--marriage of, to Horemheb, King of Egypt, 269
Nubia, imperial regard of Akhnaton for, 189 _et seq._
--temple of Aton in, 191
Osiris, god of the dead, worship of, 20
Palace of Akhnaton, description of the, 205 _et seq._
Psalm civ., similarity of Akhnaton’s hymn to, 155 _et seq._
Ptah, the Vulcan of Egypt, worship of, 16, 21, 85
Ra or Ra-Horakhti, the sun-god, worship of, 12, 14, 21, 45 _et seq._,
51, 58, 59, 64, 70, 86, 92
Rames, Vizir of Upper Egypt, tomb of, 66, 68, 81, 84, 148
Ribaddi, King of Byblos, appeals of, to Akhnaton for help, 235, 239,
242
--death of, 247
Set, the worship of, 16
Setepenra, sixth daughter of Akhnaton, birth of, 209
“Shade of the Sun,” the, Queen Tiy’s private temple called,
182 _et seq._
--statues in, 182, 196
Smenkhkara, Akhnaton’s successor to the throne, 211, 253
--marriage of, 254
--association of, with Akhnaton, as co-ruler, _ib._
--accession of, as sole ruler, 258
--death of, 264
“Son of God,” Akhnaton the, by traditional right, 130 _et seq._
“Son of the Sun,” the title of, held by the Pharaohs, 14, 71, 74,
131, 197
Soul, spiritual needs of the, after death, 138 _et seq._
--material needs of the, 143 _et seq._
--the excommunication of a, 276
Sunrise and sunset, worship of Aton at, 124 _et seq._
Syria, imperial regard of Akhnaton for, 189 _et seq._
--temple of Aton in, 191
--Hittite invasion of, 223 _et seq._
--Akhnaton’s policy in, 226 _et seq._
--the fighting in, becomes general, 235 _et seq._
Tadukhipa: see Nefertiti
Temple of Aton, description of the great, 198 _et seq._
Tender Father of all Creation, Aton as the, 118 _et seq._
Thebes, discoveries in the Valley of the Tombs of the Kings near, 4,
278 _et seq._
--booty brought by Thothmes III. to, 8
--the deities of, 12 _et seq._
--the court at, 35
--the royal palace at, 36, 43 _et seq._
--new name of “City of the Brightness of Aton” given to, 65
--departure of the court from, 105 _et seq._
--Queen Tiy’s continued residence at, 176
--Queen Tiy’s tomb at, 185
--return of the court to, 264 _et seq._
--body of Akhnaton brought to, 266
--finding of Akhnaton’s body at, 277 _et seq._
Thothmes I., 8
Thothmes II., 8
Thothmes III., 8 _et seq._
Thothmes IV., 10 _et seq._, 13, 21 _et seq._, 110
Tiy, Queen, birth and childhood of, 26
--marriage of, 29 _et seq._, 112
--children of, 39, 43, 54
--death of the parents of, 40
--birth of Amonhotep or Akhnaton, son of, 43 _et seq._
--the power of, 49 _et seq._
--death of the consort of, 57
--visit of, to the City of the Horizon, 176 _et seq._
--visit of, to her temple, 182 _et seq._
--death of, 184
--tomb of, 185 _et seq._
--Akhnaton’s body placed in the tomb of, 266, 282
--body of, removed, 274
Tribal gods, names of, 12 _et seq._
True God, Aton as the, 115 _et seq._
Tuau, wife of Yuaa, Priest of the god Min, 26 _et seq._, 30, 32
--death and burial of, 40
Tunip, letter to Akhnaton from the governor of, 232
Tutankhaton, the throne usurped by, 211, 252, 264
--marriage of, 264
--name of, changed to Tutankhamon, 266
--return of, to Thebes, _ib._
--death of, 267
Ty, foster-parent of Queen Nefertiti, 57, 109
Valley of the Tombs of the Kings at Thebes, the, discoveries in, 4,
278 _et seq._
--burial of Yuaa and Tuau in, 40
Vulture, representation of a, used in burials, 187, 259 _et seq._,
279, 281
Wady Hammamât, inscriptions near the quarries of, 76, 113
Warfare, Akhnaton’s conscientious scruples to, 226 _et seq._
Worship of Aton at sunrise and sunset, 124 _et seq._
Yuaa, Priest of the god Min, birth of, 25
--marriage of Tiy, the daughter of, to Amonhotep III., 29
--personality of, 32
--death and burial of, 40
THE END.
