplied Julius
and Julianus throughout the empire.
Julius was hereditary throughout the empire, and lingered on long in
Wales, Wallachia, and Italy. It is the most obvious source for the
French Gilles; though, as has been already said, that word claims to be
the Greek Aigidios, and is like both the Keltic Giolla and Teutonic Gil.
The modern French Jules and English Julius were the produce of the
revived classical taste. The latter belonged to a knight whose family
name was Cæsar; and Clarendon tells a story of a serious alarm being
excited in a statesman by finding a note in his pocket with the ominous
words “Remember Julius Cæsar,” which left him in dread of the ides of
March, until he recollected that it was a friendly reminder of the
humble petition of Sir Julius Cæsar.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│English. │Welsh. │Breton. │French. │
│Julius │Iolo │Sulio │Jules │
│ │ │Iola │Julot │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Italian. │ Spanish and │ German. │ Wallachian. │
│ │ Portuguese. │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│Giulio │Julio │Julius │Julie │
│ │ │ │ —————————— │
│ │ │ │ Slavonic. │
│ │ │ │Julij │
The feminine shared the same fate, being hereditary in Italy, and
adopted as ornamental when classical names came into fashion in other
countries. The heroine of Rousseau’s _Nouvelle Heloïse_ made Julie very
common in France.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English, │ French and │ Italian. │ Russian. │
│ Spanish and │ German. │ │ │
│ Portuguese. │ │ │ │
│Julia │Julie │Giulia │Julija │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Polish. │ Lett. │ Hungarian. │ Slovak. │
│Julia │Jule │Juli │Iliska │
│Julka │ │Julis │ —————————— │
│ │ │Juliska │ Breton. │
│ │ │ │Sulia │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
As every family that in turn mounted the imperial throne was supposed to
be adopted into the Julian gens, all bore its appellation; and thus it
was that out of the huge stock of nomina that had accumulated in the
family of Constantius, the apostate bore by way of distinction the
adoptive form of Julianus.
As the adoptive form this was more widely diffused than Julius itself in
the Latinized provinces, and thus came to the Conde Julian, execrated by
Spain as the betrayer of his country into the hands of the Moors.
To redeem the name of Julian from the unpopularity to which two
apostates would seem to have condemned it, it belonged to no less than
ten saints, one of whom was the nucleus of a legend afloat in the world.
He was said to have been told by a hunted stag that he would be the
murderer of his own parents; and though he fled into another country to
avoid the possibility, he unconsciously fulfilled his destiny, by
slaying them in a fit of jealousy before he had recognized them when
they travelled after him. In penance, he spent the rest of his life in
ferrying distressed wayfarers over a river, and lodging them in his
dwelling; and he thus became the patron of travellers and a saint of
extreme popularity.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ Scotch. │ Welsh. │ Breton. │
│Julian │Jellon │Julion │Sulien │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ French. │ Spanish. │ Portuguese. │ Italian. │
│Julien │Julian │Juliao │Giuliano │
│ │ │ │ —————————— │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │Julian │
The feminine was already abroad in the Roman empire in the days of
martyrdom, when St. Juliana was beheaded at Nicomedia under Galerius;
and in the days of Gregory the Great, her relics were supposed to be at
Rome, but were afterwards divided between Brussels and Sablon. She is
said to have been especially honoured in the Low Countries, and must
likewise have been in high favour in Normandy, perhaps through the
Flemish Duchess Matilda. Julienne was in vogue among the Norman
families, and belonged to that illegitimate daughter of Henry I. whose
children he so terribly maltreated in revenge for their father’s
rebellion; and it long prevailed in England as Julyan: witness the
heraldic and hunting prioress, Dame Julyan Berners; and, indeed, it
became so common as Gillian, that Jill was the regular companion of
Jack, as still appears in nursery rhyme; though now this good old form
has almost entirely disappeared, except in the occasional un-English
form of Juliana. In Brittany, it has lasted on as Suliana, the proper
name of the nun-sister of Du Guesclin, who assisted his brave wife to
disconcert the night assault of their late prisoner.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Breton. │ Italian. │
│Julyan │Julienne │Suliana │Giuliana │
│Juliana │ │ │ │
│Gillian │ │ │ │
│Gill │ │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Spanish, │ German. │ Slavonic. │ Hungarian. │
│ Portuguese, │ │ │ │
│and Wallachian.│ │ │ │
│Juliana │Juliana │Julijana │Julianja │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
Another feminine diminutive, Julitta, was current in the empire in the
time of persecution, and belongs in the calendar to a martyr at Cæsarea
in Cappadocia, as well as to her who has been already mentioned as the
mother of the infant St. Kyriakos, or Cyr, a babe of three years old.
She was undergoing torture herself when she beheld his brains dashed out
on the steps of the tribunal, and till her own death, she gave thanks
for his safety and constancy. Together the mother and child were
commemorated throughout the Church; and the church of St. Gillet records
her in Cornwall, as does that of Llanulid in Wales. Her name, however,
when there borne by her namesakes was corrupted into Elidan. Jolitte was
used among the French peasantry, and Giulietta in Italy, whence
Giulietta Capellet appears to have been a veritable lady, whose mournful
story told in Da Porta’s novel, was adopted by Shakespeare, and rendered
her name so much the property of poetry and romance, that subsequently
Juliet, Juliette, and Giulietta, have been far more often christened in
memory of the impassioned girl, than of the resolute Christian
mother.[60]
-----
Footnote 59:
Butler; Michaelis.
Footnote 60:
Smith; Facciolati; Michaelis; Pott; Butler; Arrowsmith, _Geography_;
Rees; Jameson; _Gesta Romanorum_.
SECTION IX.—_Lælius, &c._
Lælius, an unexplained gentile name, left to the Italians, Lelio, which
was borne by one of the heresiarchs Socini; also Lelia, in French Lélie,
and sometimes confused with the names from Cœlius.
It was said that the city of Pompeii was so called from _pompa_, the
splendour or pomp with which Hercules founded it. However this might be,
it is likely that from it came the nomen of the Pompeian gens, which did
not appear in Rome till a late period, and which its enemies declared
was founded by Aulus Pompeius, a flute-player. The gallant Cnæus
Pompeius won for himself the surname of Magnus, and made sufficient
impression on the world to have his name adapted to modern pronunciation
by the Pompée of the French, and the English Pompey. When a little negro
boy was the favourite appendage of fine ladies of the early seventeenth
century, the habit of calling slaves by classical titles, made Pompey
the usual designation of these poor little fellows; from whom it
descended to little dogs, and though now out of fashion, even for them,
it has obtained a set of associations that is likely to prevent that
fine old Roman Pompey, surnamed the big, from obtaining any future
namesakes, except in Italy, where Pompeio has always flourished,
probably from hereditary associations.
On Roman authority, the Porcii were the breeders of _porcus_ (a pig),
according to the homely, rural, and agricultural designations of old
Latinity, which to modern ears have so dignified a sound. It was the
clan of the two Catones, but the masculine has not prevailed; though
that “woman well reputed, Cato’s daughter” Porcia, or, as the Italians
spelt it, Porzia, caused her name to be handed on in her native land,
where Shakespeare took it, not only for her, but for his other heroine—
“Nothing undervalued
To Cato’s daughter, Brutus' Portia;”
from whom Portia, as after his example we make it, has become an
exceptional fancy name. The Romans thought no scorn of the title of the
unclean beast, and three families in other clans likewise bore its name,
Verres, Scrofa, and Aper; the last, it is just possible, being the
origin of the Sir Bors of the Round Table; in Welsh, Baez.
The origin of Sulpicius is not known. It may possibly be connected with
the obsolete word that named Sulla, from a red spotted visage; but this
is uncertain. There were three saints of the name: Severus Sulpicius, a
friend of St. Martin; Sulpicius (called the severe), Bishop of Bourges,
in the sixth century; and Sulpicius (called the gentle), also Bishop of
Bourges, in the seventh. It is an arm of this last of the three that has
led to the consecration of the celebrated church at Paris, in the name
of St. Sulpice. In Germany, it is Sulpiz.
Terenus (soft or tender) was the origin given by the Romans to the
Terentian gens, which produced Terentia, wife of Cicero, called in
affection Terentilla, and likewise gave birth to the comic poet, Publius
Terentius Afer, known to us as Terence, and to the Germans as Terenz. As
a supposed rendering of Turlough, Terence is a very favourite name in
Ireland, and is there called Terry, but it prevails nowhere else.
The meaning of the name of Sergius is not known, but the Sergian gens
was very ancient, and believed itself to spring from the Trojans. From
them Cataline descended, and from another branch the deputy Sergius
Paullus, from whom some suppose St. Paul to have taken his name.
One saint called Sergius was martyred at the city of Rasapha, in Syria;
and was honoured by the change of the name of the place to Sergiopolis,
in Justinian’s time. His relics are at Rome and at Prague; but a far
greater favourite as a namesake is the Russian Ssergie, who founded a
monastery near Moscow, and died there in 1292, in the highest esteem for
sanctity, so that his monastery is a place of devotional pilgrimage, and
Ssergij or Sserezka are favourite names in Russia.[61]
-----
Footnote 61:
Butler; Michaelis; Smith; Facciolati; Courson, _Peuples Bretons_;
Pott; Valerius Maximus.
SECTION X.—_Valerius._
Deep among the roots of Indo-European tongues lies the source of our
adverb _well_, the German _wohl_, Saxon _wel_, Gothic _waila_, an
evidently close connection of the Latin verb _valeo_ (to be well); and
which the Keltic _gwall_ links again with the Greek καλός (well, or
beautiful), related to the Sanscrit _kalya_ (healthy, able, or well).
_Valeo_ was both to be sound and to be worth, and to the old Roman a
sound man was necessarily _valiant_, worth something in the battle; and
_valor_, which to them and the Italians is still value, is to the
chivalrous French and English _valour_.
