total value: $16 billion (f.o.b., 1996)
commodities: machinery and equipment 36.6%, other manufactures 40.6%,
agriculture and food products 15.1%, raw materials 4.4%, fuels and
electricity 3.3% (1996)
partners: EU 62.8% (Germany 29%, Austria 10.6%, Italy 8.0%), FSU 8.6%
(1996)
Imports:
total value: $18.6 billion (f.o.b., 1996)
commodities: machinery and equipment 36.5%, other manufactures 43.7%,
fuels and electricity 11.8%, agricultural and food products 4.4%, raw
materials 3.6% (1996)
partners: EU 59.8% (Germany 23.6%, Austria 9.5%, Italy 8.1%), FSU
14.9% (1996)
Debt-external: $27.6 billion (1996 est.)
Economic aid: $NA
Currency: 1 forint (Ft) = 100 filler
Exchange rates: forints per US$1-206.260 (January 1998), 186.789
(1997), 152.647 (1996), 125.681 (1995),105.160 (1994), 91.933 (1993)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 2.16 million (1 January 1996)-there are 21.1 per 100
inhabitants, 54.1 per 100 households; mobile telephone services are
used by 267,000 subscribers
Telephone system: 14,213 telex lines; automatic telephone network
based on microwave radio relay system; the average waiting time for
telephones is expected to drop to one year by the end of 1997 (down
from over 10 years in the early 1990's); note-the former state-owned
telecommunications firm MATAV-now privatized and managed by a
US/German consortium-has ambitious plans to upgrade the inadequate
system, including a contract with the German firm Siemens and the
Swedish firm Ericsson to provide 600,000 new phone lines during
1996-98
domestic: microwave radio relay
international: satellite earth stations-1 Intelsat and 1 Intersputnik
(Atlantic Ocean Region)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 32, FM 15, shortwave 0
Radios: 6 million (1993 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 41 (Russian repeaters 8)
Televisions: 4.38 million (1993 est.)
@Hungary:Transportation
Railways:
total: 7,606 km
broad gauge: 36 km 1.524-m gauge
standard gauge: 7,394 km 1.435-m gauge (2,207 km electrified; 1,236 km
double track)
narrow gauge: 176 km 0.760-m gauge (1996)
note: Hungary and Austria jointly manage the cross-border
standard-gauge railway between Gyor, Sopron, Ebenfurt
(Gyor-Sopron-Ebenfurti Vasut Rt) a distance of about 101 km in Hungary
and 65 km in Austria
Highways:
total: 158,633 km
paved: 68,370 km (including 420 km of expressways)
unpaved: 90,263 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: 1,622 km (1988)
Pipelines: crude oil 1,204 km; natural gas 4,387 km (1991)
Ports and harbors: Budapest, Dunaujvaros
Merchant marine:
total: 8 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 35,522 GRT/47,792
DWT (1997 est.)
Airports: 25 (1997 est.)
Airports-with paved runways:
total: 15
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (1997 est.)
Airports-with unpaved runways:
total: 10
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (1997 est.)
@Hungary:Military
Military branches: Ground Forces, Air Force, Border Guard
Military manpower-military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower-availability:
males age 15-49: 2,618,416 (1998 est.)
Military manpower-fit for military service:
males: 2,087,877 (1998 est.)
Military manpower-reaching military age annually:
males: 74,254 (1998 est.)
Military expenditures-dollar figure: $550 million (1996)
Military expenditures-percent of GDP: 1.5% (1996)
@Hungary:Transnational Issues
Disputes-international: Gabcikovo Dam dispute with Slovakia (to be
resolved March 1998)
Illicit drugs: major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin
and cannabis and transit point for South American cocaine destined for
Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly
for amphetamines and methamphetamines
______________________________________________________________________
ICELAND
@Iceland:Geography
Location: Northern Europe, island between the Greenland Sea and the
North Atlantic Ocean, northwest of the UK
Geographic coordinates: 65 00 N, 18 00 W
Map references: Arctic Region
Area:
total: 103,000 sq km
land: 100,250 sq km
water: 2,750 sq km
Area-comparative: slightly smaller than Kentucky
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 4,988 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy
winters; damp, cool summers
Terrain: mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields;
coast deeply indented by bays and fiords
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Hvannadalshnukur 2,119 m
Natural resources: fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite
Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 23%
forests and woodland: 1%
other: 76% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: earthquakes and volcanic activity
Environment-current issues: water pollution from fertilizer runoff;
inadequate wastewater treatment
Environment-international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Life
Conservation
Geography-note: strategic location between Greenland and Europe;
westernmost European country; more land covered by glaciers than in
all of continental Europe
@Iceland:People
Population: 271,033 (July 1998 est.)
