CHAPTER XIX

A CHRONICLE OF RECENT EVENTS

With the close of Governor Hubbard’s administration, now twenty-one

years ago, the connected story of Minnesota may properly end. Only

after some lapse of years may the historian presume to view affairs

with discrimination, selecting those of permanent significance from the

trifling and transitory. He may, however, as a mere annalist, record

such facts and events as seem to have more than momentary importance.

The governors of the state have been:—

--------------------+-------------+--------------------------------------

NAME. | PARTY. | DATES.

--------------------+-------------+--------------------------------------

Andrew R. McGill | Republican. | January 5, 1887, to January 9, 1889.

William R. Merriam | Republican. | January 9, 1889, to January 4, 1893.

Knute Nelson | Republican. | January 4, 1893, to January 31, 1895.

David M. Clough | Republican. | January 31, 1895, to January 2, 1899.

John Lind | Democrat. | January 2, 1899, to January 7, 1901.

Samuel R. Van Sant | Republican. | January 7, 1901, to January 4, 1905.

John A. Johnson | Democrat. | January 4, 1905, to

--------------------+-------------+--------------------------------------

Mr. Nelson was elected to the United States Senate in the first month

of his second term as governor. Mr. Clough, lieutenant-governor,

succeeded him, and was elected governor for a second term. Mr. Lind was

the first Democratic governor after Governor Sibley, the first state

executive. Both he and Mr. Johnson were elected in spite of the fact

that Minnesota was and is overwhelmingly Republican.

Four United States senators only have been elected, all Republican.

Cushman K. Davis, who in 1875 had balked Mr. Ramsey of a third term,

but failed to secure his own election, went into retirement, devoting

himself to his law practice, to literature, and to preparation for a

public career to come in good time. He so commended himself to

Republicans by his professional ability, his fine public addresses, and

the moderation of his demands for advancement, that when the time came,

in January, 1887, to fill the vacancy of Senator McMillan, about to

occur, there was but one opposing vote against him in the Republican

caucus. Ignatius Donnelly, who had temporarily returned to the fold,

made a rousing speech of approval. The election followed as of course.

In 1893 Mr. Davis was elected for a second term, but by a close vote.

In 1899 he was accorded a third term with almost no opposition. He had

made a brilliant record as senator and chairman of the committee on

foreign relations. He served as one of the commissioners to negotiate

the treaty of peace at the close of the Spanish war of 1898. Mr. Davis

died in office suddenly, November 27, 1900.

William D. Washburn, who had retired from the House of Representatives,

did not reach his expected promotion to the Senate till 1889. At the

close of his term be gave way to Governor Nelson, who has since been

twice reëlected. Moses E. Clapp was elected in 1901 to fill the vacancy

caused by the death of Senator Davis.

The Australian ballot system, established in 1889 for cities of 10,000

inhabitants or more, extended to operate throughout the state in 1891,

was recodified in 1893.

The legislature of 1899 passed a law providing for “primary elections”

to replace nominations by party caucuses and conventions. The act is

not operative in towns, villages, and small cities, and does not apply

to state officers. The primary election takes place on the first of the

registration days for the usual election, and is conducted by the same

judges and clerks. Any person eligible to an office may, by payment of

a prescribed fee and making a qualifying oath, have his name printed on

the primary ballot of his party. Every qualified voter may, after

registration, receive and mark the ballot of the party he “generally

supported at the last election and intends to support at the next

ensuing.” The general election laws apply, and the usual penalties

attach to misconduct. The experiment is still too brief to warrant a

final judgment. It has certainly weakened the machine, and stimulated

aspiration to office in persons whose qualifications are more apparent

to themselves than to others. That candidates for judicial positions

are obliged to make a personal canvass is perhaps the feature most to

be regretted.

When the capitol building was burned in 1881 the legislature, upon

Governor Pillsbury’s recommendation, immediately appropriated $75,000

for rebuilding, on the assumption that the walls were sufficiently

sound. This assumption was found mistaken, and additional sums were

voted till more than four times the original amount was expended. But

ten years had not passed before it was apparent that ampler

accommodations were imperative for multiplying functionaries and

expanding business. The legislature of 1893 accordingly authorized the

appointment of a commission to plan, build, and furnish a new and

appropriate structure. The local influence was sufficiently effective

to keep the location in the heart of St. Paul, on an elevated site of

small area, rather than permit erection on a larger area in the “midway

district,” still in that city, but near Minneapolis. The corner-stone

was laid on July 27, 1898, by Alexander Ramsey. Senator C. K. Davis

delivered the principal address. The legislature of 1905 was the first

to convene in the completed building. The traditional plan of a central

body flanked by wings and surmounted by a dome was followed, with the

variation that the house of representatives is housed in a rear

extension, leaving the wings to accommodate the senate and the supreme

court. The exterior is of Georgia marble. The interior corridors are

faced with polished Minnesota magnesian limestones of charming tints,

relieved by panels of foreign marbles. The interior of the dome, the

senate chamber, the supreme court room, and the governor’s office are

splendidly decorated with mural paintings by leading American artists.

Over the façade of the central structure rests a quadriga in bronze,

typifying the progress of Minnesota. The total cost was $4,428,539.72;

and in this age the honorable commissioners need not resent as

superfluous the record that there was absolutely no “graft” in the

whole construction and furnishing. The architect, Mr. Cass Gilbert, a

native of Minnesota, will be fortunate if he shall in his future career

surpass the taste, skill, and nobility of conception displayed in this

work. It is a splendid object lesson in civic architecture, not only to

Minnesota but to neighboring commonwealths.

The legislature of 1905 adopted a new codification of the general laws

of the state, which had been prepared by a commission of which Daniel

Fish, Esq., was the working member. It has been published in a single

volume of 1380 pages.

The penal and charitable institutions of Minnesota under the

supervision of the board of charities and corrections had attained to

the first rank for economy of administration and beneficial results.

Two neighboring states made the experiment of disbanding the separate

boards of trustees or managers and placing all such institutions in the

hands of a single “board of control.” To be in the fashion the

legislature of Minnesota in 1901 created a board of control of state

institutions, and went so far as to include the university and normal

schools in all their financial concerns. These, however, were in a

later year exempted from the operation of the act and restored to their

independence. It may be conceded that in point of finance the single

board has justified the change, in spite of the fact that its members

have been appointed on political considerations. Persuaded that there

was danger of neglect in a board so composed and fully occupied with

the business management of the institutions, the legislature of 1907

provided for a board of visitors to exercise a humanitarian supervision

over the patients and inmates.

The people of Minnesota have not yet desired a revision of their

constitution, content to live under the original statute of 1857 and to

amend it casually from time to time. In the period now in view no fewer

than seventeen amendments have been adopted, some of them of

far-reaching importance. They may be enumerated:—

1. 1883, an amendment fixing January 1 as the beginning of the

official year of the state, on which day all officers chosen at

the previous election enter upon their duties.

2. 1886, an amendment authorizing loans upon interest from the

permanent school fund of the state to counties and school

districts, to be used in the erection of county and school

buildings. This provision, wisely guarded, has proved

advantageous.

3. Of the same year, an amendment forbidding the enactment of any

special law in all cases where a general law can be made

applicable, and specifically inhibiting special legislation in

fifteen cases. Its operation has been beneficial, but there have

been instances where special legislation has been had under mere

color of general.

4. 1888, an amendment limiting the sessions of the legislature to

ninety legislative days, and forbidding the introduction of any

new bill during the last twenty days, unless upon recommendation

of the governor in a special message.

5. Of the same year, an amendment declaring any combination to

monopolize markets for food products, or to interfere with the

freedom of such markets, to be a criminal conspiracy, punishable

as the legislature may provide. No action has yet been had.

6. 1890, an amendment authorizing the legislature to provide that an

agreement of ten jurors in a civil action shall be a sufficient

verdict. The legislature has not yet acted.

7. 1896, an amendment creating a board of pardons, consisting of the

governor, the attorney-general, and the chief justice, with

powers to be defined and regulated by law. The procedure of the

board has been prescribed by statute. Its administration has been

judicious, and the governor has been relieved of a duty

exceedingly painful and difficult for any individual to

discharge.

8. 1896, an amendment to the elective franchise article, taking from

declarants for naturalization the right to vote.

9. In the year 1906 a so-called “wide open” tax amendment, repealing

a large part of Article IX as formerly standing. It declares that

“the power of taxation shall never be surrendered, suspended, nor

contracted away.” After exemptions of the ordinary kind, it

leaves the legislature free to levy taxes according to its

discretion, requiring only that they shall be uniform upon the

same class of subjects.

10. 1898, an amendment granting suffrage to women of full age in

school and library measures absolutely, and not merely allowing

the legislature to extend the privilege.

11. In the same year, an amendment requiring a majority of all votes

cast at the election to ratify an amendment to the constitution.

Up to that year a majority of the electors voting on the

particular amendment was sufficient to ratify.

12. In the same year, an amendment creating a state highway

commission and a road and bridge fund and authorizing a special

tax therefor.

13. Also in 1898, an amendment authorizing cities and villages to

adopt charters for their own government, to be drafted by a board

of freeholders appointed by district judges; commonly called a

“home-rule” amendment. An affirmative vote of four sevenths of

the electors is necessary to adopt. In Minneapolis on four

occasions, large majorities have favored “home rule,” but the

required four-sevenths vote has not been obtained.

14. 1904, an amendment authorizing the investment of the permanent

school and university funds in the bonds of counties, towns,

cities, villages, and school districts under prescribed

conditions.

What place the tornado, the hailstorm, the locust, and such like

destroyers have in the mundane economy; whether they are providential

dispositions for the punishment of particular communities, or freaks of

sheer diabolism, or resultants of powers imparted to nature playing

under determining conditions, is a question which must be left to

casuists, reverend and other. Minnesota can claim no exemption from

such visitations. On April 14, 1886, a furious tornado struck the city

of St. Cloud and its suburb, Sauk Rapids, cutting a swath of desolation

and destroying some seventy persons. In 1891, on June 15, a series of

tornadoes traversed the counties of Martin, Faribault, Freeborn, Mower,

and Fillmore, on a line nearly parallel with the Southern Minnesota

division of the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad. Many farm buildings

were wrecked and about fifty people killed. In previous years

disastrous tornadoes had wrought havoc in New Ulm and Rochester.

