The committee will distribute a campaign circular containing a table

of figures showing the annual losses to the people of the United

States by insect pests. Those figures were taken from an official

report published in the “Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture.”

The farmers who grow cereal crops lose about $200,000,000 per annum.

The fruit-growers lose $27,000,000 per annum. Hay loses $53,000,000;

cotton, $60,000,000; and truck crops, $53,000,000.

The committee’s circular gives the cost of certain insects per

species to the people of the United States. For example, the codling

moth and curculio apple pests cost the American people $8,250,000

a year for spraying operations, and $12,000,000 per year in annual

shrinkage in the apple crop. The chinch bug wheat pest sometimes

costs $20,000,000 per year, and the cotton boll weevil the same

amount. The tree insect pests damage trees and timber to a total of

$100,000,000 a year.

Your committee contends that the American people _do not realize_

that scores of species of the birds that sportsmen and pot-hunters

are regularly allowed to shoot for sport are of _immense value_

to agriculture. How many men are there out of every thousand who

know that at least thirty species of shore birds feed upon noxious

insects, and are immensely valuable to our agricultural industries?

The gunners who shoot legally are destroying 154 species of birds

that legally are classed as game birds, even in the North.

Very few Americans out of every thousand know the _immense value_ of

our song birds, swallows, woodpeckers, blackbirds, quail, doves and

nighthawks in destroying countless millions of noxious insects.

THE LOGICAL CONCLUSION.

In view of the decrease already accomplished in the general volume

of the bird life of America, in view of the enormous losses annually

inflicted upon the people of this country by the ravages of insects,

and in view of the destruction of wild life that now is furiously

proceeding throughout all America, the McLean bill, now before

Congress, to provide Federal protection for all migratory birds,

becomes the most important wild life measure that ever came before

the Congress of the United States in any form. In view of the annual

losses to the wealth of this country that will continue so long as

the McLean bill fails to pass, it is impossible for any one to put

forth one good reason, unless it be on purely technical grounds,

against that measure. By the inexorable logic of the situation, any

man who opposes the enactment of a law for the Federal protection

of migratory birds becomes by that opposition an enemy to the

public welfare. The bills introduced in Congress by Representatives

Weeks and Anthony have dragged long enough. They provided for

the protection of migratory _game_ birds, only. Now it is time

to strengthen their proposition, as Senator McLean has done, by

providing also for the protection of all the migratory insectivorous

birds.

Unless the people of America wish to shut their eyes to their own

interests, and pay out millions of dollars annually in the form of

increased cost of living, they should arouse from their lethargy and

put up to Congress such a demand for the passage of the McLean bill

that it will be enacted into law at the next session of Congress. It

is Senate Bill No. 6497, and on the Senate calendar it is No. 606.

We can not afford to wait until 1914 or 1915; and Congress has full

power to act next winter.

How many people in the North know that the negroes and poor whites of

the South annually slaughter millions of valuable insect-eating birds

for food? Around Avery Island, Louisiana, during the robin season (in

January when the berries are ripe), Mr. E. A. McIlhenny says that

during ten days or two weeks, at least 10,000 robins are each day

slaughtered for the pot. “Every negro man and boy who can raise a gun

is after them!”

There are seven States in which the robin is regularly and legally

being killed as game! They are Louisiana, Mississippi, Maryland,

North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia and Florida.

There are five States that expressly permit the killing of blackbirds

as “game”: Louisiana, South Carolina, Tennessee, District of

Columbia, Pennsylvania.

Cranes are killed and eaten in Colorado, Nevada, Nebraska, North

Dakota and Oklahoma.

In twenty-six States doves are regularly killed as game—much to the

loss of the farmers.

The bobwhite quail is a great destroyer of the seeds of noxious

weeds. In our fauna he has no equal. And yet this fact is ignored.

Throughout the North and most of the South that species is

mercilessly shot, and as a result it is fast _becoming extinct_. In

New York State it will soon be as extinct as the mastodon, unless

given a ten-year close season at once. Its value as a plentiful game

bird is gone.

The shore birds are _fast_ becoming exterminated by sportsmen and

pot-hunters who kill them for food, “according to law.” The Eskimo

curlew is totally extinct, and other species are fast going over the

same road. Nothing in this world will save this group of birds except

_a law for the Federal protection of migratory birds_, such as the

McLean bill, now before Congress. The way the whole group of shore

birds is being exterminated is nothing less than a crime. And yet,

at least thirty members of this group are of a great value to all of

us, because of the great numbers of crop-destroying insects that they

annually consume.

THE DUTY OF THE HOUR.

The _only way_ in which all these valuable migratory birds can be

saved to us is through the strong arm of the National Government, and

a Federal law for the protection of _all_ migratory birds! Protection

of game birds alone will not answer. Too many other birds are being

killed for food, especially in the South.

The Wild Life Protection Committee urges all delegates to take home

with them the burden that rests on every good citizen regarding the

enactment into law of a satisfactory measure for the preservation of

the insect-eating birds. If any opposition should arise on account

of the feature of the bill which covers the ducks, geese and swans,

and other migratory wild fowl, the committee is quite willing that

those birds should be stricken out of the bill entirely, in order

that the protection of the crop-saving birds may be secured. It is

believed that no sensible person can possibly raise any objection

to the protection of the insectivorous birds by the passage of the

McLean or Weeks bill, in case the water fowl are left out. It is,

however, regarded as extremely necessary that the shore birds should

be included because of their immense value to agriculture.

In concluding, the committee urges all delegates to take this matter

up with your members of Congress, and urge them to vote for, and work

for, whatever bill may finally be agreed upon as best calculated

to protect the insectivorous birds, and be free from objections

regarding its constitutionality. A number of able lawyers have

decided that it will be wholly within the spirit and letter of the

Constitution of the United States for the Federal Government to

protect all insectivorous birds through a law of Congress.

_VITAL RESOURCES OF THE NATION._

Dr. HENRY STURGIS DRINKER, President of Lehigh University, a Delegate

from the State of Pennsylvania, from Lehigh University, and from the

American Forestry Association.

What subject is there to which the constant attention of

Conservationists, of patriotic men and women, could be better devoted

than to the care of the vital resources of the nation—the care of

the lives of all our people, not of a selected few, the teaching

and the impressing of the lessons of steady life, of sobriety, of

continence, and of due rest and recuperation from the wear and tear

of our American life. Surely we have good reason to be proud of the

intelligence and activity of our people, formed as they are of the

intermingling of many peoples, with a resulting product as a nation

that is markedly free from in-breeding and its usually unsatisfactory

outcome.

I think it was Mr. Lieber, in the course of his gracious and cordial

opening address of welcome to the Congress, who referred to our

duty to endeavor to alleviate the condition of the sweat-shop and

mine workers, but is there not another and equally great duty of

which we are habitually more neglectful? What is our duty, the duty

of society, to those self-sacrificing, altruistic men, devoted to

public service, men such as Dr. Wallace, Mr. White, Mr. Farquhar,

who devote themselves to and ably lead great movements like this

Congress for the betterment of conditions among our people—men who

are not only captains of industry, but generals in the army of public

service, and leaders and exemplars in the pursuit of public duty?

What should we, as a body, say to them and to others like them (for,

thank God, America owns a great army of good men like them), who

uphold the good cause of public service? They become in leading these

great movements, in a measure, the custodians of the public welfare,

but—“Quis custodiet ipsos custodes”? Who shall watch these very

guards, and see that they conserve the intelligence, patriotism and

energy, that goes out from them to public welfare, that it may not be

prematurely exhausted? Surely we should take measures to have them

feel how the Nation values them as a public asset, and how they owe

it to their country as well as to their homes to heed and to preach

to others the wise words of dear old Mark Twain, who (writing from

Naples in 1867) sent us these words, pregnant with the lesson of the

higher Conservation:

“We walked up and down one of the most popular streets for some

time, enjoying other people’s comfort, and wishing we could export

some of it to our restless, driving, vitality-consuming marts

at home. Just in this one matter lies the main charm of life in

Europe—comfort. In America, we hurry—which is well; but when the

day’s work is done, we go on thinking of losses and gains, we plan

for the morrow, we even carry our business cares to bed with us, and

toss and worry over them when we ought to be restoring our racked

bodies and brains with sleep. We burn up our energies with these

excitements, and either die early, or drop into a mean and lean old

age, at a time of life which they call a man’s prime in Europe. When

an acre of ground has produced long and well, we let it lie fallow

and rest for a season; we take no man clear across the continent

in the same coach he started in—the coach is stabled somewhere on

the plains and its heated machinery allowed to cool for a few days;

when a razor has seen long service and refuses to hold an edge, the

barber lays it aside for a few weeks, and the edge comes back of

its own accord. We bestow thoughtful care upon inanimate objects,

but none upon ourselves. What a robust people, what a nation of

thinkers we might be, if we would only lay ourselves on the shelf

occasionally and renew our edges.”

As the official call for this Congress stated, we have in previous

meetings dealt with four great subjects—our forests, waters, lands,

and minerals, but in taking for its theme this year the subject of

“Vital Resources,” the Congress is studying the very life of the

Nation, is seeking to benefit our people not only by the conservation

of our material natural resources, but to do good to them by bringing

home the duty of life Conservation in our whole Nation; and what

greater task can patriotic men and women devote themselves to than

this, and what words can epitomize the sentiment underlying this

service better than those in Sophocles’ “Oedipus,” where it is said:

“Methinks, no work so grand

Hath man yet compassed, as with all he can

Of chance or power, to help his fellow-man.”

_CONSERVATION OF THE SOIL._

Hon. JAMES J. HILL, of St. Paul, Minn.

Just as all industry depends upon the production and increase of the

fruits of the earth, so all other forms of Conservation must be held

subordinate to the preservation of the productivity of the soil. To

preserve and defend the public health, to see that human beings are

brought into the world and kept there under favoring conditions, and

to lengthen their term of life will but add to the total of human

misery unless they are well fed and housed and clothed. For this, as

for the material of all their varied activities, they must come back

in the last analysis to the soil. Earth is the mother not only of

mankind but of all human industry.