This word of well-being named the old Sabine Valerian gens, one of the
most noble and oldest in Rome, who had a little throne to themselves in
the Circus, and were allowed to bury their dead within the walls of the
city. The simple masculine form of the name had but two saints, and they
were too obscure to be much followed, though Valère and Valerot as
surnames have risen from it in France. The feminine of it was in honour
at Rome for the sake of Valeria, the public-spirited lady who took the
lead in persuading the mother of Coriolanus to intercede with her son to
lay his vengeance aside and spare his mother-city; Valérie is a
favourite French name, but the compounds of this word have had far
greater note. Valerianus, the adoptive name, was borne by Publius
Sicinius Valerianus, that unhappy persecuting emperor who ended his
career as a stepping-stone to Shahpoor. Saint Valerianus was Bishop of
Auxerre, and though properly Valérien in French, Valerian in English,
was probably the patron of the Waleran, or Galeran, occurring in the
middle ages, chiefly among the Luxembourgs, Counts of St. Pol.
Valentinianus has been continued by the Welsh in the form of Balawn.
Valentinus was a Roman priest, who is said to have endeavoured to give a
Christian signification to the old custom of drawing lots in honour of
Juno Februata, and thus fixed his own name and festival to the curious
fashion prevailing all over England and France, of either the choice of
a “true Valentine,” or of receiving as such the first person of the
opposite sex encountered on that morning.
These customs increased the popularity of Valentine and Valentina, the
latter being more probably used as the feminine of the former, than as
the name of an obscure martyr who died under Diocletian.
Valentina Visconti was the wife of the Duke of Orleans, brother of
Charles VI. of France, and as one of the bright lights in a corrupt
court, merited that her name should have become more permanent than it
has been.
The Slavonic contractions of the masculine are curious. Lower Lusatia
makes it Batyn, Tyno, Bal, and Balk; Lithuanian, Wallinsch; and Hungary,
Balint.[62]
It is not easy to separate the idea of Virginia from _virgo_ (a virgin),
especially since Sir Walter Raleigh gave that name to his American
colony in honour of the Virgin Queen, and it was probably under this
impression that Virginie was made by Bernardin de St. Pierre, the
heroine of his tropical Arcadian romance, which reigned supreme over
French, English, and German imaginations of a certain calibre, and
rendered Virginie triumphant in France, and a name of sentiment in
England. Nay, had the true Virginia lived and died a couple of centuries
earlier, her story would have passed for a myth expressed in her
appellation; but the fact is, that she derived it from a good old
plebeian gens, who formerly spelt themselves Verginius, thus connecting
themselves with _ver_ (the spring), Persian _behar_, Eolic Βεαρ, the old
Greek Γέαρ, and with all its kindred of _virga_ (a rod, or green bough),
_vireo_ (to flourish), _viridis_ (green); and again with the more remote
descendants of these words in modern Europe—_vert_, _verdure_, _il
vero_, &c. Virginio was a name in the Orsini family, but otherwise it
has not been kept up.
-----
Footnote 62:
Liddell and Scott; Pott; Facciolati; Smith; Arnold; Jones, _Welsh
Sketches_; Brand, _Popular Antiquities_; Michaelis.
CHAPTER IV.
COGNOMINA.
SECTION I.
Roman cognomina were originally neither more nor less than nick-names,
sometimes far from complimentary, but for the sake of convenience, or of
honourable association, continued in the family.
Sometimes they were adjectives, such as Asper (the rough), Cæcus (the
blind), Brutus (the stupid). Sometimes they were suggested by the
appearance, such as Naso (the nose), or Scævola (the left-handed), the
soubriquet earned by that Mutius who seared his right hand in the fire
to prove to Porsenna what Roman constancy was. Sura (the calf of the
leg), Sulla (the red-pimpled), Barbatus (the bearded), Dentatus (the
toothed), Balbus (the stammerer), and even Bibulus and Bibacula (the
drunkard).
Sometimes, like some of the gentle nomina previously mentioned, they
came from animal or vegetable, connected in some way with the ancestor,
either by augury, chase, or culture, such as Corvinus, from _corvus_ (a
raven), Buteo (a buzzard), Lentulus (a bean), Piso, from _pisum_ (a
pea), Cicero (a vetch), Cæpio, from _cæpe_ (an onion). Others were from
the birthplace of the forefather, such as Hadrianus, Albinus; others
were the ablative case of the name of the tribe to which the gens
belonged, as Romilia, or Palatina. Sometimes a _cognomen secundus_, or
agnomen, was superadded in the case of distinguished personages, in
memory of their services, such as Coriolanus, Capitolinus, Africanus,
Asiaticus. The latest example of an agnomen of victory was
Peloponnesiacus, which was conferred in 1688 by the Venetian Republic
upon Francesco Morosini, the conqueror of the Morea.
Whatever the cognomen,—fortuitous, derisive, or honourable,—it remained
attached for ever to the family, and served to designate that section of
the gens, but did not naturally descend to females; though in the latter
and more irregular periods, when the gentes were so extensive that the
feminine was no distinction, they were usually assumed by the daughters
of the house, and altered to suit their construction.
_Ater_, black, was the source of the name of Adria in Picenum, whence
was called Adriatic Sea. A family of Ælii, migrating through Spain, were
known by the cognomen of Adrianus, or Hadrianus, both place and name
being usually spelt with the aspirate. The Emperor Publius Ælius
Hadrianus built our famous northern wall, still called after him, as is
the city of Adrianople; but he failed in imposing his gentile name of
Ælia upon Jerusalem. The Italian surname of Adriani is probably derived
from the original city. An Adrianus was the first abbot of St.
Augustin’s, Canterbury, and another was first bishop of Aberdeen; but
the most popular St. Adrianus was an officer in the imperial army who
was converted by the sight of the martyrdoms under Galerius, and was
martyred himself at Nicomedia, whence his relics were taken to
Constantinople and to Rome, and thence again to Flanders, where they
were transported from one abbey to another, and supposed to work such
miracles that Adrianus has ever since been a universal name in the Low
Countries, where it gets contracted into Arje, or Janus, while the more
northerly nations call it, in common use, Arrian, or Arne. The French
make it Adrien, and have given it the feminine Adrienne; and the
Italians have not unfrequently Adriano and Adriana. In Russia it is
Andreïän.
Aquila (an eagle) was a cognomen in several Roman families, either from
augury or from the national feature. It reminds us of the Greek _Aias_,
and of many of the Teuton names beginning with _ar_.
Aquila was a companion of St. Paul; and another Aquila, under Hadrian,
wavered long between Judaism and Christianity, and translated the Old
Testament into Greek; but Aquila has not been followed save here and
there in England and America as a Scripture name.
Agrippa was not well understood by the Romans themselves, though they
settled that it meant one born with his feet foremost. The explanation
we quote from Professor Aufrecht: “He (Gellius) ascribes to that
preposterous birth all the calamities which befell the world through
Agrippa’s ill-starred descendants. ‘To fall on one’s feet’ was therefore
no auspicious event in Italy. But how can we possibly reconcile that
signification with the etymology? I think the legs peep out of the _pp_,
and that _ppa_ is probably a contraction of _peda_. In Greek Ἀκρόπους
means only ‘the beginning or tip of the foot;’ but it might as well have
signified an individual, who, on entering this shaky world of ours,
philosophically chose to take a firm ‘stand-point,’ rather than begin by
a foolish act, and plunge into it headlong.” It was at first a prænomen,
but became a cognomen in the clan of Menenius and of many others. Marcus
Vipsanius Agrippa was the friend and son-in-law of Augustus. From him
the Herods called themselves Agrippa; and his daughter was the first of
those ladies named Agrippina, whose tragic stories mark the early years
of the Roman empire. Cornelius Agrippa was probably assumed by the
learned man of Cologne, who has connected it in the popular mind with
alchemy and necromancy. St. Agrippina was martyred at Rome under
Valerian, and her remains being transferred to Girgenti in Sicily, she
became known to the Greeks. Her name is used in Russia in the softened
form of Agrafina, and the rude contraction Gruscha or Grunja. Some
suggest that Agrippa may be the Greek ἀργίπους (swift-footed).
The city of Alba Longa doubtless took its first name from that universal
word that named the Alps, the Elbe, Elves, Albion, and Albin from their
whiteness, and left _albus_ still the adjective in Rome. Legend declared
that the city was called from the white sow with fifty piglings, who
directed Æneas to its site; but, however this might be, it was the
source of the family of Albinus in the Postumian gens, whence, slightly
altered, came the name of the soldier Albanus, the British martyr, whose
death led to the change from Verulamium to St. Albans, and from whom we
take the English Christian name of Alban. Another St. Albanus, or Abban,
was an Irish bishop, consecrated by St. Patrick, and probably the source
of the Scottish Christian name Albany, which was often used as a
rendering of the Keltic Finn, also meaning white. Another Albanus, or
Albinus, of a British family, established in Armorica, was a monastic
saint and bishop of Angers, naming the family of St. Aubin; and perhaps
William de Albini, the ancestor of the Howards. The modern English
feminine Albina, or Albinia, must have been formed as a name of romance
from some of these.