In the fall of 1886 there was a descent of what were supposed to be

ordinary grasshoppers in Otter Tail County. When in the following

spring “hoppers” were appearing dangerously numerous, Governor McGill

sent out the state entomologist, Dr. Otto Lugger of the university

agricultural college, to investigate. He saw at once that the genuine

Rocky Mountain locust was to be dealt with, and proceeded to organize

the farmers for warfare on them. So effective was the campaign that

thirty-five thousand bushels of the insects were caught and destroyed,

and half the crops on about one hundred square miles saved.

On September 1, 1894, a fire broke out in the cut-over pine woods near

Hinckley, in Pine County. A high wind prevailing, it spread and raged

for many days. Eight villages, including Hinckley and Sandstone, and

scores of farmsteads were completely destroyed. Not less than three

hundred and fifty square miles were devastated. Four hundred and

eighteen persons lost their lives, and more than two thousand were left

homeless. The property loss was not less than a million dollars.

Governor Nelson appointed a relief committee of citizens, with Charles

A. Pillsbury at its head. The estimated amount of relief furnished

through this and the local committees was $185,000. In the same year

the chinch bug did much damage to growing crops in several southwestern

counties.

At the outbreak of the war with Spain in April, 1898, Minnesota was

first of the states to respond to the call of the President for

volunteers, as she had been in the Civil War. Before the close of the

month three regiments,—Twelfth, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth,—mostly

recruited from the national guard, were assembled at St. Paul. They

were mustered into the United States service May 7 and 8. The

Thirteenth Regiment, commanded by Colonel Charles McCormick Reeve, was

dispatched to the Philippine Islands and participated in the capture of

Manila, August 13, 1898. It performed provost guard duty in that city

till the spring of 1899, and formed part of Lawton’s expedition to the

interior. The regiment was mustered out in San Francisco in September,

but was transported home in trains furnished by Minnesota cities, and

on arrival in Minneapolis, October 12, 1899, was reviewed by President

McKinley.

The Twelfth and Fourteenth regiments were sent to the grand rendezvous

at Camp Thomas, Chickamauga Park, Georgia, detained thereabout through

the summer, sent home late in September, furloughed for thirty days,

and mustered out November 18.

The Fifteenth, recruited from the state at large, was mustered in July

18, detained at Fort Snelling till September 15, and then sent to Camp

Meade, Pennsylvania. A month later it was ordered to Camp Mackenzie,

Georgia, where it remained till mustered out March 27, 1899.

The Thirteenth alone suffered losses in action. Its roll of honor shows

officers and men killed, 5; died of disease or accident, 37; wounded,

44.

A detachment of the Fourteenth Minnesota saw some service, happily

bloodless, in its own state. The Pillager band of Chippeway Indians on

Leech Lake had long been complaining of injustice done them in the

matter of the pine on their reservation, which they had been persuaded

to sell. The prices paid them were ridiculously low, and the charges

for appraisal and inspection as ridiculously high. Parties holding

permits to cut “dead and down timber,” cut live trees standing

convenient. Repeated protests to the government had brought no redress.

The deputy United States marshal, Sheehan (he of Fort Ridgely),

undertook to arrest a chief who had given show of misbehavior. He

resisted arrest, and a number of his braves rallied and stood off the

marshal’s posse. A company of sixty United States infantry was sent

from Fort Snelling, which was later reinforced by two hundred men

commanded by Major M. C. Wilkinson and supervised by General Bacon. On

October 5 the troops were landed on the peninsula known as Sugar Point,

and a sharp little conflict followed which cost the lives of Major

Wilkinson, Sergeant William Butler, and two privates. Two companies of

the Fourteenth were recalled from furlough and distributed to stations

of the railroad running north of Leech Lake. After repeated councils,

at which the United States commissioner of Indian affairs was present,

eight chiefs surrendered to the marshal, and the war ended. Governor

Clough, in his message to the legislature of 1899, charged the United

States government with a “series of acts and neglects most wrongful to

the Indians” and with a “blunder more criminal in its results than

those neglects and acts,” the performance being the “climax of a long

course of folly and wrong.”

* * * * *

All branches of the public school system have been enlarged and

improved. The common school endowment from the lands granted by

Congress has increased to more than $11,000,000. Sales of pine timber

($3,500,000) and other items have swelled the fund to more than

$20,000,000. The state still holds millions of acres unsold. The

excellent work of the normal schools, supplemented by that of the high

schools, has greatly added to the number of qualified teachers.

Opposition to the normal schools, now five in number, has long since

ceased.

Beginning with the year 1889, and the first graduations from the

professional schools, the development of the university has surpassed

all expectations. The total attendance in that year was 791, the number

of degrees conferred, 52. In 1900 those numbers were increased to 2866

and 449 respectively. In 1907 they were 3955 and 507. It has been

difficult to keep the buildings and equipment abreast of the needs of

these developments, especially as the original “main” building has been

once extensively damaged and later destroyed by fire. Despite

inadequate compensation, the professorships have been filled with able

and earnest men and women, but no small number of teachers whom the

state and the institution could ill afford to lose have been drawn

away. The student body have secured high places in intercollegiate

athletics, oratorical and forensic contests, adding much to the repute

of the university, already holding an honorable rank for scholarship

and culture. While the state university is the largest and

best-equipped in the state, it possesses no monopoly of the superior

education. There are at least fifteen other degree-conferring

institutions. More than half of the number are Lutheran colleges or

seminaries, in which excellent instruction is given in the classical

languages, history, and philosophy. The Roman Catholic colleges, also

strong in the humanities, are St. John’s University and the College of

St. Thomas. The leading Protestant institutions which have passed out

of the experimental stage are Carleton College at Northfield, and

Macalester College and Hamline University, both within the limits of

St. Paul. All are open to women, maintain excellent preparatory

departments, and do well the work they undertake to do.

The notable development of the university College of Agriculture at St.

Anthony Park cannot here have adequate room, but mention must be made

of one of its auxiliaries, the so-called “School of Agriculture.” From

the year 1868, when the agricultural college lands were merged with

those of the university, the regents and faculty of the university had

exerted themselves in all good faith to gather students into the

agricultural college which they had promptly organized on paper. The

farmers’ boys flocked to the university, not to learn agriculture but

to practice it. Only occasionally could any be induced to enroll in

that college. Up to 1888 not fifty had so done, and but one had

completed the course and been graduated. The first president had

declared that there was no proper work for an agricultural “college” to

do, and that agricultural schools of secondary rank must be organized.

Professor Edward A. Porter of the university department of agriculture,

after some years of experiment and reflection, became convinced that

such a school should be undertaken, and that, not on the university

campus, but on the experimental farm some two miles away. He brought

the board of regents to his opinion through the influence of an

“advisory board of farmers” which he induced them to appoint. State

Superintendent D. L. Kiehle, a member of the board of regents

_ex-officio_, worked out the pedagogical details, and early in 1888

submitted the plan of a “school” of agriculture to receive students of

fifteen and over, with a common-school training, for a term extending

from November to April. His idea was to make the instruction practical

in the branches immediately related to agriculture, cultivating powers

of observation and judgment, and arousing interest in and taste for

country life. The school was opened October 18, 1888, with forty-seven

students. Young women were admitted in 1897, and a second-year course

has been added. The school expenses proper do not exceed eighty-five

dollars a year. The enrollment of students for 1908 was 581, and the

whole number since 1888 is 4608. A notable fact is that this “school”

has stimulated and fed the “college” of agriculture, 69 students having

been graduated since the opening of the school. The framers of the

“Morrill bill” of 1857-62, granting public lands for the endowment and

support of colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts, could have had no

expectation of any such use of the grant, and doubtless would have

provided against devoting it to elementary education. The industrial

education had yet to be invented for this country. But this school of

agriculture is far better for the practical farmer than any college

could be.

One department of the school of agriculture of the university has had

no small part in working a great change in Minnesota agriculture. While

the state as a whole will long retain a leading place as a wheat

producer, all southern Minnesota has abandoned that cereal as a

principal crop. Supplied from the department of dairy husbandry of the

school of agriculture with expert operators of creameries and cheese

factories, the farmers of many counties have turned to dairying.

Minnesota butter, thanks to the science and practice taught in the

school, commands a premium in the market, and its annual output has run

up to near 100,000,000 pounds. Minnesota has become the “Bread and

Butter State.” The total dairy product of Minnesota in 1907 may be

safely valued at $40,000,000. Along with dairying has naturally grown

up an extensive animal husbandry, profitably converting into marketable

forms the forage crops of great areas.

At the experiment station conducted in the agricultural department of

the university new varieties of grains, in particular wheat, have been

developed by careful breeding and selection, which promise much to

Minnesota farmers.

Adjoining the agricultural establishment of the university is the

domain of two hundred acres and more on which the Minnesota State

Agricultural Society, in a vast range of buildings and inclosures,

holds its annual fair in September. Given this permanent location in

1885, the society has developed a great industrial museum of high

educational value.

* * * * *

For many years after the white man built his sawmills on Minnesota

rivers it was believed that the pine forests north and east of the

Sioux-Chippeway intertribal boundary of 1825 could never be exhausted.

A generation ago that belief was given up, but exhaustion was thought

to be so far away that people then living need not worry about it.