In the years during which the necessity of this most imperative form

of Conservation has been the subject of my thought and the theme

of most of my public utterances, much has been accomplished. The

interest of the public is awake. It is not necessary any longer to

urge a Conservation movement, but rather to direct the energy already

enlisted in its behalf into wise channels. While the farmer is still

subject to some unfavorable legislative discrimination, we know that

his prosperity must be made a first object before prosperity can

visit others. The progress of the farm is put first in many schemes

of public improvement where, a few years ago, it would have been

mentioned perfunctorily if at all.

Education in agriculture has made much progress. The number of

institutions teaching agriculture increased more than sixty per

cent. in nineteen months. They had ten per cent. more students in

agriculture in 1910 than in 1909, and more than eight times as many

students taking the teachers’ course in agriculture. Colleges and

high schools give place to some form of agricultural instruction; and

the necessity of fostering soil Conservation is recognized today as

never before.

What we need to do at once belongs rather to the practical than to

the theoretical side of Conservation. There is little reason to doubt

that the farmer of the future should be a highly intelligent man,

commanding from his acres crops that are far beyond those of today

in their abundance. But the present generation may and should do far

better for itself, in its own time, while it is also preparing the

way for the more careful and productive agriculture which should

follow.

I use intentionally the words “careful” and “productive” instead

of the word “scientific,” as applied to soil treatment and crop

raising, because they express the simple and easy processes within

the reach of men of the present generation as well as the new;

because they avoid a misleading implication that attaches to the word

“scientific.” It is true that the best methods of soil treatment

and crop growing are scientific; but they require only that form of

popular science which is within the comprehension and use of every

farmer.

The essentials of soil Conservation have been known for centuries.

They were practiced in Babylonia, just as irrigation was resorted to

there on a splendid scale. They have been the property of the Chinese

for four thousand years, and maintained there a dense population

in spite of croppings so frequent and severe that it would seem

impossible for any soil to stand such treatment without exhaustion.

The latest bulletin of the best agricultural institution is scarcely

more instructive or helpful than a study of the “forty centuries

of agriculture” included in the experience of these skilled and

laborious people of the Orient.

The soil is a living thing, and must receive the treatment due to all

organic and vital beings from which we expect service or tribute. The

first requisite is that the individual man learn with what manner

of soil he is dealing. There is now an agricultural college or

experiment station within the reach of every farmer in the country.

Some are and all should be equipped for a scientific analysis of all

soils submitted to them. From this the cultivator may learn the first

two things indispensable to any intelligent conduct of his industry:

First, to what crops his land is best adapted; second, what elements

of fertility have been drawn from it so lavishly that they need to be

restored. This information having been given by competent authority,

every farmer may do all the rest for himself.

There is no secret and no mystery about the processes involved.

If farmers will rotate their crops, fertilize plentifully and

intelligently, keep live stock to diversify their industry, refresh

the land and utilize waste products, and cultivate thoroughly and

frequently, the problem of soil Conservation is solved. The earth

has been kept as productive for thousands of years as it was when it

produced its first crop of cultivated cereals wherever these few and

simple conditions have been observed. If seed is carefully selected,

after a test for germination, and the practices mentioned are

followed, there is no reason why the yield per acre of the principal

crops of the United States should not equal those of England, Germany

or many other countries which produce twice as much as we do with far

inferior natural advantages.

Dr. Knapp, of the Department of Agriculture, said: “It has been found

that the best seed bed added 100 per cent. to the average crop on

similar lands, with an average preparation; planting the best seed

made a gain of 50 per cent.; and shallow, frequent cultivation was

equal to another 50 per cent., making a total gain of 200 per cent.,

or a crop three times the average. With better teams and implements,

this crop is made at less cost per acre.” A bulletin of the Bureau

of Plant Industry, at Washington, says: “It is possible within a

few years to double the average production of corn per acre in the

United States, and to accomplish it without any increase in work or

expense.” It declares that twice twenty-six bushels, which is about

what we now get, is a fair crop where these conditions are observed,

three times twenty-six bushels a good crop and four times twenty-six

bushels frequently produced. A similar increase in other farm growths

is just as possible.

In a high sense this is conservation of the soil, because it shows

the way to make one acre do the work of two or three or four. It

is conservation of the soil in a still better sense, because the

land, when so intelligently and considerately treated, instead of

“wearing out,” not only maintains its productive power indefinitely

but actually increases in fertility and value. These are facts which

all history attests. They are facts which the most recent scientific

research supports. The work before the promoters of the Conservation

movement today is one not of discovery but of education. It is to

assist in bringing home the truth to the minds and embodying it in

the daily practice of the present farm population of the United

States.

This tremendous task can be accomplished only by local demonstration

and the force of practical example. Small model farms should be

operated, preferably consisting of a few acres selected from ordinary

neighborhood farms and treated intelligently, in every State, county

and township. We have made a beginning of this work in the Northwest;

and the results, though not yet completely enough ascertained for

tabulation until the tale of threshing and marketing is ended, are

as amazing as they are encouraging. Some of the States are providing

for traveling instructors and supervisors in agriculture, following

the policy successfully adopted in the most enlightened countries of

Europe, thus raising the level of agricultural practice and educating

the millions who are beyond the reach of the institutions where

formal instruction is given to the young. It is imperative that we

reach the older people, and the large percentage of the children

of the farm who never get beyond the district school, if we are in

earnest in the work we have undertaken.

To this practical side of soil Conservation this Congress should

give its hearty approval. It should urge upon the people of every

community the adoption of the demonstration tract and the local

instructor, with as much earnestness as it has championed the saving

of forests and the reclamation of arid lands. Ten per cent. of the

money now expended in formal instruction in the institutions where

agriculture is taught, or supposed to be taught, would put every

farmer in touch with the man who could and should help him in the

treatment of his land as readily and surely as the doctor helps his

family when they are sick. It would be more than repaid every year in

the value of the crop increase. It would be repaid over again in the

healing of sick soils, the renovation of old lands, the preservation

undiminished in every acre of our arable area of those elements of

fertility without which plant life languishes, and the wilderness

and the desert in a few generations sweep away the traces of man’s

unworthy occupation. It is well worth the hearty and undivided

support of public-spirited men. For without just such Conservation

the time will come when our country will be unable to support its

own people; the diminishing percentage of its population engaged in

tilling the land will still further decline; and it will scarcely be

worth while to consider how best human life may be prolonged and made

sturdier and wholesomer physically by vital Conservation, because it

will lack the sustenance that it can not longer draw in sufficient

quantity and quality from nature’s withered breasts.

_WAR, THE POLICY OF WASTE—PEACE, THE POLICY OF CONSERVATION._

Mrs. ELMER BLACK, New York City.

In advancing some arguments bearing on that broad assertion permit

me at the outset to express my satisfaction that the questions this

Congress has set itself to consider have come to be recognized as

among the most urgent of all the world’s humanitarian problems. For

the peace movement and the Conservation movement are as closely

interrelated as, in the pacifist view, the interests of the entire

human race are mutual and not antagonistic. The advance of your

program is the advance of ours; both are essential to the progress of

mankind.

I do not suppose any one will cavil at my plea that when we talk of

natural resources we must not merely include inanimate things—timber,

minerals, lands, oil and waters—but the brain and sinews of the

people as well.

An observant traveler in the United States, asked recently what

he considered the greatest asset of the American nation, replied:

“The American nation itself, with its self-reliance, ingenuity, the

blended genius resulting from race fusion, and the boundless belief

in its ability to reach any goal it sets out to attain.” With that

contention in mind, I would at once emphasize the fact that neither

the material resources of the world nor these higher resources of

human equipment can be utilized or developed to their full complement

till the profligate policy of international strife is purged from the

activities of mankind.

I venture to assert that no war can be waged today that can be

justified ethically or economically. With the bringing together of

the civilizations of the world, the development ever closer of the

bonds of communication, and the institution of the International

Court of Arbitration, the last excuse of the war makers has

disappeared. No nation today need go to war if the cause it advocates

is just. When the plea of “questions of national honor” is advanced

it will usually be found that the case behind the plea is so faulty

as to entail risk if presented to the judgment of an impartial

tribunal, or that there is the secret reason of a desire for

aggression in order that some other nation may be robbed of territory.

But assuming for the sake of argument that this latter case can be

justified on the ground of imperial advancement and the “survival of

the fittest”—a conclusion I do not in reality concede—I still contend

that war is a ghastly blunder, inevitably inflicting such loss to the

treasuries alike of victor and vanquished that both are laden with

debts so great that generations yet unborn are foredoomed to carry an

unnatural charge.

It requires no casuist to demonstrate that such a policy is

detrimental to human progress and diametrically opposed to

thrifty administration. If we think for a moment of what might be

accomplished if the war expenditures of nations were devoted to the

proper development of the world’s bountiful stores of wealth, the

advancement of health and science and the promotion of communal

betterment, the imagination reels at the vista of progress that is

opened up.

Let us take a few comparisons. The Panama Canal, uniting two

oceans and bringing into closer contact the peoples of East and

West, is being constructed at a cost of $400,000,000. Against that

accomplishment set down the blood and treasure poured out in reckless

waste in the Crimean, South African and the Russo-Japanese wars. On

the one hand we have a constructive policy in which the nation’s toil

and money is conserved and invested so as to operate at compound

interest for the benefit not only of American citizens but also of

the whole human race. On the other hand, there is a destructive and

prodigal policy that has disappointed in after days even those most

closely concerned with the crimson fruits of victory.

Speaking of the Crimean War, Lord Salisbury, the late Premier of

England, said in his cynical way, “We put our money on the wrong

horse.”

The South African War cost no less than $1,331,655,000 and added no

less than $795,880,000 to the national debt of England. The flower

of British manhood perished on the veldt that the Dutchmen of the

Transvaal might be forever relegated to the strata of the subjugated.

