chief of mission: Ambassador Mamadou Mansour SECK
chancery: 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 234-0540
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Dane Farnsworth SMITH, Jr.
embassy: Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Avenue Kleber, Dakar
mailing address: B. P. 49, Dakar
telephone: [221] 23 42 96, 23 34 24
FAX: [221] 22 29 91
Flag description: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side),
yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the
yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
@Senegal:Economy
Economy-overview: In January 1994, Senegal undertook a bold and
ambitious economic reform program with the support of the
international donor community. This reform began with a 50%
devaluation of Senegal's currency, the CFA franc, which is linked at a
fixed rate to the French franc. Government price controls and
subsidies have been steadily dismantled. After seeing its economy
contract by 2.1% in 1993, Senegal made an important turnaround, thanks
to the reform program, with real growth in GDP of 5.6% in 1996 and
4.7% in 1997. Annual inflation has been pushed below 3% and the fiscal
deficit has been cut to less than 1.5% of GDP. Investment has been
steadily rising from 13.8% of GDP in 1993 to 16.5% in 1997. As a
member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA),
Senegal is working toward greater regional integration with a unified
external tariff. Senegal also realized full Internet connectivity in
1996, creating a miniboom in information technology-based services.
Private activity now accounts for 82% of GDP. On the negative side,
Senegal faces deep-seated urban problems of chronic unemployment,
juvenile delinquency, and drug addiction.
GDP: purchasing power parity-$15.6 billion (1997 est.)
GDP-real growth rate: 4.7% (1997 est.)
GDP-per capita: purchasing power parity-$1,850 (1997 est.)
GDP-composition by sector:
agriculture: 19%
industry: 17%
services: 64% (1996 est.)
Inflation rate-consumer price index: 2.5% (1997 est.)
Labor force: NA
by occupation: agriculture 60%
Unemployment rate: NA%; urban youth 40%
Budget:
revenues: $885 million
expenditures: $885 million, including capital expenditures of $125
million (1996 est.)
Industries: agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining,
fertilizer production, petroleum refining, construction materials
Industrial production growth rate: 7.4% (1996 est.)
Electricity-capacity: 303,440 kW (1997)
Electricity-production: 1.027 billion kWh (1997 est.)
Electricity-consumption per capita: 109 kWh (1997 est.)
Agriculture-products: peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton,
tomatoes, green vegetables; cattle, poultry, pigs; fish
Exports:
total value: $986 million (f.o.b., 1996)
commodities: fish, ground nuts (peanuts), petroleum products,
phosphates, cotton
partners: France, other EU countries, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali
Imports:
total value: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1996)
commodities: foods and beverages, consumer goods, capital goods,
petroleum products
partners: France 30%, other EU countries, Nigeria, Cameroon, Cote
d'Ivoire, Algeria, China, Japan
Debt-external: $3.7 billion (1996)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $439 million (1993)
Currency: 1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100
centimes
Exchange rates: CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1-608.36 (January 1998),
583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1966), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16
(1993)
note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF
100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since
1948
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 81,988 (1995 est.)
Telephone system:
domestic: above-average urban system; microwave radio relay, coaxial
cable and fiber optic cable in trunk system
international: 4 submarine cables; satellite earth station-1 Intelsat
(Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 6, shortwave 1
Radios: 850,000 (1993 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 1
Televisions: 61,000 (1993 est.)
@Senegal:Transportation
Railways:
total: 904 km
narrow gauge: 904 km 1.000-meter gauge (70 km double track) (1995)
Highways:
total: 14,576 km
paved: 4,271 km
unpaved: 10,305 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: 897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal river, and 112 km on
the Saloum river
Ports and harbors: Dakar, Kaolack, Matam, Podor, Richard-Toll,
Saint-Louis, Ziguinchor
Merchant marine:
total: 1 bulk ship, 1,995 GRT/3,775 DWT (1997 est.)
Airports: 20 (1997 est.)
Airports-with paved runways:
total: 10
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (1997 est.)
Airports-with unpaved runways:
total: 10
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 1 (1997 est.)
@Senegal:Military
Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie,
National Police (Surete Nationale)
Military manpower-military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower-availability:
males age 15-49: 2,016,128 (1998 est.)
Military manpower-fit for military service:
males: 1,052,825 (1998 est.)
Military manpower-reaching military age annually:
males: 98,869 (1998 est.)
Military expenditures-dollar figure: $81 million (1996 est.)
Military expenditures-percent of GDP: 2.1% (1996 est.)
@Senegal:Transnational Issues
Disputes-international: short section of boundary with The Gambia is
indefinite
Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian
heroin moving to Europe and North America; illicit cultivator of
cannabis
______________________________________________________________________
SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO
Introduction
Current issues: Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a
joint independent state, but this entity has not been formally
recognized as a state by the US; the US view is that the Socialist
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), has dissolved and that none of
the successor republics represents its continuation.