SECTION II.—_Augustus._
Augustus is the agnomen conferred by the senate upon the second Cæsar,
meaning reverend or set apart, and was selected as hedging him with
majesty, though not offending the citizens with the word king. It is
closely related to _avigur_ or _augur_, which the Romans said was “_ob
avium garritus_” because the augur divined by the chatter of birds;
while others make it come from _augeo_ (to increase); but it is not
impossible that it may be related to the Teuton _æge_ (awe). At Rome,
after Diocletian, the Augustus was always the reigning emperor, the
Augusta was his wife; and no one presumed to take the name till the
unfortunate Romulus Augustus, called Augustulus in contempt, who ended
both the independence of Rome and the empire with the names of their
founders.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ German. │ Lett. │
│Augustus │Auguste │August │Aujusts │
│Gussy │ │ │Justs │
│ │ │ ———————— │ ———————— │
│ │ │ Russian. │ Hungarian. │
│ │ │Avgust │Agoston │
├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┤
│ FEMININE. │
├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤
│ English. │ German │ Italian. │ Lusatian. │
│Augusta │Auguste │Augusta │Avgusta │
│Gussie │Asta │ │Gusta │
│ │Guste │ │Gustylka │
│ │Gustel │ │ │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
The Welsh formed the name of Awst from Augustus; but it does not seem to
have been elsewhere used, except as an epithet which the flattering
chroniclers bestowed upon Philippe III. of France, until about the
middle of the sixteenth century, a fancy seized the small German princes
of christening their children by this imperial title. August of Anhalt
Plotzgau appears in 1575—seven years earlier, August of Braunsweig
Luneburg. Then August of Wolfenbüttel names his daughter Anne Augusta;
and we all recollect the Elector Johann August of Saxony, memorable as
the prisoner of Charles V. Thenceforth these names flourished in
Germany, and took up their abode in England with the Hanoverian race.
The diminutive had, however, been adopted under the Roman empire in
later times, and was borne by the great Father Augustinus of Hippo, and
his namesake, the missionary of the Saxons. This was chosen by a Danish
bishop as a Latinization of his proper name of Eystein (island stone);
and it has always been somewhat popular, probably owing to the order of
Augustin or Austin Friars, instituted in honour of the first St.
Augustin, and once the greatest sheep owners in England. S
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ German. │ Spanish. │
│Augustin │Augustin │Augustin │Augustino │
│Austin │ │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Portuguese. │ Italian. │ Polish. │ │
│Agostinho │Aogostino │Agostin │ │
├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┤
│ FEMININE. │
├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤
│ Irish. │ French. │ German. │ Italian. │
│Augusteen │Augustine │Augustine │Agostina │
│ │ │Stine │ ————————— │
│ │ │ │ Portuguese. │
│ │ │ │Agostinha │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
SECTION III.—_Blasius._
Some consider Blasius to be a mere contraction of the Greek _basilios_
(royal); but long before that name prevailed, at least among historical
personages, we hear of Blatius, Blattius, or Blasius, as a man of
Salapia, in Apulia, whose name seems to have signified a babbler.
Nevertheless, Blasio was a surname in the Cornelian gens, and Blasius
was Bishop of Sebaste, in Nicomedia, where he was martyred in 316. In
the time of the Crusades, his relics were imported from the East, he
became patron of the republic of Ragusa; and from a tradition that he
had been combed to death with iron combs, such an implement was his
mark, and he was the favourite saint of the English wool-staplers. The
only vestige of this as a name in England is, however, in Goldsmith’s
_Madam Blase_; but in Spanish Blas is used, as no reader of _Gil Blas_
can forget. Blasius is found in Bavaria; and Plase, Blase, Bleisig, and
Bläsing, are surnames thence derived.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Spanish. │ Portuguese. │
│Blaze │Blaise │Blas │Braz │
│Blase │Blaisot │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│Italian. │ German. │ Dutch. │ Russian. │
│Biagio │Blasius │Blaas │Vlassij │
│Biasio │Blasi │ │Vlass │
│Baccio │Blasol │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Servian. │ Illyrian. │ Hungarian. │ │
│Blazej │Blasko │Balás │ │
│ │Vlaho │ │ │
│ │Bearck │ │ │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
The Germans have even the feminine Blasia.[63]
-----
Footnote 63:
Smith; Brand; Michaelis.
SECTION IV.—_Cæsar, &c._
No cognomen has ever been so much used as that of Cæsar, which first
began in the Julian gens, nearly two centuries before the time of the
great Dictator. Some derived it, like Cæso, from _cædo_ (to cut); others
said that the eyes of the first owner of it were unusually blue
(_cæsius_), or that his hair (_cæsaries_) was wonderfully profuse; and a
fourth explanation declared that it was the Moorish word for an
elephant, which one of the Julii had slain with his own hand in Africa.
However this might be, adoption into the family of Cæsar was the means
of obtaining that accumulation of magisterial offices that placed the
successor of Julius at the head of affairs, civil and military; and
whilst habits of republican equality were still retained by the
emperors, Cæsar was merely used as their designation. After the first
twelve, adoption could no longer be strained into any fiction of the
continuance of the Julian clan, and Cæsar became more properly a title.
After the new arrangement of the empire under Diocletian, Augustus was
the title of the emperor who had become an actual monarch, and Cæsar of
the heir to the empire with considerable delegated power. In
consequence, when Charlemagne relieved Rome from the attacks of the
Lombards, the pope, as the representative of the S.P.Q.R., created him
Cæsar, and the title has been carried on among his German
representatives as Kaiser, though no elected “King of the Romans” might
assume this sacred title until he had been crowned by the pope’s own
hand. As a Christian name it has seldom occurred. Cesare Borgia was
named, like many Italians of his date, in the classical style, but no
one wished to inherit it from him, and it is seldom found except in
France as Cesar; though in some counties of England the peasantry give
it in baptism, having taken it, perhaps, from the surname Cæsar. The
only feminine I can find is Cesarina Grimaldi, in 1585. Kaiser occurs in
the same manner in Germany.
Camilla was a warlike Volscian nymph, dedicated to the service of Diana,
and celebrated in the _Æneid_. Her name is said to have been Casmilla,
and to have been given as meaning that she was a votaress of Diana. It
is believed to be an Etruscan word, and the youth of both sexes were
termed Camilli and Camillæ when employed in any solemn office; and thus
Camillus became a name in the gens of Furius, and was noted in him who
saved the capitol. Nymphs always had an attraction for the French, and a
Camille figures in Florian’s romance of _Numa Pompilius_, while Camilla
was adopted in the rage for classical names which actuated the English
after the Reformation, and in some few families it has been handed on to
the present day. Camillo was revived with classical names in Italy; and
at the time of the Revolution, Camille was very fashionable in France.
Camilla is still very common in the Abruzzi, its old classic ground.
Clemens came in so late that it hardly deserves to be called a cognomen,
but we find it as the third name of Titus Flavius Clemens, Vespasian’s
nephew, who was put to death by Domitian, on a charge of atheism, like
others who went over to the Jewish superstition, _i. e._ to
Christianity. A very early church at Rome is dedicated to him, and he is
thought by some to be the same as the Clemens mentioned by St. Paul
(Phil. iv. 3), author of two epistles, and first of nine bishops of Rome
so called. Another great Father, St. Clemens of Alexandria, was likewise
of the same name; besides a martyr of Ancyra, all called from the
adjective _clemens_, which has much the same meaning as its derivative
clement in all modern tongues. Its origin is uncertain: some saying it
meant of clear mind, others of inclining mind; but the substantive
Clementia was a personified idea, worshipped at Rome as a goddess,
bearing a cup in one hand and a lance in the other. “Your Clemency”
became a title of the emperors, and we find the orator Tertullus even
addressing it to Felix. It is possible that it was thus that Clemens
first passed to the emperor’s kinsman. There is a pretty legend that St.
Clement was martyred by being beheaded, and thrown into the sea, where a
shrine (I think of coral) was formed round his head, and he thus became
the patron of sailors, above all, of Danes and Dutchmen. In Germany
Clemens has preserved its Latin form, but cuts down into Klenim, Mente,
Menz, Mentzel; as in Denmark into Klemet and Mens. The English surname,
Mence, may perhaps be from this source; and Clement and Clementi are
French and Italian surnames, as Clement and Clemente are the Christian
ones. Italy probably first modernized the abstract goddess into
Clemenza, whence France took up Clémence, while Germany invented
Clementine for the feminine, whence our Clementina, rendered popular for
a time in honour of the Italian lady in _Sir C. Grandison_. The Russians
have Kliment, the Hungarians Kelemen, and the Esthonians contract the
name into Lemet. It must have been from the Dutch connections of eastern
England, that Clement and Clemency were both at one time frequent.[64]
-----
Footnote 64:
Smith; Cave; Marryat, _Jutland_; Michaelis.
SECTION V.—_Constantius._
Constantius arose likewise as late as any cognomen deserving to be
reckoned. It comes from _constans_ (constant), a word meaning holding
together firmly, and compounded of _con_ (together), and _stans_, the
participle of the verb _sto_ (I am, or I stand).
So late, indeed, did Constantius become prominent in history in the
person of Flavius Valerius Constantius, that he does not even seem to
have had a prænomen, and his sons and grandsons varied the cognomen by
way of distinction into Constans and Constantinus. Of these the first
Christian emperor rendered the diminutive glorious, and though it has
not been much copied in the West, Κονστάντινος is one of the very few
Latin names that have been Latinized among the Greeks, as well it might
be, in memory of the emperor who transported the seat of empire to a
Greek city, and changed its appellation from Byzantium to
Constantinopolis.
Constantius Chlorus was very popular in Britain, and—as has been said
before—the belief that his wife Helena was of British birth, held the
island firm in its allegiance till the death of the last emperor who
claimed kindred with him. And then Constantius and Constantinus were
names assumed by the rebels who first began to break the bonds of union
with the empire, as if the sound were sure to win British hearts.
Indeed, Cystenian has never entirely disappeared from the Welsh
nomenclature, nor Kusteninn from Brittany.
Perhaps one charm of the name to a Kelt was its first syllable, which
resembles the _con_ or _cu_ (wisdom or _hound_), which was one of their
favourite beginnings. The Constantines of Hector Boece’s line of
Scottish kings are ornamental Congals and Conchobars; and, in like
manner, Ireland has turned many a Connal and Connor into Constantine in
more modern times, accounting for the prevalence of the trisyllabled
Roman as a surname.
In Russia Konstantin has been carried on, especially since the days of
Catharine II., as a witness to the continuation of the Byzantine empire
in that of Muscovy; and here and in the other Slavonian countries alone
does it really prevail as a popular name, frequent enough for vernacular
contractions, such as Kostja, Kosto, Kostadin.