Yet today, a few short years after that deadly struggle, South Africa

is united; the Dutch are enjoying self-government, and, in fact, are

politically in the ascendant over their nominal rulers.

Russia lost her entire fleet, wrecked her army and set the forces of

internal discontent seething once more within her boundaries. Japan,

the nominal victor, so poured forth her wealth that even her amazing

vitality is shackled by the bonds of financial stringency. Today

both are suffering from the gigantic, blundering conflict—and in the

end are compelled peacefully to agree to recognize their respective

interests in Northern Asia.

England’s naval expenditure amounts to nearly $250,000,000 a year,

and every ten years great costly Dreadnoughts are thrown on the scrap

heap—a total waste. Now England has spent on irrigation in India

$150,000,000, and I would ask your attention to the fact that this

expenditure has not only brought health and prosperity to hundreds of

thousands, reduced the dangers of famine and made the desert blossom

as the rose, but there is a profit on the capital invested of six and

three-quarters per cent.

Taking that as a specimen of contrasts, one is amazed at the

mental spectacle of the immense strides that could be made in the

world’s prosperity if the expenditure on war and preparations for

war was devoted to the Conservation and development of natural

resources. The armed peace in Europe in thirty-seven years has cost

$150,000,000,000. Yet there are resources waiting to be developed for

the benefit of the struggling millions who are crushed beneath the

iron heel of Mars; there are reeking human rookeries in the cities

of Europe that are a menace to the human race; there are schemes for

waterways that would open up wealth practically untapped, to the end

that productive machinery might be set in motion for the continual

benefit of nations yet to come.

When a Dreadnought fires a single shot from its big guns as much

money is dispersed into the air as would pay a workman’s wages for

three years or secure a clever student’s college course for a full

twelve months. For every cruiser scrapped in naval frenzy a fully

staffed scientific laboratory could be run for years in conflict

against man’s mortal enemies, the disease bearing bacilli. For

years the inventive faculties of the world have been turned to the

production of implements of death and destruction. In a saner age of

Conservation and peace this concentrated genius will be focused on

the preservation of life, the clothing of the desert with verdure,

the elimination of space, the improvement of communications, the

harnessing of natural forces to the service of man that even today

are seen but as through a glass, darkly.

The world is spending every year eight billion dollars on militarism.

The expenditure of that ocean of treasure leads nowhere but to the

slippery slope of bankruptcy. It creates nothing by which future

generations will benefit or of which any but the superficial can be

proud. It robs the treasury of the busy bees of commerce and industry

and withdraws from active participation in constructive affairs

seventeen million men, the strongest and best types, whose brain and

muscle should be used for the advancement of their kind. Women, in

consequence, as in Germany, have often to undertake work for which

nature did not equip them, and so a double wrong is wrought upon the

human race.

If the interest only on the money spent on militarism were used on

education, 32,000,000 more students would be accommodated at college

every year; or the housing problem of every land could be solved as

if by a magic wand, to the immeasurable conservation of human health

and vigor.

During the South African War the “Investors’ Review” of London said:

“In one short eighteen months the war party now sitting on our

necks has dissipated more money than the working class managed to

accumulate out of their wages during the whole sixty-four years of

the reign of Queen Victoria.”

Chancellor Lloyd-George, as recently as the last budget, said in the

House of Commons that the money spent on building Dreadnoughts in

England in one year would add a dollar a week to the income of every

workingman’s family in Europe.

The United States, though not yet in the same parlous plight as the

European nations, is heading in that direction, and devotes the

enormous proportion of seventy per cent. of its national expenditure

to preparations for war. That is to say, every year we waste more

than would construct an epoch-making Panama Canal.

Were it possible immediately to reconstruct the scheme of things

so that reason ruled, there would be no need to cry aloud for the

development of the barren lands of our continent. Waterways would be

extended, irrigation works would carry the life-giving fluid to arid

areas that need but that to release their dormant fertility, herbage

and fruit would spring from regions now productive of only scrub and

cacti, and the reforestation of natural timber land would cause the

birth of new resources formerly despoiled by the ignorance and greed

of man.

But, some may say, surely these shipyards, barracks, Dreadnoughts,

and war equipment circulate money and employ millions of men. That, I

contend, is a common fallacy a little thought will dissipate. Money

being but the tool used in the purchase of labor or the product of

labor, is in itself of no account. But the building of a Dreadnought

to fire away the product of labor in thin air is to bring all that

has gone to prepare for that achievement to nought. The chain of

production is broken; henceforth mankind is so much the worse off

for that loss of money, labor and its products. But in the true

conservation of resources, the labor and its products employed in

peaceful and constructive enterprises achieve benefits that flow on

continuously in an ever-widening stream, till the entire humanity is

made to feel the blending of each man’s labor in the commonweal.

Brain, sinew, time, energy and material resources are being thrown

into the melting pot of war, yet but for that very war the evolution

of the human race would be eons further on.

Every time a war scare sends the exchanges of the world’s capitals

into panic, deadly injury is done to the commerce of the entire

globe. Ruin has not to wait for the actual outbreak of hostilities.

The wolf of war has but to bare his fangs in menace to cause a

premonitory slump to spread devastation through the ranks of the

investors. Yet instead of meeting, as the delegates of this Congress

are meeting, to debate the best methods of insuring national and

international thrift, in statesmanlike preparation for the future

needs of the human race, many powerful minds are spending their

time devising nightmares with which to scare humanity into ruinous

expenditure.

I venture to predict that in the future it will be found that the

chief instrument of Conservation has been established already in the

arbitration court at The Hague, and generations yet to come will say

of its founders, “They builded better than they knew.”

Meanwhile the omens are favorable for the causes of peace and

Conservation. The object lessons are there for all the world to see.

I have mentioned the Panama Canal in the Western Hemisphere as an

instance of constructive Conservation. The Eastern Hemisphere also

has its encouragement. Right in the reputed cradle of the human race

some of the world’s most brilliant engineers are executing works that

will unchain rivers and cleave through mountains to the end that on

Mesopotamia’s broad lands the Garden of Eden shall be re-established.

I rejoice to know that this movement towards Conservation nowhere has

attained greater volume than in our own land; for with our advantages

it seems to me that we are specially equipped for the ennobling task

of removing obstacles from the path along which our race must tread

in the accomplishment of its high destiny.

_THE CONSERVATION OF NAVIGABLE STREAMS._

Mr. JACOB P. DUNN, Indianapolis.

The objects of the conservation of natural resources divide naturally

into two classes. The first relates to the development of lands in

private ownership, such as the encouragement of forestation and

renewing the fertility of the soil, in which the interest of the

State is the indirect one of increasing the supply, or cheapening

the cost of products that are of material benefit to the entire

community. The second relates to the preservation and utilization

of public property, such as forest lands and mineral resources, in

which the State has the direct interest of securing special revenues,

whereby the burdens of taxation may be reduced, and of promoting the

public welfare by furnishing facilities for commerce and industry. To

this second class belongs the conservation of navigable streams, and

this subject has already been brought prominently before the public

by the discussion of proposals for improvement of the navigation

of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. But this Mississippi

project has a vastly greater significance than the general public has

fully considered; for it means that hundreds of streams that are now

navigated only in a small way, or not navigated at all, will later be

made navigable in a practical and useful way.

Moreover, this subject is of special importance to the great region

formerly included in the territory northwest of the Ohio River,

including the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and

Wisconsin, because the Ordinance of 1787, by which that territory was

created, expressly provided that: “The navigable waters leading into

the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and the carrying places between

the same, shall be common highways, and forever free, as well to the

inhabitants of the said territory as to the citizens of the United

States, and those of any other States that may be admitted into the

confederacy, without any tax, duty, or impost therefor.”

These words show that the word “navigable” was not then used in its

present common acceptation. When we speak of a navigable stream we

commonly mean one that can be navigated by steamboats, but there were

no steamboats in 1787, and all of the commercial navigation of this

region at that time was by means of canoes and the small vessels

known as bateaux and pirogues. That this navigation was what was

intended is conclusively shown by the reservation of “the carrying

places,” i. e., the stretches of watershed between the headwaters of

the streams of the two drainage systems over which both the boats and

their loads were transported bodily. This meaning has usually been

adhered to by the courts (2 Mich. 219; 19 Oregon, 375; 33 W. Virginia

13; 20 Barbour, N. Y., 9; 14 Ky., 521; 87 Wis. 134), and the general

rule is that any stream that will carry commerce, even by floating

logs, is a navigable stream. (51 Illinois, 266; 42 Wis. 203.)

The United States Government followed out this theory consistently.

By the act of Congress of 1796, for the survey and sale of the public

lands of this region, it was expressly declared that “all navigable

streams within the territory to be disposed of by virtue of this act

shall be deemed to be and remain public highways.” As such their beds

were always excluded from the lands surveyed and sold. The government

surveyors did not include any of the larger streams in their surveys,

but “meandered” them, and when the land was sold, it was sold in

fractional sections, running to the meander lines. The beds of the

streams and the land bordering them was thus reserved as public

property, and when the several States were formed and admitted to the

Union, the title was transferred to them from the general government.

It is of course to be remembered that Congress has ultimate power

over navigable streams, but it is well established law that a State

has plenary power over navigable streams that are entirely within its

borders, at least until Congress acts.

The acceptance of this provision as to navigable streams was made

a prerequisite to the admission of Indiana to the Union by the

enabling act of 1816. It was formerly accepted by ordinance of the

constitutional convention of Indiana in 1816. And yet Indiana stands

today in the unique position of being the only State in the Northwest

in which the public rights thus established have been nullified,

or at least clouded, by an absurd decision of the Supreme Court of

the State, made in 1876. (54 Ind. 471.) Inasmuch as this case deals

with White River in Marion County, and as this stream at this point

furnishes a typical illustration of the whole subject, I will call

your attention to it in detail.

Prior to this decision, every department of the government of Indiana

fully recognized the binding force of this compact with the United

States, and accepted as conclusive the United States surveys in the

determination of what streams were navigable under that compact.