PRINTED BY WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Breasted: A History of Egypt.
[2] N. de G. Davies: The Rock Tombs of El Amarna. 5 vols.
[3] Now out of print.
[4] Published by the Chicago University, 1906.
[5] As will be recorded at the end of this volume, the body of
Akhnaton was discovered by Mr Theodore M. Davis at Thebes early in
1907; but at the time of writing (1908) the results have not been
published in book form, though various articles have appeared.
[6] The writer has to thank the editors of ‘The Quarterly Review,’
‘Blackwood’s Magazine,’ and ‘The Century Magazine,’ for permitting
him to embody in this volume certain portions of articles
contributed by him to the pages of those journals.
[7] Page 110.
[8] Page 100.
[9] The sphinx tablet.
[10] Of Thothmes III. at Karnak, of Aahmes I. at Abydos, and of
Senusert III. at Amada.
[11] These ages are discussed on pages 111 and 178 (note).
[12] Petrie, History, ii. p. 183. The portrait upon which he bases
this statement, however, may be that of Akhnaton (fig. 115, p.
182). The mouth and chin are extremely like those of Yuaa, as seen
in his mummy; but again they both have a close resemblance to the
head of Amonhotep III. (_idem_, fig. 120, p. 188). Of course, such
evidence is extremely frail, and must not be too much relied upon.
[13] Breasted, Records, ii. 865, note h.
[14] He took the name Akhnaton in about the sixth year of his reign.
[15] His statue is at Turin. See also Erman, ‘Life in Ancient
Egypt,’ p. 297.
[16] Page 39.
[17] Recently discovered by the present writer whilst repairing
this tomb.
[18] His mummy is that of a man of not more than fifty.
[19] The wise man Amonhotep-son-of-Hapu was steward of Princess
Setamon’s estate, but this may have been previous to her mention in
her grandparents’ tomb.
[20] Page 111.
[21] Page 56.
[22] It is usual for Egyptian girls to become mothers at about the
age of thirteen, though sometimes earlier. They often continue to
bear children at intervals of about two years, over a period of
thirty years or so. Fifteen children is thus the usual number of a
family, but half these generally die in babyhood.
[23] Maspero.
[24] Scarabs of the early period are sometimes inscribed
_Neb-nef-nezem_, which has this meaning.
[25] The date of this work is not exactly known, but as it was
certainly finished before the king founded his new city, it must
have been commenced immediately upon his accession.
[26] The word _benben_, “shrine,” has the hieroglyph of an obelisk
at the end of it, which has led to some mistranslations. Perhaps
the temple was built somewhat on the plan of that at Abusêr, where
an obelisk stood in an open court.
[27] It is possible that “found” is a mistranslation.
[28] Thus corresponding to the Silsileh quarry tablet, where Amon
is worshipped.
[29] This tomb of Horemheb seems to have been begun and finished in
the early years of Akhnaton’s reign, to have been left alone during
the remainder of the reign, and to have received the addition
of doorposts (see note on p. 265) after the death of Akhnaton.
Fragments of the tomb are now divided between Leiden, Bologna,
Vienna, Alexandria, and Cairo; and it would seem that all except
those in the Cairo museum (the doorposts) are from the earlier
period. The titles on the Cairo fragments are far more elaborate
than those on the others. See Breasted, Records, iii. 1 ff.
