total: 136.3 million (includes unemployed) (1997)
by occupation: managerial and professional 29.1%, technical, sales and
administrative support 29.6%, services 13.5%, manufacturing, mining,
transportation, and crafts 25.1%, farming, forestry, and fishing 2.7%
Unemployment rate: 4.9% (1997)
Budget:
revenues: $1.579 trillion
expenditures: $1.601 trillion, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1997)
Industries: leading industrial power in the world, highly diversified
and technologically advanced; petroleum, steel, motor vehicles,
aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food
processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining
Industrial production growth rate: 3.9% (1997)
Electricity-capacity: 741.589 million kW (1995)
Electricity-production: 3.585 trillion kWh (1995)
Electricity-consumption per capita: 13,732 kWh (1995)
Agriculture-products: wheat, other grains, corn, fruits, vegetables,
cotton; beef, pork, poultry, dairy products; forest products; fish
Exports:
total value: $625.1 billion (f.o.b., 1996)
commodities: capital goods, automobiles, industrial supplies and raw
materials, consumer goods, agricultural products
partners: Canada 22%, Western Europe 21%, Japan 11%, Mexico 8% (1995)
Imports:
total value: $822 billion (c.i.f., 1996)
commodities: crude oil and refined petroleum products, machinery,
automobiles, consumer goods, industrial raw materials, food and
beverages
partners: Canada, 20%, Western Europe 18%, Japan 16.5%, Mexico 8%
(1995)
Debt-external: $862 billion (1995 est.)
Economic aid:
donor: ODA, $9.721 billion (1993)
Currency: 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: British pounds (£) per US$-0.6115 (January 1998),
0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996), 0.6335 (1995), 0.6529 (1994), 0.6658
(1993); Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$-1.4408 (January 1998), 1.3846
(1997), 1.3635 (1996), 1.3724 (1995), 1.3656 (1994), 1.2901 (1993);
French francs (F) per US$-6.0836 (January 1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155
(1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993); Italian lire
(Lit) per US$-1,787.7 (January 1997), 1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996),
1,628.9 (1995), 1,612.4 (1994), 1,573.7 (1993); Japanese yen (¥) per
US$-129.45 (January 1998), 120.99 (1997), 108.78 (1996), 94.06 (1995),
102.21 (1994), 111.20 (1993); German deutsche marks (DM) per US$ -
1.8167 (January 1998), 1.7341 (1997), 1.5048 (1996), 1.4331 (1995),
1.6228 (1994), 1.6533 (1993)
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
Communications
Telephones: 182.558 million (1987 est.)
Telephone system:
domestic: a large system of fiber-optic cable, microwave radio relay,
coaxial cable, and domestic satellites carries conventional telephone
traffic; a rapidly growing cellular system carries mobile telephone
traffic throughout country
international: 24 ocean cable systems in use; satellite earth
stations-61 Intelsat (45 Atlantic Ocean and 16 Pacific Ocean) (1990
est.), 5 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 4 Inmarsat (Pacific
and Atlantic Ocean regions)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 4,987, FM 4,932, shortwave 0
Radios: 540.5 million (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 1,092 (in addition, there are about
9,000 cable TV systems)
Televisions: 215 million (1993 est.)
@United States:Transportation
Railways:
total: 240,000 km mainline routes (nongovernment owned)
standard gauge: 240,000 km 1.435-m gauge (1989)
Highways:
total: 6.42 million km
paved: 3,903,360 km (including 88,400 km of expressways)
unpaved: 2,516,640 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: 41,009 km of navigable inland channels, exclusive of the
Great Lakes
Pipelines: petroleum products 276,000 km; natural gas 331,000 km
(1991)
Ports and harbors: Anchorage, Baltimore, Boston, Charleston, Chicago,
Duluth, Hampton Roads, Honolulu, Houston, Jacksonville, Los Angeles,
New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Port Canaveral, Portland
(Oregon), Prudhoe Bay, San Francisco, Savannah, Seattle, Tampa, Toledo
Merchant marine:
total: 286 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,627,000 GRT/13,257,000
DWT
ships by type: bulk 15, container 79, chemical tanker 15,
roll-on/roll-off 28, liquefied gas tanker 13, cruise/passenger 3,
tanker 94, tanker tug-barge 12, other 27
note: in addition, there are 192 government-owned vessels (1997 est.)
Airports: 14,574 (1997 est.)
Airports-with paved runways:
total: 5,167
over 3,047 m: 181
2,438 to 3,047 m: 218
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1,280
914 to 1,523 m: 2,450
under 914 m: 1,038 (1997 est.)
Airports-with unpaved runways:
total: 9,407
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 6
1,524 to 2,437 m: 164
914 to 1,523 m: 1,686
under 914 m: 7,550 (1997 est.)
