opened for signature-3 March 1973
entered into force-1 July 1975
objective-to protect certain endangered species from overexploitation
by means of a system of import/export permits
parties-(134) Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The
Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia,
Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon,
Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia,
Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo,
Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial
Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The
Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,
Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy,
Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Liberia, Liechtenstein,
Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritius,
Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal,
Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama,
Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra
Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka,
Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand,
Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Uganda, UAE, UK, US,
Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(4) Cambodia,
Ireland, Kuwait, Lesotho
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and
Other Matter (London Convention)
note-abbreviated as Marine Dumping
opened for signature-29 December 1972
entered into force-30 August 1975
objective-to control pollution of the sea by dumping and to encourage
regional agreements supplementary to the Convention
parties-(77) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia,
Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil,
Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican
Republic, Egypt, EU, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece,
Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica,
Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico,
Monaco, Morocco, Nauru, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman,
Panama, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saint
Lucia, Seychelles, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain,
Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tonga, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Ukraine, UAE,
UK, US, Vanuatu, former Yugoslavia
Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of
Environmental Modification Techniques
note-abbreviated as Environmental Modification
opened for signature-10 December 1976
entered into force-5 October 1978
objective- to prohibit the military or other hostile use of
environmental modification techniques in order to further world peace
and trust among nations
parties-(64) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,
Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece,
Guatemala, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South
Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Malawi, Mauritius, Mongolia, Netherlands, NZ,
Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia,
Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Spain,
Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay,
Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(17) Bolivia,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Holy See, Iceland, Iran,
Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Morocco, Nicaragua, Portugal,
Sierra Leone, Syria, Turkey, Uganda
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as
Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar)
note-abbreviated as Wetlands
opened for signature-2 February 1971
entered into force- 21 December 1975
objective-to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands
now and in the future, recognizing the fundamental ecological
functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, and
recreational value
parties-(97) Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria,
Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Canada,
Chad, Chile, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote
d'Ivoire, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia,
Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala,
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia,
Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Latvia, Lesotho,
Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico,
Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama,
Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri
Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago,
Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, former
Yugoslavia, Zambia
Desertification see United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/
or Desertification, Particularly in Africa
Endangered Species see Convention on the International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)
Environmental Modification see Convention on the Prohibition of
Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification
Techniques
Hazardous Wastes see Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary
Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
note-abbreviated as Whaling
opened for signature-2 December 1946
entered into force- 10 November 1948
objective-to protect all species of whales from overhunting; to
establish a system of international regulation for the whale fisheries
to ensure proper conservation and development of whale stocks; and to
safeguard for future generations the great natural resources
represented by whale stocks
parties-(57) Antigua and Barbuda, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados,
Belize, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark (including Greenland),
Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, Fiji, Finland, France, The Gambia, Ghana,
Grenada, Guyana, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Kiribati, Latvia, Malaysia,
Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands (Netherlands also
extended the convention to Netherlands Antilles), NZ, Nicaragua,
Nigeria, Norway, Poland, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia,
Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname,
Switzerland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Tuvalu, UK,
US, former Yugoslavia
International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983
note-abbreviated as Tropical Timber 83
opened for signature-18 November 1983
entered into force-1 April 1985; this agreement will expire when the
International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994, goes into force
objective- to provide an effective framework for cooperation between
tropical timber producers and consumers and to encourage the
development of national policies aimed at sustainable utilization and
conservation of tropical forests and their genetic resources
parties-(54) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma,
Cameroon, Canada, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, EU,
Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana,
Honduras, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea,
Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Panama,
Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Venezuela
International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994
note-abbreviated as Tropical Timber 94
opened for signature-26 January 1994, but not yet in force
objective-to ensure that by the year 2000 exports of tropical timber
originate from sustainably managed sources; to establish a fund to
assist tropical timber producers in obtaining the resources necessary
to reach this objective
parties-(51) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma,
Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, China, Colombia,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote
d'Ivoire, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon,
Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Japan,
South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ,
Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, UK, US, Venezuela
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(3) Ireland, Italy,
Portugal
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change
note-abbreviated as Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
opened for signature-16 March 1998, but not yet in force
objective-to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions by enhancing the
national programs of developed countries aimed at this goal and by
establishing percentage reduction targets for the developed countries
parties-(0)
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(12) Antigua and
Barbuda, Argentina, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Federated
States of Micronesia, Philippines, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, Switzerland
Law of the Sea see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(LOS)
Marine Dumping see Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by
Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention)
Marine Life Conservation see Convention on Fishing and Conservation of
Living Resources of the High Seas
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
note-abbreviated as Ozone Layer Protection
opened for signature-16 September 1987
entered into force-1 January 1989
objective-to protect the ozone layer by controlling emissions of
substances that deplete it
parties-(165) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia,
Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados,
Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi,
Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,
Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the
Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El
Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The
Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,
Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland,
Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea,
South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,
Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta,
Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of
Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia,
Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan,
Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,
Portugal (Portugal has also extended the protocol to Macau), Qatar,
Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka,
Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan,
Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,
Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay,
Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, former Yugoslavia,
Zambia, Zimbabwe
Nuclear Test Ban see Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the
Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water
Ozone Layer Protection see Montreal Protocol on Substances That
Deplete the Ozone Layer
Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL)
note-abbreviated as Ship Pollution
opened for signature-17 February 1978
entered into force-2 October 1983
objective-to preserve the marine environment through the complete
elimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the
minimization of accidental discharge of such substances
parties-(96) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia,
Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Brunei,
Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cote
d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti,
Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon,
The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India,
Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya,
North Korea, South Korea, Latvia, Lebanon, Liberia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco,
Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New
Guinea, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa,
Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia,
Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam,
former Yugoslavia
Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
note-abbreviated as Antarctic-Environmental Protocol
opened for signature-4 October 1991
entered into force-14 January 1998
objective- to enhance the protection of the Antarctic environment and
dependent and associated ecosystems
parties-(27) Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, China,
Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, Japan, South
Korea, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Peru, Poland, Russia, South Africa,
Spain, Sweden, UK, US, Uruguay
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(16) Austria,
Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Guatemala,
Hungary, North Korea, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Slovakia,
Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or
Their Transboundary Fluxes
note-abbreviated as Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides
opened for signature-31 October 1988
entered into force-14 February 1991
objective- to provide for the control or reduction of nitrogen oxides
and their transboundary fluxes
parties-(25) Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic,
Denmark, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy,
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, US
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(3) Belgium, Greece,
Poland
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic
Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes
note-abbreviated as Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds
opened for signature-18 November 1991, but not yet in force
objective-to provide for the control and reduction of emissions of
volatile organic compounds in order to reduce their transboundary
fluxes so as to protect human health and the environment from adverse
effects
parties-(17) Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(7) Belgium, Canada,
EU, Greece, Portugal, Ukraine, US
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions
note-abbreviated as Air Pollution-Sulphur 94
opened for signature-14 June 1994, but not yet in force
objective-to provide for a further reduction in sulfur emissions or
transboundary fluxes
parties-(14) Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Greece,
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Slovakia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, UK
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(14) Austria,
Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, EU, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland,
Italy, Poland, Russia, Slovenia, Ukraine
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or Their Transboundary
Fluxes by at Least 30%
note-abbreviated as Air Pollution-Sulphur 85
opened for signature-8 July 1985
entered into force- 2 September 1987
objective-to provide for a 30% reduction in sulfur emissions or
transboundary fluxes by 1993
parties-(21) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy,
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia,
Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine
Ship Pollution see Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL)
Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space,
and Under Water
note-abbreviated as Nuclear Test Ban
opened for signature-5 August 1963
entered into force-10 October 1963
objective-to obtain an agreement on general and complete disarmament
under strict international control in accordance with the objectives
of the United Nations; to put an end to the armaments race and
eliminate incentives for the production and testing of all kinds of
weapons, including nuclear weapons
parties-(125) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia,
Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin,
Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria,
Burma, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile,
China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote
d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji,
Finland, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala,
Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran,
Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South
Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar,
Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia,
Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway,
Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland,
Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Samoa, San Marino, Senegal, Seychelles,
Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri
Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,
Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,
Uganda, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen, former Yugoslavia,
Zambia
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(11) Algeria, Burkina
Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Haiti, Mali, Paraguay, Portugal,
Somalia, Vietnam
Tropical Timber 83 see International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983
Tropical Timber 94 see International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)
note-abbreviated as Law of the Sea
opened for signature-10 December 1982
entered into force-16 November 1994
objective-to set up a comprehensive new legal regime for the sea and
oceans; to include rules concerning environmental standards as well as
enforcement provisions dealing with pollution of the marine
environment parties-(125) Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belize,
Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei,
Bulgaria, Burma, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Comoros,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote
d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Djibouti, Dominica,
Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The
Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, India, Indonesia,
Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea,
Kuwait, Lebanon, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malaysia,
Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico,
Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco, Mongolia, Mozambique, Namibia,
Nauru, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau,
Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Philippines, Portugal, Romania,
Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,
Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon
Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden,
Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UK,
Uruguay, Vietnam, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(46) Afghanistan,
Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia,
Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Republic of the
Congo, Denmark, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Hungary,
Iran, North Korea, Laos, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein,
Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Morocco, Nepal, Nicaragua,
Niger, Niue, Poland, Qatar, Rwanda, Suriname, Swaziland, Switzerland,
Thailand, Tuvalu, Ukraine, UAE, Vanuatu
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries
Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in
Africa
note-abbreviated as Desertification
opened for signature-14 October 1994
entered into force-26 December 1996
objective-to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of
drought through national action programs that incorporate long-term
strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership
arrangements
parties-(124) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium,
Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi,
Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic,
Chad, Chile, China, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa
Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea,
Ethiopia, EU, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana,
Greece, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras,
Iceland, India, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Jordan,
Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho,
Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta,
Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia,
Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua,
Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru,
Portugal, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South
Africa, Spain, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,
Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UK,
Uzbekistan, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified- (12) Australia,
Colombia, Republic of the Congo, Croatia, Georgia, Indonesia, South
Korea, Philippines, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, US, Vanuatu
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change