The bed of White River in Marion County was not included in these

surveys, and it was never sold by the United States or by the State.

The Legislature of Indiana always recognized this rule, and always

applied it to “White River in Marion County.” The act of January 17,

1820, declared White River navigable as high as “the Delaware towns,”

meaning presumably to Muncie, and made it and the other streams named

“public highways,” making it a penal offense to obstruct “any stream

declared navigable by this act,” except only that mill-dams might

be erected under certain conditions, by persons who had “purchased

from the United States the bed of any stream by this act declared

navigable.” This law was never repealed, but was modified by the act

of February 10, 1831, which declared White River navigable as high as

Yorktown in Delaware County. This last law is notable as recognizing

that a stream need not be navigable at all seasons, for it prohibited

any obstruction that would “injure or impede the navigation of any

stream, reserved by the ordinance of Congress of 1787 as a public

highway, at a stage of water when it would otherwise be navigable.”

Indianapolis was located on this stream because it was navigable

for the water-craft then in use. The Legislature of 1825, on

petition from the people of Indianapolis, made Alexander Ralston a

commissioner to survey the stream, and report on the probable expense

of keeping it free from obstruction. He made the survey that summer,

and reported the distance from Sample’s Mills, in Randolph County,

to Indianapolis, 130 miles; from here to the forks, 285 miles; from

there to the Wabash, 40 miles, and that for this distance of 455

miles the stream could be made navigable for three months in the year

by an expenditure of $1,500. He found two falls or rapids, one of

eighteen inches, eight miles above Martinsville, and one of nine feet

in about one hundred yards, ten miles above the forks.

On this report, the Legislature on January 21, 1826, passed a law

to improve the navigation of White River as high as Sample’s Mills,

in Randolph County, directing that all persons liable for road work

living within two miles of the stream, in the counties bordering on

the stream, be called out to improve the stream as a highway. This

law was made general by the act of May 31, 1852, which empowered

county boards to declare streams navigable, and to work them as

highways; and this act is still continued in force by the act of

April 15, 1905. (Burns’ Stats., Sec. 7672.)

The act of January 28, 1828, appropriated $1,000 for improving the

navigation of White River as high as Anderson, in Madison County.

The act of January 23, 1829, “relative to navigable streams declared

highways by the ordinance of Congress of 1787,” prohibited any

obstruction of any stream or river “which is navigable, and the

bed or channel of which has not been surveyed or sold as land by

the United States.” So the law of 1852 made it a penal offense to

obstruct “any navigable stream, the bed or channel whereof may not

have been surveyed or sold by the United States.” (Rev. Stats. 1852,

Vol. 2, p. 432.) This is continued in force, in the same language, by

the act of April 15, 1905. (Burns’ Stat., Sec. 2650.)

The executive department never questioned the correctness of this

rule, and some of the Governors took a great deal of interest in

the matter. After the general introduction of steamboat navigation,

Governor Noble was ambitious to add that to the ordinary commerce by

flatboats and keel boats, and in 1828 he offered a reward of $200

to the first captain who would bring a steamboat to this point,

and also to sell his cargo free of charge. In pursuance of this a

small steamboat from Cincinnati was actually brought up the river

to Indianapolis in 1831. The early courts also recognized the rule

that the survey and sale of the bed of a stream was the conclusive

test of its navigability, under the law. (3 Blackf. 193.) The State

asserted actual ownership of the bed of the stream in this county,

and for years maintained an agent at the Washington street crossing

to sell sand and gravel from it on the State’s account.

In the face of all this, when the question came before the

Supreme Court, in 1876, the court, by Judge Perkins, without any

real examination of the law or the facts, said: “The court knows

judicially, as a matter of fact, that White River, in Marion County,

is neither a navigated nor a navigable stream”; and as to the bed not

being surveyed or sold he said: “The idea that the power was given

to a surveyor, or his deputy, upon casual observation, to determine

the question of the navigability of rivers, and thereby conclude

vast public and private rights, is an absurdity.” On this assumption

he proceeded to wipe the “vast public rights” out of existence. A

little examination would have shown him that the surveys were not

irresponsible acts of the surveyors, but official acts in pursuance

of law, under the direction of superior officers, and confirmed and

ratified not only by those superiors, but by the United States and

the State of Indiana. (54 Ind. 471.)

The court abandoned the reasoning of this case two years later, when

it held that the Wabash River, in Warren County, was “a navigable

stream, the bed of which has neither been surveyed nor sold.” (64

Ind. 162.) But it cited the decision of 1876 as authoritative in

another case in 1900 (155 Ind. 477), and this again without any

examination of the law or the facts. It is worthy of note that the

United States Government has uniformly declined to recognize this

decision as law, and as late as 1899 refused to be bound by it.

(Indianapolis News, November 7, 1899.)

Fortunately, opportunity has arisen for a reconsideration of this

question in a case arising in the Kankakee swamp lands (State vs.

Tuesbury Land Co., Starke Circuit Court). In the northern end of

Indiana, particularly near the Kankakee River, there was a large

amount of swamp land which was not included in the United States

surveys nor sold by the United States. This was transferred to the

State many years ago, and part of it was reclaimed and sold by the

State. In 1891 reclamation was entered on a large scale by removing

the ledge of rock at Momence, Illinois, which dammed the Kankakee,

and caused most of those swamps. As soon as these lands were drained,

adjacent owners set up claims to the thread of the stream as riparian

owners, and a judgment was obtained in the Starke Circuit Court

upholding such claims. If valid this means that the great expense to

which the State has gone in reclaiming the lands is money thrown away.

As soon as he learned of it, Governor Marshall, who is very practical

in his statesmanship, directed the Attorney-General to take steps to

secure a reversal of the judgment or appeal it, and a new trial has

been secured in the case, which is to be heard shortly. The Kankakee

is one of the most noted of the streams referred to in the Ordinance

of 1787 as “navigable waters,” which are reserved forever as “public

highways,” and there should be no riparian rights in it.

There is certainly good reason to expect a reversal of the Indiana

decision, if not by our Supreme Court, by the Supreme Court of the

United States, for two special reasons: (1) The question of the

navigability of a stream is not primarily a judicial question, but

one of public policy to be determined by the legislative department,

and both Congress and our State Legislature have consistent records

for the navigability of these streams. (2) In this case the

navigability is a matter of solemn compact between the State and the

United States; and as the constitutions of both prohibit any law

impairing the obligation of a contract, it is hardly to be assumed

that the courts would undertake to annul a contract of this character.

Unquestionably White River, like most of the other streams of

Indiana, is not as practically navigable today as it was eighty years

ago, and for two very simple reasons. First, at that time the only

timber that got into the river was trees on the bank that were thrown

in by the banks caving, and these were usually held to the banks

by their roots. But after settlement began every freshet carried

quantities of logs, rails and boards down the river, to form drifts;

and these in turn caused the formation of sand and gravel bars.

Second, when the land was cleared and cultivated, the ground washed

much more readily than it did before, and much greater quantities of

sand and gravel were carried into the river to form bars. These bars

constitute the chief obstruction to practical navigation now.

But by a change in recent conditions of life, these bars furnish

the means for making the river practically navigable. Within the

last two decades there has grown up a special demand for this sand

and gravel; and especially has this demand been increased by the

call for good roads; for washed gravel is one of the best materials

available for road-making, and by these streams, nature has

distributed it very widely over the State. This demand has developed

the industry of removing sand and gravel from the river beds by means

of suction pumps, and since 1897, when it began, this industry has

reached proportions that are not generally known to the public. At

Indianapolis there have been six steam pumps working for several

years. They are mounted on scow boats, fifty to sixty-five feet in

length, and twenty to twenty-five feet in width, and by centrifugal

suction power, draw up a mixture of sand, gravel and water through

eight-inch pipes. The pipe entrance is screened to prevent the

entrance of stones over four or five inches in diameter, in order to

avoid clogging the pipe.

These six pumps take out 180,000 cubic yards of sand and gravel in

a year, at a cost of 20 to 25 cents a cubic yard. The material is

separated by passing over screens into two grades of sand and two of

gravel, and is sold at a good profit for street improvement, roofing,

asphalt mixture, concrete, mortar and locomotive sand. Formerly Lake

Michigan sand was shipped here in considerable quantities, but now

the demand is fully met by this local industry. The pumps take out

the material for a depth of about fifteen feet, and in the course of

their work they have made about three miles of Indianapolis river

front practically navigable for any kind of river craft. The boats

can easily be run to any point on the river and used for removing

bars at any place. At present the proprietors of the boats are paying

the adjacent landowners for the privilege of taking out material that

rightfully belongs to the State, and of which the public ought to

have the benefit.

The practical situation is this: Indiana has an almost inexhaustible

supply of the best and cheapest road material known, which rightfully

belongs to the State. By using this material it will make actually

navigable hundreds of miles of waterways that are now of no use in

commerce. It is quite common for the unthinking to joke about the

absurdity of making small streams navigable, but there is nothing

absurd about it. Over half a century ago Indiana constructed 453

miles of canal, at an average cost of $15,000 a mile, which has since

been practically abandoned, not as is generally supposed, because of

the competition of rail roads, but because it was high line canal,

and was built up, in part, instead of being dug out, and without

proper precaution for making it water-tight. The State was not alone

in its experience. There are in the United States over 1,950 miles of

abandoned high-line canal, that cost over $44,000,000. But there are

also plenty of low-line canals in practical and profitable operation.

The mistake that was made in Indiana was in not utilizing the natural

water-courses. At an expense of less than $15,000 per mile, White

River can easily be made navigable for steamboats from Indianapolis

to its mouth, where there is actual steamboat navigation now. The

fall in the river is only 269 feet in the 285 miles, or less than a

foot to the mile. The tested flow of White River at this point is

over 1,000 cubic feet per second. With not to exceed half a dozen

dams, and the principal bars pumped out and put into roads, the

thing is accomplished. Not only is there nothing impracticable about

it, but it is as certain to be done, in the not distant future, as

it is that the sun will rise tomorrow morning. The advantages of

water communication with the great coal and building stone region of

the State, as well as direct connection with the Wabash, Ohio and

Mississippi Rivers, is too obvious for discussion. With our Supreme

Court decisions put on a rational and just basis, there is nothing to

prevent a speedy accomplishment of the work.