[30] We know from the “Palermo stone” that the kingdom of Lower
Egypt was much more ancient than that of Upper Egypt.
[31] In later times the name of Tiy and the Pharaoh’s second name
were erased, but the name Amonhotep was not damaged. The facsimile
copy here given was made on the spot by the present writer in
correction of a previous copy made by Golénischeff. It is published
in his ‘Travels in the Upper Egyptian Deserts’ (Blackwood).
[32] Meaning the god.
[33] Griffith: Kahun Papyri. Text, p. 91.
[34] Is there a distant connection between Mnevis and the Minoan
bull of Crete? See p. 183.
[35] The god is sometimes called “Aton” simply, and sometimes _Pa
Aton_, “the Aton”; just as we speak of “Christ” or “the Christ,”
and of “Lord” or “the Lord,” this latter being the actual meaning
of “Aton.”
[36] The translation here given is based upon that published by
Davies in Amarna V.; but the year cannot be the fourth, as there
stated as probable, since in the above-mentioned letter dated
in year 5 the king is still called Amonhotep, whereas in this
inscription he is called Akhnaton.
[37] The day is not certain; perhaps it is day 4.
[38] For the sake of brevity it is often called “the City of the
Horizon,” simply, in this volume.
[39] Mediterranean people.
[40] This has reference to the rays which come from the Aton.
[41] This seems to have been a temple.
[42] The second name of Amonhotep III., Akhnaton’s father.
[43] The second name of Thothmes IV., Akhnaton’s grandfather.
[44] The _ater_ corresponds to the Greek _schoinos_, and the _khe_
is the _schoenium_ of 100 cubits, 40 _khe_ making one _ater_.
[45] See note on p. 178.
[46] Davies, Amarna, I. 45.
[47] The idea is that the Aton does not die as dies the sunlight.
[48] Probably by royal descent is meant.
[49] In Egyptian this title reads _Pa shera nefer en pa Aton_. In
the tomb of a certain Amonhotep, at El Assasîf, temp. Amonhotep
III., the deceased Amonhotep I. is called _Pa shera nefer en Amon_.
[50] So Prof. Breasted translates the Egyptian _sehetep_, though it
would be possible to give it other interpretations.
[51] Cf. such expressions as “When thou settest they die,” and
others used in Akhnaton’s hymns.
[52] Professor Breasted’s translation.
[53] In the tomb of Huya the scene is dated in the twelfth year,
as here recorded, and there are four daughters shown, which is the
number one is led by other evidence to suppose were then alive. The
scene in the tomb of Meryra II. has precisely the same date, but
six daughters are shown, and there is evidence to show that that
number is not to be looked for previous to the fifteenth year of
the reign, the first daughter being born in about the fifth year,
the second in the seventh, the third in the ninth, the fourth
in the eleventh, the fifth in the thirteenth, and the sixth in
the fifteenth year, in all probability. Thus the scene in Meryra
II. may perhaps represent no particular reception of the tribute
of any one year, but the artist may have had in mind the great
tribute of the twelfth year while representing the occurrence in
the fifteenth or sixteenth year, at which date his work was taking
place. Or again the date in this latter tomb may be a misreading or
miswriting. The scene described above is that represented in the
tomb of Meryra, as it is more elaborate than the other; but the
inscription is that found in the tomb of Huya.
[54] Her first child, it will be remembered, was born when she was
about thirteen.
[55] It is probable, as has been stated on p. 111, that she was
married to Amonhotep III. in about her tenth year, and was thus
about forty-six when he died. She could not have been much more,
for her daughter Baketaton must have been born but a year or so
before Amonhotep’s death, and it is improbable that she would bear
children after forty-five, if as late as that.
[56] It is to be noticed that there are pomegranates amongst the
fruit, which indicates that the visit was made during the summer,
as do the light costumes also.
[57] Davies: Amarna, iii. 8, note 1.
[58] This is to be observed also in some other inscriptions of the
period.