There being no public control over private lumbering, the reckless,

indiscriminate, ruinous methods of the pioneer operators were

continued. Young growing trees went down along with those old and ripe

for the axe. Within a few years it has become apparent to all who

concern themselves, that the days of Minnesota lumbering in the old

piratical fashion are numbered. Had a reasonable forest policy been

established fifty years ago, permitting only the annual cutting of ripe

trees and leaving the young to grow, a harvest of lumber might have

been reaped in perpetuity. There are millions of acres of land in the

state which are fit only for forest growth and will some day be so

devoted. An act of the legislature of 1899 created a state forestry

board, which has already outlined a policy and begun the immense work

of re-afforesting despoiled areas. Another act, that of 1905, provides

for a forest commissioner, and to that office has been appointed

General C. C. Andrews, who for many years has been the apostle of

forest preservation and replanting in Minnesota.

In 1878 the state geologist, Professor N. H. Winchell, announced the

existence of iron ore fit for steel production about Vermilion Lake in

St. Louis County; but neither the university nor the state authorities

took sufficient interest to cause a proper examination of the region to

be made. George C. Stone of Duluth conducted explorations whose

revelations led to the formation of the Minnesota Iron Company and the

building of the Duluth and Iron Range Railroad in 1884. In that year

62,122 tons of ore were shipped from the mine opened at Tower. Four

years later the railroad was extended to Ely, and 54,612 tons were

carried from the Chandler mine. The product of the Vermilion range

increased with astonishing rapidity. It was near a half million tons in

1888, and double that figure four years later.

Marvelous as had been the development of the Vermilion range, it was

eclipsed by that of another of which geologists had detected but faint

indications. In November 1890, an exploring party of the Merritt

Brothers of Duluth found iron ore at a point west of Virginia, near

which the Great Mountain iron mine was later opened. A year after one

of their explorers found ore turned up by the roots of a fallen tree. A

shaft sunk on the spot struck the ore body of the Biwabik mine. From

these beginnings date the developments of the Mesabi iron range, lying

some twenty miles south of and parallel with the Vermilion range, but

extending much farther to the west. In 1892, 4245 tons of ore were

shipped over the railroads which had been built out from Duluth to the

Mesabi mines. Three years later the shipments were nearly three

millions of gross tons; in 1900 they had swelled to nearly eight

millions, and in 1907 they touched twenty-seven and a half millions.

The shipment in the year last named from a certain single mine was

2,900,493 tons. The Mesabi ores are of the “soft” variety, lie near the

surface, and are in large part mined by means of steam shovels dumping

into cars; these, in the shipping season, are at once dispatched to the

lake ports, where the ore is transferred to vessels which carry it

below. The output of the Vermilion range has remained under two

millions a year, except in a single case. The ores of both ranges are

of the variety known as hematite, with great differences of physical

structure. Much of them yield seventy per cent. of pure metal. Ore

containing less than fifty-five per cent. of iron is not now considered

marketable, and there are enormous masses of such low grade ore left

untouched by the mine operators. At least 1,500,000,000 tons of ore

marketable under present conditions have been located and measured. The

state tax commission in 1907 raised the valuation of 2116 ore

properties, containing 1,192,509,757 tons, from $64,500,000 in 1906 to

$189,500,000.

An act of Congress of 1873 expressly excepted Minnesota from the

operation of the mining laws of the United States, leaving all her

mineral lands open to settlement or purchase in legal subdivisions,

like agricultural or timbered lands, thus virtually giving to lucky

speculators these priceless ore deposits. Up to 1889 the state pursued

the same policy, selling her school and swamp lands containing ore at

the annual sales and getting the usual prices for arable lands. In 1889

the legislature provided for the leasing of ore properties for fifty

years at a royalty of twenty-five cents per ton. At this rate, less

than one third that obtained by private mine owners, the school fund

will be splendidly enriched. The receipts from royalties and contracts

in 1907 were $273,433.

* * * * *

At the close of the year 1907 the railroads of Minnesota had increased

their mileage to 8023 miles, having almost doubled it in twenty years.

The Supreme Court of the United States in the Blake case, decided in

1876, had affirmed the right of the state of Minnesota to regulate

railroad fares and rates, according to the pleasure of the legislature.

In 1890 came a decision from the same tribunal in another Minnesota

case to the effect that any regulation, whether by statute or through a

commission, must be subject to judicial review. The legislature could

not deprive a railroad company of its property—rents, issues, and

profits included—without due process of law, much less could a

commission. This decision with others of the period materially

moderated the effect of the “granger cases.” Another litigation arising

in the state was of national importance. A small clique of capitalists

who had bought control of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific

railway systems, each of eight thousand miles and more, desiring to

operate them as one property or interest, formed a third corporation

called the Northern Securities Company. It was chartered in New Jersey,

November 13, 1900, with an authorized capital stock of $400,000,000.

When duly organized this company proceeded to exchange its own stock

for the stocks of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific, and absorbed

more than three fourths of them. This consolidation, effecting a

monopoly of all traffic between the Mississippi and the Pacific coast

for five degrees of latitude, caused the greatest alarm. Governor Van

Sant used every means at his disposal to prevent its consummation. A

suit, brought by the state in one of her district courts alleging

violation of her statute forbidding the consolidation of parallel and

competing roads, removed to the Circuit Court of the United States, was

there decided against the state on the ground that the Northern

Securities was not a railroad company, but a mere “holding company.” An

appeal was taken to the Supreme Court of the United States, but that

court declined to review the action below because the case had been

improperly removed from the Minnesota court. Without waiting for the

result of this suit, the Attorney-General of the United States sued in

the Circuit Court of the United States for Minnesota, charging

infraction of the “Sherman anti-trust law” of 1890. That court, after

elaborate hearings, found the Northern Securities Company to be an

unlawful combination in restraint of trade, and ordered its

dissolution. As was expected, an appeal was taken to the Supreme Court,

where in March, 1904, the decision below was affirmed, the chief

justice and three associates dissenting. Under judicial direction the

Northern Securities Company proceeded to return the stocks taken in

exchange, and at length went into dissolution. The same men own the two

roads still.

Early in the year 1908 the Supreme Court of the United States

considered that the Circuit Court for the District of Minnesota had the

right to punish the attorney-general of Minnesota for attempting, in

disobedience of its process, to enforce a state law regulating railroad

rates, held to be obnoxious to the national constitution.

Minnesota enjoys a great advantage in point of transportation to both

oceans in the competition of Canadian roads, with branches penetrating

to her principal cities. The water route eastward from Duluth has

moderated costs of shipping out her staple products—grain, ore, and

lumber—and given her favorable rates on returning merchandise.

The new states of the Northwest have departed far from the conservative

doctrine that governments exist merely for the protection of persons

and property. Two examples of this departure in Minnesota may be

mentioned. In 1899 the legislature created the Minnesota Public Library

Commission. Its duties are to maintain (1) a bureau of information on

library matters, (2) a circulating library, and (3) a clearing-house

for periodicals. From the circulating library, “traveling libraries” of

twenty-five or fifty volumes are sent to small towns and rural

communities on payment of a small fee. Home study and juvenile

libraries are also sent out, and small collections in five different

foreign languages. No provision for the general culture could be more

popular.

Equally acceptable have been the ministrations of the Minnesota State

Art Society, organized under an act of 1903. This body manages

periodical art exhibitions, offers and awards prizes for excellence in

artistic work, and will ultimately form a permanent collection. The

exhibitions, held in St. Cloud, Mankato, and Winona have been of great

educational value.

Minnesota lies between the latitudes of 43 degrees, 30 minutes, and 49

degrees north, and the longitudes of 89 degrees, 29 minutes, and 97

degrees, 15 minutes west. Her extreme dimensions are therefore about

380 miles from north to south and 350 miles from east to west. Her

situation is not far from the geographical centre of the North American

continent, and the drainage from the Itascan plateau falls into

Hudson’s Bay, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the Gulf of Mexico. The

lowest land is at the head of Lake Superior, whose surface is 602 feet

above sea-level. The highest land, a granite peak of the Misquah hills

in Cook County, is 2230 feet above sea-level. The annual mean

temperature is 44 degrees Fahrenheit; that of the summer months, 70

degrees. The climate has proved favorable to health and industry.

By the state census of 1905 the total population of Minnesota was

1,979,912, including 10,920 Indians, 171 Chinese, and 50 Japanese. The

native born were 1,424,333. Of the 537,041 foreign-born persons,

262,417 came from the Scandinavian kingdoms, 119,868 from Germany,

84,022 from English-speaking countries. The average yearly increase for

the decade closing in 1905 was 40,529; for the five-year period,

22,852. The urban population was 1,048,922, equal to 53 per cent. of

the total. In the same decade the urban population had increased 38 per

cent., while the rural population had augmented but 14.5 per cent. The

most notable examples of urban development are in the “twin cities” of

Minneapolis and St. Paul, their aggregate population in 1905 being

458,997. If the suburban dwellers within easy “trolley” ride be added,

that number rises to more than half a million. Although the two

municipalities have long been coterminous, they may remain politically

separate for many years, if not indefinitely.

POPULATION OF MINNESOTA FOR TWELVE CENSUS YEARS.

-----+-----------------+---------------

| FEDERAL CENSUS. | STATE CENSUS.

-----+-----------------+---------------

1850 | 6,077 |

1857 | | 150,037

1860 | 172,028 |

1865 | | 250,099

1870 | 439,706 |

1875 | | 597,407

1880 | 780,773 |

1885 | | 1,117,798

1890 | 1,301,826 |

1895 | | 1,574,619

1900 | 1,751,394 |

1905 | | 1,979,912

-----+-----------------+---------------

INDEX

Accault leads expedition to upper Mississippi, 18.

Acton murders, 197.

Agricultural college, established at Glencoe (1858), 160.

Agricultural school at Lake Calhoun, 67.

Aldrich, Cyrus, M. C., and candidate for U. S. senator, 248;

champions homestead act, 253.

Allen, Lieut. James, commands Schoolcraft’s escort, 75.

Allouez, Père, at La Pointe (1665), 14;

at convocation of 1671, 15.

American Fur Company, organized, 54;

policy of, 54;

chief stations, 55;

control of Indians, 58;

factors of, 59.