Heliports: 109 (1997 est.)
@United States:Military
Military branches: Department of the Army, Department of the Navy
(includes Marine Corps), Department of the Air Force
note: the Coast Guard falls under the Department of Transportation,
but in wartime reports to the Department of the Navy
Military manpower-military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower-availability:
males age 15-49: 69,672,519 (1998 est.)
Military manpower-fit for military service:
males: NA
Military manpower-reaching military age annually:
males: 1,990,912 (1998 est.)
Military expenditures-dollar figure: $267.2 billion (1997 est.)
Military expenditures-percent of GDP: 3.4% (1997 est.)
@United States:Transnational Issues
Disputes-international: maritime boundary disputes with Canada (Dixon
Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, Machias Seal Island);
US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased from Cuba and only mutual
agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease; Haiti
claims Navassa Island; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica
(but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the
claims of any other nation; Marshall Islands claims Wake Island
Illicit drugs: consumer of cocaine shipped from Colombia through
Mexico and the Caribbean; consumer of heroin, marijuana, and
increasingly methamphetamines from Mexico; consumer of high-quality
Southeast Asian heroin; illicit producer of cannabis, marijuana,
depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and methamphetamines; drug
money-laundering center
______________________________________________________________________
URUGUAY
@Uruguay:Geography
Location: Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean,
between Argentina and Brazil
Geographic coordinates: 33 00 S, 56 00 W
Map references: South America
Area:
total: 176,220 sq km
land: 173,620 sq km
water: 2,600 sq km
Area-comparative: slightly smaller than Washington State
Land boundaries:
total: 1,564 km
border countries: Argentina 579 km, Brazil 985 km
Coastline: 660 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
territorial sea: 200 nm; overflight and navigation guaranteed beyond
12 nm
Climate: warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown
Terrain: mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Cerro Catedral 514 m
Natural resources: fertile soil, hydropower, minor minerals, fisheries
Land use:
arable land: 7%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 77%
forests and woodland: 6%
other: 10% (1997 est.)
Irrigated land: 7,700 sq km (1997 est.)
Natural hazards: seasonally high winds (the pampero is a chilly and
occasional violent wind which blows north from the Argentine pampas),
droughts, floods; because of the absence of mountains, which act as
weather barriers, all locations are particularly vulnerable to rapid
changes in weather fronts
Environment-current issues: substantial pollution from Brazilian
industry along border; one-fifth of country affected by acid rain
generated by Brazil; water pollution from meat packing/tannery
industry; inadequate solid/hazardous waste disposal
Environment-international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation
@Uruguay:People
Population: 3,284,841 (July 1998 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 24% (male 405,894; female 386,479)
15-64 years: 63% (male 1,019,682; female 1,048,844)
65 years and over: 13% (male 176,467; female 247,475) (July 1998 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.71% (1998 est.)
Birth rate: 16.92 births/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Death rate: 8.89 deaths/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female (1998 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 14.11 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.53 years
male: 72.39 years
female: 78.84 years (1998 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.29 children born/woman (1998 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Uruguayan(s)
adjective: Uruguayan
Ethnic groups: white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian,
practically nonexistent
Religions: Roman Catholic 66% (less than one-half of the adult
population attends church regularly), Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%,
nonprofessing or other 30%
Languages: Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on
the Brazilian frontier)
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.3%
male: 96.9%
female: 97.7% (1995 est.)