[59] Breasted: History of Egypt, p. 364.
[60] Page 177.
[61] It is usual to date the tombs roughly by the number of
daughters shown, presuming that the artist represented all the
children living at the time. But though this gives us the lowest
possible year, it does not always give us the highest, for
daughters are obviously sometimes omitted when the available space
was cramped.
[62] Page 63.
[63] Page 107.
[64] Davies: El Amarna, iii., Pl. xviii.
[65] Page 182.
[66] Davies: El Amarna.
[67] Wilkinson: Modern Egypt, ii. 69.
[68] Davies: El Amarna.
[69] It is probable that there was some likeness between Akhnaton’s
temples and those dedicated to the sun in early days, as, for
example that at Abusêr.
[70] Perhaps this is a part of the royal palace.
[71] Petrie: El Amarna.
[72] Petrie: History of Egypt, ii. 219.
[73] Page 75.
[74] Page 192.
[75] She probably married some Egyptian noble, and her future
career is recorded on p. 269.
[76] The plaster has now fallen off, and little of the original
decoration remains. The tomb is seldom visited by tourists, being
seven miles back from the river; but it is in charge of the
Government custodian.
[77] The reception of the tribute recorded in the tomb of Meryra
II. (see page 170), although dated in the twelfth year of the
reign, may represent a later event, since six daughters are shown
in the scene; and it is not likely that the sixth daughter was born
before the fifteenth year. Perhaps the date is a misreading or
miswriting, influenced by that given in the tomb of Huya.
[78] Breasted: History, p. 388.
[79] It is doubtful whether the second sign is _menkh_ or _ȧa͑_,
they being somewhat alike.
[80] Page 187.
[81] The scarab, another symbol from older times, seems to have
been retained, for a gold heart-scarab is said to have been found
in Akhnaton’s tomb.--Petrie: History of Egypt, ii. 220.
[82] In Egyptian: Ḥeq nefer, Ra͑ setept, Seten bati, A͑nkh em
Mȧa͑t, Neb taui, Akhnaton, Pa sherȧ nefer en Pa Aton a͑nkh, enti
ȧuf a͑nkhu ren ḥeḥ zet. This was all that was written upon the
coffin.
[83] Probably he is to be identified with Tutu, a well-known noble
of this period--the words _ankhaton_, “Living in Aton,” being added
to make the name more majestic.
[84] See note on page 67. This inscription is found on the
doorposts of the tomb of Horemheb, which, by the greatly increased
titles, were set up some time after the rest of the tomb was
finished, and thus probably in the reign of Tutankhaton. A fragment
of gold-leaf has recently been found showing this king in his
chariot charging Asiatic enemies. The present writer recently found
part of a shrine of his in the desert on the road to the gold
mines. See ‘Travels in the Upper Egyptian Deserts’ (Blackwood).
[85] The present writer assisted at the opening of this tomb.
A full account of the find will be published by Mr Davis, and
therefore only a brief description, already published with Mr
Davis’s permission in article form, must be given here.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within
the text and consultation of external sources.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text,
and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained: for example,
burial-chamber, burial chamber; underworld, under-world; intrust;
unbiassed; engrained.
Pg xi: ‘ART OF AKHNATION’ replaced by ‘ART OF AKHNATON’.
Pg xii: ‘MAP OF AKHHETATON’ replaced by ‘MAP OF AKHETATON’.
Pg 158: ‘who seens to have’ replaced by ‘who seems to have’.
Pg 178: ‘elaborate footsools’ replaced by ‘elaborate footstools’.
Pg 205: ‘the light rooves’ replaced by ‘the light roofs’.
Pg 236: ‘the Egptian yoke’ replaced by ‘the Egyptian yoke’.
Pg 262 Footnote [82]: ‘In Egytian’ replaced by ‘In Egyptian’.
Index.
Dushratta: ‘marriage of Nesemmut’ replaced by ‘marriage of Nezemmut’.