Anderson, Capt. Joseph, in battle of Birch Coulie, 213.

Andrews, C. C., votes against surrender of Third Minnesota, 183;

in command at Fitzhugh’s Woods, 243;

accepts nomination for M. C., 264;

state forest commissioner, 358.

Astor, John Jacob, organizes the American Fur Co., 52.

“Atlantis,” written by Ignatius Donnelly, 318.

Attorney-General of Minnesota enjoined by U. S. courts from enforcing

state law, 362.

Auguelle, associate of Accault and Hennepin, 18.

Austin, Horace, nominated, 265;

inaugurated governor, 265;

antecedents, 276;

proposes constitutional amendments, 268;

vetoes bill to squander internal improvement lands, 268;

recommends regulation of railroads, 279.

Australian ballot system, 342.

Bancroft, George, mentioned, 121.

Banking, _see_ Railroads.

Banks issue notes on deposit of special state railroad bonds, 166.

Battle of Big Mound, 235;

Birch Coulie, 213;

Dead Buffalo Lake, 235;

Kaposia, 65;

Skakopee, 157;

Rum River, 63;

Stillwater, 63;

Wood Lake, 218.

Becker, George L., mentioned, 154.

Bee, Capt. Alexander, pursues Inkpaduta, 146.

Beltrami, Constantino Giacomo, aspires to discover the true source of

the Mississippi, 73;

starts out with Major Long, 73;

at “Lake Julia,” 74;

publishes his “Discovery,” 74;

publishes his “Pilgrimage,” 74;

charts Lac la Biche, 75.

Biennial sessions of legislature, 336;

elections, 337.

Bierbauer, Capt. William, comes to relief of New Ulm, 208.

Big Mound, battle of, 235.

Birch Coulie, battle of, 213;

dispute as to command, 215.

Bishop, Gen. J. W., at Mission Ridge, 243.

Blake case, the, 283;

modified by later decision, 361.

Blizzard, the, of 1873, 289.

Board of Pardons, constitutional amendment, 346.

Bonanza farming, 273.

Boom of 1857, 141.

Boucher, Réné, _see_ La Perrière.

Boundaries, 86, 98, 135.

Boutwell, Rev. W. T., missionary, 64;

helps Schoolcraft with his Latin, 76.

Brackett’s Cavalry Battalion, in Tennessee, 186;

with Sully at Killdeer Mountain, 187.

Brass kettle campaign, the, 316.

British control lasts till 1815, 52.

British hold the Northwest, 38.

British proposal in 1814, 52.

Brower, J. V., discovers the “ultimate bowl” of Mississippi, 78.

Brown, Joseph R., drummer boy, arrives with troops (1819), 84;

lays out town (1840), 81;

J. P. of Crawford County, Wis., 84;

in Wisconsin legislature, 85;

fathers Minnesota Northwestern Railroad bill in legislature of 1854,

122;

member of constitutional convention, 138;

appointed Sioux agent, 168;

plan to civilize the Sioux, 168;

superseded as Sioux agent, 169;

commands detachment at Birch Coulie, 213;

commands scouts in 1863, 234.

Browning, O. H., permits further issues of Chippeway half-breed scrip,

114.

Brulé, Etienne, report of Lake Superior, 5.

Burger, Capt. Emil, mentioned, 224.

Burt, Rev. D., superintendent of public instruction, 320.

Butler, Sergeant William, shot in Pillager outbreak, 352.

Cadillac builds fort at Detroit (1701), 29.

“Cæsar’s Column,” by Ignatius Donnelly, 319.

Camp Coldwater, 56.

Cantonment at Mendota (1819), 55.

Capital of Minnesota, located in St. Paul, 91;

attempt to remove (1857), 132;

attempt to remove (1869), 265.

Capitol, old, burned, 325;

rebuilding of, 343.

Capitol, new, building of, 343;

account of, 344.

Carleton College, mentioned, 354.

Cartier, Jacques, two voyages, 3.

Carver, Jonathan, expedition, 33;

travels, 35;

claim, 36.

Cass, Gov. Lewis, exploring expedition 71;

induces Sioux and Chippeways to make a treaty at Fort Snelling, 72.

Catlin, John, Secretary of Wisconsin Territory, calls an election in

the rump, 87.

Cavanaugh, James M., seated as representative from Minnesota, 154.

Chamberlain, Selah, holder of special state railroad bonds, 326;

sues railroad company (1873), 328;

offers to take half of face value of bonds (1887), 329.

Chambers, Gov. John, commissioner for treaty with Sioux (1849), 93,

111.

Champlain, Samuel, two exploring voyages, 3;

founds Quebec, 3;

discovers Lake Champlain, 4;

defeated by Iroquois, 5;

emissaries of, 5;

“Father of New France,” 6.

Charlevoix, on the Mississippi (1720), 26.

Chase, Charles L., territorial secretary and delegate to

constitutional convention, 138;

acting governor, 155.

Chatfield, Andrew G., appointed territorial justice (1853), 108.

Chippeway half-breed scrip, story of, 112.

Chippeways, immigration of, 44;

drive Sioux south and west, 44;

characteristics, 45;

still on reserves, 112;

disquiet of, 1862, 224.

Chippeway treaties (1826, 1851, 1854, 1855, 1863), 11.

Christian, George H., pioneer in patent milling, 274.

Church, first organized, 67.

Civil War, First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Infantry regiments,

178;

Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth regiments, raised, 188;

batteries, sharpshooters, and cavalry battalion raised, 186;

Eleventh Infantry regiment raised, 247;

First Heavy Artillery raised, 247;

whole number of Minnesota volunteers, 247.

Clapp, Moses E., elected U. S. senator, 342.

Claim Association of Hennepin Co., 130.

Clark, Gen. George Rogers, mentioned, 37.

Clough, David M., governor (1895-99), 340;

his judgment on treatment of the Pillagers, 352.

Code of 1851, 91.

Cody, Capt. John S., killed by Sioux, 237.

Colbert, recommends a colonial system, 13.

College of Agriculture of the University of Minnesota, slow

development, 354.

College of St. Thomas, mentioned, 354.

Colville, Col. William, commands First Minnesota in Gettysburg charge,

241.

Compulsory school attendance, 337.

Conquest of Canada by British, 30.

Constitution of state, framing of, 139;

adopted, 141;

ratified, 148.

Constitutional amendments:

authorizing state officers to act before admission to Union, 156;

five million loan, 158;

expunging amendment of 1858, 173;

requiring referendum of special railroad bonds, 173;

fixing official year, 345;

loan of school fund, 345;

forbidding special legislation, 346;

ninety-day sessions, 346;

forbidding monopolies, 346;

ten jurors to render verdict, 346;

creating board of pardons, 346;

declarants not to vote, 347;

“wide open” tax power, 347;

woman suffrage in school and library matters, 347;

majority of whole vote to ratify amendment, 347;

creating highway commission, 348;

home rule charters, 348;

investment of school fund, 348.

Constitutional convention, election for, 135;

delegates, 135;

result of election, 137;

the split, 137;

efforts to unite the two bodies, 139;

conferees appointed, 139;

report of conferees, 140.

Convocation of 1641, 15;

1825, 61.

County government, change in, 175.

Crooks, William, appointed colonel of Sixth Minnesota, 189.

Cullen, Major, Sioux agent, mentioned, 148.

Dairy industry, development of, 356.

Dakota Indians, _see_ Sioux Indians.

Daumont, _see_ St. Lusson, 15.

Davis, Cushman K., antecedents of, 294;

secures governorship, 295;

balks Senator Ramsey of reëlection, 296;

fails to secure nomination for U. S. senator, 297;

address at celebration of two hundredth anniversary of discovery of

falls of St. Anthony, 325;

recommends arbitration of railroad bonds, 329;

elected U. S. senator (1887), 341;

reëlected U.S. senator, 341;

Spanish treaty commissioner (1898), 341;

address at laying corner-stone of new capitol, 343;

death, 341.

Davis, Jefferson, mentioned, 123.

Dead Buffalo Lake, battle of, 235.

Death penalty, changes in, 314.

Declarants for naturalization deprived of suffrage, 347.

Delano, Columbus, investigates Chippeway half-breed scrip, 115.

Detroit occupied by British, 32.

Dodd, Capt., killed in battle of New Ulm, 209.

Dodge, Henry, mentioned, 87.

Donnelly, Ignatius, antecedents, 170;

elected lieutenant-governor, 170;

reëlected lieutenant-governor, 177;

elected to Congress (1862), 248;

aspires to U. S. senatorship, 262;

attack on Representative E. B. Washburne, 262;

fails to receive nomination for U. S. senator, 264;

withdraws from senatorial contest, 297;

nominee for Congress (1878), 316;

contests W. D. Washburn’s election, 317;

turns to authorship, 318;

champions free school-books, 321.

Douglas, Stephen A., expedites Minnesota organic act, 89.

Douglass, Capt., engineer of Cass’s expedition, 71.

Draft, the, in Minnesota, 246.

Duluth, on Lake Superior, 16;

on Pigeon River, 17;

on Mille Lacs, (1679), 17;

at Point Douglass (1680), 19;

meets Accault’s party, 19.

Dunnell, Mark H., superintendent of public instruction, 256.

Dustin murders, 238.

East and west line, 139.

Edgerton, Gen. A. J., appointed state railroad commissioner, 280.

Eleventh Minnesota Infantry, raised, 247.

Emmegabowh, missionary, mentioned, 225.

Enabling act:

opposition to, 134;

passage of, 134;

land grants of, 134.

Execution of Sioux convicts, 231.

Expedition to upper Mississippi (1680), 18.

Farley, J. P., sues associates, 311.

Fifteenth Minnesota Volunteers, in Spanish War, 351.

Fifth Minnesota Infantry, raised, 185;

leaves three companies in Indian forts, 185;

at Corinth, 185;

at Nashville, 244.

Fillmore, Ex-President, mentioned, 121.