The feminine of both names was used by the daughters of the imperial
family, and Constantia continued among the Provençal ladies, so as to be
brought to the throne of France by the termagant Constance of Provence,
wife to that meek sovereign, Robert the Pious. She is said to have
insisted on his composing a Latin hymn in her honour, when he, not being
in a mood for flattery, began to sing “_O constantia martyrum_” which
she took as a personal compliment. Constance has ever since been a royal
and noble name in France, but the unfortunate Breton duchess, mother of
Arthur, probably received it as a supposed feminine to Conan, the name
of her father. Italy made it Gostanza, and the Sicilian mother of
Frederick II. transmitted it to Germany as Constanz, or Stanze. Her
great granddaughter, the heiress of Manfred’s wrongs, took it to Spain
as Constanza, the traces of which we see in the Custance, by which
Chaucer calls that excellent daughter of Pedro the Cruel, who was the
wife of John of Gaunt. After her time it was common in England, and it
is startling to find a real Constance de Beverley in disgrace in the
reign of Henry VIII., not, however, for forging Marmion’s letters, but
for the much more excusable misdemeanour of attending the Marchioness of
Exeter in a stolen visit to the Nun of Kent. In the times immediately
after the Reformation, Constance died away, then came forth as
Constantia in the Minerva press, and at present reigns among the
favourite fancy names.
Kostancia, Kotka, Stanca are used in the Slavonian countries, but far
less commonly than the masculine Constantine, which is almost entirely
disregarded by the Teuton side of Europe.
SECTION VI.—_Crispus, &c._
Crispus (curled, or wrinkled), the same word which has produced our
crisp; and the French _crépé_ (applied to hair), became a cognomen, and
in late times produced Crispinus and Crispinianus, two brothers who
accompanied St. Quentin when he preached the Gospel in France. They
settled at Soissons, and there, while pursuing their mission, supported
themselves by making shoes until their martyrdom, A.D. 287. Shoemakers,
of course, adopted them as their patrons, and theirs was a universal
holiday.
“Oh! that we now had here
But one ten thousand of those men in England
Who do no work to-day.”
That day being the 25th of October, that of the battle of Agincourt, of
which King Henry augurs—
“And Crispin, Crispian, shall ne’er go by,
From this day to the ending of the world,
But we in it shall be remembered.”
Crispin has never been a frequent Christian name, but it has become a
surname with us, and the French have Crêpin, Crêpet, and the Italians
Crispino. _Crispin_ is still the French for a shoemaker’s last. Crêpin
means a little stool which the Irish call a creepeen.
Drusus, a cognomen in the Livian gens, was only accounted for among the
Romans by a story that its first owner took it from having killed a
chieftain in Gaul named Drausus. This word is explained by comparative
philologists as firm or rigid in Keltic, _Drud_, strong, in Welsh,
_droth_ in Erse. Either the Gaul was the real cause of the surname, or
it is an instance of the Keltic element in old Italian. It is hardly
worthy of notice, except that, in imitation of the sister and daughter
of his patron Caligula, Herod Agrippa called his daughter by the
feminine diminutive Drusilla, by which she appears by the side of Felix,
hearing but little regarding the discourse of St. Paul.
The name of Felix himself was an agnomen frequently assumed by
peculiarly fortunate individuals. It meant happy, and has given rise to
all manner of words of good augury in the modern languages. No less than
eleven saints so called are numbered in the Roman calendar, and yet it
has never been a popular name, though sometimes occurring in Spain and
France in the original form, and as Felice in Italy. The feminines,
Felicia and Félise, in England and France, have been constructed from
it, and Felicia was Queen of Navarre in 1067; but the abstract idea,
Felicitas (happiness), once worshipped as a goddess at Rome, named the
slave-martyr of Carthage, who suffered with St. Perpetua. There was
another Felicitas who, with her seven sons, under Antoninus Pius,
presented a Christian parallel to the mother in the Maccabees. Felicità
in Italy, and Félicité in France, are the votaries of one or others of
these. Felix is adopted in Ireland as a substitute for Feidlim or Phelim
(ever good).
Faustus and Faustina are formed exactly in the same spirit of good
augury, and Fausto is sometimes an Italian name.[65]
-----
Footnote 65:
Facciolati; Diefenbach; Smith; Butler; Anderson: _Irish Society_;
Grimm.
SECTION VII.—_Galerius, &c._
The Teutonic _helm_ (protection), turned in the Latin pronunciation into
_galea_ (helmet), named the persecuting Emperor Galerius, and continued
in Lombardy till it formed that of Galeazzo, which became notable among
the Visconti of Milan, and was called by the French Galeas. Old Camden
augured that the first Galearono was so called from all the cocks in
Milan crowing at the time of his birth, and certainly, unless the
frequent Roman cognomen Gallus indicates a partly Gallic extraction, it
would either be one of the farming names, and show that the owner was
notable for his poultry, or be a differently spelt variety from Galea or
helmet. Galileo, Galilei, and Galeotti are all Italian continuations of
this old Latin name—that is, if the great astronomer’s name be not in
honour of Galilee. It is also possible that it may be connected with the
Keltic _Gal_ (courage, or a stranger), which occurs again as the Irish
saint who founded an abbey in Switzerland; but more of this in Keltic
regions of names.
Niebuhr considers the Prisci to have been the original Latin tribe,
whose name acquired its sense of age from their antiquity, just as
Gothic was at one time a French and English synonym for antiquated.
Priscus was the Porcian cognomen, probably denoting the descent of the
gens from the Prisci; and he whom we are accustomed to call Cato the
elder, as a translation of Marcus Porcius Priscus Cato, was the first to
add the second cognomen, the meaning of which is wary, from Catus,
probably a contraction from Cautus (cautious). Priscus and Prisca are
both found in the Roman martyrology; but to us the most interesting
person thus named is Priscilla, the fellow-worker of St. Paul, in honour
of whom this diminutive has had some prevalence in England, though
somewhat of a puritan kind.
Sabinus, of course indicating a Sabine family, occurs among the Flavii,
and many other gentes. Sabina was the second name of that Poppæa, Nero’s
wife, whose extravagances have become a proverb, who bathed in asses'
milk, and shod her mules with gold. As a frequent cognomen, this was the
name of many other women, and specially of a widow who was converted by
her maid, Seraphia, to the Christian faith, and was martyred in
Hadrian’s persecution. There is a church at Rome dedicated to her, which
was formerly the first “Lent station,” a fact which commended her to the
notice of the Germans, and has made Sabine frequent among them. Sabina
is often found among the peasantry about Gloucester, but it is possible
that this may be a corruption of Sabrina (the Severn).
Serenus (serene, or good-tempered) was an old cognomen, and two saints
were so called. Serena was the niece of Theodosius, and wife of
Stilicho. Her appellation was chosen by Hayley for the heroine of his
_Triumphs of Temper_; but it is more often imaginary than real. In
Norway, however, it has been revived as an ornamental form of Siri, the
contraction of Sigrid.
Scipio means nothing but a staff; but it is a highly honourable title,
since it was given to one of the Cornelii, who served as the staff of
his old blind father; and the same filial piety distinguished the great
Africanus when, at seventeen, he saved the life of his father in the
battle of the Ticinus. Distinguished as is the cognomen it has not often
been followed, though Scipione has occasionally occurred in Italy, and
if Gil Blas may be trusted, in Spain.
Traherne, an old Welsh name, is formed from Trajanus, which belonged to
others besides the emperor, whose noble qualities had made such an
impression on the Italian mind as to have led to the remarkable
tradition that St. Gregory the Great had obtained permission to recall
him from the grave, and convert him to the true faith.
Torques (a neck-chain) gave the cognomen Torquatus to the fierce Lucius
Manlius, who, having slain a gigantic Gaul in single combat, took the
gold chain from about his neck, and hung it on his own; and who
afterwards put his son, Titus Manlius Torquatus, to death for the breach
of discipline in accepting a like challenge from a Tusculan noble.
Torquato Tasso is the sole modern instance of the recurrence of the
surname of this “Roman Father,” the northern Torquil being from an
entirely different source, _i.e._ Thorgils (Thor’s pledge).[66]
-----
Footnote 66:
Pott; Michaelis; Camden; Diefenbach; _Philological Society_; Niebuhr;
Butler; Dante; Arnold.
SECTION VIII.—_Paullus and Magnus [small and large]._
The precedence must be given to the _less_ on account of its far greater
dignity.
There can be no doubt that the cognomen Paullus, or Paulus, the
contraction of Pauxillus, originated with one of the Æmilian gens, who
was small in stature. It was common in other gentes, though chiefly
distinguished among the Æmilii, and was most probably the name by which
“Saul of Tarsus” would have been enrolled as a citizen, either from its
resemblance to his Jewish name, or from the person who had conferred
liberty upon his parents.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Portuguese. │
│Pawl │Pol │Paolo │Paulo │
│Paul │Paul │ │ │
│ │Paulot │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Spanish. │ Wallachian. │ German. │ Russian. │
│Pablo │Pawel │Paul │Pavel │
│ │ │ ——————— │Pavlenka │
│ │ │ Dutch. │Pavluscha │
│ │ │Paultje │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Illyrian. │ Lett. │ Hungarian. │ Lapp. │
│Pavl │Pavils │Pal │Pava │
│Pavle │ │Palko │Pavek │
│Pavo │ │ │ │
├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┤
│ FEMININE. │
├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤
│ Italian. │ Spanish. │ Russian. │ Illyrian. │
│Paola │Pala │Paola │Pava │
├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┤
│ DIMINUTIVE. │
├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤
│ Welsh. │ Italian. │ Spanish. │ Slavonic. │
│Peulan │Paolino │Paulino │Pavlin │
├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┤
│ FEMININE. │
├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤
│ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ German. │
│Paulina │Pauline │Paolina │Pauline │
│ │Paulette │Paoletta │ ——————— │
│ │ │ │ Slavonic. │
│ │ │ │Pavlina │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
Some, however, imagine that he assumed it out of compliment to the
deputy, Sergius Paulus; others, that it was an allusion to his
“weakness” of “bodily presence,” or that he took it in his humility,
meaning that he was “less than the least of the Apostles.” Be that as it
may, he has given it an honour entirely outshining that which is won
from the Æmilii, and has spread Paul throughout Europe. The strong
presumption that St. Paul preached the Gospel in Spain has rendered
Pablo very common there; but, in fact, the name is everywhere more usual
than in England, in spite of the tradition that the great Apostle
likewise landed here, and the dedication of our great cathedral. Perhaps
this may be owing to the fact that twelve other SS. Paul divide the
allegiance of the Continent with the Apostle. Paula is not only honoured
as his feminine, but as the name of the friend and correspondent of St.