_REPORT FROM THE NATIONAL FERTILIZER ASSOCIATION._

Presented by Mr. JOHN D. TOLL, Secretary of the Educational Bureau

of the National Fertilizer Association, and Mr. CHARLES S. RAUH, of

Indianapolis, Official Delegates to the Fourth National Conservation

Congress.

In the last analysis man must have food. The law of supply and demand

becomes operative the minute that a nation is born. Scarcity of food

produces abnormal prices. As scarcity increases, the prices become

almost prohibitive. The attention of every citizen of this country

has been called to the rapid increase in the cost of food products

during the last decade. This increase has been due to several causes,

among which we may note the following: (1) Increase of population has

exceeded the increase in production of foodstuffs; (2) scarcity of

new lands to be developed to meet the needs of a growing population;

(3) decrease in productivity of some of the formerly productive soils

of this country.

Other causes have undoubtedly contributed to this situation, but the

one pertinent to the present discussion is that of decreasing soil

fertility as it is related to the production of crops. The production

of crops depends (1) upon the fertility of the soil; (2) climatic

conditions; (3) quality of seed used; and (4) the culture and care

given to the crop. Three of these governing factors are under the

control of the farmer. Therefore, inasmuch as they are under his

control, so also is the supply of food under his control to an equal

degree.

According to the latest available statistics, out of 1,755,132,800

acres in the United States, there are 383,891,682 acres of improved

land. A considerable amount of this land is being used for the

production of crops of various kinds. These crops in 1911 totaled the

enormous production of $5,504,000,000.

The plant food consisting of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash

which these crops take from the soil is not all returned to the land,

and, as a result, we have a yearly drain upon the fertility account

of our soils.

The loss of all three essential elements of plant food is being

partly met by the wise Conservation and use of barn manure.

The loss of nitrogen in this depletion is also being partly met by

the growing of legumes which have the power of taking nitrogen from

the air and fixing it in the soil where it is available as plant food.

If any one of these elements is lacking, crop production suffers

a decrease in quantity and a deterioration in quality, to wit: If

phosphoric acid is the lacking element in soil, the production of ear

corn may be large in quantity but the ears are soft and immature,

consequently are inferior for stock food or for human food. In the

same way a scarcity of phosphoric acid decreases the yield of wheat

and causes an inferiority in its quality.

The lack of nitrogen and potash has equally disastrous effects on

the production of the crop. It is, therefore, not only a supply of

plant food that is necessary, but the balancing of it in order that

our soil may produce a maximum crop of best quality. The fertilizer

industry is an industry engaged entirely in the supply of these

plant food elements. It is, therefore, a direct contributor to the

maintenance of the human race, in that it deals in the elements of

plant food.

Not only since its inception in 1840 has this industry contributed

to the supply of plant food, which in the end means human food, but

it has noted the wasteful methods of agriculture being practiced,

unconsciously frequent, in many parts of this country, and it has put

forth continuous efforts along the lines of educating the American

farmer to grow larger yields of better crops, to maintain and

increase the fertility of the soil, and increase the average yield

per acre.

The fertilizer industry has, through its national association, within

the past two years established several movements, the great purpose

of which is to assist in the dissemination of knowledge of modern

methods of agriculture.

Another line of effort wherein the fertilizer industry has been a

direct contributor to the conservation of vital resources is in its

great manufacturing plants. To produce the phosphoric acid which is

supplied in fertilizers, the industry obtains the barren phosphatic

rock from Tennessee, Carolinas, Florida, etc., grinds this material

and treats it chemically so as to make the phosphoric acid available.

By this means, it supplies to the great crop producing States of

this country the element of plant food, which, to a large extent,

determines the maturity and quality of crop production.

The industry also takes the waste material of the packing houses,

such as bone, offal, blood, etc., dries and grinds it and produces

an ingredient of fertilizers which was formerly thrown away. This

packing house material supplies nitrogen and phosphoric acid.

Furthermore, the garbage of the cities and towns of this country is

collected and reduced to the form of fertilizer ingredient, where it

formerly was burned or otherwise destroyed.

Not only is all this done, but the former waste products of the

cotton and tobacco industry are similarly reduced to a form of plant

food to be mixed with other materials and returned to the soil.

Still further, besides gathering up the waste and otherwise barren

products of the country, the industry has developed processes whereby

the gases from gas and coke manufacture are collected and reduced

to sulphate of ammonia in which form it constitutes one of the

nitrogenous ingredients in fertilizers. This ammonia sulphate is used

as an ingredient in fertilizers supplying nitrogen.

Of late years the industry has gone even further than this, in that

a process has been discovered whereby the nitrogen of the air is

harnessed, and the product reduced to such forms that it supplies

available nitrogen for plant food.

In assembling and preparing these essential elements of plant food,

the industry, as we have pointed out, not only prepares material to

return to the soil to supply the elements which have been taken out

of it, but it actually provides in deficient soils elements in which

they may be deficient, and by so doing makes more productive lands

which, on account of their balanced plant food, could not produce

paying results before being treated.

The State of Georgia in 1911 spent over twenty million dollars

for fertilizers, with the result that they raised more and better

cotton than was ever raised in this State before. The State of Maine

in the same year used 150,000 tons of fertilizers on their potato

fields, with the result that their good potato growers produced from

two to four hundred bushels of potatoes per acre. The total State

productions exceed 25,000,000 bushels.

The fertilizer industry, we believe, occupies a most prominent part

in the problem of producing sustenance for future generations and in

conserving the vital resources of the world, inasmuch as it is making

a close study of and doing a wonderful work in devising means whereby

practically all of the former waste materials of this country may be

reduced to available plant food and returned to the soil from which

they were taken.

Summarizing, the fertilizer industry, as we have pointed out, is an

important factor in the maintenance of the human race, of this and

other continents, in that (1) it supplies plant food to balance up

the plant food in the soil and to make up the deficiencies which have

occurred as a result of continuous cropping; (2) assists in educating

the farmers to conserve the fertility of their soils by employing

scientific methods of farming; (3) it makes use of waste products of

other industries which have formerly been destroyed, and returns them

to the soil in the form of food for future crops.

The fertilizer industry, therefore, must be recognized as one of the

greatest agencies of conservation of vital resources.

_DR. W J McGEE: AN APPRECIATION OF HIS SERVICES FOR CONSERVATION._

MR. W. C. MENDENHALL, Washington, D. C.

Dr. W J McGee had mastered and advocated the fundamental principles

of Conservation long before the majority of those now most active in

the movement had come to appreciate the real meaning of the word. He

was one of the founders of this movement, was at all times one of

the most stimulating thinkers in its councils, and in him Mr. Pinchot

found one of his most loyal supporters and friends. Doctor McGee was

the personification of strength and steadfastness in the pioneer

period of Conservation, when the meaning of the word was unknown

to the multitude, and when the mere suggestion that our natural

resources are not inexhaustible but may be depleted to the vanishing

point by wasteful use was regarded as a wild heresy. During the

preceding sessions of this Congress he was its accepted authority on

problems involving that most widespread and universally distributed

of our natural resources—water. He has dealt with this resource from

the points of view of transportation, of irrigation, and of power,

and from the standpoint of biology in which it is recognized as

fundamental in all life.

Doctor McGee’s mind was of the type of the intellectual pioneer,

intensely individual and original. He was masterful in the alignment

of facts and stimulating in the recognition and boldness of his

expression of the generalizations and far-reaching conclusions to

which his marshalled facts pointed. Like most men of brilliant

imagination, he was at times impatient of the slow processes of

research, or let us say rather that his impatience was with that

timidity in reaching conclusions so often displayed by those engaged

in research, rather than with the process itself. He believed that

the scientist’s practical rule of life should be the acceptance, as

a basis of action, of the conclusions indicated by such facts as are

known, even though those conclusions may not at present be definitely

established.

Doctor McGee’s death at the Cosmos Club on September 4, 1912,

removed from the domain of science and from the forum of public

discussion one of its leading personalities. His career embraced an

unusually wide range of activities and in each of these he attained

distinction. As a geologist he was one of the group assembled by

Major Powell during the formative period of the United States

Geological Survey, a group which made American geology classic and

its leaders world-leaders in their science. In this field McGee’s

name is associated with the names of Powell, Dutton, Gilbert, Holmes,

Emmons, and Hague. Later, with the establishment of the Bureau of

Ethnology, into which he followed Major Powell, he became a pioneer

in ethnological research, although retaining continually his interest

in geologic and geographic problems. At the time of his death and for

a few years prior thereto he was the erosion and hydrologic expert

of the Department of Agriculture, his immediate connection with that

department being through the Bureau of Soils. His last years are

distinguished by a number of papers on the subject of Conservation,

in which he was so vitally interested; these articles are broad in

their scope, thoroughly original and stimulating in their expression,

and point out fearlessly some dangers of present practice and suggest

methods of remedy. But a few days before his death he completed the

correction of the galley proofs of the last of his papers, faithful

to his work and to his duty even while descending into the Valley of

the Shadow.

This very brief sketch would not be complete without expressed

recognition of the fact that Doctor McGee’s attitude in the face of

death was in accordance with the best traditions of the science to

which his life had been devoted and was as admirable and as deeply

stirring and stimulating as any act of his career. For a year or

more he had recognized the fact that he was afflicted with cancer

and that his days were numbered. He faced this fact calmly and

prepared patiently for the inevitable by carefully completing all

work on hand and by disposing by will of his body and his brain to

his friend and fellow scientist, Dr. Spitska, to be used in the way

most likely to be beneficial to humanity. So long as his faculties

remained undimmed, he maintained the same keen interest in scientific

questions and current affairs that had marked his career at its

height. Those of his friends who visited him during the last few

weeks of his life heard not a single complaint nor an expression of

regret, but found themselves chatting easily with an old and honored

friend who gave no indication of the fact that he knew definitely

that his career was soon to be stayed by the hand of Death. Thus,

rising superior to the weakened, pain-racked body, he met with

philosophic calm and sublime courage the final inevitable test. It is

not given to man to do more than this.

_REPORTS OF STANDING COMMITTEES._

All the standing committees were represented at the Fourth National

Conservation Congress and made reports. Members of these committees

also addressed the Congress.

Forests: See paper by Prof. Henry S. Graves, Chairman, page 318; also

addresses of Mr. E. T. Allen and Major E. G. Griggs, pages 312 and

183, respectively.

Lands: Prof. L. H. Bailey, being unavoidably prevented from attending

the Congress, the report of the Lands Committee was presented by

Dr. George E. Condra, page 123. See also address of Mr. Charles S.

Barrett, page 132.

Waters: Owing to the death of Dr. W J McGee, Chairman, the report of

this committee was submitted by Dr. W. C. Mendenhall. See page 335.

Minerals: See address of Dr. Joseph A. Holmes, Chairman, page 200.

Vital Resources: See address of Mr. A. B. Farquhar, page 214.

Food: See address of Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, Chairman, page 75. Also see

paper by Mr. F. G. Urner, page 327.

Homes: See address of Mrs. Matthew T. Scott, President-General,

Daughters of the American Revolution, page 250. Also report by

Mrs. Orville T. Bright, of Chicago, Vice-President of the National

Congress of Mothers, page 196.

Child Life: See address and report of the Hon. Ben B. Lindsey,

Chairman, page 170.

Education: See report of Dr. C. E. Bessey, Chairman, page 66; see

also address of Prof. E. T. Fairchild, page 134.

Civics: See address of Mr. Ralph M. Easley, Chairman, page 272.

National Parks: The report of this committee was submitted in

writing, signed by Dr. W J McGee, Chairman, and Col. Malcolm H.

Crump. See page 182.

General (including Wild Life): Dr. W. T. Hornaday, Chairman,

presented the report of this committee. See page 344. Dr. T. Gilbert

Pearson gave an address on “Bird Slaughter and the Cost of Living.”

See page 72.

_INDEX._

Accidents, Due to trespassing on railroads, 212

Elevator, Statistics of, 229

Industrial, 212

Prevention of elevator, Address by R. P. BOLTON, 223–230

Prevention of railroad, Address by T. H. JOHNSON, 205

Railroad statistics on, 205

Railway, Preventable, 220

prevention section, 335

prevention section, Resolution adopted, 335

ADDAMS, Miss JANE, Reference to, 174

Adjournment of Congress, 311

ALLEN, E. T., Chairman Forestry Section, 312

Member Nominating Committee, 196

Member Committee on Credentials, 111

Address by, 61–66

American Farmer, 133

American Federation of Labor, Reference to, 174

AUSTIN, Hon. R. M., Remarks by, 310

ASHLEY, Dr. BURTON J., Address by, 281–286

BAILEY, Prof. L. H., Chairman Committee on Lands and Agriculture, 10

BARKER, H. A., Member Nominating Committee, 196

BARNARD, H. E., Resolution by, 327

BARRETT, CHARLES S., Address by, 132–134

BAUMGARTNER, J. P., Remarks by, 286

BESSEY, Dr. C. E., Chairman Committee on Education, 10

Report by, 66–71

Bird life, Conservation of, 280

Birds, Federal protection of migratory, Address by Dr. W. T.