@Uruguay:Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Oriental Republic of Uruguay
conventional short form: Uruguay
local long form: Republica Oriental del Uruguay
local short form: Uruguay
Data code: UY
Government type: republic
National capital: Montevideo
Administrative divisions: 19 departments (departamentos,
singular-departamento); Artigas, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Colonia,
Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Montevideo, Paysandu,
Rio Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, Tacuarembo,
Treinta y Tres
Independence: 25 August 1825 (from Brazil)
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 August (1825)
Constitution: 27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended 27
June 1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980;
two constitutional reforms approved by plebiscite 26 November 1989 and
7 January 1997
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Julio Maria SANGUINETTI (since 1 March 1995)
and Vice President Hugo BATALLA (since 1 March 1995); note-the
president is both the chief of state and head of government; the
vice-president is also the Senate president
head of government: President Julio Maria SANGUINETTI (since 1 March
1995) and Vice President Hugo BATALLA (since 1 March 1995); note-the
president is both the chief of state and head of government; the
vice-president is also the Senate president
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president with
parliamentary approval
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by
popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 27 November 1994
(next to be held 31 October 1999 with run-off election if necessary on
28 November 1999)
election results: Julio Maria SANGUINETTI elected president; percent
of vote-23%
Legislative branch: bicameral General Assembly or Asamblea General
consists of Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (30 seats;
members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and
Chamber of Representatives or Camara de Representantes (99 seats;
members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: Chamber of Senators-last held 27 November 1994 (next to be
held 31 October 1999); Chamber of Representatives-last held 27
November 1994 (next to be held 31 October 1999)
election results: Chamber of Senators-percent of vote by
party-Colorado 36%, Blanco 34%, Encuentro Progresista 27%, New Sector
3%; seats by party-Colorado 11, Blanco 10, Encuentro Progresista 8,
New Sector 1; Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by
party-Colorado 32%, Blanco 31%, Encuentro Progresista 31%, New Sector
5%; seats by party-Colorado 32, Blanco 31, Encuentro Progresista 31,
New Sector 5
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges are nominated by the president
and elected for 10-year terms by the General Assembly
Political parties and leaders: National (Blanco) Party, Alberto
VOLONTE Berro; Herrerista faction of the Blanco Party, Luis LACALLE;
Colorado Party, Julio M. SANGUINETTI, Jorge BATLLE; Broad Front
Coalition, Tabare VAZQUEZ (until 28 September 1997); New Sector
Coalition, Rafael MICHELINI; Progressive Encounter (Encuentro
Progresista), Tabare VAZQUEZ
note: Hugo BATALLA and host of People's Government Party (PGP) have
rejoined the Colorado Party
International organization participation: AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC,
FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES,
LAIA, Mercosur, MINUGUA, MINURSO, MONUA, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL,
PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNMOT, UNOMIG,
UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Alvaro DIEZ DE MEDINA SUAREZ
chancery: 2715 M Street, NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 331-1313 through 1316
FAX: [1] (202) 331-8142
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, Miami, and New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Christopher A. ASHBY
embassy: Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo
mailing address: APO AA 34035
telephone: [598] (2) 203 60 61, 408 77 77
FAX: [598] (2) 408 86 11
Flag description: nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and
bottom) alternating with blue; there is a white square in the upper
hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face known as the
Sun of May and 16 rays alternately triangular and wavy
@Uruguay:Economy
Economy-overview: Uruguay's small economy benefits from a favorable
climate for agriculture and substantial hydropower potential. Economic
development has been restrained in recent years by high-though
declining-inflation and extensive government regulation. The
SANGUINETTI government's conservative monetary and fiscal policies are
aimed at continuing to reduce inflation; other priorities include
extensive reform of the social security system and increased
investment in education. Economic performance remains sensitive to
conditions in Argentina and Brazil, largely because more than half of
Uruguay's trade is conducted with its partners in Mercosur (the
Southern Cone Common Market).
GDP: purchasing power parity-$29.1 billion (1997 est.)
GDP-real growth rate: 5.1% (1997)
GDP-per capita: purchasing power parity-$8,900 (1997 est.)
GDP-composition by sector:
agriculture: 10.8%
industry: 27.4%
services: 61.8% (1995)
Inflation rate-consumer price index: 15.2% (1997)
Labor force:
total: 1.38 million (1997 est.)
by occupation: government 25%, manufacturing 19%, agriculture 11%,
commerce 12%, utilities, construction, transport, and communications
12%, other services 21% (1988 est.)
Unemployment rate: 10.3% (December 1997)
Budget:
revenues: $4 billion
expenditures: $4.3 billion, with capital expenditures of $385 million
(1997 est.)
Industries: meat processing, wool and hides, sugar, textiles,
footwear, leather apparel, tires, cement, petroleum refining, wine
Industrial production growth rate: 5.6% (1997)
Electricity-capacity: 2.055 million kW (1995)
Electricity-production: 7.6 billion kWh (1995)
Electricity-consumption per capita: 1,852 kWh (1995)
Agriculture-products: wheat, rice, corn, sorghum; livestock; fishing
Exports:
total value: $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 1997)
commodities: wool and textile manufactures, beef and other animal
products, rice, fish and shellfish, chemicals
partners: Brazil, Argentina, US, Germany, Italy
Imports:
total value: $3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1997)
commodities: machinery and equipment, vehicles, chemicals, minerals,
plastics, oil
partners: Brazil, Argentina, US, Italy, Germany
Debt-external: $4.6 billion (1996 est.)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $63 million (1994)
Currency: 1 Uruguayan peso ($Ur) = 100 centesimos
Exchange rates: Uruguayan pesos ($Ur) per US$1-9.98 (January 1998),
9.4448 (1997), 7.9718 (1996), 6.3491 (1995), 5.0529 (1994), 3.9484
(1993)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 767,333 (1997)
Telephone system: some modern facilities
domestic: most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; new
nationwide microwave radio relay network
international: satellite earth stations-2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 72, FM 0, shortwave 28
Radios: 1.89 million (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 42
Televisions: 1,131,065 (1996)
@Uruguay:Transportation
Railways:
total: 2,998 km (918 km closed) (1997)
standard gauge: 2,075 km 1.435-m gauge
Highways:
total: 8,420 km
paved: 7,578 km
unpaved: 842 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: 1,600 km; used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft
Ports and harbors: Fray Bentos, Montevideo, Nueva Palmira, Paysandu,
Punta del Este, Colonia, Piriapolis
Merchant marine:
total: 2 oil tanker ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 44,042
GRT/83,684 DWT (1997 est.)