note: population data estimates based on average growth rate may
differ slightly from official population data because of volatile
migration rates
Age structure:
0-14 years: 24% (male 32,723; female 31,196)
15-64 years: 65% (male 88,608; female 86,775)
65 years and over: 11% (male 14,324; female 17,407) (July 1998 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.52% (1998 est.)
Birth rate: 15.11 births/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Death rate: 6.97 deaths/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Net migration rate: -2.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female (1998 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 5.27 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.84 years
male: 76.76 years
female: 81.05 years (1998 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.04 children born/woman (1998 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Icelander(s)
adjective: Icelandic
Ethnic groups: homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norwegians and
Celts
Religions: Evangelical Lutheran 96%, other Protestant and Roman
Catholic 3%, none 1% (1988)
Languages: Icelandic
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100% (1976 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%
@Iceland:Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Iceland
conventional short form: Iceland
local long form: Lyoveldio Island
local short form: Island
Data code: IC
Government type: constitutional republic
National capital: Reykjavik
Administrative divisions: 23 counties (syslar, singular-sysla) and 14
independent towns* (kaupstadhir, singular-kaupstadhur); Akranes*,
Akureyri*, Arnessysla, Austur-Bardhastrandarsysla,
Austur-Hunavatnssysla, Austur-Skaftafellssysla, Borgarfjardharsysla,
Dalasysla, Eyjafjardharsysla, Gullbringusysla, Hafnarfjordhur*,
Husavik*, Isafjordhur*, Keflavik*, Kjosarsysla, Kopavogur*, Myrasysla,
Neskaupstadhur*, Nordhur-Isafjardharsysla, Nordhur-Mulasys-la,
Nordhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Olafsfjordhur*, Rangarvallasysla, Reykjavik*,
Saudharkrokur*, Seydhisfjordhur*, Siglufjordhur*, Skagafjardharsysla,
Snaefellsnes-og Hnappadalssysla, Strandasysla, Sudhur-Mulasysla,
Sudhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Vesttmannaeyjar*, Vestur-Bardhastrandarsysla,
Vestur-Hunavatnssysla, Vestur-Isafjardharsysla,
Vestur-Skaftafellssysla
Independence: 17 June 1944 (from Denmark)
National holiday: Anniversary of the Establishment of the Republic, 17
June (1944)
Constitution: 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944
Legal system: civil law system based on Danish law; does not accept
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON (since 1 August 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30 April 1991)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
election last held 29 June 1996 (next to be held NA June 2000); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON elected president; percent of
vote-41.4%
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament or Althing (63 seats;
members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held on 8 April 1995 (next to be held by April 1999)
election results: percent of vote by party-Independence Party 37.1%,
Progressive Party 23.3%, Social Democratic Party 11.4%, Socialists
14.3%, People's Movement 7.2%, Women's Party 4.9%; seats by
party-Independence 25, Progressive 15, Social Democratic 7, Socialists
9, People's Movement 4, Women's Party 3
Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Haestirettur, justices are appointed
for life by the president
Political parties and leaders: Independence Party (conservative) or IP
[David ODDSSON]; Progressive Party (liberal) or PP [Halldor
ASGRIMSSON]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Sighvatur BJORGVINSSON];
People's Alliance (left socialist) or PA [Margret FRIMANNSDOTTIR];
Women's Party or WL [Kristin ASTGEIRSDOTTIR]; People's Movement
(centrist); National Awakening (People's Revival Party) or PR [Johanna
SIGURDARDOTTIR]
International organization participation: Australia Group, BIS, CBSS,
CCC, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat,
Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MTCR, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, OECD, OSCE, PCA,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNMIBH, UNU, UPU, WEU (associate), WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Jon-Baldvin HANNIBALSSON
chancery: Suite 1200, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005
telephone: [1] (202) 265-6653 through 6655
FAX: [1] (202) 265-6656
consulate(s) general: New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Day Olin MOUNT (22 August 1996)
embassy: Laufasvegur 21, Reykjavik
mailing address: US Embassy, PSC 1003, Box 40, FPO AE 09728-0340
telephone: [354] 5629100
FAX: [354] 5629118
Flag description: blue with a red cross outlined in white that extends
to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to
the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
@Iceland:Economy
Economy-overview: Iceland's Scandinavian-type economy is basically
capitalistic, yet with an extensive welfare system, low unemployment,
and remarkably even distribution of income. The economy depends
heavily on the fishing industry, which provides 75% of export earnings
and employs 12% of the work force. In the absence of other natural
resources-except energy-Iceland's economy is vulnerable to changing
world fish prices. The economy remains sensitive to declining fish
stocks as well as to drops in world prices for its main exports: fish
and fish products, aluminum, and ferrosilicon. The center-right
government plans to continue its policies of reducing the budget and
current account deficits, limiting foreign borrowing, containing
inflation, revising agricultural and fishing policies, diversifying
the economy, and privatizing state-owned industries. The government
remains opposed to EU membership, primarily because of Icelanders'
concern about losing control over their fishing resources. Growth is
likely to slow in 1998, to a still respectable 3.9%.