@Serbia and Montenegro:Geography
Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between
Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Geographic coordinates: 44 00 N, 21 00 E
Map references: Europe
Area:
total: 102,350 sq km (Serbia 88,412 sq km; Montenegro 13,938 sq km)
land: 102,136 sq km (Serbia 88,412 sq km; Montenegro 13,724 sq km)
water: 214 sq km (Serbia 0 sq km; Montenegro 214 sq km)
Area-comparative: slightly smaller than Kentucky (Serbia is slightly
larger than Maine; Montenegro is slightly smaller than Connecticut)
Land boundaries:
total: 2,246 km
border countries: Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with
Montenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia, 215 km
with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km (with Serbia), Croatia (north) 241
km (with Serbia), Croatia (south) 25 km (with Montenegro), Hungary 151
km (with Serbia), The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 221 km
(with Serbia), Romania 476 km (with Serbia)
note: the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km
Coastline: 199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)
Maritime claims: NA
Climate: in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid
summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental
and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the
coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with
heavy snowfall inland
Terrain: extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the
east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains
and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands
off the coast
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Daravica 2,656 m
Natural resources: oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc,
nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome
Land use:
arable land: NA%
permanent crops: NA%
permanent pastures: NA%
forests and woodland: NA%
other: NA%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes
Environment-current issues: pollution of coastal waters from sewage
outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air
pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution
from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the
Danube
Environment-international agreements:
party to: none of the selected agreements
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography-note: controls one of the major land routes from Western
Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along the
Adriatic coast
@Serbia and Montenegro:People
Population: 11,206,039 (July 1998 est.) (Montenegro-679,904;
Serbia-10,526,135)
Age structure:
0-14 years: Montenegro-22% (male 76,764; female 71,647); Serbia- 20%
(male 1,121,483; female 1,043,535)
15-64 years: Montenegro-67% (male 231,849; female 227,268); Serbia-
67% (male 3,539,198; female 3,487,318)
65 years and over: Montenegro-11% (male 29,837; female 42,539);
Serbia- 13% (male 575,697; female 758,904) (July 1998 est.)
Population growth rate: Montenegro-0.07%; Serbia--0.02% (1998 est.)
Birth rate: Montenegro-13.55 births/1,000 population; Serbia-12.62
births/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Death rate: Montenegro-7.40 deaths/1,000 population; Serbia-9.67
deaths/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Net migration rate: Montenegro: -5.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population;
Serbia: -3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: Montenegro-1.09 male(s)/female; Serbia-1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: Montenegro-1.07 male(s)/female; Serbia-1.07
male(s)/female
15-64 years: Montenegro-1.02 male(s)/female; Serbia-1.01
male(s)/female
65 years and over: Montenegro-0.70 male(s)/female; Serbia-0.75
male(s)/female (1998 est.)
Infant mortality rate: Montenegro-11.24 deaths/1,000 live births;
Serbia-17.11 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: Montenegro-76.14 years; Serbia-73.17 years
male: Montenegro-72.67 years; Serbia-70.77 years
female: Montenegro-79.92 years; Serbia-75.76 years (1998 est.)
Total fertility rate: Montenegro-1.76 children born/woman; Serbia-1.75
children born/woman (1998 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s)
adjective: Serbian and Montenegrin
Ethnic groups: Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians
4%, other 13%
Religions: Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%,
other 11%
Languages: Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%
Literacy: NA
@Serbia and Montenegro:Government
Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Serbia and Montenegro
local long form: none
local short form: Srbija-Crna Gora
note: Serbia and Montenegro has self-proclaimed itself the "Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia," but the US view is that the Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the
successor republics represents its continuation
Data code: Serbia-SR; Montenegro-MW
Government type: republic
National capital: Belgrade (Serbia), Podgorica (Montenegro)
Administrative divisions: 2 republics (republike, singular-republika);
and 2 nominally autonomous provinces* (autonomn pokrajine,
singular-autonomna pokrajina); Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*
Independence: 11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formed as
self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia-SFRY)
National holiday: St. Vitus Day, 28 June
Constitution: 27 April 1992
Legal system: based on civil law system
Suffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Slobodan MILOSEVIC (since 23 July 1997);
note-Milan MILUTINOVIC is president of Serbia (since 21 December
1997); Milo DJUKANOVIC is president of Montenegro (since 21 December
1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since 29 December