Jerome, the mother of Eustochium; and Paola is in consequence found in
Italy. Paulinus (the lengthened form) became in Welsh, Pewlin, and also
named three saints—among them our first Northumbria, bishop of York; but
it has not been followed, except in Italy, by Paolina, and _there_ is,
perhaps, a mere diminutive of Paulus. Yet the feminine is far more
fashionable; and Paulina, Pauline, Paolina, are the favourite forms
everywhere occurring. Perhaps Pauline became the more popular in France
for the sake of that favourite grandchild whose Christian name is almost
the only one mentioned in Madame de Sévigné’s letters. It was the only
form commonly recognized in France; but it seems that the sister of
Napoleon was commonly called Paulette in her own family. The direct
Italian diminutive always seems to be a greater favourite with the
southern blood than its relative from the northern _chen_.
The adjective of size is another word of universal kindred, though not
always with the same meaning. The Sanscrit _mahat_, and Persian _mi_ or
_meah_, are close connections of the Gothic _mikils_ (which survives in
mickle and muckle, and has furnished our much), and of the Greek μεγαλος
or μεγας, and Roman _magnus_ and Slavonic _magi_. All these possibly may
be remotely connected with the verb _magan_ (may), which is the source
of _macht_ (might) in all Teutonic tongues.
Magnus was an agnomen added as a personal distinction, as in the case of
Pompey. It was never a name till long after the Roman empire was over,
when Karl der Grösse, as his Franks called him, had been Latinized into
Carolus Magnus, and honoured by the French as Charlemagne. St. Olaf of
Norway was known to be a great admirer of Charlemagne, whose example he
would fain have imitated, and his followers, by way of a pleasant
surprise and compliment to him, before they woke him to announce to him
the birth of his first son, christened the child, as they thought, after
the latter half of the great Emperor Carolus Magnus. That child became a
much-beloved monarch, under the denomination of King Magnus Barefoot,
from his having established his identity on his return from Ireland, by
the ordeal of walking unshod over red-hot ploughshares. In honour of his
many excellencies, as King of Norway, the entire North uses his name of
Magnus, and transplanted it to Ireland, where it flourished under the
form of Manus, until it became the fashion to ‘Anglicize’ it into
Manasses. The Scottish islands, where the population is Norse, likewise
use Magnus as a baptismal name; and the Lapps have turned it into Manna,
or Mannas.
Maximus was likewise properly an individual agnomen of size, or of
victory, as with Fabius Maximus; but it came to be a proper name, and
was borne by Maximus the Monk, a great Greek ecclesiastic of the sixth
century, as well as by many other obscure saints, from whom the Italians
derive their Massimo, and the French Maxime, and the Welsh their old
Macsen.
Maxentius and Maximinus, both named not only persecuting emperors, but
Christian martyrs, whence Maxime and Maximien. Maximilianus was one of
the Seven Sleepers, but he is not the origin of the German imperial
name. According to Camden, this was a compound invented by the Emperor
Frederick VII., and bestowed on his son in his great admiration of
Fabius Maximus and Scipio Æmilianus. “The Last of the Knights,” with his
wild effrontery and spirited chamois-hunting might be despised by the
Italians, as _Massimiliano Pochi Danari_; but he was beloved by the
Austrians as “Our Max.” His great grandson, Maximilian II., contributed
to the popularity of his unwieldy name, and Max continues to be one of
the favourite German appellations, from the archduke to the peasant, to
the present day; and has even thrown out the feminine Maximiliane. The
Poles and Illyrians use _ks_ instead of _x_ in spelling it.
SECTION IX.—_Rufus, &c._
Rufus, the red or ruddy, was a cognomen of various families, and was, in
fact, one of the adjectives occurring in the nomenclature of almost
every nation; and chiefly of those where a touch of Keltic blood has
made the hair vary between red and black. Flavius, Fulvius, Rufus, and
an occasional Niger, were the Roman names of complexion; and it is
curious to find the single instances of Chlorus (the yellow), occurring
in the Flavian family. The Biondi of Italy claim to be the Flavii, and
thence the Blound, Count de Guisnes, companion of William the Conqueror,
took the name now Blount!
Rufus is, indeed, the Latin member of the large family of which we spoke
in mentioning the Greek Rhoda; and the Kelts had, in plenty, their own
Ruadh or Roy; nevertheless, such as fell under Roman dominion adopted
the Roman Rufus or Rufinus; and it passed on by tradition in Wales, as
Gruffin, Gruffydd, or as the English caught it and spelt it, correctly
representing the sound of _dd_, Griffith. It was the name of many Welsh
princes, and has passed into a frequent surname.
In its Gruffin stage, it passed into the commonwealth of romance. Among
the British names that had worked through the lost world of minstrelsy,
to reappear in the cycle with which Italian poets graced the camp and
court of Charlemagne, is Grifone, a descendant of Bevis of Hampton. By
this time, no doubt, his name was supposed to be connected with the
Griffin, that creature with _griffes_, or claws; that after having
served in earlier times, as with Dante, to represent the Italian idea of
the vision of the cherubim, had been gradually degraded to a brilliant
portion of the machinery of romance.
No doubt the Italians who bore the name of Grifone, thought more of the
“right Griffin” and the true knight, than of the ruddy Roman whose
Ruffino or Ruffo was still left lingering among them; together with
Rufina, the name of a virgin martyr.
Rufus is, for some reason or other, rather a favourite at present with
our American neighbours.
Niger (the black) was a cognomen of various Romans of no great note, and
distinguished a teacher from Antioch, mentioned in the Acts. The
diminutive Nigellus seems to have been adopted in France, by the
Normans, as a translation of the Nial which they had brought from
Norway, after having learned it of the Gael, in whose tongue it means
the noble. In Domesday Book, twelve proprietors are recorded as Nigel,
both before and after the Conquest, being probably Danish Nials thus
reduced to the Neustrian French Latin. Of these was Nigel de Albini
(_temp._ William I.), and Nigel de Mowbray (_temp._ Henry II.). The
influx of Anglo-Normans into Scotland introduced this new-fashioned
Nigel, and it was adopted as the English form of Niel, and has since
become almost exclusively confined to Scotland, where it is a national
name, partly perhaps in memory of the untimely fate of Niel or Nigel
Bruce; and among the covenanters, for the sake of the fierce Nigel
Leslie, Master of Rothes. It has shared the fate of Colin and of the
true Nial, and has been taken for Nicolas. The French used a like name,
which Froissart spells Nesle; but this is probably from the inference
that a lengthened sound of _e_ infers a silent _s_.
CHAPTER V.
NAMES FROM ROMAN DEITIES.
SECTION I.
A short chapter must be given to the modern names that, in spite of the
canon prohibiting the giving of names of heathen gods in baptism, are
either those of Latin divinities, or are derived from them. These,
though few in number, are more than are to be found in the Greek class,
from the fact that where a Roman deity had become identified with a
Greek one, the Latin name was used throughout Western Europe in all
translations, and only modern criticism has attempted to distinguish
between the distinct myths of the two races. Most of these are, or have
been, in use either in France or England, the modern countries most
under the dominion of fancy with regard to names.
Aurora (the dawn), so called, it is said, from _aurum_ (gold), because
of the golden light she sheds before her, assumed all the legends
attached by the Greeks to their Eos, whose rosy fingers unbarred the
gates of day. When the Cinque-cento made classic lore the fashion,
Aurore came into favour with the fair dames of France, and has ever
since there continued in vogue, occasionally passing into Germany. In
Illyria, the dawn and the lady are both called Zora, and she in
endearment Zorana.[67]
Bellona was not a goddess whose name one would have expected to find
renewed in Christian times, yet instances have been found of it in
England among those who probably had some idea that it was connected
with beauty instead of with _bellum_ (war). In effect, hers is not quite
a proper name, being really an adjective, with the noun understood,
_Bellona Dea_ (the war goddess). An infant born in the streets of Weimar
during the sack that followed the battle of Jena was named Angelina
Bellona, as having been an angel of comfort to her parents in the
miseries of war. She became a great musician, and won renown for her
name in her own land.[68]
The old Latin deities were often in pairs, masculine and feminine.
Divus, that part of their title that is still recognized as belonging to
the supernatural, is from the same source as the Sanscrit _deva_,
Persian _dev_, Greek δῖος, 0εός, Zeus, and was applied to all. Divus
Janus and Diva Jana were one of these pairs, who presided over day and
night, as the sun and moon. Divajana became Diana; and as groves were
sacred to her, and she was as pure a goddess as Vesta, there was every
reason for identifying her with the Greek Artemis, and giving her
possession of the temple of Ephesus, and the black stone image that
“fell down from Jupiter,” or the sky; she had Apollo given as her fellow
instead of Janus, and thenceforth was the goddess of the silver bow,
daughter of Jupiter and Latona, as Artemis had been of Zeus and Leto.