Airports: 64 (1997 est.)
Airports-with paved runways:
total: 15
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 8
under 914 m: 1 (1997 est.)
Airports-with unpaved runways:
total: 49
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 14
under 914 m: 33 (1997 est.)
@Uruguay:Military
Military branches: Army, Navy (includes Naval Air Arm, Coast Guard,
Marines), Air Force, Police (Coracero Guard, Grenadier Guard)
Military manpower-availability:
males age 15-49: 799,977 (1998 est.)
Military manpower-fit for military service:
males: 648,999 (1998 est.)
Military expenditures-dollar figure: $172 million (1996)
Military expenditures-percent of GDP: 0.9% (1996)
@Uruguay:Transnational Issues
Disputes-international: two short sections of the boundary with Brazil
are in dispute-Arroyo de la Invernada (Arroio Invernada) area of the
Rio Cuareim (Rio Quarai) and the islands at the confluence of the Rio
Cuareim (Rio Quarai) and the Uruguay River
______________________________________________________________________
UZBEKISTAN
@Uzbekistan:Geography
Location: Central Asia, north of Afghanistan
Geographic coordinates: 41 00 N, 64 00 E
Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States
Area:
total: 447,400 sq km
land: 425,400 sq km
water: 22,000 sq km
Area-comparative: slightly larger than California
Land boundaries:
total: 6,221 km
border countries: Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan
1,099 km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km
Coastline: 0 km
note: Uzbekistan borders the Aral Sea (420 km)
Maritime claims: none (doubly landlocked)
Climate: mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters;
semiarid grassland in east
Terrain: mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad, flat
intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya, Sirdaryo,
and Zarafshon; Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous
Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Sariqarnish Kuli -12 m
highest point: Adelunga Toghi 4,301 m
Natural resources: natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium,
silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum
Land use:
arable land: 9%
permanent crops: 1%
permanent pastures: 46%
forests and woodland: 3%
other: 41% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 40,000 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: NA
Environment-current issues: drying up of the Aral Sea is resulting in
growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these
substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and
contribute to desertification; water pollution from industrial wastes
and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause of many
human health disorders; increasing soil salinization; soil
contamination from agricultural chemicals, including DDT
Environment-international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography-note: along with Liechtenstein, one of the only two doubly
landlocked countries in the world
@Uzbekistan:People
Population: 23,784,321 (July 1998 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 38% (male 4,591,140; female 4,451,246)
15-64 years: 57% (male 6,755,371; female 6,874,483)
65 years and over: 5% (male 435,036; female 677,045) (July 1998 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.33% (1998 est.)
Birth rate: 23.69 births/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Death rate: 7.68 deaths/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Net migration rate: -2.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.64 male(s)/female (1998 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 71.04 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 64.11 years
male: 60.49 years
female: 67.91 years (1998 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.87 children born/woman (1998 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Uzbekistani(s)
adjective: Uzbekistani
Ethnic groups: Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%,
Karakalpak 2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)
Religions: Muslim 88% (mostly Sunnis), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%
Languages: Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97%
male: 98%
female: 96% (1989 est.)
@Uzbekistan:Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Uzbekistan
conventional short form: Uzbekistan
local long form: Uzbekiston Respublikasi
local short form: none
former: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
Data code: UZ
Government type: republic; effectively authoritarian presidential
rule, with little power outside the executive branch and executive
power concentrated in the presidency
National capital: Tashkent (Toshkent)
Administrative divisions: 12 wiloyatlar (singular-wiloyat), 1
autonomous republic* (respublikasi), and 1 city** (shahri); Andijon
Wiloyati, Bukhoro Wiloyati, Jizzakh Wiloyati, Farghona Wiloyati,
Qoraqalpoghiston* (Nukus), Qashqadaryo Wiloyati (Qarshi), Khorazm
Wiloyati (Urganch), Namangan Wiloyati, Nawoiy Wiloyati, Samarqand
Wiloyati, Sirdaryo Wiloyati (Guliston), Surkhondaryo Wiloyati
(Termiz), Toshkent Shahri**, Toshkent Wiloyati
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their
administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name
following in parentheses)
Independence: 31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 September (1991)
Constitution: new constitution adopted 8 December 1992
Legal system: evolution of Soviet civil law; still lacks independent
judicial system
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal