Abstract names--the names of attributes.--J. S. Mill. Abstraction--fixing
thought on the point of resemblance in one body.--drawing off and
contemplating separately any part of an an object.
Action--a volition followed by an effect.--J. S. Mill.
Analogy--resemblance of relation.--Whately.
Analysis--the resolution of a complex whole into its component elements.
--J. S. Mill.
Argument--an expression in which, from something laid down as granted,
something else is deduced--Whately.
Argumentum ad hominem--appealing to an opponent's professed views.
A priori--reasoning from cause to effect.
A posteriori--arguing from effects to cause.
Body--the unknown cause of our sensations--J. S. Mill.
Cause--the invariable antecedent, or thing going before.--the stimulus
of an effect.
Conclusion--a proposition proved by argument.
Connotative terms--denote a subject, and imply an attribute.---. J.S.
Mill.
Consciousness--sensation of existences.
Definition--the separation of a thing, as by a boundary, from everything
else.
Discovery--finding out something already existing.
Effect--the immediate, invariable consequent, or the change produced by
power.
ENTHYMEME-An argument with one premiss suppressed being understood.
Experience--events which have taken place within a person's own
knowledge.--Whately.
Fallacy--an apparent argument.
General Terms--express the notion of partial similarity.
Generalisation--tracing certain points of resemblance.--naming one
respect in which many things agree.
Induction--universalisation of truth by inference from uniform facts.
Intuition--imaginary looking.--Whewell,
Logic--a scientific use of facts.
Logical Truth--that which admits of proof.--Chambers.
Mind--the unknown percipient of sensation.--J. S. Mill.
Necessary Truths--are those in which we not only learn that the
proposition is true, but see that it must be true; in which the negative
of the truth is not only false, but impossible; in which we cannot, even
by an effort of the imagination, or in a supposition, conceive the
reverse of that which is asserted.--Dr. Whewell: Phil. Inductive
Sciences, pp. 54-5, vol. 1.*
* As 'necessary truths' are much talked of I have introduced here, from
Whewell, the completest definition with which I am acquainted. For
myself, I coincide on this question with J. S. Mill, as quoted pp. 22-3.
Non-connotative Terms--denote a subject only and an attribute only.--J.
S. Mill.
Philosophy--the science of realities in opposition to that of mere
appearances--the attempt to comprehend things as they are, rather than as
they seem.--Morell.
Point at issue--the real question to be decided.
Power in logic, is the relation of circumstances to each other in time.
Premises the propositions which precede a "conclusion."--the name of the
propositions from which a conclusion is deduced.
Principle--an invariable rule.
Proof--sufficient evidence; the balance of probability in favour of a
proposition.
Proposition--a sentence which affirms or denies something.--Whately.--An
expression in words of a judgment.--J. S. Mill, Reason--the recognition
of facts.--the classification of facts.--following in the pathway of
facts.--the power of discerning coherences.--a premiss placed after its
conclusion.--the minor premiss--in the sense of Reason for asserting
something.
Reasoning--argumentation.--process, the same always. Subject--first term
of a proposition.
Syllogism--1. A general rule. 2. A fact contained under that rule. 3. A
conclusion that the fact is so contained.--an argument stated regularly
and at full length.--a valid argument so stated that its conclusiveness
is evident from the mere form of the expression.
Technical Terms--the tools of art.--Whately.
Technical Language--regularly formed, defined, and agreed on set of
expressions.
Testimony--second-hand experience. Direct evidence is that which is
professedly given. Incidental, is corroboration casually introduced on
one subject in the course of an evidence delivered on another.
Theory--is a system of rules intended to explain a class of facts. The
rules should be precise, and rest on a rigorous induction of facts or
probabilities.
Tradition--the relation of a circumstance, not committed to writing by
any person who observed it, but communicated orally from one to another
for a long period of time.
End of Project Gutenberg's A Logic Of Facts, by George Jacob Holyoake