1992); Deputy Prime Ministers Nikola SAINOVIC (since 15 September
1995), Vojin DJUKANOVIC (since 20 March 1997), Jovan ZEBIC (since 9
April 1998), and Vladan KUTLESIC (since 20 March 1997)
cabinet: Federal Executive Council
elections: president elected by the Federal Assembly for a four-year
term; election last held 23 July 1997 (next to be held NA 2001); prime
minister nominated by the president
election results: Slobodan MILOSEVIC elected president; percent of
legislative vote - Slobodan MILOSEVIC 90%
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly or Savezna Skupstina
consists of the Chamber of Republics or Vece Republika (40 seats, 20
Serbian, 20 Montenegrin; members distributed on the basis of party
representation in the republican assemblies to serve four-year terms)
and the Chamber of Citizens or Vece Gradjana (138 seats, 108 Serbian
with half elected by constituency majorities and half by proportional
representation, 30 Montenegrin with six elected by constituency and 24
proportionally; members serve four-year terms)
elections: Chamber of Republics-last held 24 December 1996 (next to be
held NA 2000); Chamber of Citizens-last held 3 November 1996 (next to
be held NA 2000)
election results: Chamber of Republics-percent of vote by party-NA;
seats by party - NA; note-seats are filled on a proportional basis to
reflect the composition of the legislatures of the republics of
Montenegro and Serbia; Chamber of Citizens-percent of vote by
party-NA; seats by party-SPS/JUL/ND 64, Zajedno 22, DPSCG 20, SRS 16,
NS 8, SVM 3, other 5; note-Zajedno coalition includes SPO, DS, GSS
Judicial branch: Federal Court or Savezni Sud, judges are elected by
the Federal Assembly for a nine-year term; Constitutional Court,
judges are elected by the Federal Assembly for a nine-year term
Political parties and leaders: Serbian Socialist Party or SPS (former
Communist Party) [Slobodan MILOSEVIC]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS
[Vojislav SESELJ]; Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC,
president]; Democratic Party or DS [Zoran DJINDJIC]; Democratic Party
of Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic Party of Socialists
of Montenegro or DPSCG [Milica PEJANOVIC-DJURISIC, president];
People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Novak KILIBARDA]; Socialist
People's Party of Montenegro or SNP [Momir BULATOVIC]; Social
Democratic Party of Montenegro or SDP [Zarko RAKCEVIE]; Liberal
Alliance of Montenegro [Slavko PEROVIC]; Democratic Community of
Vojvodina Hungarians or DZVM [Sandor PALL]; League of Social Democrats
of Vojvodina or LSV [Nenad CANAK]; Reformist Democratic Party of
Vojvodina or RDSV [Aleksandar POPOV]; Democratic Alliance of Vojvodina
Croats or DSHV [Bela TONKOVIC]; League of Communists-Movement for
Yugoslavia or SK-PJ [Dragomir DRASKOVIC]; Democratic Alliance of
Kosovo or LDK [Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, president]; New Democratic League
of Kosovo or LDRK [Hydayet HYSENI]; Parliamentary Party of Kosovo or
PPK [Adern DERNACI]; Party of Democratic Action or SDA [Dr. Sulejman
UGLJANIN]; Civic Alliance of Serbia or GSS [Vesna PESIC, chairman];
Yugoslav United Left or JUL [Mirjana MARKOVIC (MILOSEVIC's wife)]; New
Democracy or ND [Dusan MIHAJLOVIC]; Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians
or SVM [Jozsef KASZA]
Political pressure groups and leaders: NA
Diplomatic representation in the US: the US and Serbia and Montenegro
do not maintain full diplomatic relations; the Embassy of the former
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continues to function in the
US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Counselor, Charge d'Affaires ad
interim Nebojsa VUJOVIC
chancery: 2410 California St. NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 462-6566
Diplomatic representation from the US: the US and Serbia and
Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic relations
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chief of Mission Richard M.
MILES
embassy: Kneza Milosa 50, 11000 Belgrade
mailing address: American Embassy, Belgrade, United States Department
of State, Washington, DC 20521-5070 (pouch); Unit 1310, APO AE
09213-1310
telephone: [381] (11) 645655
FAX: [381] (11) 645332
@Serbia and Montenegro:Economy
Economy-overview: The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation in
1991 has been followed by highly destructive warfare, the
destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important
interrepublic trade flows. Output in Serbia and Montenegro dropped by
half in 1992-93. Like the other former Yugoslav republics, it had
depended on its sister republics for large amounts of energy and
manufactures. Wide differences in climate, mineral resources, and
levels of technology among the republics accentuated this
interdependence, as did the communist practice of concentrating much
industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup of
many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants
lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in
the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the
republics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia is
the continuation in office of a communist government that is primarily
interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform.
Hyperinflation ended with the establishment of a new currency unit in
June 1993; prices have been relatively stable since 1995. Reliable
statistics continue to be hard to come by, and the GDP estimate is
extremely rough. The economic boom anticipated by the government after
the suspension of UN sanctions in December 1995 has failed to
materialize. Until the government cooperates on such matters as human
rights and war criminals, it will lack full support from international
financial institutions.