First Battery of Minnesota Light Artillery at Shiloh, 187.

First claim at St. Anthony’s Falls, 81.

First Minnesota Heavy Artillery, 247.

First Minnesota Infantry, called, 178;

mustered, 179;

enlists for three years, 179;

leaves for the South, 180;

at first Bull Run, 180;

at Antietam, 180;

charge at Gettysburg, 240.

First Minnesota Sharpshooters, mustered, 186;

merged into Second regiment of U. S. Sharpshooters, 186.

First white child in Minnesota, 56.

Fiscal year, 337.

Fish, Daniel, reviser of laws, 344.

Five million loan, story of, 156;

expunged, 173;

investigation of, 325;

efforts for settlement, 325;

redeemed, 331.

Flandrau, Charles Eugene, Sioux agent, causes pursuit of Inkpaduta,

146;

summoned by the people of New Ulm, 207;

marches to their relief, 208;

placed in command, 208, 209;

appointed colonel, 213.

Flour mill, first, in Minnesota, 56.

Flour, patent, 274.

Ford, John W., champions normal schools, 257.

Forsyth, Major, pays lower Sioux for the land bought by Pike, 57.

Fort Abercrombie, location, 190;

attacked, 224.

Fort Beauharnois, described, 26.

Fort Ridgely, location, 190;

description, 205;

first attack on, 206;

second attack on, 206;

relieved, 212.

Fort Ripley, garrisoned, 225.

Fort St. Anthony, changed to Fort Snelling, 56.

Fort St. Antoine, built by Perrot (1686), 22.

Fort Snelling, occupied (1822), 56.

Fort Snelling reservation, delimited, 128;

reduced (1852), 129;

occupied by squatters, 129;

part east of Mississippi sold, 130;

preëmption right granted by Congress (1855), 131;

clandestine sale, 132.

Foster, Dr. Thomas, account of Indian tribes of Minnesota, 91.

Franklin, Benjamin, his Canada pamphlet, 31.

French, abandon western trade (1699), 25;

reëstablish it (1714), 25;

fortify frontier, 30;

build Fort Duquesne, 30;

lose Quebec (1759), 30;

lose Fort Duquesne (1759), 30;

lose Montreal (1760), 30;

cede to Spain territory west of the Mississippi (1762), 31;

cede to England territory east of the Mississippi (1763), 31.

French dominion, proclaimed at Sault, 15;

proclaimed on upper Mississippi, 22;

proclaimed at mouth of Mississippi by La Salle, 22.

French, early discoveries, 2.

Frontenac, governor (1672), 16;

commissions Duluth, 16;

dispatches Joliet, 16;

death (1689), 24.

Frontier dangers, 1863, 237.

Fourteenth Minnesota Volunteers, in Spanish war, 350.

Fourth Minnesota Infantry, recruited, 184;

at Corinth and Iuka, 184;

at Altoona, 244.

Free school-books, 321.

Fur-trade, organization of, 7;

expands in seventeenth century, 7;

revived under English, 32;

effect on Indians, 45;

effect of act of 1816, 54;

in politics, 106.

_See_ American Fur Company, and Northwest Company.

Fur-traders, two unknown (1656), 7.

Galbraith, Thomas F., succeeds J. R. Brown as Sioux agent, 169;

recruits volunteers, 197.

Galtier, Rev. Lucius, missionary at Mendota (1840), 83;

builds chapel of St. Paul, 83.

Gardiner, Miss, rescued from Inkpaduta, 147.

Geological survey, 303.

Gilbert, Cass, architect of new capitol, 344.

Goodrich, Aaron, first territorial chief justice, 90.

Gorman, Willis A., antecedents, 108;

appointed territorial governor, 108;

recommends construction of one railroad, 122;

approves charter of Minnesota and Northwestern R. R. Co. (1854), 122;

vetoes Minnesota and Northwestern Railroad bill (1855), 126;

denounces jugglery of the railroad company, 126;

proposes formation of constitution without enabling act, 133;

calls special session of legislature, 135;

resigns, 136;

appointed colonel of the First Minnesota, 179.

Gonor, de, missionary, 26.

Grain elevators, use of, 273.

Grand convocation of 1825, 61.

Grant, Capt. H. P., in battle of Birch Coulie, 213.

Grasshoppers, _see_ Rocky Mountain locust.

“Great Cryptogram, The,” by Ignatius Donnelly, 319.

Green, Corporal, makes heroic defense, 183.

Griggs, Lieut.-Col., votes against surrender of Third Minnesota, 183.

Groseilliers, first mentioned, 8.

Groseilliers and Radisson, voyages, 8;

first French in Minnesota, 11.

Guinas, missionary at Fort Beauharnois, 26.

Hamline University, mentioned, 354.

Harlan, James, forbids further issues of Chippeway half-breed scrip,

114.

Hart, H. H., secretary of state board of charities and corrections,

334.

Hazlewood republic, 169.

Hendricks, Capt. Mark, handles battery at Wood Lake, 219.

Hennepin, Father Louis, member of expedition to upper Mississippi, 18;

discovers falls of St. Anthony, 19;

a subordinate to La Salle, 21;

his “Description of Louisiana,” 21;

his “New Discovery,” 21.

Hewitt, Dr. C. N., secretary of state board of health, 334.

High School Board, 322;

effectiveness, 337.

High schools, feed university, 321.

Hill, J. J., an associate for purchase of the St. Paul and Pacific,

309;

becomes general manager of St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba R. R.,

311.

Hinckley forest fire (1894), 349.

Hoag, Charles, proposes the name Min-ne-ha-polis, 131.

Holcomb, William, first lieutenant-governor, 160.

Home rule for cities; constitutional amendment, 348.

Homestead act, operation of, 252.

Hopperdozers, described, 305.

Hospital for insane at St. Peter, fire in 1880, 325.

Hotchkiss, William A., captain of Second Light Battery, 187.

Hubbard, Lucius Fairchild:

in command of Fifth Minnesota, 185;

gallantry at Corinth, 185;

wounded at Nashville, 245;

brevetted brigadier, 245;

declines nomination for member of Congress, 264;

member of special commission on special state railroad bonds, 326;

elected governor (1881), 333;

fosters state institutions, 333;

advises public school for neglected and dependent children, and

reformatory for youthful convicts, 334;

recommends “covering in” of moneys into county treasuries, 335;

recommends railroad law (1885), 335.

Huggins, Alexander, mentioned, 66.

Indian forts, location and object, 190.

Indian treaties:

commissioners to be appointed from Indian officials, 94;

price of, 101;

with Chippeways (1837), 80;

with Sioux (1837), 80;

abortive with Sioux (1849), 92;

with Sioux (1851), 95;

with Chippeways (1854, etc.), 111;

with Sioux (1858), 169.

Indian tribes of Minnesota, account of, 94.

Indians, how affected by traders, 45.

Indians, _see_ Chippeways, Sioux, etc.

Inkpaduta:

murders by, 146;

rescue of captives, 146;

fruitless efforts to capture, 147;

effect of failure to capture, 193.

Interest, rate of (1860), 176.

Internal improvement lands, devoted to redemption of bonds, 331.

Ireland, Archbishop, chaplain of Fifth Minnesota, at Corinth, 186;

speaks at celebration of two hundredth anniversary of discovery of

falls of St. Anthony, 325.

Iron ore of Minnesota:

nature of, 359;

ranges, discovery and location, 358;

marketable, amount of, 359;

properties, valuation for taxation, 360;

land of state,—royalties, 360;

lands excepted from mineral laws of United States, 360.

Iroquois, subjects of England, 29.

Itasca, Lake, discovered, 76;

making of the word, 76.

Jefferson plans expeditions to west, 47.

Jennison, Lieut.-Colonel, wounded at Nashville, 245.

Jogues, at Sault Ste Marie (1641), 6.

Johnson, John A., governor (1905), 340.

Joliet, on Lake Superior (1669), 14;

at convocation (1671), 15;

discovers the Mississippi (1673), 16.

Jones commission, 116.

Jones, John, sergeant, in charge of artillery at Fort Ridgely, 205.

Keating, Prof. William H., geologist and historian of Long’s

expedition, 7.

Kiehle, David L., state superintendent of public instruction

(1881-1893), 337;

works out plan for school of agriculture, 355.

Kingsbury, W. W., not recognized as delegate from the rump of

Minnesota, 154.

Kittson, N. W., trades at Pembina, 112;

an associate for purchase of Saint Paul and Pacific, 309.

Knox, H. M., first public examiner, 314;

his administration commended, 314.

La Framboise, Joseph, rescues whites at upper agency, 201.

Lampson, Nathan, kills Little Crow, 238.

La Perrière, Sieur de, builds Fort Beauharnois (1727), 26.

La Salle, in Canada (1663), 17;

authorized to explore, 17;

at Peoria, Ill. (1680), 18;

plans expedition to upper Mississippi, 18;

at the mouth of the Mississippi (1682), 22.

Lea, Luke, commissioner for Sioux treaties of 1851, 94.

Leavenworth, Lieutenant-Colonel Henry, leads troops to St. Peter’s, 55;

appoints officers of Crawford County, Mich., 58.

Legislative sessions, limited by constitutional amendment, 346.

Legislative steal of 1858, 165.

Legislature, first, doubtful status, 150.

Lester, Henry A., colonel of the Third Minnesota, 182;

surrenders, 182;

dismissed, 184.

Le Sueur, Pierre, on Prairie Island (1694), 23;

gets leave to mine copper, 23;

builds Fort l’Huillier (1700), 24;

his copper mine, 24.

Lincoln, President, examines record of Indian trials, 229;

writes out order for execution of Sioux murderers, 230;

recommends reëlection of M. S. Wilkinson as U.S. senator, 251.

Lind, John, governor (1899-1900), 340.