GDP: purchasing power parity-$5.71 billion (1997 est.)
GDP-real growth rate: 4.9% (1997 est.)
GDP-per capita: purchasing power parity-$21,000 (1997 est.)
GDP-composition by sector:
agriculture: 9.6%
industry: 22.1%
services: 68.3% (1991)
Inflation rate-consumer price index: 2.3% (1996)
Labor force:
total: 131,000 (1996 est.)
by occupation: manufacturing 12.9%, fishing and fish processing 11.8%,
construction 10.7%, other services 59.5%, agriculture 5.1% (1996 est.)
Unemployment rate: 3.8% (1997 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $1.9 billion
expenditures: $2.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $146
million (1996 est.)
Industries: fish processing; aluminum smelting, ferrosilicon
production, geothermal power; tourism
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity-capacity: 1.083 million kW (1995)
Electricity-production: 4.916 billion kWh (1995)
Electricity-consumption per capita: 18,481 kWh (1995)
Agriculture-products: potatoes, turnips; cattle, sheep; fish catch of
about 1.1 million metric tons in 1992
Exports:
total value: $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1996)
commodities: fish and fish products 75%, animal products, aluminum,
ferrosilicon, diatomite
partners: UK 19%, Germany 14%, US 12%, Japan 11%, Denmark 8%, France
7% (1995)
Imports:
total value: $2 billion (f.o.b., 1996)
commodities: machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum
products, foodstuffs, textiles
partners: Germany 11%, Norway 10%, UK 10%, Denmark 9%, US 8%, Sweden
7% (1995)
Debt-external: $2.2 billion (1996 est.)
Economic aid: $NA
Currency: 1 Icelandic krona (IKr) = 100 aurar
Exchange rates: Icelandic kronur (IKr) per US$1-72.707 (January 1998),
70.904 (1997), 66.500 (1996), 64.692 (1995), 69.944 (1994), 67.603
(1993)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 143,600 (1993 est.)
Telephone system: adequate domestic service
domestic: the trunk network consists of coaxial and fiber-optic cables
and microwave radio relay links
international: satellite earth stations-2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1
Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean Regions); note-Iceland shares the
Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark,
Finland, Norway, and Sweden)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 147 (transmitters and repeaters),
shortwave 0
Radios: 91,500 licensed (1993 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 202 (transmitters and repeaters)
Televisions: 96,100 licensed (1993 est.)
@Iceland:Transportation
Railways: 0 km
Highways:
total: 12,341 km
paved: 3,196 km
unpaved: 9,145 km (1996 est.)
Ports and harbors: Akureyri, Hornafjordur, Isafjordhur, Keflavik,
Raufarhofn, Reykjavik, Seydhisfjordhur, Straumsvik, Vestmannaeyjar
Merchant marine:
total: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,594 GRT/29,322 DWT
ships by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 1, container 1, oil tanker 1,
refrigerated cargo 1 (1997 est.)
Airports: 90 (1997 est.)
Airports-with paved runways:
total: 11
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 6 (1997 est.)
Airports-with unpaved runways:
total: 79
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 22
under 914 m: 54 (1997 est.)