HORNADAY, 72, 73

Protection of, 19

Slaughter and the cost of living, Address by Dr. T. GILBERT

PEARSON, 72

Birth and death certificates, Reference to, 215

registration, 18, 235

registration in Indiana, 247

registration in Europe, 245

BLACK, Mrs. ELMER, Paper by, 352

BLUE, Surgeon-General, Reference to, 111

Board of Managers, 9

BOLTON, REGINALD PELHAM, Address by, 223–230

BRANDEIS, LOUIS D., Reference to, 154

BRIGHT, Mrs. ORVILLE T., Address by, 196–200

Bureau of Mines, Reference to, 108

of Public Health, Reference to, 221

Child, The, 171

Duty of Nation to, 180

labor, 19

laws, Reference to, 112

life, Committee on, 10

Problem of the, 172

welfare exhibit, 179

International congress on, Reference to, 200

Childhood, Rights of, 181

Children, Attendance of, in schools of U. S., 270

Duty of State toward, 176

Legislation for protection of dependent, 175

Protection of dependent, 175

Safeguarding the morals of, 179

Welfare of, 172

Children’s Bureau, Address by Miss JULIA CLIFFORD LATHROP, 242–249

Importance of, 242

Object of, 242

Reference to, 108

Reference to, 174

Work of, 248

Civics, Committee on, 10

Civil service, 278

Climate as an asset, 303

Coal, Amount mined, 203

State production of, 48, 49

Waste of, 203

COFER, Dr. L. E., Address by, 111–112

Cold storage, 329

Attacks on, 326

economics, 330

Food conservation by, Address by F. G. URNER, 327–334

Function of, 331

Committee of one hundred, Reference to, 107

on Resolutions, Chairman of, 111

Compensation act in Washington State, 188

CONDRA, Dr. GEORGE E., Address by, 48

Member of Nominating Committee, 196

Report of, 123–130

Conservation of bird life, 260

of business, 60

of business, Reference to, 123

Commission, Reference to, by President WHITE, 39

Reference to, 108

Commissions, 56

of the child, 178

Congress, Development of, 161, 162

Field of, Reference by President WHITE, 38

Homes department of, 199

Objects of, 183

Origin of, 161

department, General Federation of Women’s Clubs, Work of, 258

of food, Address by F. G. URNER, 327–334

in relation to the home, 252

of the human race, Address by Dr. JOHN N. HURTY, 148–154

of land and the man, Address by Mrs. HAVILAND H. LUND, 131–132

of life, 256

of man, Address by Dr. H. W. WILEY, 75–91

of man on the land, Address by CHARLES S. BARRETT, 132

and mining, 202

of navigable streams, Address on, 357–362

organization, 55

in States, 55, 56

Progress in, 60

redefined, Address of E. T. ALLEN, 61–66

Results of lack of, 259

and secondary industries, 147

of the soil, Paper by Hon. JAMES J. HILL, 349–352

of waters, Report by W. C. MENDENHALL, Chairman Committee on

Waters,

335–344

work in General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 259

Constitution, 13

Amendment to, 286

Changes in, 286, 287

Consumers’ League, Reference to, 253, 254

Corporations, Overcapitalization of, 231

Cost of living, 162

Country life, 22

Credentials, Committee on, 111

CROCKER, Mrs. MARION A., Address by, 258–262

Member Nominating Committee, 196

CRUMP, M. H., Report by, 182, 183

Daughters of the American Revolution, Reference to, 249

Reference to, 253

Death, Loss through, 109

Means of avoiding, 81

registration, 18

Unnecessary, 109

DENNY, Miss ADELINE, Motion by, 181

Department of Labor, Reference to, 108

Diseases of children, 244

Communicable, 84

Heredity of, 86

Immunity from, 84

Most active, 79, 80, 81

Occupational, 143

Prevention of introduction of contagious and infectious, 114

Prevention of the spread of, 117

of unknown genesis, 83

DOREMUS, CHARLES A., Letter from, 147

DOWLING, Dr. OSCAR, Address by, 139–144

DRINKER, Dr. HENRY STURGIS, Address by, 347–349

Drugs, Supervision of, 87

DUNN, JACOB P., Address by, 357–362

EASLEY, RALPH M., Address by, 272–281

Chairman Committee on Civics, 10

Education, Committee on, 10

of immigrants, 198

A plea for more equal educational opportunities, Address by

Professor E. T. FAIRCHILD, 134–139

In relation to Conservation, 59

Report of standing committees on, 66–71

Value of, 167, 168

Work in the community, 67

Work through legislation, 70

Work in the schools, 68

Efficiency, Human, Address by HARRINGTON EMERSON, 154–160

Elevator accidents, Legislation governing, 226

ELLIS, DON CARLOS, Presentation of Knoxville invitation by, 307–310

Resolution by, 310

EMERSON, HARRINGTON, Address by, 154–160

Employer, The duty of, Address by Dr. E. A. RUMELY, 144–147

Employment department, 154

Responsibility of, 237

EVANS, Dr. WILLIAM A., Speaker, 61

Executive Committee, 9

Adoption of report by, 288

Report by, 286

Exhibit, 22

Factory legislation, 274

FAIRBANKS, Hon. CHARLES WARREN, Address of welcome by, 24

FAIRCHILD, Professor E. T., Address by, 134–139

Farmers’ Union, President of, CHARLES S. BARRETT, 132

Farming, Scientific, 297

FARQUHAR, A. B., Address by, 214–223

Motion by, 288

FARRAND, Dr. LIVINGSTON, Address by, 264–271

Federal Forest Service, Reference to, by E. T. ALLEN, 63

Fish, Protection of, 19

FISHER, Professor IRVING, Address by, 103–111

Flood Damage, 291

Investigation of Pittsburgh Flood Commission, Address by

GEORGE M. LEHMAN, 289–296

prevention, 294

protection, 293

Food, Committee on, 10

preservation, Methods of, 328

production, Development of, 328

preservation, Requirement of, 328

products, Relative values of, 143

Section on, 326

Foods, Quality of cold storage, 332

Forest fires, 21

State appropriations for prevention of, 21

resources, Situation in States, 52, 53, 54

service, Commendation of, 20

Appropriations for, 20

Forestry, Attack upon, 321

Committee on, 10

Committee on Co-operation, 314

Committee on Permanent Organization, 314

Committee on Resolutions, 31

Education in, 313

policy, 323

Present situation in, Address by Prof. H. S. GRAVES, 318–325

Progress in State, 320

Reasons for government ownership, 324, 325

Report of Committee on Permanent Organization, 315, 316

Report of Committee on Resolutions, 315

section, 312

Organization of, 312

Register, 317

Forests, 20

and floods, 304

Address by E. T. ALLEN, 61–66

Protection by the States, 21

FOSTER, VOLNEY T., Member Committee on Credentials, 111

Game, Protection of, 19

General (including domesticated animals and wild life), Committee

on, 10

Federation of Women’s Clubs, Reference to, 240, 241

GIPE, J. C., Nomination of, for Recording Secretary, 288

Recording Secretary, 9

Recording Secretary, 1913, 11

GRAVES, HENRY S., Address by, 318–325

Chairman Committee on Forestry, 1913, 11

Chairman Committee on Forests, 10

Discussion of paper by, 316

Greetings to Congress, 182

GRIGGS, Major E. G., Address by, 183–195

Member Nominating Committee, 196

GROSS, H. H., Address by, 297–302

Habit-forming Drugs, 110

HADLEY, Governor of Missouri, Reference to, 231

Hon. HERBERT S., Governor of Missouri, Reference to, 296

HAMMOND, JOHN B., Adoption of Resolution by, 306

Health, Public Health, Reference to, 111

Powers of National Government Relating to, 112

Control, Authority in, Address by Dr. L. E. COFER, 111–112

Education in, 82

Federal Public Health Service, Activities of, 114

of Industrial Workers, 18

National Board of, Reference to, 113

of the People, 18

Public and Hygiene, Address by Dr. OSCAR DOWLING, 139–144

Work, Municipal, Reference to, 98, 99, 100

National, Reference to, 97

State, Reference to, 98

Heredity, 152

Hereditary Defects, 18

HILL, Rev. H. G., Invocation, 91

Hon. James J., Paper by, 349–352

HOLMES, Dr. JOSEPH A., Address by, 200–205

Chairman, Committee on Minerals, 10

Reference to, 38

Home, The, address by Mrs. MATTHEW T. SCOTT, 250–254

Conservation of the, 197

Making, 251

The Country, 199

Training in the, 250

Homes, Committee on, 10

HOPKINS, CYRIL G., reference to, 300

HORNADAY, Dr. W. T., address by, 72

Chairman, General Committee (including Domesticated Animals

and Wild Life), 10

Report of, as Chairman, Committee on Wild Life Protection, 344–347

Hospitals, Establishment of Public, 269

Human Efficiency, Address by Dr. HENRY WALLACE, 161–170

Reference to, 94

by President WHITE, 33

Life, Conservation of, 201

address by A. B. FARQUHAR, 214–223

Discussion of, by Dr. WILLIAM A. EVANS, 61

as a National Asset, Address by E. E. RITTENHOUSE, 92–102

HURTY, Dr. JOHN N., Address by, 148–154

Reference to, 246

Hygiene, Divisions of, 153

Essentially Preventive, 144

Need of Education in, 198

in Relation to Public Health, Address by Dr. OSCAR DOWLING,

139–144

in Its Relation to Health, 140

School, 150

Illness, 149

Immigrants, Proper Distribution of, 198

Indiana, Conservation Work in, 29

Health Work in, 29, 30

State Forestry Association, 29

State Board of Forestry, 29

Indianapolis, Welcome on Behalf of, 31

Industry, American, 236

Industrial Insurance, Reports of Washington Conservation Commission,

193, 194, 195

Infant Life, Protection of, 196

Mortality, Prevention of, 244

Initiative, Referendum and Direct Primary, 278

Insect Ravages, 19

Insurance, Working Man’s, 143

International Sunday School Association, Reference to, 178

Invitation to Congress from San Francisco, 286

from Knoxville, 182

Invitations from Cities Desiring Congress, 306

Iron Ore, State Production of, 50, 51

Irrigation, 51

“Is the Child Worth Conserving?” Address by Judge BEN B. LINDSEY,

170–181

JOHNSON, THOMAS H., Address by, 205–214

JONES, Col. W. A. FLEMING, 111

KELSEY, FREDERICK, Remarks by, 231

KENDALL, Mrs. ELMER E., Member, Nominating Committee, 196

KNAPP, JOSEPH P., Reference to, 186

Knoxville, Invitation from, 307–310

Labor, Values from, 146

Wage Scale and Hours, 305

Land, Drainage Schemes, 125

Dry Land Deals, 126

Effects of Land Frauds, 129

Eucalyptus Promotion, 125

Frauds, or Get-Rich-Quick Schemes, Address by Dr. GEORGE E.