GDP: purchasing power parity-$24.3 billion (1997 est.)
GDP-real growth rate: 7% (1997 est.)
GDP-per capita: purchasing power parity-$2,280 (1997 est.)
GDP-composition by sector:
agriculture: 25%
industry: 50%
services: 25% (1994 est.)
Inflation rate-consumer price index: 7% (1997)
Labor force:
total: 2.178 million
by occupation: industry 41%, services 35%, trade and tourism 12%,
transportation and communication 7%, agriculture 5% (1994)
Unemployment rate: more than 35% (1995 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Industries: machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks
and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery); metallurgy
(steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth,
cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone);
consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances);
electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals
Industrial production growth rate: 8% (1997 est.)
Electricity-capacity: 11.779 million kW (1995)
Electricity-production: 33.4 billion kWh (1995)
Electricity-consumption per capita: 3,009 kWh (1995)
Agriculture-products: cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives;
cattle, sheep, goats
Exports:
total value: $2.8 billion (1996 est.)
commodities: manufactured goods, food and live animals, raw materials
partners: Russia, Italy, Germany
Imports:
total value: $6.2 billion (1996 est.)
commodities: machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants,
manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials
partners: Germany, Italy, Russia
Debt-external: $11.2 billion (1995 est.)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA
Currency: 1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras
Exchange rates: Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1-official rate: 5.85
(December 1997), 5.02 (September 1996), 1.5 (early 1995); black market
rate: 8.9 (December 1997), 2 to 3 (early 1995)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 700,000
Telephone system:
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station-1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: 27 (public or state-owned 1, private 26)
Radios: 2.015 million
Television broadcast stations: 8 (state owned 1, privately owned 7)
plus 1 Satellite TV down link and 48 cable distribution systems
Televisions: 1 million
@Serbia and Montenegro:Transportation
Railways:
total: 3,987 km
standard gauge: 3,987 km 1.435-m gauge (1,341 km partially
electrified) (1997)
Highways:
total: 49,525 km
paved: 28,873 km
unpaved: 20,652 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: NA km
Pipelines: crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas
2,110 km
Ports and harbors: Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat,
Zelenika
Merchant marine:
total: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 322,391 GRT/533,935 DWT
(owned by Montenegro)
ships by type: bulk 6, cargo 11, container 3
note: Montenegrin ships operate under the flag of Malta (1997 est.)
Airports: 48 (Serbia 43, Montenegro 5) (1997 est.)
Airports-with paved runways:
total: 18
over 3,047 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 (Serbia 3, Montenegro 2)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 (Serbia 4, Montenegro 1)
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)
under 914 m: 4 (Serbia 4, Montenegro 0) (1997 est.)
Airports-with unpaved runways:
total: 30
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)
914 to 1,523 m: 14 (Serbia 13, Montenegro 1)
under 914 m: 14 (Serbia 13, Montenego 1) (1997 est.)
@Serbia and Montenegro:Military
Military branches: People's Army (includes Ground Forces with internal
and border troops, Naval Forces, and Air and Air Defense Forces),
Civil Defense
Military manpower-military age: Montenegro-19; Serbia-NA
Military manpower-availability:
males age 15-49: Montenegro-187,131; Serbia- 2,731,102 (1998 est.)
Military manpower-fit for military service:
males: Montenegro-150,666 (1998 est.); Serbia-2,187,111 (1998 est.)
Military manpower-reaching military age annually:
males: Montenegro-5,591; Serbia-NA (1998 est.)
Military expenditures-dollar figure: 6.55 billion dinars (1998 est.);
note-conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the
current exchange rate could produce misleading results
Military expenditures-percent of GDP: 6% (1998 est.)
@Serbia and Montenegro:Transnational Issues
Disputes-international: disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina over
Serbian populated areas; Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks
independence from Serbian republic; Serbia and Montenegro is disputing
Croatia's claim to the Prevlaka Peninsula in southern Croatia because
it controls the entrance to Boka Kotorska in Montenegro; Prevlaka is
currently under observation by the UN military observer mission in
Prevlaka (UNMOP); the border commission formed by The Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia and Serbia and Montenegro in April 1996 to
resolve differences in delineation of their mutual border has made no
progress so far
Illicit drugs: major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin
moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route
______________________________________________________________________
SEYCHELLES
@Seychelles:Geography
Location: Eastern Africa, group of islands in the Indian Ocean,
northeast of Madagascar
Geographic coordinates: 4 35 S, 55 40 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total: 455 sq km
land: 455 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area-comparative: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 491 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast
monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest
monsoon (March to May)
Terrain: Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly;
others are coral, flat, elevated reefs
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Morne Seychellois 905 m
Natural resources: fish, copra, cinnamon trees