Little Crow:

apparently peaceable, 197;

character, 198;

assumes command of Sioux, 199;

plans attack on Fort Ridgely, 205;

leads Indians in battle of New Ulm, 209;

retires behind the Yellow Medicine, 210;

plans ambush for Sibley, 218;

takes flight after battle, 220;

killed, 238.

Lochren, William, candidate for U. S. senator, 297.

Long, Major S. H., examines site for Fort Snelling (1817), 55;

expedition to Pembina, 72;

marks international boundary, 72;

_see_ Keating.

Loras, Bishop, visits Mendota, 83.

Louisiana, under Spanish rule, 42;

retroceded to France by Spain, 43;

bought of France, 43;

delivered to United States, 43.

Lugger, Dr. Otto, investigates locusts, 349.

Macalester College, mentioned, 354.

Mackinac, British garrison at, 32.

Mackubin, C. N., state senator, advises payment in full of the special

state bonds, 172.

McGill, Andrew R., governor (1887-89), 340.

McGillis, Hugh, agrees to Pike’s demands, 51.

McLean, Nathaniel, mentioned, 97.

McLeod, Martin, bill for free schools, 90.

McMillan, S. R. J., elected United States senator (1875), 297.

McPhail, Samuel, leader of relieving party at Birch Coulie, 214.

Maine Law, 137.

Majority to amend constitution, 347.

Marine, first American settlement (1839), 81.

Markle, Mrs., taken prisoner and killed by Inkpaduta, 146.

Marquette, at La Pointe, 14;

to accompany Joliet, 16.

Marsh, Capt. John S., marches to rescue of victims of Sioux massacre,

200;

drowned after battle of Redwood Ferry, 200.

Marshall, William R.:

defeated by Rice (1855), 110;

Republican leader, 136;

candidate for Congress, 137;

commands Seventh Minnesota at Wood Lake, 219;

commands brigade at Nashville, 245;

brevetted brigadier, 245;

leads Seventh at capture of Fort Blakely, 246;

elected governor (1865), 254;

vetoes bill to remove state capital (1869), 266;

recommends oversight of corporations, 279;

elected state railroad commissioner, 284;

recommends use of internal improvement lands for redemption of

bonds, 327.

Medary, Samuel, appointed territorial governor, 136;

leaves Minnesota, 155.

Medawakantons, country of, 96;

_see_ Sioux Indians.

Meeker, B. B., appointed territorial justice, 90.

Mendota, first settlement, mostly French, 81;

treaty of, 96.

Merriam, William R., governor (1889-93), 340.

Merriman, O. C., member of special board of regents, 259.

Merritt Brothers, explore for iron, 358.

Mesabi iron range, mines of, 358.

Militia companies form nucleus of First Minnesota, 178.

Militia law of 1858, 160.

Mill explosion in Minneapolis (1878), 324.

Miller, Stephen, appointed colonel of Seventh Minnesota, 189;

military career, 250;

brevetted brigadier, 251;

elected governor, 251.

Minneapolis and Cedar Valley Railroad Co. chartered, 162.

Minneapolis, meaning of name, 131;

founded, 131;

united with St. Anthony, 131;

absorbs St. Anthony, 275;

a milling centre, 275;

increase of population, 1880-85, 333.

Minneapolis Millers’ Association, 316.

Minnesota, meaning of word, 1.

Area east of the Mississippi (“Minnesota East”):

ceded by France to England (1763), 2, 31;

effect of proclamation of George III (1763), 36;

operation of the Quebec act of 1774, 37;

claim of Virginia, 37;

becomes part of the Northwest Territory (1787), 38;

remains in control of the Northwest Company of Montreal, 39;

British control ends (1815), 52;

part of successive territories, 58;

excluded from the State of Wisconsin (1848), 86;

treated by Congress as the Territory of Wisconsin, 86.

Area west of the Mississippi (“Minnesota West”):

ceded by France to Spain (1762), 31, 42;

retroceded (1801), 43;

bought of France by the United States as part of the Louisiana

Purchase, 43.

As Territory:

bill to organize in 1846, defeated, 88;

created (1849), 88;

proclaimed, 89;

boundaries and area, 89;

laws of Wisconsin remain in force, 90;

provisional counties and judicial districts, 90;

first census, election, and legislature, 91;

capital located at St. Paul, 91;

code of 1851, 91;

population, 90, 120, 149.

As State:

enabling act (1857), 133;

boundaries and area, 135;

constitutional convention in two bodies, 137;

they agree on one constitution, 141;

ratified, 148;

opposition in Congress to admission to the Union, 151;

admitted, 153;

state officers qualified, 157;

latitude and longitude, 363;

“Heart of the Continent,” 364;

elevation and temperature, 364;

population, 175, 252, 270, 307, 333, 364.

Minnesota colleges, 353.

Minnesota Historical Society incorporated, 91.

Minnesota River, course of, 1.

Minnesota state railroad adjustment bonds, 331.

_See_ Five million loan.

Minnesota troops, in Civil War, 178, 186, 188, 247;

in Spanish War, 350.

Minnesota and Northwestern Railroad Company, incorporated (1854), 122;

land grant before Congress, 123;

bill for land grant repealed, 125;

act of 1854 held repealed by Supreme Court of United States, 127.

Minnesota and Pacific Railroad Co., chartered, 161;

superseded by the St. Paul and Pacific, 285.

Missions, first, in Minnesota, 27;

beginning of Chippeway, 64;

first to Sioux, 65;

at Kaposia, 68;

Methodist, at Redwing, 68;

Catholic, at Lac qui Parle and Chaska, 68;

why unfruitful, 68.

Mississippi, the, rumors of, 14;

discovered (1673), 16.

Monopoly of markets forbidden, constitutional amendment, 346.

Munch, Emil, Captain of First Light Battery, 187;

wounded at Shiloh, 187;

state treasurer, 298.

Natural history survey, 303.

Neal commission, 114.

Neill, Rev. E. D., draws bill for free schools, 91;

chaplain of First Minnesota, 179;

superintendent of public instruction, 255.

Nelson, Knute, governor (1893-95), 340;

elected to United States Senate, 340.

New France, a royal province (1663), 13.

New Ulm, first attack on by Sioux, 201;

battle of, 209.

Nicollet, Jean, at Green Bay (1634), 6;

locates Lake Michigan, 6.

Nicollet, Joseph N., confirms work of Schoolcraft and Allen, 77;

discovers the “infant Mississippi,” 78.

Nicols, John, member of special board of regents, 259;

member of state commission on special state railroad bonds, 326.

Ninth Minnesota Infantry, at Nashville, 244.

Nix, Capt. Jacob, commands defense of New Ulm, first attack, 201.

Normal schools, establishment, 257.

Northern Securities Company, organized, 361;

dissolution of, 362.

Northfield murders (1876), 315.

Northrop, Cyrus, president of University of Minnesota, 337.

Northwest Company, organization and policy, 39;

posts of, 39.

Norton, Daniel A., elected United States senator, 252;

death, 292.

Official year fixed by constitutional amendment, 345.

Olmstead, David, mentioned, 110.

Other Day, John, rescues whites at upper agency, 201.

Otis, George L., defeated by Austin for governor, 267.

Ozawindib, Schoolcraft’s Chippeway guide, 76.

Panic of 1857, 142;

of 1873, 288.

Parker, Ely F., forbids issue of Chippeway half-breed scrip, 114.

Parrant, Pierre, mentioned, 82.

Peck, Louis, discovers cause of mill explosion, 324.

Pembina, French and half breed town, 84;

treaty of, 112.

Perrot, Nicholas, at convocation of 1671, 15;

builds Fort St. Antoine, 22;

proclamation, 22.

Phelps, William F., organizes Winona Normal School, 257.

Phelps, William W., seated as representative from Minnesota, 154.

Picard du Gay, a title of Auguelle, companion of Accault, 18.

Pinchon, trades on Minnesota River, 32.

Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, personal appearance, 47;

expedition, 47;

treaty with the Sioux, 48;

at upper sources of Mississippi, 50;

asserts dominion of United States, 51.

Pillager band of Chippeways, outbreak of, 351;

suffer injustice, 352.

Pillsbury, C. A., heads relief committee, 350.

Pillsbury, John S., becomes regent of university, 259;

characteristics, 304;

governor for three terms, 304;

advises farmers how to fight “hoppers,” 305;

visits devastated counties, 305;

appoints day of fasting and prayer for “hoppers,” 306;

praises operation of public examiner law, 314;

urges payment of “dishonored bonds,” 330;

regent for life, 332;

death, 332.

Pine on the St. Croix, 79.

Pine forests, exhaustion of, 357.

Pine land operations, _see_ Chippeway half-breed scrip, Sioux

half-breed scrip.

Plympton, Major, mentioned, 128.

Pokegama mission broken up, 65.

Pond brothers, first missionaries to Sioux, 65;

build on Lake Calhoun, 65;

invent the Pond alphabet, 66.

Pope, General John, takes command of department of the northwest, 222;

protests against the appointment of H. M. Rice as brigadier-general,

223;

proposes to exterminate the Sioux, 226.

Population of Minnesota, in 1849, 90;

increase of, in Gorman’s administration, 120;

in 1860, 175;

in 1865, 252;

in 1870, 269;

in 1875 and 1880, 307;

in 1880 and 1885, 333;

in 1905, 364;

1850 to 1905, 365;

of the Twin Cities, 1905, 364.

Porter, Edward A., conceives school of agriculture, 354.

Prairie du Chien supply station, 32;

garrisoned, 55.

Presbyterian church at Fort Snelling, 67.

Prescott, Philander, teaches in agricultural school at Lake Calhoun

(1839), 67.

Primary elections, 342.

Prohibitory liquor law, 91.

Public examiner, office created (1878), 314.

Public lands, grants of, 135;

grants for railroads, 143.

Public Library Commission, 363.

Quebec act, the, 37.

Quinn, Peter, killed by Sioux, 201.

Radisson, _see_ Groseilliers.

Radisson manuscript discovered, 9.

“Ragnarök,” by Ignatius Donnelly, 318.

Railroad excursion of 1854, 121.

Railroads, land grant of 1857, 143;

four companies chartered (1857), 143;

five million loan for, 155;

the four land grant companies of 1857, 161;

loan of credit to the four companies, 162;

special Minnesota state railroad bonds, 162;

work stops, 164;

work of the four companies, 165;

special bonds not regarded as state obligations, 164;

banking on special bonds, 166;

special bonds repudiated, 173;

the four companies revived, 173;

they default, 173;

they give up, 174;

four new companies chartered, 174;

mileage, 174, 175, 271, 307, 360;

beginnings of construction, 175;

extension in late ’60’s, 255;

extensions in ’70’s, 270;

extend cultivation, 272;

welcomed, 276;

multiply new towns, 272;

extortion and discrimination, 276;

ignore legislation, 280;

state commissioner appointed, 280;

debts of 1873, 281;

evade taxes, 281;

reports of slight service, 281;

slight construction, 282;

finances in 1873, 282;

failure of companies (1873), 282;

litigate right to regulate, 282;

state board of commissioners created (1874), 283;

elective commissioner (1875), 284;

grants and gifts, 291;

law of 1885, 335;

competition of Canadian, 362.

Ramsey, Alexander:

antecedents, 89;

appointed territorial governor, 89;

commissioner for Sioux treaties (1849), 93;

investigation of his conduct in Sioux treaties (1851), 100;

exonerated by Senate, 101;

protests against Rice’s Winnebago contract, 105;

superseded as territorial governor, 108;

negotiates Pembina treaty, 112;

director of Minnesota and Northwestern Railroad Co., 126;

elected governor of state, 170;

inaugural address (1860), 170;

rescues the school lands, 171;

recommends settling with holders of special state railroad bonds,

172;

reëlected governor (1862), 177;

in Washington on day of attack on Fort Sumter, 178;

tenders a regiment of infantry, 178;

appoints colonels, 189;

appoints Sibley to command the Indian expedition, 211;

elected United States senator (1863), 249;

recommends sale of university lands to pay debt, 258;

reëlected senator, 265;

fails to secure nomination again, 297;

secretary of war, 297;

lays corner-stone of new capitol, 298;

death, 298.

Ravoux, Monsignor, Catholic missionary, 68;

succeeds Père Galtier, 83;

baptizes thirty condemned Sioux, 231.

Raymbault, at Sault Ste. Marie (1641), 6.

Reeve, Col. C. McC., commands Thirteenth Minnesota, 350.

Registration of voters, 175.

Renville, Joseph, trader at Lac qui Parle, invites Dr. Williamson, 67;

guide and interpreter for Major Long, 72.

Renville Rangers, help defend Fort Ridgely, 205.

Republican party, organized, 136.

Revised laws of 1905, 344.

Rice, Henry M., birth and education, 102;

in Indian trade, 102;

personal qualities, 103;

settles in St. Paul, 103;

his Winnebago contract, 103;

selects new home for Winnebagoes, 103;

elected delegate to Congress, 107;

in Congress, 110;

reëlected delegate, 110;

secures issue of additional Chippeway half-breed scrip, 113, 118;

director of Minnesota and Northwestern Railroad Co., 126;

assists in sale of Snelling reserve, 132;

reëlected delegate, 136;

introduces bill for enabling act, 133;

causes retirement of Governor Gorman, 136;

elected United States senator, 150;

seated as senator, 153;

declines to change politics, 252;

defeated for governor by Marshall (1865), 254;

plans double land grant for the university, 301.

Riggs, Rev. Stephen Return, joins Sioux mission, 67;

edits Dakota grammar and dictionary, 68;

escape from upper Sioux, 202;

chaplain of Sibley’s Indian expedition, 227;

assists military commission, 227.

Rocky Mountain locust, scourge of, 290;

devastations of (1876), 305;

suddenly vanish (1877), 307;

appear in Otter Tail County (1886), 349.

Rolette, Joseph, absconds with capital removal bill, 132.

Root River and Southern Minnesota Railroad Co. chartered, 161.

St. Anthony’s Falls, discovered, 19;

two hundredth anniversary celebrated, 325.

St. Anthony’s Falls, city of, laid out (1847), 84;

united with Minneapolis, 131.

St. John’s University, mentioned, 354.

St. Lusson, at convocation of 1671, 15.

St. Michael the Archangel, mission of, 27.

St. Paul, Hennepin at site of (1680), 19;

Carver visits site (1767), 34;

first inhabitant, 82;

settled by evicted Swiss, 82;

how named, 83;

a French village till 1845, 83;

gets post-office (1846), 84;

capital of territory, 91;

remains the capital, 132, 265.

St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Co., financing of, 285;

bankruptcy of, 308;

sold to associates (1878), 310;

litigation following sale of, 311.

St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railroad Co. organized 1879, 311.

Saint Pierre, Capt. Legardeur, at Fort Beauharnois, 27.

Sanborn, John A., appointed colonel of the Fourth Minnesota, 184.

Sandy Lake and post, 40.

San Ildefonso, treaty of, 43.

Savanna portage. 40.

Sawmill, near Menominee, Wis., 80;

first in Minnesota, at Marine, 81;

first at falls of St. Anthony, 84.

School, agricultural, at Lake Calhoun, 67.

School-books, free, 321.

Schoolcraft, Henry R., mineralogist of Cass’s expedition, 71;

narrative of same, 71;

expedition of 1832, 75;

at Lake Itasca, 76;

conceals discovery in report to War Department, 77;

announces discovery in published narrative, 77.

School fund, increase of, 352;

may be loaned for erection of school buildings, constitutional

amendment, 346;

may be invested in municipal bonds, constitutional amendment, 348.

School of Agriculture of University of Minnesota, evolution of, 354.

School tax, 337.

Schools, common, development of, 255.

Second Battery of Light Artillery, 187.

Second Minnesota Infantry, recruited, 181;

at Mill Springs, 181;

gallant stand at Chickamauga, 242;

at Mission Ridge, 243.

Second Minnesota Sharpshooters at Antietam, 181.

Seeger, William, impeachment of, 298.

Selkirk, Earl of, plans colony, 78;

plants settlements in Canada, 78.

Selkirk colonists migrate to the States, 78.

Selkirk refugees, squat about Fort Snelling, 79;

evicted from Fort Snelling reservation, 82;

settle at St. Paul, 82.

Seventh Minnesota Infantry, at Nashville, 244;

at Wood Lake, 219.

Seven Years’ War, effect of, 31.

Sheehan, Timothy J., recalled to Fort Ridgely, 200;

commands there, 205;

gallantry at Nashville, 245;

U. S. marshal, 351.

Sherburne, Moses G., appointed territorial justice (1853), 108;

presents plan of union of two factions of constitutional convention,

139;

reports constitution to democratic body, 140.

Sherman, Gen. W. T., speaks at celebration of two hundredth

anniversary of the discovery of the falls of St. Anthony, 325.

Sherman, John, opposes the admission of Minnesota, 153.

Shields, James, elected U. S. senator, 150;

seated as senator, 153.

Sibley, Henry Hastings:

birth and education, 59;

arrives at Mendota (1834), 59;

Dakota name, 60;

chosen delegate by the Stillwater convention, 86;

delegate from Wisconsin Territory, 87;

secures passage of act creating Minnesota Territory, 88;

protests against Rice’s Winnebago Contract, 105;

elected delegate to Congress from Minnesota Territory, 105;

his notable Indian speech, August 2, 1850, 107;

secures double land grants for common schools and for a university,

107;

speech for reform of Indian policy, 107;

retires from American Fur Company, 197;

drafts new bill for land grants to Minnesota railroads, 124;

in legislature of 1855, 126;

frames report on Minnesota and Northwestern Railroad, 126;

draws memorial to Congress praying for disapproval of Minnesota and

Northwestern Railroad bill, 127;

chairman and president of Democratic end of constitutional

convention, 138;

elected first state governor, 149;

sworn in as governor, 157;

inaugural address, 159;

notifies the four companies as to prior lien, 163;

appointed to Command Indian expedition, 211;

corresponds with Little Crow, 216;

moves against the Sioux, 218;

commands in battle of Wood Lake, 218;

releases captives, 220;

promoted brigadier-general, 222;

appoints military commission, 227;

commands Sioux expedition of 1863, 234;

in legislature of 1871, favors payment of bonds of 1858 in full, 328;

honorary banquet to, 339;

receives degree of LL. D., 339;

death, 339.

Sioux and Chippeways exchange murders, 62.

Sioux campaign of 1864, 236;

expedition of 1863, 234.

Sioux half-breed scrip, story of, 117;

placed on iron ore properties, 119.

Sioux Indians:

first heard of, 7;

seen by Allouez, 14;

early habitat, 44;

immigration of, 44;

characteristics, 45;

tribes and numbers of, 94;

move to reserves (1853), 120, 167;

uneasy on reserves, 167;

become farmers, 168;

effect of concentration, 191;

character of reservations, 192;

prey of whiskey-sellers, 192;

disturbances at upper agency, 194;

delay of payments, 195;

soldiers’ lodge, 196;

late arrival of gold, 196;

murders at Acton, 197;

council at upper agency, 201;

depopulation, 203;

losses in outbreak, 211;

removal from Minnesota, 232.

Sioux outbreak, 190.

Sioux prisoners, trial of, by military commission, 227;

disposition of principal body of, 228, 232;

maltreated by whites, 228;

protests against leniency, 229;

Bishop Whipple’s letter to President, 230;

President Lincoln’s scrutiny, 230;

executions, 231;

mistakes in identification, 231;

become Christians, 231, 232;

disposition of convicts not executed, 232.

Sioux reservations:

granted in treaties of 1851, 96;

annulled by Senate, 1852, 98;

ratified by Indians, 1853, 98;

nevertheless occupied, 167;

permitted by Congress to be held, 167;

reduction, 169, 192;

forfeited, 232.