CONDRA, 123–130

Fruit Land Promotion, 124

Irrigation Schemes, 124

Mineral Land Promotion, 124

Misrepresentation and Overvaluation of, 127

Oil and Gas Promotion, 124

Promoters’ Methods, 128

Schemes, 126

and Soil, Distribution of, 52

Lands, 19

and Agriculture, Committee on, 10

Report of Committee on, 123–130

Classification of, 20

Leasing of, 20

Withdrawal of Public, 20

LATCHAW, D. A., Nomination of, for Treasurer, 288

Treasurer, 1912, 9

1913, 11

LATHROP, Miss JULIA CLIFFORD, Address by, 242–249

Laws, Sumptuary, 89

LEHMAN, GEORGE M., Address by, 289–296

LIEBER, RICHARD, Address of Welcome by, 31

Chairman, Board of Managers, 1912, 9

Life, Average Human, 103

Duration of, in Sweden, 104

Lever Bill, Reference to, 300

Life Insurance Companies, Reference to, 101, 108

Life, Length of, 148

Loss of, in Mines, 204

Prolongation of, 90

Table of Expectation of, 77

waste, 94, 95, 96

LINDSEY, Judge BEN B., 170–181

Chairman, Committee on Child Life, 10

Living, Science of, 151

Logging, Hazards of, 190

LOOMIS, A. M., New York, Remarks by, 311

Lumber Manufacturers, Reference to, 185

“Lumberman’s Viewpoint, The,” Address by Major E. G. GRIGGS, 183–195

Lumbermen, Reference to, by E. T. ALLEN, 65

Support of Forestry by, 21

LUND, Mrs. HAVILAND H., Address by, 130–132

MCGEE, Dr. W J, 22

An Appreciation of, by W. C. MENDENHALL, 365–367

Chairman, Committee on National Parks, 10

Resolution on, 22

Mammoth Cave, Establishment of, as a National Park, 182, 183

MARTIN, Col. JOHN I., Sergeant-at-Arms, 23

Motion by, 91

Remarks by, 262, 263

Medicine, Patent, 150

Proprietary, 88

Men and Religion Forward Movement, Reference to, 178, 276

MENDENHALL, W. C., Report as Chairman, Committee on Waters, 335–344

MILLER, WINFIELD, Address of Welcome by, 33

Mine Legislation, 205

Minerals, 21

Committee on, 10

Long-time Leases of, 21

Waste of, 22

Mining, 22

Conditions, Improvement of, 204

as a Great Foundation of Industry, 201

Industry, 201, 202

Development of, 202

Loss of Life In, 22

MIX, Dr. M. W., Chairman Accident Prevention Section, 335

MOORE, Mrs. PHILIP N., Nomination of, for Vice-President, 288

Remarks by, 241

Vice-President, 1913, 11

Professor WILLIS N., Address by, 302–305

Mortality Statistics, 78

Mothers’ Compensation Law, 176

Pensions, 174

Municipal Government, 279

National Association of Conservation Commissioners, Election of

Officers, 335

Meeting of, 334, 335

of Manufacturers, Reference to, 146

Child Labor Committee, Reference to, 274

Civic Federation, Work of, 277

Congress of Mothers, Reference to, 196

Consumers’ League, Reference to, 172, 173

Conservation Association, Reference to, 56

Congress, Amendment to Constitution, 286, 287

Membership in, 287

Reference to, 56

Vice-President of, 286

Magazine, Suggestion of a, 302

Department of Health, Reference to, 108

Fertilizer Association, Report from, 363–365

League for Medical Freedom, Reference to, 222

Lumber Manufacturers’ Association, Reference to, 185, 187

Parks (including Mammoth Cave, Ky., and Adjacent Lands),

Committee on, 10

National Soil Fertility League, 299

Natural Gas, State Production of, 49, 50

Waste of, 22

Resources, Proper Utilization of, 184

Navigable Streams, Conservation of, 357–362

Nominating Committee, Adoption of Report of, 288

Appointment of, 195

Report by, 288

Officers, Appreciation of the Work of, 23

and Committees, 1912, 9

1913, 11

PACK, CHARLES LATHROP, Nomination of, for President, 288

Presentation of, as President, 288

President, 1913, 11

Remarks by, 289

PAGE, WALTER H., Chairman, Committee on Resolutions, 111

Report as Chairman of Committee on Resolutions, 306

Panama Canal, Reference to, 28, 106

Parent-Teacher Associations, Reference to, 199

PEARSON, Dr. T. GILBERT, Illustrated Address by, 71

Petroleum, State Production of, 49, 50

PHILPUTT, Rev. Dr. ALLAN B., Invocation by, 74

PINCHOT, GIFFORD, Message from, 74

Reference to, by Dr. WILEY, 75

Political Platforms, 110

Population, Increase in, 300

Public Health Movement, Address by Prof. IRVING FISHER, 103–111

Service, Organization of, 119, 120

Service, Activities of, 121, 122

State Laws Concerning, 284

Utility Corporations, in Their Relation to the Public, 277

Pure Food and Drugs, 279

Pittsburgh Flood Commission, Outline of Work, 290

Race Suicide, 96, 177

Railroad Accidents, Cause and Prevention of, 208

Statistics on, 211

Study of, 207

Railway Accidents, 206, 207

Classes of, 207

RAUH, CHARLES S., Report by, 363–365

Reception by Officers and Board of Managers, 73

Reforestation, 21

Refrigeration of Food Stuffs, 19

Reports of Washington Compensation Commission, 188

Rescue of the Fit, Address by HARRINGTON EMERSON, 154–160

Research, Scientific, 118

Resolution by R. P. BOLTON, 231

by FREDERICK KELSEY, 231

Resolutions, 18

Resources, Human, 140

RITTENHOUSE, E. E., Address by, 92, 102

RUMELY, Dr. EDWARD A., Address by, 144–147

Rural Schools, 22

Pupils in, 137

Sanitation in Pennsylvania, 216

Enforcement of, 119

of Foreign Commerce, 115

Sanitary Treaties, 116

Information, Collection of, 117

“Saving Miners’ Lives,” Address by Dr. JOSEPH A. HOLMES, 200–205

SCOTT, Mrs. MATTHEW T., Address by, 250–254

Chairman, Committee on Homes, 10

President-General, D. A. R., Introduction of, 249

Schools, Country, Needs of, 299

Growth in, 135

Rural, Reference to, 136

School Supervision, 138

Taxes, 137

Sewage Disposal, 19

Experiments in, 284

Disposition of, Address by Dr. BURTON J. ASHLEY, 281–286

SHIPP, THOMAS R., Executive Secretary, 1912, 9

1913, 11

Nomination and Election of, for Executive Secretary, 288

Social Evil, The, 277

Industry and Civic Progress, Address by RALPH M. EASLEY, 272–281

Soil Fertility, 162

in Europe, 297, 298

as National Asset, 297

Soil, The Story of the, Address by H. H. GROSS, 297–302

States, What They Are Doing, Dr. GEORGE E. CONDRA, 48

Standing Committees, 1912, 10

Report of, 367–368

STIMSON, Hon. HENRY L., Secretary of War, Address by, 41

Stimulants, Dangers of, 89

STORMS, Rev. Dr. A. B., Invocation by, 47

“Story of the Air,” Address by Prof. WILLIS N. MOORE, 302–305

Supplementary Proceedings, 312

Surveys, Climate, 58

Ground Water, 58

Social and Industrial Conditions, 58

Native Life, 58

Soils, 58

Structural, 58

Surface Water and Drainage, 58

Topographical, 57

Value of, 57, 58, 59

TAFT, President, Message from, 41

Personal Representative of, 41

TEAL, J. N., Chairman, Committee on Waters, 10

Tenement House Reform, 274

Timber Crop, 185

TOLL, JOHN D., Report by, 363–365

Training of Americans, 255

Tuberculosis Campaign, Outline of, 267

Deaths from, 264

Problem of, Address by Dr. LIVINGSTON FARRAND, 264–271

Registration, 265

of the Social Conditions, 266

Survey, 268

Typhoid Fever, 220

United States Steel Corporation, Reference to, 203

URNER, F. G., Address by, 327–334

Vice Commissions, 179

Vice-Presidents, 9

Vital Energy, 234

Resources, 10

Committee on, 10

of the Nation, Address by Dr. HENRY S. DRINKER, 347–349

State Activities in, 54, 55

Statistics, Address by A. B. Farquhar, 214–223

Vitality, Saving, 151

Vote of Thanks to Judge LINDSEY, 181

Wage-Earners, improvement of Conditions for, 273

Wage Question, 159

Wages, Improvement of, 273

WALKER, Mrs. JOHN R., Address by, 255–258

WALLACE, Dr. HENRY, Address by, 161–170

Chairman Pro Tem, 122

Member, Nominating Committee, 196

War, Policy of Waste; Peace Policy of Conservation, Address by

Mrs. ELMER BLACK, 352–356

Water Power, 22

Address of Hon. HENRY L. STIMSON, 41–46

Coosa River Bill, 45

Combination to Control, 184

James River Bill, 44

National Policy, 43

A Prominent Resource, 43

Public Control of, 22

Waters, Committee on, 10

WELCH, Dr. WILLIAM H., Chairman, Committee on Vital Statistics, 10

Weeks Law, Reference to, 319

Western Forestry and Conservation Association, Reference to, 65

WHEELER, N. P., Member, Nominating Committee, 196

WHITE, Hon. J. B., Address as President, 48

WHITE, President, Remarks in Presenting Hon. WOODROW WILSON, 232

Remarks Presenting CHARLES LATHROP PACK, 288

Remarks of, 33, 37, 40, 47, 75, 92, 102, 139, 160, 170, 181, 183,

195, 200, 231, 240, 264, 298

1912, 9

Announcements by, 111, 134, 182

Remarks by, 311

Statement by, 302

WICKS, Rev. Dr. F. S. C., Invocation by, 24

Wild Life Protection, State Activities in, 346

Report of Standing Committee of, 344

WILEY, Dr. HARVEY W., Address by, 75–91

Chairman, Committee on Food, 10

Chairman, Section on Food, 326

Mention of, 28

WILSON, WOODROW, Introduction of, by President WHITE, 232

Address by, 232–240

Woodworking Industries, Risks in, 189, 190

Women’s Meeting, 240

Workman’s Compensation Act, 187

Acts, States Which Have, 188

WORSHAM, E. LEE, Remarks by, 287

Chairman, Executive Committee, 1912, 9

1913, 11

Transcriber’s note

Consolidated the different spelling of cooperation and coöperation

with the most used co-operation throughout book

Added missing punctuation where needed

Wide tables were split into two parts for readability

pg 4 Changed Relation to Pulbic to: Public

pg 5 Changed Scott 250-258 to: 250-254

pg 5 Added letter h to Pittsburg in: Pittsburg, Mr. George M. Lehman

pg 10 Changed W J McGee. to: McGee,

pg 11 Changed Okland to: Oakland, Cal.

pg 14 Changed from the State Conservations to: Conservation

pg 16 Added period to: of less than 25,000.

pg 27 Changed take Russion with her to: Russia

pg 28 Changed spelling of: and familiarizing themeslves to:

themselves

pg 29 Changed comma to period at: drainage and the like.

pg 31 Changed spelling of: $600,000 to $300,000 annully to:

annually

pg 37 Changed something for beyond to: something far beyond

pg 43 Changed which will create waterpower to: water power

pg 45 Changed case of First, Is the river to: is

pg 54 Changed one of reforstation to: reforestation

pg 58 Changed spelling of older communities undistrubed to:

undisturbed

pg 74 Changed This we as through to: ask

pg 80 Changed principles of serum phophylaxis to: prophylaxis

pg 85 Changed spelling nature of the phagocytosthe to: phagocytose

pg 88 Changed spelling in any localtiy to: locality

pg 89 Changed spelling the use of stimulii to stimuli (3 places)

pg 98 Changed spelling other official public healh to: health

pg 100 Changed spelling height of absudity to: absurdity

pg 108 Changed spelling already passed the prosphorus to:

phosphorus

pg 111 Changed spelling simply to breath to: breathe

pg 124 Changed spelling speculation and over valuation to:

overvaluation (other matches in book)

pg 135 Matched spelling of little short of marvellous to: spelled

marvelous in other places

pg 135 Changed world-wide movement, by friends to: my friends

pg 135 Changed that not may purpose to: my purpose

pg 137 Changed they have not he to: the

pg 138 Added comma to million boys and girls,

pg 141 Changed low standards or decency to: of decency

pg 144 Changed spelling ethical and spirtual to: spiritual

pg 150 Removed unnecessary quote after: to have adequate

recreation.

pg 150 Changed spelling A Japanese physican to: physician

pg 152 Changed two instances of clamy hands, clamy feet to: clammy

pg 152 Changed insomnia, fugative pains to: fugitive pains

pg 154 Changed spelling temperance and sanitied to: sanitized

pg 155 Changed alloy steel because it work to: works

pg 166 Changed mathematics to compete to: compute

pg 166 Changed which tends to drawf to: dwarf

pg 172 Changed waterfalls and vendure to: verdure

pg 176 Changed spelling refuse to perfrom to: perform

pg 179 Changed where these things out to: ought

pg 206 Chart total for Scalded or Burned does not add up 197,

should be 297

pg 210 Changed human factor with its attendent to: attendant

pg 214 Changed President White—Whe to: We

pg 217 Changed Similiar to the work to: Similar

pg 235 Changed single quote to double after: partners in the

creation?

pg 236 Changed not write an immoral to: immortal

pg 247 Changed deux ex machina to: deus

pg 255 Changed abundance make it posible to: possible

pg 258 Changed I feel that this Congres to: Congress

pg 264 Changed each year and very probaly to: probably

pg 269 Changed in procuring the necesary to: necessary

pg 279 Changed released the rich, wheras to: whereas

pg 280 Changed mind that this resume to: resumé

pg 290 Changed Pittsburg having been to: Pittsburgh

pg 290 Changed In conection with complete to: In connection

pg 293 Changed also for deeping to: deepening

pg 294 Changed now successfully empolyed to: employed

pg 295 Changed derived by preventitive to: preventative

pg 303 Changed in the lower straum to: stratum

pg 304 Removed comma after if we go on and plant

pg 307 Removed period after Office of Public Roads

pg 308 Changed time when these Stats to: States

pg 309 Removed comma after Mr. Chairman, Knoxville

pg 313 Changed effort to secure reforstation. to: reforestation.

pg 316 Added period after: given the necessary publicity

pg 325 Changed In the hands of sopilsmen to: spoilsmen

pg 326 Changed and large quanities to: quantities

pg 333 Changed no criteron of their quality. to no criterion

pg 338 Added period to: governmental activity in this direction

pg 346 Changed North Carolina, Tennsesee to: Tennessee

pg 346 Changed extinct as the mastadon to: mastodon

pg 353 Changed International Court of Aribtration to: Arbitration

pg 358 Added double quote to: always applied it to “White River

pg 363 Changed be large in quanaity to: quantity

pg 364 Changed Not only since its inseption to: inception

pg 365 Removed the word for from: soil in the form for of food

pg 367 Changed he knew definitely that has to: his

pg 369 Added period to: Baumgartner, J.

pg 369 Changed capitalization of In relation to the home, 252 to:

in relation

pg 370 Changed Investigation of Pittsburgh Flood Commisson to:

Commission