Her name slept as a mere pagan device till the sixteenth century, when
romances of chivalry gave place to the semi-classical pastoral, of which
Greece was usually the scene. Jorge de Montemayor, the Spanish gentleman
who led the way in this flowery path, named his heroine, Diana, and she
was quickly copied by the sponsors of Diane de Poitiers, the fair widow
whose colours of black and white were worn by Henry II. of France even
to his last fatal tournament. Diane thus became so fashionable in
France, that when the Cavalier court was there residing, the English
caught the fashion, and thenceforth Lady Dye at times appeared among the
Ladies Betty and Fanny of the court. In the lower classes, Diana seems
to be at times confused with the Scriptural Dinah, though it may
sometimes be adopted as a Bible name, since a peasant has been known to
pronounce that he well knew who was “greatest ‘Diana of the
Ephesians,’—a great lady of those parts, and very charitable to the
poor.” At Rome Jewesses now alone bear it, and Italian Christians
consequently despise it, and only give it to dogs. However, in the
eighteenth century, a Monna Diana existed at Florence, who is recorded
as an example of the benefits of a heavy head wrapper, for a large stone
fell upon her head from a building, and she took it for a small pebble!
Diana’s fellow, Divus Janus, had a very different career. He was
sometimes called Dianus, but much more commonly Janus, and from being
merely the sun, he became allegorical of the entire year, and had a
statue with four faces for the seasons, and hands pointing the one to
300, the other to 55, thus making up the amount of days then given to
the year; and before him were twelve altars, one for each month. He thus
presided over the beginning of everything, and the first month of the
year was from him called Januarius, as were all gates _jani_, and doors
_januæ_; and above all, that gate between the Sabines and the Romans,
which was open when they were friends, shut when they were foes. When
the two nations had become thoroughly fused together, the gate grew to a
temple; but the ceremony of shutting the doors was still followed on the
rare occasions when Rome was at peace, and of opening them when at war
to let the god go out, as it was now said, to help the Romans. This idea
of peace, however, turned Janus into a legendary peaceful monarch, who
only wore two heads that he might look both ways to see either side of a
question, and keys were put into his hand as the guardian of each man’s
gate. His own special gate continued to be called Janicula, and his name
passed from the door, _janua_, to the porter, _janitor_; and thence in
modern times to St. Peter, who, bearing the keys, was called by the
Italians, _il Janitore di Cielo_, and thence the fish, which was thought
to bear the mark of St. Peter’s thumb, was _il janitore_, or, as we call
it, the John Dory, if not from its gilded scales, _dorée_ or _dorado_.
Its Spanish name of San Pedro would favour the janitor theory. The month
of Janus, Janvier, January, Gennaro, Januar, has kept its name, like all
the other months of the Roman calendar, in spite of the French attempt
to displace them with Glacial, Pluvial, &c. Birth in the month of
January occasioned the name of Januarius to be given to various persons
in the time of the Roman empire, to one of the seven sons of St.
Felicitas, to a martyr whose day is the 13th of October, and especially
to St. Januarius, of Beneventum, who in the persecution of Diocletian
was thrown to wild beasts at Pozzuoli, and on their refusal to hurt him,
was beheaded. His blood was already a religious curiosity before the
eighth century, when it was thought to have delivered Naples from an
eruption of Mount Vesuvius, and it furnishes one of the most
questionable and most hotly-defended miracles of the Church of Rome.
After this Gennaro cannot fail to be a very frequent Neapolitan
Christian name.[69]
SECTION II.—_Florentius._
The goddess of flowers was called from their Latin name _flos_, the same
that has passed into all European languages except the German. In late
times the name of Florus was formed from that of the goddess, and is
memorable as that of the procurator, whose harshness drove the Jews to
their last rebellion. Flora was probably first used merely as the
feminine of Florus. There is a church at Florence to SS. Fiore and
Lucilla, otherwise the first occurrence of any variety of Flora is in
Roman-Gothic Spain, where the unhappy daughter of Count Julian was
called by the Spanish diminutive Florinda, and thus caused the name to
be so much detested, that while Spanish ballads called her _la Cava_,
the wicked, her Christian name was only bestowed upon dogs, and
curiously enough it was the little spaniel (a Spanish breed), for which
Flora was considered in England as an appropriate name. A Spanish
maiden, however, who was martyred by the Moors in 851, brought Flora
into better repute; and Flore became known to the French, though
probably first adopted as a romantic epithet; and through the close
connection between France and Scotland, it passed to the latter country,
the especial land of floral names, and there became frequent as the
English equivalent to the Gaelic Finghin. It was spelt as Florie by the
island heroine of the '45. Florentius was the natural product of the
goddess Flora, and named a female saint, Florentia, martyred with two
others, both men, in Diocletian’s persecution in Gaul, and commemorated
by a monastery built over the spot. St. Florentius was likewise a Gaul,
and was sent by St. Martin to preach in Poitou. His relics were at first
at Saumur, but in the eleventh century were taken to Roye, and in the
time of Louis XI., were divided between the two cities. As an Angevin
saint, he quite accounts for the prevalence of Florence in the masculine
gender among the Anglo-Norman nobles of the middle ages; but it soon
died away. The recent revival is chiefly owing to the name having been
given to English girls born at the Italian city so called, and it has
since acquired a deeper and dearer honour in the person of Florence
Nightingale. From the city, or else as a diminutive of Florentius, arose
Florentinus, a name borne by various distinguished persons in the latter
days of the empire, and saintly in the person of a martyr of Burgundy.
Florentina was one of the daughters of St. Leander, of Spain, and the
relics of these saints scattered the names of Florentin and Florentine
over a wide extent in France. Besides these, should be mentioned the
romantic name, Blanchefleur. It is given to Sir Trystan’s mother, and
probably translates some Keltic name analogous to the Erse Blathnaid,
Finbil, and Finscoth, all of which mean white flower.
The Irish Florence, or Flory, so common among the peasantry, is intended
for Finghin, or Fineen (fair offspring); also for Flann, Fithil, and
Flaithri.[70]
-----
Footnote 67:
Keightley; Michaelis.
Footnote 68:
Keightley; Smith; Key, _Latin Grammar_; Madame Scopenhauer, _Memoirs_.
Footnote 69:
Keightley; Smith; Bouterwek; _Istoria de Firenze_; Brand; Butler;
_Spanish Literature_.
Footnote 70:
Smith; Butler; _Irish Society_; Pott.
SECTION III.—_Laurentius._
It appears natural to refer Laurentius direct to _laurus_ (the bay or
laurel); but there is reason to think that it, as well as the tree, must
go farther back to the dim vestiges of early Roman mythology. From the
Etruscans the Romans learnt the beautiful idea of guardian spirits
around their hearths, whom they called by the Etruscan word _lar_ or
_lars_; meaning lord or master. The spirits of great statesmen or heroes
became public _lares_, and watched over the welfare of the city; those
of good men, or of innocent infants under forty days old, were the
_lares_ of their home and family. Their images, covered with dogskins,
and with the figure of a dog beside them, were placed beside every
hearth; and, curiously enough, are the origin of the name dogs, still
applied to the supports on either side of a wood fire-place. They were
made to partake in every household festival; cups were set apart, in
which a portion of every meal was poured out to them; the young bride,
on being carried across her husband’s threshold, made her first
obeisance to these household spirits of his family; and on the nones,
ides, and calends of each month, when the master returned from the war,
or on any other occasion of joy, the lares were crowned with wreaths and
garlands. Pairs of lares stood in niches at the entrance of the streets;
other lares guarded districts in the country; and the lares of all Rome
had a temple to themselves, where stood twin human figures with a dog
between them. All these wore green crowns on festival days, especially
on those of triumph; and thus there can be little doubt that the
evergreen whose leaves were specially appropriated to the purpose was
thence called _laurus_, as the poplar was from forming people’s crowns.
The special feast of the lares was on the 22nd of December, and it was
immediately followed by that of a female deity called Lara, Larunda,
Larentia, Laurentia, or Acca Laurentia, who was termed in old Latin
_genita mana_ (good mother), received the sacrifice of a dog, and was
entreated that no good domestic slave might depart. Thus much custom had
preserved to the Romans; but when Greek mythology came in, flooding and
corrupting all their own, poor Laurentia was turned into a nymph, so
given to chattering (λαλιά) that Jupiter punished her by cutting out her
tongue and sending her, in charge of Mercury, to the lower world; and
the lares, now allowed to be only two, were made into her children and
those of Mercury. Another story, wishing to account for all traditions
in one, made her into the woman who nursed Romulus and Remus, and thus
disposed of her and of the she-wolf at once, and made the twelve rural
Lares her sons; whilst a third version degraded her, like Flora, and
made her leave all her property to the state, in the time of Ancus
Martius.
Laurentius does not occur in early history; but it belonged to the
gentle Roman deacon who, on the 10th of August, 258, showed the “poor
and the maimed, the halt and the blind,” as the treasures of the Church,
and was martyred, by being roasted over a fire on bars of iron.
Constantine built a church on his tomb, and seven other Churches at Rome
are likewise dedicated to him. Pope Adrian gave some of his relics to
Charlemagne, who took them to Strasburg, and thus rendered him one of
the regnant saints in Germany, where the prevalence of shooting stars on
the night of his feast has occasioned those meteors to be called St.
Lorenz’s sparks. In fact, his gentle nature, his peculiar martyrdom, and
his church at Rome, caused him to be a saint of universal popularity;
and a fresh interest was conferred on him, in Spanish eyes, by Philip
II.’s belief that the battle of St. Quentin, fought on his day, was won
by his intercession, and the consequent dedication of the
gridiron-palace convent of the Escurial to him.
Besides the original saint, England owns St. Laurentius among the band
of Roman missionaries who accompanied St. Augustine, and, in succession,
became archbishops of Canterbury. When England, in her turn, sent forth
missionaries, another Laurence preached the Word in the North, with such
effect as to compel the Trollds themselves to become church builders,
much against their will, and to leave his name, cut down into Lars, its
primitive form, as a favourite in all Scandinavia. In Ireland, Laurence,
whose name I strongly suspect to have been Laghair, a son of Maurice
O'Tuathail, of Leinster, was archbishop of Dublin at the time of the
conquest by the Norman adventurers, and was thus brought into close
connection with Canterbury and with Rome, knitting the first of the
links that have made the Irish so abject in their devotion to the Papal
See. It was probably on this account that he was canonized, but he was
also memorable as one of the builders of St. Patrick’s cathedral at
Dublin, and for his charities during a terrible famine, when he
supported as many as 300 destitute children. It is he who has rendered
Lanty and Larry so common among the Irish peasantry. Besides all these,
the modern Venetian saint, Lorenzo Justiniani, worthily maintained the
honour of the Christian name already so illustrious in excellence, and
it has continued in high esteem everywhere, though, perhaps, less common
in England than on the Continent. Germany is the place of its special
reign; and in the Harz mountains, to bow awkwardly is called _krummer
Lorenz machen_.
┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ English. │ Scotch. │ Irish. │ French. │
│Lawrence │Lawrence │Laurenc │Laurent │
│Laurence │Laurie │Lanty │ │
│Larkin │ │Larry │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Italian. │ Spanish. │ Portuguese. │ Swiss. │
│Lorenzo │Lorenzo │Laurençho │Lori │
│Renzo │ │ │Lenz │
│ │ │ │Enz │
│ │ │ │Enzali │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ German. │ Wallachian. │ Swedish. │ Danish. │
│Lorenz │Lavrentia │Laurentius │Lorenz │
│ │ │Lars │Lars │
│ │ │ │Lauritz │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Norse. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Bohemian. │
│Laurans │Lavrentij │Vavrzynec │Vavrinec │
│Jörens │ │ │ │
│Larse │ │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤
│ Slovak. │ Lithuanian. │ Lapp. │ Hungarian. │
│Lovre │Labrenzis │Laur │Lörencz │
│ │Brenzis │Laures │ │
│ │Lauris │Laura │ │
│ │ │Raulus │ │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘
Some languages have the feminine, but it is not frequent anywhere. The
Italian Lorenza is, perhaps, the most frequent.
The name of Laura is a great perplexity. It _may_ be taken from Laurus,
and ladies so called consider St. Laurence as their patron; but it may
also be from the word Laura, the Greek Λαβρα, or Λαυρα, meaning an
avenue, the same as labyrinth, and applied to the clusters of hermitages
which were the germ of monasteries. Or again, a plausible derivation is
that Lauretta might have commemorated the laurel-grove, or Loreto,
whither Italian superstition declared that the angels transported the
holy house of Nazareth away from the Turkish power on the conquest of
Palestine. Those who call the milky-way the Santa Strada di Loretto,
might well have used this as one of their varied forms of seeking the
patronage of the Blessed Virgin. The chief objection that I can find to
this theory is, that the first Lauretta that I have met with was a
Flemish lady, in 1162; the next was a daughter of William de Braose,
Lord of Bramber, in the time of King John, a period antecedent to the
supposed migration of the holy house, which did not set out on its
travels till 1294. Others think it the same with Eleonora, which I
cannot believe; but, at any rate, it was the Provençal Lora de Sades, so
long beloved of Petrarch, who made this one of the favourite romantic
and poetical names, above all, in France, where it is Laure, Lauretta,
Loulou.[71]
-----
Footnote 71:
Smith; Keightley; Loudon, _Arboretum_; Butler; Jameson; Grimm; Pott;
Michaelis; Dugdale; Hanmer, _Chronicle of Ireland_.
SECTION IV.—_Sancus._
Sancus, or Sanco-Sancus, was the divinity who presided over oaths, and
guarded the marriage vow and treaties between nations. He was afterwards
mixed up with Hercules, and so entirely forgotten that his altar was
long supposed to have been an early Christian erection bearing the word
sanctus.
This word is the past participle of the verb _sancire_ (to decree). It
was equivalent to instituted, and was gradually applied to mark the
institutions of religion. That “all the congregation are holy,” all
under sanctification, all once at least saints, was a faith strong in
the Church, and prompted the name of Sanctus among the first Christians.
One Sanctus was a deacon of the band of martyrs at Lyons, and another
Sanctus was a Christian physician of Otriculum, a city of central Italy,
and was put to death under the Antonines. There is some doubt whether he
is the same physician of Otriculum who is also called St. Medicus.
Sanctus was the favourite patron in Provence, Biscay, and Navarre; and
Sancho and Sancha were constantly in royal use in the early kingdoms of
the struggling Christians of Spain; though as royalty and nobility
became weary of what was national and peculiar, they were left to the
peasantry, and would have been entirely forgotten, but for that
wonderful personification of the shrewd, prosaic, selfish, yet faithful
element in human nature, Sancho Panza, whom Cervantes has made one of
the most typical yet individual characters of literature.
The Provençals had both the masculine and feminine forms in frequent
use; and the co-heiress of Provence, who married our Richard, Earl of
Cornwall, king of the Romans, was Sancia, or Sancie; but the name did
not take root in England, and sorely puzzled some of our old
genealogists, who record the lady as Cynthia, Scientia, or Science. This
last name actually occurs several times in the seventeenth century, both
in Latin and English, in the register of a small Hampshire parish; but
whether meant for Sancha, or chosen in love for abstract knowledge,
those who named ‘Science Dear’ alone could tell.
Italy, as in duty bound, remembered her saintly physician as Sancto at
Rome, and Sanzio with the ‘lingua Toscana,’ where it came as a family
name to the greatest of painters.[72]
SECTION V.—_Old Italian Deities._
Februus was the old Italian god both of the dead and of fertility, to
whom February was sacred. The word is thought to mean purification, but
after the Etruscan deities were forgotten, Juno, who had also a share in
the month, absorbed it all, and was called Juno Februata. Thence,
probably, arose the name of Febronia, a nun of Sibapolis on the borders
of Assyria, who suffered horrid torments under her persecutors, and was
at last beheaded. She is venerated by the Greek Church on the 25th of
June, and suggested to Russia the names Fevronia, or Khevronia.
Though not divine, the name of Lavinia should be mentioned here as that
of a mythical personage imitated by the moderns, though not by the
Romans themselves. In Livy and in Virgil, she is the daughter of King
Latinus, and the last wife of Æneas, in whose right he obtained a
footing in Italy. Niebuhr and his followers deny her existence, and make
her a mere personification of the Latin territory, and whether this be
the case or not, hers is certainly a feminine form of Latinus, the _t_
changed to _v_, as happened in other instances. The classical Italians
of the Cinque-cento revived Lavinia for their daughters; and by way of
recommending the story of the Book of Ruth to the taste of the
eighteenth century, Thomson had the audacity to translate the Moabitess
into “the lovely young Lavinia,” whence it has happened that this has
become rather a favourite with those classes in England who have a taste
for many syllables ending in _ia_.
Picus was another old Italian deity who used to be represented with a
woodpecker on his head. Whether he or the woodpecker first had the name
of Picus does not appear; but in English that term passed to the pyot or
magpie, and some recurrence to old tradition caused Pico to be revived
in Italy in the person of the famous Pico de Mirandola and his
namesakes.
From _fors_ (chance) came Fortuna, the goddess of prosperity and
success. She was said on entering Rome to have thrown away her globe,
and shed her wings like a queen-ant, to denote that here she took up her
permanent abode. She was adored at Rome as early as the reign of Ancus
Martius, and to her was ascribed the success of the women’s entreaty in
turning away the wrath of Coriolanus.
Her name does not appear to have been used in the heathen times, but in
212 SS. Felix and Fortunatus were martyred at Valence in Dauphiné, and
it was probably from the latter that Fortunio became a name among the
early Asturian and Navarrese sovereigns.
What shall we think of the augury of names when we find in the parish
register of St. John’s, Newcastle, on the 20th of June, 1599, the
marriage of Umphraye Hairope, husbandman, to Fortune Shafto,
gentlewoman?
A pair of twins, girls, of the Wycliffe family, born in 1710, were
christened Favour and Fortune; and Fortune is a surname in Scotland.[73]
-----
Footnote 72:
Butler; Keightley; Smith.
Footnote 73:
Niebuhr; Arnold; Surius; Keightley; Sir O. Sharpe, _Extracts from
Parish Registers_.
SECTION VI.—_Quirinus._
Quirinus, one of the oldest of the war-gods, was called from the Oscan
_quiris_ (a spear), which likewise was the source of the old Roman name
of Quirites, and of that of the Quirinal Hill. Spearmen alike were the
Quirites and their unconquerable foes; the Gjermanner, the Germans, nay,
probably _gher_ and _quiris_ are the very same word, equally related to
the Keltic _coir_.
Others, however, call Quirinus the mere personified god of the town of
Cures. When all had become confusion in the Roman mind as to their old
objects of worship, and they had mingled them with “gods whom their
fathers knew not,” they took it into their heads that Quirinus was the
deified Romulus who had been transported to the skies by his father,
Mars, in the middle of a muster of his warriors in the Campus Martius;
and when a still later age distrusted this apotheosis, some rationalist
Roman suggested that, weary of Romulus' tyranny, the senators had
secretly assassinated him during the review, and to prevent detection
had cut his body to pieces, each carried a portion home under his toga,
and professed to have beheld the translation to the skies. Quirinus had
become a cognomen at the Christian era, but first occurs as a Christian
name in 304, when St. Quirinus was Bishop of Siscia on the Save, and
after a good confession before the tyrant Maximus, was dragged in chains
through the cities on the banks of the Danube, and then drowned at
Sabaria, now Sarwar. His relics were afterwards taken to Rome, but are
now said to be in Bavaria; and in his honour Cyran has become a French
name. As a saint connected with Germany, various chapters arose in
commemoration of him; and Mrs. Elizabeth Carter describes her meeting
with a pretty little _chanoinesse_ at Spa, who wore her medal of St.
Quirinus, but was able to give so little account of him that Mrs.
Carter, better read in Roman history than in hagiology, concluded him to
be the “Saint who built Rome and killed his brother.”
Quirinius was the name of the Roman governor whom St. Luke called in
Greek Κυρήνιος, and our translators render Cyrenius.