Sioux treaties:

abortive treaty of 1849, 92;

treaties of 1851, 93;

of 1858, 169, 192;

abrogation of, 232.

Sissetons, 94;

country of, 96.

Sixth Minnesota Infantry, decimated in Arkansas, by disease, 246;

at Wood Lake, 219;

gallantry at Fort Blakely, 246.

Smith, Donald A., an associate for purchase of St. Paul and Pacific,

308.

Smith, Robert, gets lease at falls of St Anthony, 129.

Snelling, Col. Joseph, takes command, 56;

builds Fort St. Anthony, 56.

Soldiers’ Home, 335.

Source of rivers, the true, 70.

Spain retrocedes Louisiana to France, 43.

Special legislation forbidden, constitutional amendment, 346.

Special state railroad bonds, authorized, 155;

intended employment of, 164;

discredit of, 164;

amount of issue, 165;

legislative reports on, 172;

tribunal for, 330;

redeemed (1881), 331.

Springer, William, mentioned, 317.

Spring wheat, adapted to Minnesota, 273.

State agricultural college, located at Glencoe, 261;

merged with university, 261.

State Agricultural Society, mentioned, 356.

State Art Society, 363.

State Board of Charities and Corrections, 334;

Board of Health, 334;

Board of Control, 344;

Board of Visitors, 345.

State capital, efforts to remove, 132, 265.

State capitol, burned (1881), 325;

rebuilt, 343;

new, built, 343.

State Forestry Board, mentioned, 358.

State highway commission; constitutional amendment, 348.

State Public School for neglected and dependent children, 335.

State Reformatory, 335.

Steele, Franklin, gives site for university preparatory school, 144;

defeated by Shields for U. S. senator, 151.

Stephen, George, takes an interest in St. Paul and Pacific purchase,

310.

Stevens, Rev. J. D., missionary, opens school at Lake Harriet, 66;

pastor of Snelling church, 67.

Stevens, J. H., gets lease at falls of St. Anthony, 130.

Stillwater, laid out (1843), 81;

convention, 86.

Stone, George C., explores for iron ore, 358.

Stuart, Robert, mentioned, 64.

Sully, Gen. Alfred, commands expedition, 1863, 236.

Supreme Court of Minnesota holds “five million loan” amendment of 1860

unconstitutional, 331.

Supreme Court of United States, validates Sioux half-breed scrip, 120;

in obiter dictum holds Minnesota responsible for railroad bonds, 329.

Swift, Henry A., becomes governor for six months, 249.

Taliaferro, Lawrence, first Sioux agent, 61;

opposes issue of individual patents to Sioux half-breeds, 117.

Talon, intendant of New France, 13;

orders post at the Sault, 14;

plans expedition to the west, 15;

chooses Joliet to lead, 16.

Taxation, system, changed by constitutional amendment, 347.

Tenth Minnesota Infantry, at Nashville, 244.

Terms of office, 337.

Third Minnesota Infantry, recruited, 181;

at Murfreesboro, 182;

at Wood Lake, 219;

in battle of Fitzhugh’s Woods, 243.

Thomas, M. T., appointed colonel of Eighth Minnesota, 189.

Thompson, David, on Turtle Lake, 70.

Tornado, at St. Cloud (1886), 348;

in southern counties (1891), 349.

Traders’ paper, 95.

Transit Railroad Co., chartered, 161.

Transportation to seaboard, _see_ Windom.

Traverse des Sioux, treaty of, 95.

Treaty, _see_ Indian treaties.

Tweedy, John H., mentioned, 87.

Twelfth Minnesota Volunteers, in Spanish War, 350.

Tyler, Hugh, attorney-in-fact, 100.

University of Minnesota, created, 144;

land grant of 1851, 144;

first board of regents, 144;

preparatory school of 1851, 144;

campus purchased on credit, 145;

regents borrow money, 145, 160, 257;

erect building, 145;

state board appointed, 175, 258;

state board recommend sale of land, 258;

Congress donates lands reserved in 1851, 258;

properties turned over to state auditor, 258;

special board appointed, 259;

“extrication” by same, 259;

new charter, 260;

preparatory and academic departments opened, 260;

novel plan of organization proposed by the first president, the

author of this book, 300;

first commencement, 300;

double land grant, 302;

fed by high schools, 338;

late prosperity, 353.

Van Cleve, Horatio P., colonel of Second Minnesota, 181.

Van Cleve, Mrs. Charlotte Ouisconsin, born, 55.

Van der Horck, Capt. John, commands at Fort Abercrombie, 223.

Van Sant, Samuel R., governor (1901-05), 340;

opposes railroad consolidation, 340.

Verendrye, Sieur de la, explorations, 28.

Vermilion Iron Range, 358.

Vilas, William F., secretary of state, endeavors to prevent use of

Sioux scrip, 119.

Wabashaw sends letter to Sibley, 217.

Wabashaw reservation, 117.

Wahpékutes, _see_ Sioux Indians.

Wahpétons, _see_ Sioux Indians.

Walker, Lucius C., Chippewa agent, mentioned, 225.

Washburn, William D., declines nomination for Congress, 264;

becomes nominee in 1878, 316;

service as congressman, 318;

elected U. S. senator, 342.

Washburne, E. B., reply to Ignatius Donnelly, 263.

Weiser, Dr. J. S., shot by Sioux, 235.

Welch, Major A. E., gallantry at Wood Lake, 219.

Welch, William H., appointed territorial chief justice, 1853, 108.

Western fur-trade suspended, 25.

Wheat crops of 1875 and 1880, 307;

grading and inspection, 336.

Whipple, Henry Benjamin, protests against wholesale executions, 229.

Whitman, Allen, report on locusts, 304.

Wilkin, Alexander, defeated for delegate, 1855, by Rice, 107;

appointed colonel of Ninth Minnesota, 189.

Wilkinson, Major M. C., shot in Pillager outbreak, 352.

Wilkinson, Morton S., elected U. S. senator, 171;

defeated for Senate by D. S. Norton, 252.

Williamson. Miss Jane, missionary work, 67, 233.

Williamson, Thomas Smith, missionary of American Board (1835), 66;

translates Bible into Dakota, 67;

organizes the Hazlewood republic at Yellow Medicine, 169;

escapes from upper Sioux, 202;

ministers to Sioux convicts, 233.

Wilson, Eugene M., elected M. C., 264.

Wilson, Horace B., state superintendent of public instruction, 299.

Winchell, N. H., state geologist, 303;

reports on iron ore find (1878), 358.

Windom, William, reëlected to Congress (1862), 248;

elected U. S. senator, 292;

personal qualities, 292;

report of, on “transportation routes to the seaboard,” 292;

defeated for reëlection to U. S. Senate (1883), 338;

Secretary of the Treasury, 339;

death, 339.

Winnebagoes, established on Long Prairie reservation, 104;

stray from reserve, 104;

Rice contract, 104;

moved to new reserve, near Mankato, 120;

removed from Minnesota, 232.

Woman suffrage on school and library measures, 320, 347.

Wood Lake, battle of, 218.

Younger brothers, 315.

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=KENTUCKY.= By NATHANIEL SOUTHGATE SHALER.

=LOUISIANA.= By ALBERT PHELPS.

=MARYLAND.= By WILLIAM HAND BROWNE. (Revised Ed.)

=MICHIGAN.= By THOMAS M. COOLEY. (Revised Edition.)

=MINNESOTA.= By WM. W. FOLWELL.

=MISSOURI.= By LUCIEN CARR.

=NEW HAMPSHIRE.= By FRANK B. SANBORN.

=NEW YORK.= By ELLIS H. ROBERTS. 2 vols. (Revised Ed.)

=OHIO.= By RUFUS KING. (Revised Edition.)

=RHODE ISLAND.= By IRVING B. RICHMAN.

=TEXAS.= By GEORGE P. GARRISON.

=VERMONT.= By ROWLAND E. ROBINSON.

=VIRGINIA.= By JOHN ESTEN COOKE. (Revised Edition.)

=WISCONSIN.= By REUBEN GOLD THWAITES.

_In preparation_

=GEORGIA.= By ULRICH B. PHILLIPS.

=ILLINOIS.= By JOHN H. FINLEY.

=IOWA.= By ALBERT SHAW.

=MASSACHUSETTS.= By EDWARD CHANNING.

=NEW JERSEY.= By AUSTIN SCOTT.

=OREGON.= By F. H. HODDER.

=PENNSYLVANIA.= By TALCOTT WILLIAMS.

HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Transcriber’s note:

All instances of ‘Ramsay’ have been changed to ‘Ramsey.’

All instances of ‘per cent’ have been changed to ‘per cent.’

All instances of ‘re-election’ have been changed to ‘reëlection.’

All instances of ‘pre-emption’ have been changed to ‘preëmption.’

All index entries have been regularised.

Page 75, changed ‘noteworty’ to ‘noteworthy,’ “It is noteworthy

that Beltrami”

Page 221, full stop added, “the imagination of the reader.”

Page 225, ‘Emmegabowgh’ changed to ‘Emmegabowh,’ “the missionary

Emmegabowh”

Page 270, ‘promotors’ changed to ‘promoters,’ “enthusiastic

promoters in many lines.”

Page 354, ‘but’ moved, “not to learn agriculture but to practice

it.”

Page 364, comma added, “The highest land, a granite peak”

Index, entry for ‘Brackett’s Cavalry Battalion’ changed from page

1862 to page 186.

Index, entry for ‘Hoag’ changed from ‘Min-ne-ha-po-lis’ to

‘Min-ne-ha-polis,’ “Hoag, Charles, proposes the name

Min-ne-ha-polis, 131.”

Index, entry for ‘Jogues’ moved to before entry for Johnson.

Index, entry for ‘Jogues’ changed from page 9 to page 6.

Index, entry for ‘St. Michel’ changed to ‘St. Michael,’ “St.

Michael the Archangel, mission of, 27.”

Index, full stop added, “Welch, Major A. E.”