@Iceland:Military
Military branches: no regular armed forces; Police, Coast Guard;
note-Iceland's defense is provided by the US-manned Icelandic Defense
Force (IDF) headquartered at Keflavik
Military manpower-availability:
males age 15-49: 70,906 (1998 est.)
Military manpower-fit for military service:
males: 62,595 (1998 est.)
Military expenditures-dollar figure: none
@Iceland:Transnational Issues
Disputes-international: Rockall continental shelf dispute involving
Denmark, Ireland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a
boundary agreement in the Rockall area)
______________________________________________________________________
INDIA
@India:Geography
Location: Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of
Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan
Geographic coordinates: 20 00 N, 77 00 E
Map references: Asia
Area:
total: 3,287,590 sq km
land: 2,973,190 sq km
water: 314,400 sq km
Area-comparative: slightly more than one-third the size of the US
Land boundaries:
total: 14,103 km
border countries: Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km,
China 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km
Coastline: 7,000 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
Terrain: upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain
along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Kanchenjunga 8,598 m
Natural resources: coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron
ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas,
diamonds, petroleum, limestone
Land use:
arable land: 56%
permanent crops: 1%
permanent pastures: 4%
forests and woodland: 23%
other: 16% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 480,000 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: droughts, flash floods, severe thunderstorms common;
earthquakes
Environment-current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing;
desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle
emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural
pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; huge and
rapidly growing population is overstraining natural resources
Environment-international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear
Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography-note: dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important
Indian Ocean trade routes
@India:People
Population: 984,003,683 (July 1998 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 34% (male 174,578,403; female 164,755,937)
15-64 years: 61% (male 310,995,355; female 288,344,336)
65 years and over: 5% (male 23,051,278; female 22,278,374) (July 1998
est.)
Population growth rate: 1.71% (1998 est.)
Birth rate: 25.91 births/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Death rate: 8.69 deaths/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.04 male(s)/female (1998 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 63.14 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 62.9 years
male: 62.11 years
female: 63.73 years (1998 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.24 children born/woman (1998 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Indian(s)
adjective: Indian
Ethnic groups: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3%
Religions: Hindu 80%, Muslim 14%, Christian 2.4%, Sikh 2%, Buddhist
0.7%, Jains 0.5%, other 0.4%
Languages: English enjoys associate status but is the most important
language for national, political, and commercial communication, Hindi
the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people, Bengali
(official), Telugu (official), Marathi (official), Tamil (official),
Urdu (official), Gujarati (official), Malayalam (official), Kannada
(official), Oriya (official), Punjabi (official), Assamese (official),
Kashmiri (official), Sindhi (official), Sanskrit (official),
Hindustani a popular variant of Hindu/Urdu, is spoken widely
throughout northern India
note: 24 languages each spoken by a million or more persons; numerous
other languages and dialects, for the most part mutually
unintelligible
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 52%
male: 65.5%
female: 37.7% (1995 est.)
@India:Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of India
conventional short form: India
Data code: IN
Government type: federal republic
National capital: New Delhi
Administrative divisions: 25 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman
and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar,
Chandigarh*, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa,
Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka,
Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya,
Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim,
Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
Independence: 15 August 1947 (from UK)
National holiday: Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 26
January (1950)
Constitution: 26 January 1950
Legal system: based on English common law; limited judicial review of
legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Kicheril Raman NARAYANAN (since NA July
1997); Vice President Krishnan KANT (since NA September 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Atal Bihari VAJPAYEE (since 19
March 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by an electoral college consisting of
elected members of both houses of Parliament and the legislatures of
the states for a five-year term; vice president elected by both houses
of Parliament; prime minister elected by parliamentary members of the
majority party following legislative elections
election results: Kicheril Raman NARAYANAN elected president; percent
of electoral college vote-NA; Krishnan KANT elected vice president;
percent of Parliament vote - NA; Atal Bihari VAJPAYEE elected prime
minister; percent of vote-NA
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the
Council of States or Rajya Sabha (a body consisting of not more than
250 members, up to 12 of which are appointed by the president, the
remainder are chosen by the elected members of the state and
territorial assemblies; members serve six-year terms) and the People's
Assembly or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 elected by popular vote, 2
appointed; members serve five-year terms)
elections: People's Assembly-last held 16 February through 7 March
1998 (next to be held NA March 2003)
election results: People's Assembly-percent of vote by party-NA; seats
by party - NA
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges are appointed by the president
and remain in office until they reach the age of 65