The name of Romulus is thought by many to have been a mere myth made out
of that of his city Roma, a word that probably signified strength, and
was no inappropriate title for that empire of iron. Ῥώμη is the Greek
word for strength; the same root is found in the Latin _robur_, and it
may be in the Teutonic _ruhm_ (fame). Others say that _groma_ (a
cross-road) was the origin of this most famous of all local titles.
However this may be, after Romulus Augustulus had seen the twelve
centuries of Rome fulfilled, Romolo still lingered on as a name in
Italy; the first bishop of Fiesole was thus named, and was so popular at
Florence, that Catherine dei Medici was actually christened Romola.
When to be a Roman citizen was the highest benefit a man of a subject
nation could enjoy, Romanus was treated as a cognomen. Pliny had two
friends so called. There are seven saints thus named, and three
Byzantine emperors. But when Teuton sway had made a Roman the meanest
and most abject epithet, Romain or Romano died away in popularity, and
only occurs now and then in French genealogy, though it is still used in
Italy.
They must not be confounded with Romeo and Romuald, which are genuine
Teutonic.[74]
-----
Footnote 74:
Diefenbach; Arnold; Livy; Butler.
SECTION VII.—_Sibylla._
The Sibyls were beings peculiar to Roman mythology, prophetesses half
human, half divine, living to a great age, but not immortal.
Etymologists used to interpret their name as coming from the Greek Ζεύς
and βουλή (Zeus' councils), but it is far more satisfactorily explained
as coming from _sabius_, or _sabus_, an old Italian, but not a Latin
word, which lives still in the vernacular _Sabio_, thus making Sibulla
signify a wise old woman.
Old, indeed! for the Cumean Sibyl, who guided Æneas to the infernal
regions, was likewise said to be the same who brought the prophetic
books for sale to Tarquinius Priscus, and on each refusal of the sum
that she demanded for them, carried them off, destroyed one, and brought
the rest back rated at a higher price. The single remaining roll bought
by the king was said to contain all the mysterious prophecies that were
afterwards verified by the course of events, and above all, that
prediction of the coming rule of peace, which Virgil, following
Theocritus, embodied in his eclogue as fulfilled in Augustus. That
eclogue, flattery though it were, won for Virgil his semi-Christian
fame, and caused the learned men of Italy to erect the Sibyls into the
personifications of heathen presages of Gospel truth—
“Teste David cum Sibylla,”
as says the glorious hymn uniting the voices of Hebrew and Gentile
prophecy; and in this character do Michel Angelo’s magnificent Sibyls
adorn the Sistine Chapel; though later painters, such as Guido and
Domenichino, made them mere models of female intellectual beauty.
Sibilla, probably through the influence of Campania upon nomenclature,
early spread as a Christian name. Possibly the word was the more
acceptable to Northern ears from its resemblance to the Gothic _sibja_
(peace, or friendship), the word familiar to us as the Scottish _sib_
(related), forming with us the last syllable of gossip, in its old sense
of god-parent. Thence came Sippia, Sib, or Sif, the lovely wife of Thor,
whose hair was cut off by Lok, and its place supplied by golden tresses,
which some consider to mean the golden harvest.
Perhaps it was this connection that recommended the Italian Sibila to
the Norman chivalry. At any rate, Sibila of Conversana was the wife of
Robert of Normandy, and Sibille soon travelled into France, and belonged
to that Angevin Queen of Jerusalem, whose many marriages gave so much
trouble to the Crusaders. It was very frequent among English ladies of
Norman blood; and in Spain, Sevilla, or Sebilla, is frequent in the
earlier ballads. Sibella, Sibyl, or Sibbie, is most frequent of all in
Ireland and Scotland; but I believe that this is really as the
equivalent for the ancient Gaelic Selbhflaith (lady of possessions).
Russia has the name as Ssivilla; the Lithuanians call it Bille; and the
Esthonians, Pil. Sibilley is the form in which it appears in a Cornish
register in 1692; in 1651 it is Sibella.[75]
SECTION VIII.—_Saturn, &c._
Saturnus was a mythical king of ancient Italy, peaceful, and given to
agriculture, indeed, his name is thought to come from _satus_ (sown). It
is very odd that he should have become the owner of all the fame of the
Greek Kronos, infanticide, planet rings, and all; but so completely has
he seized upon them that we never think of him as the god of seed-time,
but only as the discarded king of heaven and father of Jupiter.
We should have little to do with him were it not that the later Romans
formed from him the name of Saturninus, which belonged to sundry early
saints, and furnished the old Welsh Sadwrn.
Sylvanus was a deity called from _sylva_ (a wood), the protector of
husbandmen and their crops, in the shape of an old man with a
cypress-tree in his hand. His had become a Roman name just before the
Christian era, and belonged to the companion of St. Paul, who is called
Sylvanus in the Epistles, and, by the contraction, Silas in the Acts.
This contracted form, Silas, has been revived in England as a Scripture
name.
St. Sylvanus, or Silverius, was a pope whom his Church esteems a martyr,
as he died in the hands of Belisarius; but sylvan, or salvage, was
chiefly used in the middle ages to express a dweller in a forest, rude
and hardly human. Silvano, Selvaggio, or Silvestro, was generally the
name of monsters with shaggy locks, clubs, and girdles of ivy leaves,
who appeared in romance; and Guidon Selvaggio was the rustic knight of
Boiardo and Ariosto. Occasionally these words became names, and about
the year 1200, Sylvestro Gozzolini, of Osimo, founded an order of monks,
who, probably, are the cause that Sylvester became known in Ireland as a
Christian name, and has come to us as a surname, while the French have
it as Sylvestre.
The son of Æneas and Lavinia was said to have been born in a wood, and
therefore called Æneas Silvius, and his name was given to one of the
Piccolomini family, Enea Silvio, afterwards pope; and also belonged to
an historian. Sylvain, Sylvan, Sylvius, Sylvia became favourite names
for shepherds and shepherdesses in the time of the pastoral romance;
Sylvia turned into a poetical name for a country maid, and has since
been used as a village Christian name, having been perhaps first chosen
by some fanciful Lady Bountiful.
CHAPTER VI.
MODERN NAMES FROM THE LATIN.
There still remain a class of names derived from the Latin, being
chiefly Latin words formed into names. Some of them answer to the class
that we have called Christian Greek, being compound words assumed as
befitting names by early Roman Christians, such as Deusvult.
There are fewer of these than of the like Greek designations, both from
the hereditary system of nomenclature, and from the language being less
suitable for such formations than the Greek, which was so well known to
all educated Romans that a Greek appellation would convey as much
meaning as a Latin one, and in that partially veiled form that always
seems to have been preferred in nomenclature in the later ages of
nations. Some, however, either from sound, sense, or association, have
become permanent Christian names in one or more nations; and with these,
for the sake of convenience, have been classed those formed from Latin
roots, and which, though coined when their ancestral language was not
only dead but corrupt, are too universal to be classed as belonging to
any single country of modern Europe, though sometimes the product of a
Romance tongue rather than of genuine Latin, or appearing in cognate
languages in different forms; cousins, in fact, not brethren, and
sometimes related to uncles sprung from the elder tongue.
SECTION I.—_From Amo._
Of these are all the large class of names sprung from _amo_, which has
descended into all the Southern languages of Western Europe nearly
unaltered. The Gallic Christians seem to have had a particular delight
in calling their children by derivatives of this word; for in their
early times there occur in the calendar, Amabilis (loveable), Amator (a
lover), Amandus (about to be loved), and Amatus and Amata (loved);
Amadeus (loving God) seems to have been still older. Out of this
collection, St. Amand has survived as a territorial surname; whilst
Amanda, from its meaning, was one of the complimentary _noms de plume_
of the eighteenth century; and Amandine is sometimes found in France.
Amabilis was a male saint of Riom, known to France as St. Amable;
nevertheless, his name passed to Aimable, the Norman heiress of
Gloucester, who so strongly protested against accepting even a king’s
son without a surname. Her name became on English lips Amabel, which has
been handed down unchanged in a few old English families, though country
lips have altered it into Mabel, in which form it is still used among
the northern peasantry. Ignorant etymologists have tried to make it come
from _ma belle_ (my fair one), and lovers of false ornament turn it into
Mabella.
Nothing is known of the female saint, Amata, or Aimée, but that the
people of Northern France used to honour her, and she had namesakes in
old French pedigrees, so that there can be little doubt that Norman
families brought in the pretty simple Amy that has never been entirely
disused, and has been a frequent peasant name in the West of England.
St. Amatus, or Amé, was about the end of the seventh century a hermit in
the Valais, and afterwards became Bishop of Sion, and was persecuted by
one of the Merovingian kings. He thus became the patron saint of Savoy,
and for a long succession the Counts were called Amé; but after a time,
they altered the name to Amadeus, Amadée, or Amadeo, as it was
differently called on the two sides of the mountain principality, and as
it has continued to the present time. Amyot and Amyas in England, and in
Romance the champion Amadis de Gaul, drew their names from this Savoyard
source. This notable knight is believed to have been invented in Spain,
and the Italians call him Amadigi. It is possible, however, that he may
come from the Kymry, for Amaethon, son of Don, appears in the
_Mabinogion_, and was a mystic personage in Welsh mythology. His name
meant the husbandman, another offshoot from the universal Amal. He must
have been the Sir Amadas of the Round Table.
The old English Amicia, so often found in old pedigrees, is probably a
Latinizing of Aimée. The most notable instance of it is Amicia, the
daughter of the Earl of Leicester, who brought her county to the fierce
old persecutor, Simon de Montfort, and left it to the warlike earl, who
imprisoned Henry III. His sister carried Amicie into the Flemish family
of De Roye, where it continued in use, and it descended again into Amice
in England. Amadore was in use in Florence, cut into Dore.[76]
-----
Footnote 75:
Max Müller, _Science of Language_; Keightley; Ruskin; Grimm;
Michaelis.
Footnote 76:
Butler; Pott; Dugdale; _Mabinogion_; Lady C. Guest; Dunlop, _Fiction_.